Simultaneous bioconversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 295-331

  Chandrakant, Priya ^a   Bisaria, V S ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI   (India)

Author keywords

Biomass to ethanol process; Escherichia coli; Hemicellulose conversion ethanol fermentation; Lignocellulose bioconversion; Saccharomyces sp.; Xylose fermentation; Zymomonas mobilis

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; ACETIC ACID; ALCOHOL; CELLULOSE; GLUCOSE; HEMICELLULOSE; LIGNOCELLULOSE; RECOMBINANT DNA; XYLOSE; XYLOSE ISOMERASE;

BIOTRANSFORMATION; CELL FUSION; CELL MEMBRANE; ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FERMENTATION; FUNGUS CULTURE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HYBRIDIZATION; HYDROLYSIS; ISOMERISM; MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOPLAST; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES; ZYMOMONAS MOBILIS;

BIOMASS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELLS, IMMOBILIZED; CELLULOSE; ETHANOL; FERMENTATION; GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS; LIGNIN; POLYSACCHARIDES; XYLOSE; XYLULOSE; YEASTS;

ESCHERICHIA COLI; FUNGI; SACCHAROMYCES; SACCHAROMYCES SP.; ZYMOMONAS MOBILIS;

EID: 0032422232     PISSN: 07388551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0738-859891224185     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Abbi, M. 1994. A study of fermentation of pentose sugars to ethanol by Candida shehatae. MSc Thesis. University of Delhi, New Delhi.
2. Abbott, B. J. 1978. Immobilized cells. Annu. Rep. Ferment. Proc. 2:91-123.
3. Alexander, M. A., Chapman, T., and Jeffries, T. W. 1987. Continuous ethanol production from D-xylose by Candida shehatae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 30:685-691.
4. Alterthum, F. and Ingram, L. O. 1989. Efficient ethanol production from glucose, lactose and xylose by recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(8):1943-1948.
5. Amore, R., Wilhelm, M., and Hollenberg, C. P. 1989. The fermentation of xylose - an analysis of the expression of Bacillus and Actinoplanes xylose isomerase genes in yeast. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:351-357.
6. Bailey, M. J., Buchert, J., and Viikari, L. 1993. Effect of pH on production of xylanase by Trichoderma reesei on xylan- and cellulose-based media. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:224-229.
7. Ballesteros, M., Ballesteros, I., Oliva, J. M., Cabanas, A., Saez, F., and Carrasco, J. 1991. Comparative study of different fermentation schemes to produce ethanol from lignocellulose sugar components. Paper presented at 6th Conference on Biomass for Energy and Environment. April 21-27.
8. Banerjee, S., Archana, A., and Satyanarayana, T. 1994. Xylose metabolism in a thermophilic mould Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea TMD-8. Current Microbiol. 29:349-352.
9. Barbosa, M. F. S., Beck, M. J., Fein, J. E., Potts, D., and Ingram L. O. 1992. Efficient fermentation of Pinus sp. acid hydrolysates by an ethanologenic strain of Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58(4):1382-1384.
10. Barnett, J. A. 1976. The utilization of sugars by yeasts. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 32:125-234.
11. Batt, C. A., Carvallo, S., Easson, D. D., Akedo, M., and Sinskey, A. J. 1986. Direct evidence for a xylose metabolic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28:549-553.
12. Beall, D. S., Ohta, K., and Ingram, L. O. 1991. Parametric studies of ethanol production from xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38:296-303.
13. Bech, M. J. 1989. Factors affecting efficiency of biomass fermentation to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 17:617-627.
14. Belancic, A., Scarpa, J., Peirano, A., Diaz R., Steiner, J., and Eyzaguirre, J. 1995. Pencillium purpurogenum produces several xylanases: purification and properties of two of the enzymes. J. Biotechnol. 41:71-79.
15. Bicho, P. A., Runnals, P. L., Cunningham, J. D., and Lee, H. 1988. Induction of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis on mixed sugars. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:50-54.
16. Biely, P., Vranska, M. and Kucar, S. 1992. Identification and mode of action of endo-(1→4)-β-xylanases. In: Xylans and Xylanases. pp. 81-97. Visser, J., Beldman, G., Kuster-van Someren, M. A., and Voragen, A. G. J.,Eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, London.
17. Bisaria, V. S. 1998. Bioprocessing of agroresidues to value added products. pp. 197-246. In: Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products. 2nd ed., Martin, A. M., Ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
18. Bisaria, V. S. and Ghose, T. K. 1981. Biodegradation of cellulosic materials: substrates, microorganisms, enzymes and products. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 3:90-104.
19. Bolen, P. L., Roth, K. A., and Freer, S. N. 1986. Affinity purification of aldose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from the xylose fermenting yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:660-664.
20. Boynton, B. L. and Mc Millan, J. D. 1994. High-yield shake flask fermentation of xylose to ethanol. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 45/46:509-514.
21. Brau, B. and Sahm, H. 1986. Cloning and expression of the structural gene for pyruvate decarboxylase of Zymomonas mobilis in Escherichia coli. Arch. Microbiol. 144:296-301.
22. Brigham, J. S., Adney, W. S., and Himmel, M. E. 1996. Hemicellulases: diversity and applications In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, pp. 119. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, 119-141.
23. Bruinenberg, P. M., de Bot, P. H., van Dijken, J. P., and Scheffers, W. A. 1983a. The role of redox balances in the anaerobic fermentation of xylose by yeasts. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18:287-292.
24. Bruinenberg, P. M., van Dijken, J. P., and Scheffers, W. A. 1983b. An enzymic analysis of NADPH production and consumption in Candida utilis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:965-971.
25. Bruinenberg, P. M., de Bot, P. H., van Dijken, J. P., and Scheffers, W. A. 1984. NADH-linked aldose reductase: the key to anaerobic alcoholic fermentation of xylose by yeast. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:256-260.
26. Chakravorty, M., Veiga, L. A., Bacila, M., and Horecker, B. L. 1962. J. Biol. Chem. 237:1014-1020.
27. Chan, E. C., Ueng, P. P., and Chen, L. F. 1989. Metabolism of D-xylose in Schizosaccharomyces pombe cloned with a xylose isomerase gene. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31:524-528.
28. Chen, W. P. 1980a. Glucose isomerase (a review). Process Biochem. 15(5):30-35.
29. Chen, W. P. 1980b. Glucose isomerase (a review). Process Biochem. 15(6):36-41.
30. Chen, Z. D., and Ho, N. W. Y. 1993. Cloning and improving the expression of Pichia stipitis xylose reductase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 39/40:135-147.
31. Chiang, L. C., Gong, C. S., Chen, L. F., and Tsao, G. T. 1981. D-Xylulose fermentation to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:284-289.
32. Chiang, C., and Knight, S. G. 1960. Metabolism of D-xylose by molds. Nature 188:79-81.
33. Clark, T. A. and Mackie, K. L. 1984. Fermentation inhibitors in wood hydrolysates derived from the softwood Pinus radiata. J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 34B:101-110.
34. Debus, D., Methner, H., Schulze, D., and Dellweg, H. 1983. Fermentation of xylose with yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17:287-291.
35. Dellweg, H., Rizzi, M., Methner, H., and Debus, D. 1984. Xylose fermentation by yeasts: a comparison of Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis. Biotechnol. Lett. 6: 395-400.
36. Deng, X. X., and Ho, N. W. Y. 1990. Xylulokinase activity in various yeasts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the cloned xylulokinase gene. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25:193-199.
37. Ditzelmuller, G., Kubicek, C. P., Wohrer, W., and Rohr, M. 1984. Purification and properties of NAD-xylitol-dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia stipitis. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:1330-1336.
38. Ditzelmuller, G., Kubicek-Pranz, E. M., Rohr, M., and Kubicek, C. P. 1985. NADPH-speeific and NADH-specific xylose reduction is catalyzed by two separate enzymes in Pachysolen tannophilus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22:297-299.
39. Does, A. L. and Bisson, L. F. 1989. Characterization of xylose uptake in the yeasts Pichia heedii and Pichia stipitis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:159-164.
40. du Preez, J. C. and Prior B. A. 1985. A quantitative screening of some xylose fermenting yeast isolates. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7(4):241-246.
41. du Preez, J. C. and van der Walt, J. P. 1983. Fermentation of D-xylose to ethanol by a strain of Candida shehatae. Biotechnol. Lett. 5:357-362.
42. du Preez, J. C., Prior, B. A., and Montere, A. M. T. 1984. The effect of aeration on xylose fermentation by Candida shehatae and Pachysolen tannophilus: a comparative study. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:261-266.
43. du Preez, J. C., Bosch, M., and Prior, B. A. 1986. The fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars by Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:228-233.
44. du Preez, J. C., Bosch, M., and Prior, B. A. 1987. Temperature profiles of growth and ethanol tolerance of the xylose-fermenting yeasts Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25:521-525.
45. du Preez, J. C., van Driessel, B., and Prior, B. A. 1989. Ethanol tolerance of Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae strains in fed batch cultures at controlled low dissolved oxygen level. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:53-58.
46. Eriksson, K. E. and Wood, T. M. 1985. Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Wood Components, pp. 469-500. Higushi, T., Ed., Academic Press, New York.
47. Fein, J. E., Potts, D., Good, D., Beavan, M., O'Boyle, A., Dahlgren, D., Beck, M. J., and Griffith, R. L. 1991. Development of optimal wood-to-fuel ethanol process utilizing best available technology. Energy from Biomass and Wastes 15:745-765.
48. Finn, R. K., Bringer, S., and Sahm, H. 1984. Fermentation of arabinose to ethanol by Sarcina ventriculi. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 19:161-166.
49. Flanagan, T. and Waites, M. J. 1992. Purification and characterization of D-xylulokinase from the penlose fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis NCYC 1541. Enzyme Microb. Technol 14:975-979.
50. Ghose, T. K. and Tyagi, R. D. 1982. Production of ethyl alcohol from cellulose hydrolyzate by whole cell immobilization. J. Mol. Catal. 16:11-18.
51. Girio, F. M., Peito, M. A., and Amaral-Collaco, M. T. 1989. Enzymatic and physiological study of D-xylose metabolism by Candida shehatae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:199-204.
52. Glazer, N. A. and Nikaido, H. 1995. Ethanol. In: Microbial Biotechnology. pp.359-391. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
53. Gong, C. S., Chen, L.F., Chiang, L. C., Flickinger, M. C., and Tsao, G. T. 1981. Production of ethanol from D-xylose by using D-xylose isomerase and yeast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:430-436.
54. Gong, C. S., Claypool, T. A., Mc Cracken, L. D., Maun, C. M., Ueng, P. P., and Tsao, G. T. 1983. Conversion of pentoses by yeasts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 25:85-102.
55. Gong, C. S., Mc Cracken, L. D., and Tsao, G. T. 1987. Direct fermentation of D-xylose to ethanol by a xylose-fermenting yeast mutant Candida sp. XF217. Biotechnol. Lett. 3:245-250.
56. Gritzali, M. and Brown, R. D. 1979. Hydrolysis of cellulose: Mechanisms of enzymatic and acid catalysis. In: Adv. Chem. Ser. 181. pp. 237-260. Brown, R. D. and Jurasek, L. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
57. Grootjen, D. R. J., Meijlink, L. H. H. M., van der Lans, R. G. J. M., and Luyben, K. Ch. A. M. 1990a. Cofermentation of glucose and xylose with immobilized Pichia stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12:860-864.
58. Grootjen, D. R. J., van der Lans, R. G. J. M., and Luyben, K. Ch. A. M. 1990b. Effects of the aeration rate on the fermentation of glucose and xylose by Pichia stipitis CBS 5773. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12:20-23.
59. Grootjen, D. R. J., van der Lans, R. G. J. M., and Luyben, K. Ch. A. M. 1991a. Conversion of glucose/xylose mixtures by Pichia stipitis under oxygen limited conditions. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 13:648-654.
60. Grootjen, D. R. J., Jansen, M. L., van der Lans, R. G. J. M., and Luyben, K. Ch. A. M. 1991b. Reactors in series for the complete conversion of glucose/xylose mixtures by Pichia stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisae. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 13:828-833.
61. Hagedorn, J. and Ciriacy, M. 1989. Isolation and characterization of xyl mutants in a xylose-utilizing yeast Pichia stipitis. Current Genet. 16:27-33.
62. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Jonsson, B., and Lohmeier Vogel, E., 1985. Shifting product formation from xylitol to ethanol in pentose fermentation using Candida tropicalis by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 21:173-175.
63. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Berner, S., and Skoog, K. 1986. Improved ethanol production from xylose with glucose isomerase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the respiratory inhibitor azide. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:287-293.
64. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Linden, T., Senac, T., and Skoog, K. 1991. Ethanolic fermentation of pentoses in lignocellulose hydrolyzates. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 28/29:131-144.
65. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Hallborn, J., Jeppsson, H., Olsson, L., Skoog, K., and Walfridsson, M. 1993. Pentose fermentation to alcohol. In: Bioconversion of Forest and Agricultural Plant Residues, pp. 231-290. Saddler, J. N., Ed., CAB International, Oxford.
66. Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Jeppson, H., Skoog, K., and Prior, B. A. 1994. Biochemistry and physiology of xylose fermentation by yeasts. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16:933-940.
67. Haltrich, D., Preiss, M., and Steiner, W. 1993. Optimization of a culture medium for increased xylanase production by a wild strain of Schizophyllum commune. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15:854-860.
68. Heluane, H., Spencer, J. F. T., Spencer, D., de Figueroa L., and Callieri, D. A. S. 1993. Characterization of hybrids obtained by protoplast fusion between Pachysolen tannophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:98-100.
69. Herrero, A. A., Gomez, R. F., Snedecor, B., Tolman, C. J., and Roberts, M. F. 1985. Growth inhibition of Clostridium thermocellum by carboxylic acids: a mechanism based on uncoupling by weak acids. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 22:53-62.
70. Himmel, M. E., William, S. A., Baker, J. O., Nieves, R. A., and Steven, R. T. 1996. Cellulases: structure, function and applications. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 143-161. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
71. Ho, N. W. Y., Chen, Z. D., and Brainard, A. 1993. Proceedings of Tenth International Conference on Alcohols, Colorado Springs, CO, 738-750.
72. Hogsett, D. A., Ahn, H. J., Bernardez, T. D., South, C. R., and Lynd, L. R. 1992. Direct microbial conversion: prospects, progress and obstacles. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 34/35:527-541.
73. Hopwood, D. A. 1981. Genetic studies with bacterial protoplasts. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 35:237-250.
74. Hsiao, H. Y., Chiang, L., Chen, L., and Tsao, G. T. 1982. Effect of borate on isomerization and yeast fermentation of high xylulose solution and acid hydrolyzate of hemicellulose. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 4:25-31.
75. Hsu, T. A. 1996. Pretreatment of biomass. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 179-212. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
76. Ingram, L. O. 1986. Microbial tolerance to alcohols: role of the cell membranes. Trends Biotechnol. 4:40-44.
77. Ingram, L. O. 1988b. Effects of ethanol on Escherichia coli. In: Alcohol Toxicity in Yeasts and Bacteria. pp. 227-257. van Uden, N., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
78. Ingram, L. O. and Conway, J. 1988a. Expression of different level of ethanologenic enzymes from Zymomonas mobilis in recombinant strains of E. coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:397-404.
79. Ingram, L. O., Conway, T., Clark, D. P., Sewell, G. W., and Preston III, J. F. 1987. Genetic engineering of ethanol production in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2420-2425.
80. Ingram, L. O., Eddy, C. K., Mackenzie, K. F., Conway, T., and Alterthum, F. 1989. Genetics of Zymomonas mobilis and ethanol production. J. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 31:53-69.
81. James, A. P. and Zahab, D. M. 1983. The construction and genetic analysis of polyploids and aneuploids of the pentose-fermenting yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 129:2489-2494.
82. Jeffries, T. W. 1981. Conversion of xylose to ethanol under aerobic conditions by Candida tropicalis. Biotech. Lett. 3:213-218.
83. Jeffries, T. W. 1983. Utilization of xylose by bacteria, yeasts and fungi. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotech. 27:1-32.
84. Jeffries, T. W. 1984a. Unstable petite and grande variants of Candida shehatae. Biotechnol. Lett. 6(12):777-782.
85. Jeffries, T. W. 1984b. Mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus showing enhanced rates of growth and ethanol formation from D-xylose. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 6:254-258.
86. Jeffries, T. W. 1985. Emerging technology for fermenting D-xylose. Trends Biotechnol. 3(8):208-212.
87. Jeffries, T. W. and Sreenath, H. K. 1988. Fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars and sugar mixtures by Candida shehatae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31:502-506.
88. Jeffries, T. W. and Kurtzman, C. P. 1994. Strain selection, taxonomy and genetics of xylose fermenting yeasts. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16:922-932.
89. Jeppsson, H., Yu, S., and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1996. Xylulose and glucose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in chemostat culture. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62(5):1705-1709.
90. Johnson, E. A., Sakojoh, M., Halliwell, G., Madia, A., and Demain, A. L. 1982. Saccharification of complex cellulosic substrates by the cellulase system from Clostridium thermocellum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43(5):1125-1132.
91. Jones, R. P. 1989. Biological principles for the effects of ethanol. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 11:130-153.
92. Kadam, K. L. 1996. Cellulase production In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization, pp. 213-252. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
93. Karczewska, H. 1959. Some observations on pentose utilization by Candida tropicalis. Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg. 31(17):251-258.
94. Kawai, Y., Konishi, H., Horitsu, H., Sakurai, H., Kazuhiro, T., Suzuki, T., and Kawai, K. 1994. Purification and characterization of D-xylose isomerase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 58(4):691-694.
95. Khire, J. M., Lachke, A. H., Srinivasan, M. C., Vartak, H. G. 1990. Characterization of the purified extracellular D-xylose isomerase devoid of D-glucose isomerase from Chainia sp. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 23:25-39.
96. Kilian, S. G. and van Uden, N. 1988. Transport of xylose and glucose in the xylose fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27:545-548.
97. Klapatch, T. R., Hogsett, D. A. L., Baskaran, S., Pal, S., and Lynd, L. R. 1994. Organism development and characterization for ethanol production using thermophilic bacteria. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 45/46:209-213.
98. Kotter, P. and Ciriacy, M. 1993. Xylose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38(6):776-783.
99. Kubicek, C. P., Eveleigh, D. E., Esterbauer, H., Steiner, W., and Kubicek-Pranz, E. M. 1990. Trichoderma cellulases. Biochem., Physiol., Gen. and Appl. Royal Soc. Chem. (Cambridge) 20:112-119.
100. Kuhad, R. C., Singh, A., and Eriksson, K. L. 1997. Microorganisms and enzymes involved in the degradation of plant fiber cell walls. Adv. Biochem. Eng. 57:45-125.
101. Lachke, A. L. and Jeffries, T. W. 1986. Levels of enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway in Pachysolen tannophilus Y-2460 and selected mutants. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 8:353-359.
102. Lachke, A. and Deshpande, M. 1988. Sclerotium rolfsii: status in cellulase research. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev. 54:177-190.
103. Laplace, J. M., Delgenes, J. P., Moletta, R., and Navarro, J. M. 1991. Combined alcoholic fermentation of D-xylose and D-glucose by four selected microbial strains: process considerations in relation to ethanol tolerance. Biotechnol. Lett. 13(6):445-450.
104. Laplace, J. M., Delgenes, J. P., and Moletta, R. 1992. Alcoholic glucose and xylose fermentation by the coculture process: compatibility and typing of associated strains. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:654-658.
105. Laplace, J. M., Delgenes, J. P., Moletta, R., and Navarro, J. M. 1993a. Ethanol production from glucose and xylose by separated and coculture processes using high cell density systems. Process Biochem. 28:519-525.
106. Laplace J. M., Delgenes, J. P., Moletta, R., and Navarro, J. M. 1993b. Effects of culture conditions on the cofermentation of a glucose and xylose mixture to ethanol by a mutant of Saccharomyces diastaticus associated with Pichia stipitis. Appl. Microblol. Biotechnol. 39:760-763.
107. Lastick, S. M., Tucker, M. Y., Beyette, J. R., Noll, G. R., and Grohmann, K. 1989. Simultaneous fermentation and isomerization of xylose. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:574-579.
108. Lastick, S. M., Mohagheghi, A., Tucker, M. P., and Grohmann, K. 1990. Simultaneous fermentation and isomerization of xylose to ethanol at high xylose concentration. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24/25:431-439.
109. Lee, J. 1997. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. J. Biotechnol. 56:1-24.
110. Lehmacher, A. and Bisswanger, H. 1990. Isolation and characterization of an extremely thermostable D-xylose isomerase from Thermus aquaticus HB 8. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136:679-686.
111. Lighthelm, M. E., Prior, B. A., and du Preez, J. C. 1988. The oxygen requirements of yeasts for the fermentation of D-xylose and D-glucose to ethanol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28:63-68.
112. Linden, T. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1989. Fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates with yeasts and xylose isomerase. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 11:583-589.
113. Linden T. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1993. Activity and stability of xylose isomerase preparation from whole cells of Lactobacillus brevis in spent sulfite liquor. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 15:321-325.
114. Linko, Y. Y., Kautola, H., Uotila, S., and Linko, P. 1986. Alcoholic fermentation of D-xylose by immobilized Pichia stipitis yeast. Biotechnol. Lett. 8(1):47-52.
115. Liu, C. O., Goodman, A. E., and Dunn, N. W. 1988. Expression of cloned Xanthomonas D-xylose catabolic genes in Zymomonas mobilis. J. Biotechnol. 7:61-70.
116. Lohmeier-Vogel, E. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1985. The utilization of metabolic inhibitors for shifting product formation from xylitol to ethanol in pentose fermentations using Candida tropicalis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 21:167-172.
117. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of the effect of azide on xylose fermentation by Candida tropicalis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1974-1980.
118. Lovitt, R. W., Kim, B. H., Shen, G. J., and Zeikus, J. G. 1988. Solvent production by microorganisms. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 7:107-186.
119. Lucas, C. and van Uden, N. 1986. Transport of hemicellulose monomers in the xylose fermenting yeast Candida shehatae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23:491-495.
120. Magee, R. J. and Kosaric, N. 1985. Bioconversion of hemicellulose. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 32:61-63.
121. Maheshwari, R. and Kamalam, P. T. 1985. Isolation and culture of thermophilic fungus Melanocarpus albomyces and factors influencing the production and activity of xylanase. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:3017-3027.
122. 2 consumption. Biotechnoogy 3:59-62.
123. Makower, M. and Bevan, E. A. 1963. The inheritance of a killer character in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Int. Congr. Genet. 11(1):202-206.
124. Maleszka, R. and Schneider, H. 1982. Concurrent production and consumption of ethanol by cultures of Pachysolen tannophilus bearing on D-xylose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:909-912.
125. Maleszka, R., James, A. P., and Schneider, H. 1983a. Ethanol production from various sugars by strains of Pachysolen tannophilus bearing different number of chromosomes. J. Gen. Microbiol 129:2495-2500.
126. Maleszka, L. G., James, A. P., Rutten, H. A., and Schneider, H. 1983b. Xylitol-dehydrogenase mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus and the role of xylitol in D-xylose catabolism. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 17:227-229.
127. Manderson, G. J. 1985. CPD-5. The conversion of C5 sugars to ethanol. IEA/FE CPD-5 Report No. 1. Sept. 5-18.
128. Margaritis, A. and Merchant, F. J. A. 1989. Advances in ethanol production systems using immobilized cell systems. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 1(4):339-370.
129. Matteau, P. P. 1987. Enhanced performance of immobilized bioreactors using variable surface bioreactors. In: Bioreact. Biotransform. Elsevier. Appl. Sci., London, 25-31.
130. Mc Millan, J. D. 1994. Conversion of hemicellulose hydrolyzates. In: Bioconversion for Fuels. ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society, 566. pp. 411-430. Himmel, M. E., Baker, J. O., and Overend, R. P., Eds., Washington, DC.
131. Mc Millan, J. D. 1996. Hemicellulose conversion to ethanol. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 287-313. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
132. Mishra, P. and Singh, A. 1993. Microbial pentose utilization. Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 39:91-152.
133. Moloney, A. P., McCrae, S. I., Wood, T. M., and Coughlan, M. P. 1985. Isolation and characterization of the 1, 4-β-D-glucan glucanohydrolases of Talaromyces emersonii. Biochem. J. 225:365-374.
134. Moniruzzaman, M., dien, B. S., Skory, C. D., Chen, Z. D., Hespell, R. B., Ho, N. W. Y., Dale, B. E., and Bothast, R. J. 1997. Fermentation of corn fiber sugars by an engineered xylose utilizing Saccharomyces yeast strain. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13:341-346.
135. Mortlock, R. P. 1981. Catabolism of five-carbon sugars. In: Microbiology - 1981, American Society for Microbiology. pp. 151-155. Schlessinger, D., Ed., Washington, DC.
136. Mutze, B. and Wandrey, C. 1983. Continuous fermentation of xylose with Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol. Lett. 5:633-638.
137. Nevalanein, K. M. H., Palva, E. T., and Bailey, M. J. B. 1980. Anion cellulase-producing mutant strain of Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 3:59-60.
138. Ochuba, G. U., and Von Riesen, V. L. 1980. Fermentation of polysaccharides by Klebsiellae and other facultative bacilli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:988-992.
139. Ohta, K. and Hayashida, S. 1983. Role of Tween 80 and monolein in a lipid sterol protein complex which enhance ethanol tolerance of sake yeasts. A.ppl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:821-825.
140. Ohta, K., Supanwong, K., and Hayashida, S. 1981. Environmental effects on ethanol tolerance of Zymomonas mobilis. J. Ferm. Technol. 59:435-439.
141. Ohta, K., Beall, D. S., Mejia, J. P., Shanugham, K. T., and Ingram, L. O. 1991a. Genetic improvement of Escherichia coli for ethanol production: chromosomal integration of Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase II. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:893-900.
142. ibid. 1991b. Metabolic engineering of Klebsiella oxytoca MSAI for ethanol production from xylose and glucose. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:2810-2815.
143. Olsson, L. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1993. Fermentative performance of bacteria and yeasts in lignocellulose hydrolysates. Process Biochem. 28:249-257.
144. Osman, Y. A. and Ingram, L. O. 1987. Zymomonas mobilis mutants with an increased rate of alcohol production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1425-1432.
145. Padukone, N. 1996. Advanced process options for bioethanol production In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 119-141. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
146. Padukone, N., Evans, K. W., McMillan, J. D., and Wyman, C. E. 1995. Characterization of recombinant E.coli ATCC 11303 (plOI297) in the conversion of cellulose and xylose to ethanol. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43:850-853.
147. Pampulha, M. E. and Leureiro Dias, M. C. 1989. Combined effect of acetic acid, pH and ethanol on intracellular pH of fermenting yeast. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31:547-550.
148. Parekh, S. R., Yu, S., and Wayman, M. 1986. Adaptation of Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis to wood hydrolyzates for increased ethanol production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25:300-304.
149. Parekh, S. R., Parekh, R. S., and Wayman, M. 1987. Fermentation of wood derived acid hydrolysates in a batch bioreactor and in a continuous dynamic immobilized cell bioreactor by Pichia stipitis R. Process Biochem. 22(3):85-91.
150. Peberdy, J. F. 1980. Protoplast fusion - a tool for genetic manipulation and breeding in industrial microorganims. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2:23-29.
151. Philippidis, G. P. 1996. Cellulose bioconversion technology. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 253-285. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
152. Philippidis, G. P. and Smith, T. K. 1995. Limiting factors in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process for conversion of cellulosic biomass to fuel ethanol. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 51/52:117-124.
153. Philippidis, G. P., Smith, T. K., and Wyman, C. E. 1993. Study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for production of fuel ethanol by the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41:846-853.
154. Philips, C. R. and Poon, Y. C. 1998. Immobilization of Cells, Springer-Verlag, New York.
155. Philliskirk, G. and Young, T. W. 1975. The occurrence of killer character in yeasts of various genera. Antonie-van Leeuwenhoek 41:147-151.
156. Picataggio, S. K. and Zhang, M. 1996. Biocatalyst development for bioethanol production from hydrolysates. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 163-178. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
157. Prior, B.A., Kilian, S. G., and du Preez, J. C. 1989. Fermentation of D-xylose by the yeasts Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis: prospects and problems. Process Biochem. 24:21-32.
158. Ritschkoff, A., Buchert, J., and Viikari, L. 1994. Purification and characterization of a thermophilic xylanase from the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. J. Biotechnol. 32:67-76.
159. Rizzi, M., Harwart, K., Erlemann, P., Bui Thanh, N. A., and Dellweg, H. 1989. Purification and properties of the NAD-xylitol-dehydrogenase from the yeast Pichia stipitis. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 67:20-24.
160. Ropars, M., Marchal, R., Pourquie, J., and Vandecasteele, J. P. 1992. Large-scale enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural lignocellulosic biomass. I. Pretreatment procedures. Biores. Technol. 42:197-204.
161. Ryu, D. D. Y. and Mandels M. 1980. Cellulases: biosynthesis and applications, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 2:91-102.
162. Saraswat V. and Bisaria V. S. 1997. Biosynthesis of xylanolytic and xylan debranching enzymes in Melanocarpus albomyces IIS-68. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 83(4):352-357.
163. Sarthy, A. V., McConaughty, B., Lobo, Z., Sundstrom, J. A., Furlong, C. E., and Hall, B. D. 1987. Expression of the Escherichia coli xylose isomerase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53(9):1996-2000.
164. Schell, D. J., Hinman, N. D., Wyman, C. E., and Werdene, P. J. 1988. Whole broth cellulase production for use in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to ethanol. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 17:279-291.
165. Schellenberg, G. D., Sarthy, A. V., Larson, A. E., Backer, M., Crabb, J. W., Lidstrom, M., Hall, B. D., and Furlong, C. E. 1983. Xylose isomerase from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 259(11): 6826-6832.
166. Schneider, H. 1989. Conversion of pentoses to ethanol by yeasts and fungi. Crit. Rev. in Biotechnol. 9:1-40.
167. Schneider, H., Wang, P.Y., Chan, Y. K., and Maleszka, R. 1981a. Conversion of D-xylose into ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol. Lett. 3:89-92.
168. Schneider, H. 1981b. Pentose fermentation by yeasts. In: Current developments in Yeast Research. pp. 81-100. Stewart, G. G. and Russell, I., Eds., Pergamon Press, Toronto, 81:198.
169. Schneider, H., Maleszka, R., Neirinck, L., Veliky, I. A., Wang, P. Y., and Chan, Y. K. 1983. Ethanol production from D-xylose and several other carbohydrates by Pachysolen tannophilus and other yeasts, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 27:57-71.
170. Schneider, H., Lee, H., Barbosa, M. F. S., Kubicek, C. P., and James, A. P. 1989. Physiological properties of a mutant of Pachysolen tannophilus deficient in NADPH dependent D-xylose reductase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2877-2881.
171. 2 metabolism. In: Methods in Microbiology. Norris, J. R. and Ribbons, S. W., Eds., 6A, 512, Academic Press, New York.
172. Senac, T. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1990. Intermediary metabolite concentrations in xylulose- and glucose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:120-126.
173. Senac, T. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1991. Effects of increased transaldolase activity on D-xylulose and D-glucose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell extracts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1701-1706.
174. Simpson, F. J. 1966. D-Xylulokinase. Methods Enzymol. 9:454-458.
175. Singh, A. and Schugerl, K. 1992. Induction and regulation of D-xylose-catabolizing enzymes in Fusarium oxysporum. Biochem. Int. 28:481-488.
176. Singh, A. and Mishra, P. 1995. Progress in Industrial Microbiology. pp. 33-50. Elsevier Science, London, U.K.
177. Singh, A., Kumar, P. K. R., and Schugerl, K. 1992. D-Xylose fermentation and catabolism in Fusarim oxysporum. Biochem. Int. 27:831-839.
178. Skoog, K. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1988. Xylose fermentation. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 10:66-79.
179. Skoog, K. and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1990. Effect of oxygenation on xylose fermentation by Pichia stipitis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:3389-3394.
180. Slapack, G., Edey, E., Mahmourides, G., Schneider, H. 1983. Ethanol from hexoses and pentoses in spent sulfite liquor. Symp. on Biotechnol. in Paper and Pulp Ind. 21205:359-381.
181. Slininger, P., Bothast, R. J., van Cauwenberg, J. E., and Kurtzman, C. P. 1982. Conversion of D-xylose to ethanol by the yeast Pachysolen tannophilus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 24:371-384.
182. Slininger, P. J., Bolen, P. L., and Kurtzman, C. P. 1987. Pachysolen tannophilus: properties and process consideration for ethanol production from D-xylose. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 9:5-15.
183. Smith, D. C. and Wood, T. M. 1991. Xylanase production by Aspergillus awamori: development of a media and optimisation of the fermentation parameters for the production of extracellular xylanase and β-xylosidase while maintaining low protease production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38:883-890.
184. Spencer, J. F. T., Laud, P., and Spencer, D. M. 1980. The use of mitochondrial mutants in the isolation of hybrids involving industrial yeast strains. Mol. Gen. Genet. 178:651-654.
185. Spindler, D. D., Wyman, C. E., Grohmann, K., and Mohagheghi, A. 1989. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated wheat straw to ethanol with selected yeast strains and β-glucosidase supplementation. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 20/21:529-540.
186. Sreenath, H. K. and Jeffries, T.W. 1987. Batch and membrane assisted cell recycling in ethanol by Candida shehatae. Biotech. Lett. 9:293-298.
187. Stewart, G. G. and Russell, I. 1979. Current use of the new genetics in research and development of the brewer's yeast strains. Eur. Brewery Conv. 17th Congress, West Berlin, 5-19.
188. Suihko, M. L., Suomalainen, I., and Enari, T. M. 1983. D-xylose catabolism in Fusarium oxysporum. Biotechnol. Lett. 5:525-530.
189. Takagi, M., Abe, S., Suzuki, S., Emert, G. H., and Yata, N. 1978. A
190. Tantirungkij, M., Izuishi, T., Seki, T., and Yoshida, T. 1994. Fedbatch fermentation of xylose by a fast-growing mutant of xylose assimilating recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 41(1):8-12.
191. Tewari, Y. B., Steckler, D. K., and Goldberg, R. N. 1985. Thermodynamics of the conversion of aqueous xylose to xylulose. Biophys. Chem. 22:181-185.
192. Toivola, A., Yarrow, D., van den Bosch, E., van Dijken, J. P., and Scheffers, W. A. 1984. Alcoholic fermentation of D-xylose by yeasts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1221-1223.
193. Tolan, J. S. and Finn, R. K. 1987a. Fermentation of D-xylose and L-arabinose to ethanol by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2033-2038.
194. Tolan, J. S. and Finn, R. K. 1987b. Fermentation of D-xylose to ethanol by genetically modified Klebsiella planticola. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53(9):2039-2044.
195. Toon, S. T., Philippidis, G. P., Ho, N. W. Y., Chen, Z., Brainard, A., Lumpkin, R. E., and Riley, C. J. 1997. Enhanced cofermentation of glucose and xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces yeast strains in batch and continuous operating modes. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 63-65:243-255.
196. Tran, A. V. and Chambers, R. P. 1985. Red oak wood-derived inhibitors in the ethanol fermentation of xylose by Pichia stipitis CBS 5776. Biotechnol. Lett. 7:841-846.
197. Ueng, P. P., Volpp, K. J., Tucker, J. V., Gong, C. S., and Chen L. F. 1985. Molecular cloning of the Escherichia coli gene encoding xylose isomerase. Biotechnol Lett. 7(3):153-158.
198. Verduyn, C., van Kleef, R., Frank, J., Schreuder, H., van Dijken, J. P., Scheffers, W. A. 1985a. Properties of the NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase from the xylose fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis. Biochem. J. 226:669-677.
199. Verduyn, C., Frank, J., van Dijken, J. P., and Scheffers, W. A. 1985b. Multiple forms of xylose reductase in Pachysolen tannophilus CBS 4044. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 30:313-317.
200. Vongsuvanlert, V. and Tani, Y. 1988. Purification and characterization of xylose isomerase of a methanol yeast, Candida boidinii, which is involved in sorbitol production from glucose. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52(7):1817-1824.
201. Wang, P. Y., Johnson, B. F., and Schneider, H. 1980. Fermentation of D-xylose by yeasts using glucose isomerase in the medium to convert D-xylose to D-xylulose. Biotechnol. Lett. 2:273-278.
202. Wang, P. Y., Shopsis, C., and Schneider, H. 1986. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 94:248-254.
203. Watson, K. 1982. Unsaturated fatty acid but not ergosterol is essential for high ethanol production in Saccharomyces. Biotechnol. Lett. 4:397-402.
204. 2 requirements for D-xylose fermentation to ethanol and polyols by Pachysolen tannophilus. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 6:447-450.
205. Watson, N. F., Prior, B. A., Lategan, P. M., and Lussi, M. 1984b. Factors in acid-treated bagasse inhibiting ethanol production from D-xylose by Pachysolen tannophilus. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 6:451-456.
206. Wayman, M. and Parekh, S. 1985. Ethanol and sugar tolerance of Candida shehatae. Biotechnol. Lett. 7:909-912.
207. Wayman, M. and Parekh, S. R. 1988. SO2 Pre-hydrolysis for high yield ethanol production from biomass. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 17:33-43.
208. 2 and enzymatically saccharified. Process Biochem. 22:55-59.
209. Webbs, S. R. and Lee, H. 1990. Regulation of D-xylose utilization by hexoses in pentose fermenting yeasts. Biotechnol. Adv. 8:685-712.
210. Wedlock, D. N., James, A. P., and Thornton, R. J. 1989. Glucose-negative mutants of Pachysolen tannophilus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:2019-2026.
211. Wood, T.M. 1985. Properties of cellulolytic enzyme systems. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 13:407-410.
212. Wood, T. M., McCrae, S. I., Wilson, C. A., Bhat, K. M., and Gow, L. A. 1988. Aerobic and anaerobic fungal cellulase with special reference to their mode of attack on crystalline cellulose. FEMS: Symp. 43, Proc. Symp. Biochemistry and Genetics of Cellulose degradation, pp. 31-47. Aubert J. P., Beguin, P., and Millet, J., Eds., Academic Press, London.
213. Woodward, J. 1985. Immobilized Cells and Enzymes: A Practical Approach. pp. 17-30. IRL Press, Oxford, England.
214. Wright, J. D., Wyman, C. E., and Grohmann, K. 1988. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 18:75-90.
215. Wyman, C. E. 1996. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: overview. In: Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization. pp. 1-35. Wyman, C. E., Ed., Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC.
216. Young, T. W. 1987. Killer yeasts. In: The Yeasts. 2, pp. 132-147. Rose, H. J. and Harrisson, J. S., Eds., Academic Press, Orlando, Fl.
217. Yu, S., Wayman, M., and Parekh, S. K. 1987. Fermentation to ethanol of pentose containing spent sulfite liquor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 29:1144-1150.
218. Yu, S., Jeppsson, H., and Hahn-Hagerdal, B. 1995. Xylulose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and xylose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44:314-320.
219. Zhang, M., Eddy, C., Deanda, K., Finkelstein, M., and Picataggio, S. 1995. Metabolic engineering of a pentose metabolism pathway in ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis. Science 267:240-243.