Polyamines and the Intestinal Tract

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 365-411

  Seiler, Nikolaus ^a   Raul, Francis ^a,b  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b IRCAD   (France)

Author keywords

Carcinogenesis; Chemoprevention; Development; Gastrointestinal tract; Healing; Ischemia; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (COPPER CONTAINING); EFLORNITHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PIROXICAM; POLYAMINE; SULINDAC;

BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLON CARCINOMA; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME METABOLISM; ENZYME REGULATION; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE; INTESTINE INJURY; MUCOSA CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; COLONIC NEOPLASMS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HUMANS; POLYAMINES;

EID: 34250161759     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408360701250016     Document Type: Review

References (311)

1. Cohen SS. A Guide to the Polyamines. Pp 1-595. New York, Oxford: University Press, 1998.
2. Morgan DML. Polyamines. An overview. Mol Biotechnol 1999; 11: 229-250.
3. Thomas T, Thomas TJ. Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58: 344-358.
4. Wallace HM, Fraser AV, Hughes A. A perspective of polyamine metabolism. Biochem J 2003; 376: 1-14.
5. Seiler N. Pharmacologic properties of the natural polyamines and their depletion by biosynthesis inhibitors as a therapeutic approach. Prog Drug Res 1991; 37: 107-159.
6. Williams K. Modulation and block of ion channels: a new biology of polyamines. Cell Signal 1997; 9: 1-13.
7. Seiler N. Pharmacological aspects of cytotoxic polyamine analogs and derivatives for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107: 99-119.
8. Seiler N, Atanassov CL. The natural polyamines ad the immune system. Prog Drug Res 1994; 43: 87-142.
9. Bachrach U, Wang YC, Tabib A. Polyamines: new cues in cellular signal transduction. News Physiol Sci 2001; 16: 106-109.
10. Childs AC, Mehta DJ, Gerner EW. Polyamine-dependent gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60: 1394-1406.
11. Schipper RG, Penning LC, Verhofstad AJ. Involvement of polyamines in apoptosis. Facts and controversies: effectors or protectors? Semin Cancer Biol 2000; 55-68.
12. Pignatti C, Tantini B, Stefanelli C, Flamigni F, Signal transduction pathways linking polyamines to apoptosis. Amino Acids 2004; 27: 359-365.
13. Seiler N, Raul F. Polyamines and apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 9: 623-642.
14. Seiler N, Atanassov CL, Raul F. Polyamine metabolism as target for cancer chemoprevention (review). Int J Oncol 1998; 13: 993-1006.
15. Gerner EW, Meyskens FL Jr. Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 781-792.
16. Frydman B, Valasinas A. Polyamine-based chemotherapy of cancer. Exp Opin Ther Patents 1999; 9: 1055-1068.
17. Seiler N. Thirty years of polyamine-related approaches to cancer therapy. Retrospect and prospect. Part I. Selective enzyme inhibitors. Current Drug Design 2003; 4: 537-564.
18. Seiler N. Thirty years of polyamine-related approaches to cancer therapy. Retrospect and prospect. Part 2. Structural analogues and derivatives. Current Drug Design 2003; 4: 565-585.
19. Moinard C, Cynober L, de Bandt JP. Polyamines: metabolism and implications in human diseases. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 184-197.
20. Milovic V. Polyamines in the gut lumen: bioavailability and biodistribution. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 1021-1025.
21. Wallace HM, Caslake R. Polyamines and colon cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 1033-1039.
22. Milovic V, Tuchanowa L. Polyamines and colon cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 34: 381-383.
23. Johnson LR, McCormack SA. Healing of gastrointestinal mucosa: involvement of polyamines. News Physiol Sci 1999; 14: 12-17.
24. Bardocz S, White N, Eds. Polyamines in Health and Nutrition. Pp. 1-335. Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
25. Blachier F, M'Rabet-Touil H, Posho L, Morel MT, Bernard F, Darey-Villon B, Dure P. Polyamine metabolism in enterocytes isolated from newborn pigs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1175: 21-26.
26. Moulinoux JP, Quemener V, Delcros JG, Cipolla B. Circulating polyamines as biological markers for cancer. In Nishioka K, Ed. Polyamines in Cancer: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Approaches. Pp. 233-249. Austin: RG Landes, 1996.
27. Seiler N, Daune G, Bolkenius FN, Knödgen B. Ornithine aminotransferase activity, tissue ornithine concentrations and polyamine metabolism. Int J Biochem 1989; 21: 425-432.
28. Ikeguchi Y, Bewley MC, Pegg AE. Aminopropyltransferases: function, structure and genetics. J Biochem (Tokyo) 2006; 139: 1-9.
29. Seiler N. Functions of polyamine acetylation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987; 65: 2024-2035.
30. 1- acetyltransferase gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. Effects on polyamine homeostasis and sensitivity to polyamine analogues. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 25323-25328.
31. Seiler N, Duranton B, Raul F. The polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527. Prog Drug Res 2002; 59:1-40.
32. Sarhan S, Quemener V, Moulinoux JP, Knödgen B, Seiler N. On the degradation and elimination of spermine by the vertebrate organism. Int J Biochem 1991; 23: 817-626.
33. 1- acetylpolyamine oxidase (hPAO): potential role in determining drug sensitivity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56: 83-90.
34. Luk GD, Bayless TM, Baylin SB. Diamine oxidase (histaminase). A circulating marker for rat intestinal mucosal maturation and integrity. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 66-70.
35. Noto T, Tanaka T, Nakajima T. Urinary metabolites of polyamines in rats. J. Biochem (Tokyo) 1978; 83: 543-552.
36. Van den Berg GA, Kingma AW, Elzinga H, Muskiet FA. Catabolism of polyamines in the rat. Polyamines and their non-alpha-amino acid metabolites. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 802: 175-187.
37. Morgan DM. Oxidized polyamines and the growth of human vascular endothelial cell. Prevention of cytotoxic effects by selective acetylation. Biochem J 1987; 242: 347-352.
38. 2 in polyamine analogue-treated human breast cancer cell lines. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 39843-39851.
39. Agostinelli E, Seiler N. Non-irradiation derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cancer. Therapeutic implications. Amino Acids 2006; 31: 341-355.
40. Gawel-Thompson KJ, Greene RM. Epidermal growth factor: modulator of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cell proliferation, polyamine biosynthesis and polyamine transport. J Cell Physiol 1989; 140: 359-370.
41. Persson L, Lövkvist Wallström E, Nasizadeh S, Dartsch A, Jeppsson A, Wendt A, Holmgren J. Regulation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. Biochem Soc Trans 1998, 26: 575-579.
42. Shantz LM, Pegg AE. Translational regulation of ornithine decarboxylase and other enzymes of the polyamine pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 107-122.
43. Shantz LM, Holm I, Jänne OA, Pegg AE. Regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity by alterations in the intracellular polyamine content. Biochem J 1992; 288: 511-518.
44. Ekstrom JL, Tolbert WD, Xiong H, Pegg AE, Ealick SE. Structure of a human S- adenosylmethionine decarboxylase self-processing ester intermediate and mechanism of putrescine stimulation of processing as revealed by the H243A mutant. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 9495-9504.
45. 1- acetyltransferase - the turning point in polyamine metabolism. FASEB J 1993; 17: 653-661.
46. 1-acetyltransferase. Biochem J 1996; 316: 697-701.
47. Mangold U. The antizyme family: polyamines and beyond. IUBMB Life 2005; 57: 671-676.
48. 1- acetyltransferase requires the carbonyl terminal glutamic acid residues. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 12164-12169.
49. Nilsson J, Grahn B, Heby O. Antizyme inhibitor is rapidly induced in growth- stimulated mouse fibroblasts and releases ornithine decarboxylase from antizyme suppression. Biochem J 2000; 346: 899-704.
50. Mitchell JL, Jud GL, Bareyal-Leyser A, Ling SY. Feedback repression of polyamine transport is mediated by antizyme in mammalian tissue-culture cells. Biochem J 1994; 299: 19-22.
51. Bolkenius FN, Seiler N. Developmental aspects of polyamine interconversion in rat brain. Int J Devl Neurosci 1986; 4: 217-224.
52. Seiler N, Bolkenius FN, Knödgen B, Mamont P. Polyamine oxidase in rat tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980; 615: 480-488.
53. Wang Y, Devereux W, Woster PM, Stewart TM, Hacker A, Casero RA Jr. Cloning and characterization of a human polyamine oxidase that is inducible by polyamine analogue exposure. Cancer Res 2002; 61: 5270-5373.
54. Mackintosh CA, Pegg AE. Effect of spermine synthase deficiency on polyamine biosynthesis and content in mice and embryonic fibroblasts, and the sensitivity of fibroblasts to 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-N- nitrosourea. Biochem J 2000; 351: 439-447.
55. Wang X, Ikeguchi Y, McCloskey DE, Nelson P, Pegg AE. Spermine synthesis is required for normal viability, growth, and fertility in the mouse. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 51370-51373.
56. DeBenedette M, Olson JW, Snow EC. Expression of polyamine transporter activity during B-lymphocyte cell cycle progression. J Immunol 1993; 150: 4218-4228.
57. Seiler N, Delcros JG, Moulinoux JP. Polyamine transport in mammalian cells. An update. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1996; 28: 843-861.
58. Soulett D, Gagnon B, Rivest S, Audette M, Poulin R. A fluorescent probe of polyamine transport. Accumulation into intracellular acidic vesicles via a two-step mechanism. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 49355-49366.
59. Byers TL, Wechter RS, Hu RA, Pegg AE. Effects of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitor 5′-([(Z)-4-amino-2-butenyl]methylamino)-5′- deoxyadenosine, on cell growth and polyamine metabolism and transport in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Biochem J 1994; 303: 89-96.
60. Wallace HM, Keir HM. Factors affecting polyamine excretion from mammalian cells in culture. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 1986; 194: 60-63.
61. Heljasvaara R, Veress I, Halmekytö M, Alhonen L, Jänne J, Laajala R, Pajunen A. Transgenic micc overexpressing ornithine- and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases maintain a physiological polyamine homeostasis in their tissues. Biochem J 1997; 323: 437-462.
62. 1- acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1997: 272: 18746-18751.
63. Bachrach U. Naturally occurring polyamines. Interaction with macromolecules. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2005; 6: 559-566.
64. Rowlatt C, Smith GJ. Ultrastructural studies on chromatin digestion by microsomal nuclease in the presence of polyamines. J Cell Sci 1981; 48: 171-179.
65. Kossorotow A, Wolf HU, Seiler N. Regulatory effects of polyamines on membrane- bound acetylcholinesterase. Biochem J 1974; 144: 21-27.
66. Feuerstein BG, Marton LJ. Specificity and binding in polyamine-nucleic acid interactions. In Bachrach U, Heimer YM, Eds. The Physiology of Polyamines. Vol. 1. Pp 109-124. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1988.
67. Manning GS, Ray J. Counterion condensation revisited. J. Biomol Struct Dyn 1998; 16: 461-476.
68. Mehta K, Pok JY, Mangala LS. Tissue transglutaminase: from biological glue to cell survival cues. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 173-185.
69. Folk JE, Park MH, Chung SI, Lester EP, Cooper HL. Polyamines as physiological substrates for transglutaminases. J Biol Chem 1980; 255: 3695-3700.
70. Lentini A, Abbruzzese A, Caraglia M, Marra M, Beninati S. Protein-polyamine conjugation by transglutaminase in cancer cell differentiation: review article. Amino Acids 2004; 26: 331-337.
71. Melino G, Piacentini M. Tissue transglutaminase in cell death: a downstream or a multifunctional upstream effector? FEBS Lett 1998; 430: 59-63.
72. Sessa A, Tunici P, Rabelotti E, Bardocz S, Grant G, Pusztai A, Perin A. Response of intestinal transglutaminase activity to dietary phytohaemagglutinin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1314: 66-70.
73. Tunici P, Sessa A, Rabelotti E, Grant G, Bardocz S, Perin A. Polyamine oxidase and tissue transglutaminase activation in rat small intestine by polyamines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1428: 219-224.
74. Park MH, Wolff EC, Folk JE. Is hypusine essential for eukaryotic cell proliferation? Trends Biochem Sci 1993;18: 475-479.
75. Caraglia M, Marra M, Giuberti GD'Alessandro AM, Budillon A, del Prete S, Lentini A, Beninati S, Abbruzzese A. The role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Amino Acids 2001; 20: 91-104.
76. Byers TL, Lakanen JR, Coward JM, Pegg AE. The role of hypusine depletion in cytostasis induced by S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase inhibition: new evidence provided by 1-methylspermidine and 1,12-dimethylspermine. Biochem J 1994: 303: 363-368.
77. Nishimura K, Murozumi K, Shirahata A, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Independent roles of eIF5A and polyamines in cell proliferation. Biochem J 2005; 385: 779-785.
78. 13CNMR chemical shift assignments of spermidine, spermine and homologs. Biophys Chem 1983; 17: 67-74.
79. Bey P, Danzin C, Jung M. Inhibition of basic amino acid decarboxylases involved in polyamine biosynthesis. In McCann PP, Pegg AE, Sjoerdsma A, Eds. Inhibition of Polyamine Metabolism. Pp1-31. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
80. Poulin R, Lu L, Ackermann B, Bey P, Pegg AE. Mechanism of the irreversible inactivation of mouse ornithine decarboxylase by α-difluoromethylornithine. Characterization of sequences at the inhibitor and coenzyme binding sites. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 150-158.
81. Rudkin BS, Mamont PS, Seiler N. Decreased protein synthetic activity is an early consequence of spermidine depletion in rat hepatoma tissue-culture cell. Biochem J 1984; 217:731-741.
82. Sarhan S, Knödgen B, Seiler N. The gastrointestinal tract as polyamine source for tumour growth. Anticancer Res 1989; 9: 215-224.
83. Hölttä E, Hovi T. Polyamine depletion results in impairment of polyribosome formation and protein synthesis before onset of DNA synthesis in mitogen-activated human lymphocytes. Eur J Biochem 1985; 152: 229-237.
84. Kipl, and p53 in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: C684-C691.
85. Nemoto T, Kamei S, Seyama Y, Kubota S. p53-independent G(1) arrest induced by DL-α-difluoromethylornithine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289: 848-854.
86. Li L, Liu L, Rao JN, Esmaili A, Strauch ED, Bass BL, Wang JY. JunD stabilization results in inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell growth through p21 after polyamine depletion. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 764-779.
87. Ackermann JM, Pegg AE, McCloskey DE. Drugs affecting the cell cycle via actions on the polyamine metabolic pathway. Prog Cell Cycle Res 2003; 5: 461-469.
88. Kip1, retinoblastoma protein Rb, and MYCN in polyamine inhibitor-induced G1 cell cycle arrest in MYCN-amplified human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 2005; 24: 5606-5618.
89. WAF1/CIP1-Rb pathway and G1 arrest in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1278-1286.
90. Celano P, Baylin SB, Casero RA Jr. Polyamines differentially modulate the transcription of growth-associated genes in human colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 8922-8927.
91. Kaminska B, Kaczmarek L, Grzelakowska-Sztalbert B. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis affect the expression of genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins. FEBS Lett 1992; 304: 198-200.
92. Wang JY, McCormack SA, Viar MJ, Wang H, Tzen CY, Scott RE, Johnson LR. Decreased expression of protooncogenes c-fos, c-myc,and c-jun following polyamine depletion in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: G331-G338.
93. Wang JY, Wang H, Johnson LR. Gastrin stimulates expression of protooncogene c- myc through a process involving polyamines in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: C1474-C1481.
94. Wang JY, Viar MJ, Li J, Shi HJ, McCormack SA, Johnson LR. Polyamines are necessary for normal expression of the transforming growth factor-β gene during cell migration. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: G713-G720.
95. Patel AR, Wang AJ. Polyamines modulate transcription but not post-transcription of c- myc and c-jun in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: C1020-C1020.
96. McCormack SA, Blanner PM, Zimmerman BJ, Ray R, Poppleton HM, Patel TB, Johnson LR. Polyamine deficiency alters EGF receptor distribution and signaling effectiveness in IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: C192-C205.
97. Wang JY, Viar MJ, Li J, Shi HJ, Patel AR, Johnson LR. Difference in transglutaminase mRNA after polyamine depletion in two cell lines. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: C522-C530.
98. Patel AR, Wang AJ. Polyamine depletion is associated with an increase in Jun/AP-1 activity in small intestinal crypt cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: G441-G450.
99. Kip1 and enhances dexamethasone-induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in human T lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2000; 24: 119-127.
100. Rao JN, Li L, Bass BL, Wang JY. Expression of the TGF-beta receptor gene and sensitivity to growth inhibition following polyamine depletion. Am J Physiol 2000; 279: C1034-C1044.
101. Pfeffer LM, Yang CH, Murti A, McCormack SA, Viar MJ, Ray RM, Johnson LR. Polyamine depletion induces rapid NF-kappa B activation in IEC-6 cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 45909-45913.
102. Li L, Rao JN, Bass BL, Wang JY. NF-κB activation and susceptibility to apoptosis after polyamine depletion in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280: G992-G1004.
103. Li L, Rao JN, Guo X, Liu L, Bass BL, Wang JY. Polyamine depletion stabilizes p53 resulting in inhibition of normal intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C941-C953.
104. Ray RM, McCormack SA, Johnson LR. Polyamine depletion arrests growth of IEC-6 and CaCo-2-cells by different mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281: G37-G43.
105. Guo H, Ray RM, Johnson LR. RhoA stimulates IEC-6 cell proliferation by increasing polyamine-dependent Cdk2 activity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285: G704-G713
106. 2-termimnal kinase and apoptosis in response to TNF-α in IEC- 6 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285: G980-G991.
107. Liu L, Santora R, Rao JN, Guo X, Zou T, Zhang HM, Turner DJ, Wang JY. Activation of TGF-β-Smad signaling pathway following polyamine depletion in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285: G1056-G1067.
108. Ignatenko NA, Zhang H, Watts GS, Skovan BA, Stringer DE, Gerner EW. The chemopreventive agent α-difluoromethylornithine blocks Ki-ras dependent tumor formation and specific gene expression in CaCo-2 cells. Mol Carcinog 2004; 39: 221-233.
109. Zou T, Rao JN, Guo X, Liu L, Zhang HM, Strauch ED, Bass BL, Wang JY. NF-κ mediated IAP expression induces resistance of intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis after polyamine depletion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 286: C1009-C1018.
110. Stephenson AH, Christian JF, Seidel ER. Polyamines regulate eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein1 gene transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323: 20-212.
111. Hu X, Washington S, Verderame MF, Manni A. Interaction between the polyamines and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in the regulation of cell cycle variables in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 11026-11033.
112. Matters GL, Manni A, Bond JS. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis decrease the expression of the metalloproteases meprin-α and MMP-7 in hormone-independent human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005; 22: 331-339.
113. Zou T, Rao JN, Liu L, Marasa BS, Kaledjian KM, Zhang AH, Xiao L, Bass BL, Wang JY. Polyamine depletion induces nucleophosmin modulating stability and transcriptional activity of p53 in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289: C686-C696.
114. Sunkara PS, Baylin SB, Luk GD. Inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis: Cellular and in vivo effects on tumor proliferation. In McCann PP, Pegg AE, Sjoerdsma A, Eds. Inhibition of Polyamine Metabolism. Pp 121-140. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
115. Pohjanpelto P, HölttäE, Maiche A, Knuutila S. Effect of difluoromethylornithine on chromosomes in living organisms and in tissue culture cells. Hereditas 1988; 108: 85-91.
116. White A, Bardocz S. Estimation of the polyamine body pool: contribution by de novo biosynthesis, diet and luminal bacteria. In Bardocz S, White A, Eds. Polyamines in Health and Nutrition. Pp 117-127. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
117. Desury G, Moulinoux JP, Delcros JG. Alteration of intestinal putrescine uptake in tumor-bearing rats. Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 569-576.
118. Bardocz S, Brown DS, Grant G, Pusztai A, Stewart JC, Palmer RM. Effect of the β- adrenoreceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 106: 476-482.
119. Benamouzig R, Mahe S, Meziani K, Tome D. Uptake of luminal polyamine by the gut: in vivo studies. In Bardocz S, White A, Eds. Polyamines in Health and Nutrition. Pp 233-239. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
120. Osborne DL, Seidel DR. Gastrointestinal luminal polyamines: cellular accumulation and enterohepatic circulation. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G576-G584.
121. Hinuma K, Maghsoudloo M, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Dietary and intestinal polyamines in the rat: in vitro transport studies. In Dowling RH, Fölsch UR, Löser C Eds. Polyamines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pp 463-472. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.
122. Uda K, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama T, Bamba T. Rapid absorption of luminal polyamines in a rat small intestine ex vivo model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 554-550.
123. Uda K, Tsujikawa T, Thara T, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Luminal polyamines upregulate transmural glucose transport in rat small intestine. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 434-441.
124. Bardocz S, Duguid TJ, Brown DS, Grant G, Pusztai A, White A, Ralph A. The importance of dietary polyamines in cell regeneration and growth. Br J Nutr 1995; 73: 819-829.
125. Milovic V, Odera G, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Jejunal putrescine absorption and the "pharmacokinetics"/biotransformation of ingested putrescine in humans. Gut 1997; 41 (Suppl 3): A62.
126. Dumontier AM, Brachet P, Tomé D. Putrescine transport in the rabbit small intestine mounted in the Ussing chamber. In Dowling RH, Fölsch UR, Löser C, Eds. Polyamines in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pp 453-461. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.
127. Milovic V, Faust D, Turchanova L, Stein J, Caspary WF. Permeability characteristics of polyamines across intestinal epithelium using the CaCo-2 monolayer system: comparison between transepithelial flux and mitogen-stimulated uptake into epithelial cells. Nutrition 2001; 17: 462-464.
128. Kumagai J, Johnson LR. Characteristics of putrescine uptake in isolated enterocytes. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: G81-G86.
129. Kumagai J, Jain R, Johnson LR. Characteristics of spermidine uptake by isolated rat enterocytes. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: G905-G910.
130. Brachet P, Long JE, Seidel ER. Selective sites for polyamine binding to rabbit intestinal brush-border membranes. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;56: 517-526.
131. Kobayashi M, Iseki K, Sugawara M, Miyazaki K. The diversity of Na-independent uptake systems for polyamines in rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1151: 161-167.
132. Brachet P, Debbabi H, Tomé D. Transport and steady-state accumulation of putrescine in brush-border membrane vesicles of rabbit small intestine. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: G754-G762.
133. Milovic V, Stein J, Piper A, Gerhard R, Zeuzem S, Caspary WF. Characterization of putrescine transport across the intestinal epithelium: study using brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles of the enterocyte. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25: 97-105.
134. Adeola O, Ram JI, Maenz DD, Classen HL. Transport of putrescine across duodenal, jejunal and ileal brush-border membrane of chicks (Gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135C: 235-247.
135. Milovic V, Caspary WF, Stein J. Polyamine uptake across the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte is mediated by a high-affinity carrier: a study using isolated basolateral membrane vesicles. Digestion 1998; 59: 60-68.
136. Hessels J, Klingma AW, Ferwerda H, Keij J, van den Berg GA, Muskiet FA. Microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract abolishes cytostatic effects of α- difluoromethylornithine in vivo. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 1155-1164.
137. Smith TK. Effect of dietary putrescine on whole body growth and polyamine metabolism. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1990; 194: 332-336.
138. Seiler N, Eichentopf B. 4-Aminobutyrate in mammalian putrescine catabolism. Biochem J 1975; 152: 201-210.
139. Wollin A, Wang X, Tso P. Nutrients regulate diamine oxidase release from intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: R969-R975.
140. Sarhan S, Knödgen B, Seiler N. Polyamine deprivation, malnutrition and tumor growth. Anticancer Res 1992; 12: 457-466.
141. Houen G. Mammalian Cu-containing amine oxidases (CAOs): new methods of analysis, structural relationships and possible functions. APMIS 1999; 107 (Suppl. 96): 1-46.
142. Hutter E, Schwelberger HG. Characterization of cDNA clones encoding mucosa diamine oxidase. Inflamm Res 2000; 49 (Suppl 1): S57-S59.
143. Petersen J, Raithel M, Schwelberger HG. Characterization of functional polymorphism of the human diamine oxidase gene. Inflamm Res 2005; 54 (Suppl 1): S58-S59.
144. Kitanaka J, Kitanaka N, Tsujimura T, Terada N, Takemura M. Expression of diamine oxidase (histaminase) in guinea pig tissues. Eur J Pharmcol 2002; 437: 179-1785.
145. Schwelberger HG, Bodner E. Identity of diamine oxidase proteins of porcine kidney and intestines. Inflamm Res 1998; 47 (Suppl 1): S58-S59.
146. Schwelberger HG, Bodner E. Analysis of the glycosylation of porcine diamine oxidase. Inflamm Res 1999; 48 (Suppl 1): S83-S84.
147. Schwelberger HG, Bodner E. Purification and characterization of diamine oxidase from porcine kidney and intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1340: 152-164.
148. Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsunuma Y. Metabolism of acetylpolyamines by monoamine oxidase, diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 677: 190-193.
149. Zeller EA. Zur Kenntnis der Diaminoxydase. 3. Mitteilung. Über den enzymatischen Abbau von Polyaminen. Helv Chim Acta 1938; 21: 1645-1665.
150. Seiler N, Knödgen B, Gittos M, Chan WY, Griesmann G, Rennert OM. On the formation of amino acids deriving from spermidine and spermine. Biochem J 1981; 200: 123-132.
151. Shaff RE, Beavan MA. Turnover and synthesis of diamine oxidase (DAO) in rat tissues. Studies with heparin and cycloheximide. Biochem Pharmacol 1976: 25: 1057-1062.
152. Daniele B, Quaroni A. Effect of epidermal growth factor on diamine oxidase expression and cell growth in CaCo-2-cells. Am J Physiol 1991; 261 (4 Pt1): G669-G676.
153. Bieganski T, Ulatowska MA. Diamine oxidase in the hen. Agents Actions 1983; 13: 257-262.
154. Bieganski T, Kusche J, Lorent W, Hesterberg R, Stahlknecht CD, Feussner KD. Distribution and properties of human diamine oxidase and its relevance for the histamine catabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 756: 196-203.
155. Huneau JF, Tome D, Wal JM. Histamine content, diamine oxydase and histidine decarboxylase activities along the intestinal tract of the rat. Agents Actions 1989; 28: 231-234.
156. Klocker J, Matzler SA, Huetz GN, Drasche A, Kolbitsch C, Schwelberger HG. Expression of histamine degrading enzymes in porcine tissues. Inflamm Res 2005; 54 (Suppl 1): S54-S57.
157. Fogel WA. Mucosal mono- and polyamine oxidase activities in digestive tract are complementary to diamine oxidase. J Neural Transm 1990; 32 (Suppl): S345-S349.
158. Bamba T, Vaja S, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Effect of fasting and feeding on polyamines and related enzymes along the villus:crypt axis. Digestion 1990; 46 (Suppl 2): 428-429.
159. Brachet P, Quemener V, Havouis R, Tome D, Moulinoux JP. Alterations in intestinal uptake of putrescine and tissue polyamine concentrations in tumor bearing rats Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1227: 161-170.
160. Nilsson BO, Kockum I, Rosengren E. Inhibition of diamine oxidase promotes uptake of putrescine from rat small intestine. Inflamm Res 1996; 45: 513-518.
161. Rokkas T, Vaja S, Taylor P, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Effect of intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) depletion by heparin on mucosal polyamine metabolism. Digestion 1990; 46 (Suppl. 2): S278-S382.
162. Kallio A, Nikula P, Jänne J. Transfer of intestine-derived diamines into tumour cells during treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice with polyamine anti- metabolites. Biochem J 1984; 218: 641-644.
163. Brosnan ME, Ray S, Walters B, Pink D. How does the kidney handle plasma polyamines? Contrib Nephrol 1997; 121: 129-135.
164. Gill J, Christian JF, Seidel ER. Antizyme mRNA distribution and regulation in rat small intestinal enterocytes. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 1458-1464.
165. Wang JY, McCormack SA, Viar MJ, Johnson LR. Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth by luminal polyamines. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: G504-G511.
166. Deloyer P, Dandrifosse G, Bartholomeus C, Romain N, Klinek M, Salmon J, Gerard P, Goessens G. Polyamines and intestinal properties in adult rats. Br J Nutr 1996; 76: 627-637.
167. Steiner M, Boughes HR, Freeman LS, Gray SJ. Effect of starvation on the tissue composition of the small intestine in the rat. J Physiol 1968; 215: 75-77.
168. Chance WT, Noguchi Y, Zhang Y, Hasselgren PO, Fischer JE. Differential effects of tumor and parenteral nutrition on jejunal mucosal polyamines. Nutr Cancer 1995; 23: 23-32.
169. Löser C, Kisel A, Harms D, Fölsch UR. Dietary polyamines are essential luminal growth factors for small intestinal and colonic mucosal growth and development. Gut 1999; 44: 12-16.
170. Firmansyah A, Suwandito L, Penn D, Lebenthal E. Biochemical and morphological changes in the digestive tract of rats after prenatal and postnatal malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1989: 50: 261-268.
171. Erdman SH. Effect of starvation and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) on diamine oxidase activity in rat ileum. Digestion 1990; 46 (Suppl 2): S396-S402.
172. Bardocz S, Grant G, Brown DS, Ewen SWB, Stewart JC, Pusztai A. Effect of fasting and refeeding on basolateral polyamine uptake and metabolism by the rat small bowel. Digestion 1991; 50: 28-35.
173. Brachet P, Prevoteau, Mathe, Tome D. Modulation of putrescine transport in rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles by fasting and refeeding. Digestion 1996; 57: 374-381.
174. McCormack SA, Johnson LR. Putrescine uptake and release by a normal rat small intestine crypt cell line, IEC-6. Exp Cell Res 1991; 193: 241-252.
175. Milovic V, Turchanowa L, Fares FA, Lerner A, Caspary WF, Stein J. S- Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity and utilization of exogenous putrescine are enhanced in colon cancer cells stimulated to grow by EGF. Z Gastroenterol 1998; 36: 947-954.
176. Bauske R, Milovic V, Turchanowa L, Stein J. Mechanism of EGF-stimulated polyamine accumulation in human colon cancer cells CaCo-2. Digestion 2000; 61: 230-236.
177. Buts JP, De Keyser N, Romain N, Dandrifosse G, Sokal E, Naengiyumva T. Response of rat immature enterocytes to insulin: regulation by receptor binding and endoluminal polyamine uptake. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 49-59.
178. Young GP, Taranto TM, Jonas HA, Cox AJ, Hogg A, Werther GA. Insulin-like growth factors and the developing and mature rat small intestine. Receptors and biological actions. Digestion 1990; 26 (Suppl 2): S240-S252.
179. Löser C, Torff L, Fölsch UR. Uptake of extracellular, dietary putrescine is an important regulatory mechanism of intracellular polyamine metabolism during camostate-induced pancreatic growth in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 503-513.
180. Bardocz S. Effect of phytohaemagglutinin on intestinal cell proliferation. Role of polyamines. Arch Latinoam Nutr 1996; 44 (Suppl 1): 16S-20S.
181. Pryme IF, Pusztai A, Bardocz S, Ewen SW. A combination of dietary protein depletion and PHA-induced gut growth reduce the mass of murine non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Lett 1999; 139: 145-152.
182. Sessa A, Tunici P, Ewen SW, Grant G, Pusztai A, Bardocz S, Perin A. Diamine and polyamine oxidase activities in phytohaemagglutinin-induced growth of rat small intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1244: 198-202.
183. Ovelgonne JH, Koninkx JF, Pusztai A, Bardocz S, Kok W, Ewen SW, Hendriks HG, van Dijk JE. Decreased levels of heat shock proteins in gut epithelial cells after exposure to plant lectins. Gut 2000; 46: 679-687.
184. Linsalata M, Russo F, Notarnicola M, Berloco P, Di Leo A. Polyamine profile in human gastric mucosa infected by Helicobacter pylori. Ital J Gastroenterol 1998; 30: 484-489.
185. Xu H, Chaturvedi R, Cheng Y, Bussiere FI, Asim M, Yao MD, Potozky D, Meltzer SJ, Rhe JG, Kim SS, Moss SF, Hacker A, Wang T, Casero RA Jr, Wilson KT. Spermine oxidation induced by helicobacter pylori results in apoptosis and DNA damage: implications for gastric genesis. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 8521-8525.
186. Etienne-Poncin A, Dandrifosse G, Forget P, Lepoint A. Evaluation of some biochemical characteristics of the intestinal mucosa during the first postnatal weeks in C57 mice. Effects of thyroxine and putrescine. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 375-382.
187. Zhang H, Malo C, Buddington RK. Suckling induces rapid intestinal growth and changes in brush border digestive functions of newborn pigs. J Nutr 1997; 127: 418-426.
188. Herold G, Besemer F, Rogler D, Rogler G, Stange EF. Polyamine deficiency impairs proliferation and differentiation of cultured enterocytes (CaCo-2). Z Gastroenterol 1993; 31: 120-128.
189. Duranton B, Keith G, Gosse F, Bergmann C, Schleiffer R, Raul F. Concomitant changes in polyamine pools and DNA methylation during growth inhibition of human colonic cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 1998; 243: 319-325.
190. D'Agostino L, Pignata S, Daniele B, Ferraro C, Silvestro G, Tagliaferri P, Contegiacomo A, Gentile R, Tritto G, Bianco AR, Mazzacca G. Polyamine uptake by human colon carcinoma cell line CaCo-2. Digestion 1990; 46(Suppl 2): S362-S359.
191. Löser C. Polyamines in human and animal milk. Br J Nutr 2000; 84 (Suppl 1): S55-S58.
192. Dorhout B, van Beusekom CM, Huisman M, Kingma AW, de Hoog E, Boersma ER, Muskiet FA. Estimation of 24-hour polyamine intake from mature human milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23: 298-302.
193. Dufour C, Dandrifosse G, Forget P, Vermesse F, Romain N, Lepoint P. Spermine and spermidine induce intestinal maturation in the rat. Gastroenterology 1988; 96: 112-116.
194. Dorhout B, van Faasen A, van Beusekom CM, Kingma AW, de Hoog E, Nagel GT, Karrenbeld A, Boersma ER, Muskiet FA. Oral administration of deuterium-labelled polyamines to sucking rat pups: luminal uptake, metabolic fate and effects on gastrointestinal maturation. Br J Nutr 1997; 78: 639-654.
195. Jolois O, Peulen O, Collin S, Simons M, Dandrifosse G, Heinen E. Spermine induces precocious development of the spleen in mice. Exp Physiol 2002; 87: 69-75.
196. ter Steege JC, Buurman WA, Forget PP. Spermine induces maturation of the immature intestinal immune system in neonatal mice. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997; 25: 332-340.
197. Buts JP, De Keyser N, Kolanowski J, Sokal E, Van Hoof F. Maturation of villus and crypt cell function in rat small intestine. Role of dietary polyamines. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 1091-1098.
198. Peulen O, Deloyer P, Dandrifosse G. Short-term effects of spermine ingestion on small intestine: a comparison of suckling and weaned rats. Reprod Nutr Dev 2004; 44: 353-364.
199. Georges P, Dandrifosse G, Vermesse F, Forget P, Deloyer P, Romain N. Reversibility of spermine-induced intestinal maturation in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1990; 35: 1528-1536.
200. Romain N, Gesell MS, Leroy O, Forget P, Dandrifosse G, Luk GS. Effect of spermine administration on pancreatic maturation in unweaned rats. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 1998; 120: 379-384.
201. Peulen O, Dewe W, Dandrifosse G, Henrotay I, Romain N. The relationship between the spermine content of human milk during the first postnatal month and allergy in children. Public Health Nutr 1998; 1: 181-184.
202. Dandrifosse G, Peulen O, El Khefif N, Deloyer P, Dandrifosse AC, Grandfils C. Are milk polyamines preventive agents against food allergy? Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59: 81-86.
203. Wang JY, Johnson LR. Expression of protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc in healing of gastric mucosal stress ulcers. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: G878-G886.
204. Luk GD, Yang P. Distribution of polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in intestinal adaptation. Am J Physiol 1988; 254: G194-G200.
205. Tsujikawa T, Fukunaga T, Itoh A, Satoh J, Yasuoka T, Sasaki M, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Alteration in expression of polyamine and glucose-related enzyme mRNA after small bowel resection in the rat residual ileum. Int J Mol Med 2002; 10: 489-492.
206. Han X, Kazarinoff MN, Seiler N, Stanley BA. Rat colon ornithine and arginine metabolism: coordinated effects after proliferative stimuli. Am J Physiol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol 2001; 280: G389-399.
207. Rao JN, Li J, Li L, Bass BL, Wang JY. Differential intestinal epithelial cells exhibit increased migration through polyamines and myosin II. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G1149-G1158.
208. Banan A, McCormack SA, Johnson LR. Polyamines are required for microtubule formation during gastric mucosal healing. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G879-G885.
209. Santos MF, Viar MJ, McCormack SA, Johnson LR. Polyamines are important for attachment of IEC-6 cells to extracellular matrix. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G175-G183.
210. 1- acetyltransferase specifically binds to the integrin α9 subunit cytoplasmic domain and enhances cell migration. J Cell Biol 2004; 167: 161-170.
211. 2+ during intestinal epithelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283: C722-C734.
212. + channel suppression in polyamine-dependent intestinal epithelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278: C303-C314.
213. Rao JN, Guo X, Liu L, Zou T, Murthy KS, Yuan JY, Wang JY. Polyamines regulate Rho kinase and myosin phosphorylation during intestinal epithelial restitution. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284: C848-C859.
214. Ray JM, McCormack SA, Covington C, Viar MJ, Zhang Y, Johnson LR. The requirement for polyamines for intestinal epithelial cell migration is mediated through Racl. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 13039-13046.
215. Vaidya RJ, Ray RM, Johnson LR. MEK1 restores migration of polyamine-depleted cells by retention and activation of Racl in the cytoplasm. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 288: C350-C359.
216. Rogers KK, Jou TS, Guo W, Lipschutz JH. The Rho family of small GTPases is involved in epithelial cystogenesis and tubulogenesis. Kidney Int 2003; 65: 1632-1644.
217. Thompson JS, Saxena SK, Sharp JG. Difluoromethylornithine inhibits crypt fission. J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3: 662-667.
218. Yuan Q, Viar MJ, Ray RM, Johnson LR. Putrescine does not support the migration and growth of IEC-6 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278: G49-G56.
219. Luk GD, Yang P. Polyamines in intestinal and pancreatic adaptation. Gut 1987; 28 (Suppl): S95-S101.
220. Jonas A, Diver-Haber A, Yahav J. Adaptive response of ileal mucosa to malnutrition in the rat: role of polyamines. Acta Physiol Scand 1991; 142: 387-395.
221. Wang JY, Johnson LR. Luminal polyamines substitute for tissue polyamines in duodenal mucosal repair after stress in rats. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1109-1117.
222. Osborne DL, Seidel DR. Microflora-derived polyamines modulate obstruction-induced colonic mucosal hypertrophy. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: G1049-G1057.
223. Kummerlen C, Seiler N, Galluser M, GossÎ F, Knödgen B, Hasselmann M, Raul F. Polyamines and the recovery of intestinal morphology and function after ischemic damage in rats. Digestion 1994; 55: 18-174.
224. Wang JY, Johnson LR, Tsai YH, Castro GA. Mucosal ornithine decarboxylase, polyamines, and hyperplasia in infected intestine. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: G45-G51.
225. Sakamoto K, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Altered polyamine biosynthesis with aging after massive proximal small bowel resection in rat. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 338-346.
226. Chung DH, Evers BM, Townsend CM Jr, Huang KF, Herndon DN, Thompson JC. Role of polyamine synthesis during gut mucosal adaptation after burn injury. Am J Surg 1993; 165: 144-149.
227. Löser C, Cleffmann U, Alves F, Fölsch UR, Creutzfeldt W. Ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine biosynthesis in pancreatic adaptation. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 250: 379-399.
228. Jurkowska G, Rydzewska G, Andrzejewska A. The influence of polyamines synthesis inhibition on pancreas regeneration and phospholipase D activity after acute caerulein induced pancreatitis in rats. Biochemical and ultrastructural study. J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 48: 789-804.
229. Dowling RH. Cellular and molecular basis of intestinal and pancreatic adaptation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 193 (Suppl): S64-S67.
230. Jenkins AP, Thompson RP. Mechanism of intestinal adaptation. Dig Dis 1994; 12: 15- 27.
231. Thomson AB, Wild G. Adaptation of intestinal nutrient transport in health and disease. Part 1. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 453-469.
232. Baksheev L, Fuller PJ. Humoral factors in intestinal adaptation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11: 401-405.
233. Hodin RA, Saldinger P, Meng S. Small bowel adaptation: counterregulatory effects of epidermal growth factor and somatostatin on the program of early gene expression. Surgery 1995; 118: 206-210.
234. Swietlitzki E, Iordanov H, Fritsch C, Yi L, Levin MS, Rubin DC. Growth factor regulation of PC4/TIS7, an immediate early gene expressed during gut adaptation after resection. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 123-131.
235. Konturek JW, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Epidermal growth factor in protection, repair and healing of gastrointestinal mucosa. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13 (Suppl 1): S88-S97.
236. Stern LE, Erwin CR, O'Brien DP, Huang F, Warner BW. Epidermal growth factor is critical for intestinal adaptation following small bowel resection. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 51: 138-148.
237. Löser C, Fölsch UR. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) fails to stimulate pancreatic growth and pancreatic polyamine metabolism in rats. Z Gastroenterol 1994; 32: 216-220.
238. Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Brzozowska I, Kwiecien S, Hahn EG. Involvement of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in epidermal-growth factor- induced recovery of gastric mucosa from gastric lesions provoked by stress. Regul Pept 1998; 74: 73-84.
239. D'Agostino L, Daniele B, Pignata S, Barone MV, D'Argenio G, Mazzacca G. Modifications in ornithine decarboxylase and diamine oxidase in small bowel mucosa of starved and refed rats. Gut 1987; 28 (Suppl 1): S135-S138.
240. Thompson JS, Petersen P, Nguyen BL, Quigley EM. Serum and intestinal diamine oxidase activity during intestinal adaptation. J Invest Surg 1992; 5: 297-304.
241. Rokkas T, Vaja S, Murphy GM, Dowling RH. Aminoguanidine blocks intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and enhances the intestinal adaptive response to resection in the rat. Digestion 1990; 46 (Suppl 2): S447-S457.
242. Kusche J, Mennigen R, Erpenbach K. The intestinal diamine oxidase activity under the influence of adaptive proliferation of the intestinal mucosa - a proliferation termination principle? Agent Actions 1988; 23: 354-356.
243. Ko TC, Beauchamp RD, Townsend CM, Thompson JC. Glutamine is essential for epidermal growth factor-stimulated intestinal cell proliferation. Surgery 1993; 114: 147-153.
244. Cynober L. Ornithine ?-ketoglutarate as a potent precursor of arginine and nitric oxide: a new job for an old friend. J Nutr 2004; 134 (Suppl 10): 2858S-2862S.
245. Raul F, Gossé F, Galluser M, Hasselmann M, Seiler N. Functional and metabolic changes in intestinal mucosa of rats after enteral administration of ornithine α- ketoglutarate salt. J Parent Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 145-150.
246. Czernichow B, Nsi-Emvo E, Galluser M, Gossé F, Raul F. Enteral supplementation with ornithine α-ketoglutarate improves the early adaptive response to resection. Gut 1997; 40: 67-72.
247. Dumas F, de Bandt JP, Colomb V, Le Boucher J, Coudray-Lucas C, Lavie S, Brousse N, Ricour C, Cynober L, Gulet O. Enteral ornithine α-ketoglutarate enhances intestinal adaptation to massive resection in rats. Metabolism 1998; 47: 1366-1371.
248. Duranton B, Schleiffer R, Gossé F, Raul F. Preventive administration of ornithine α-ketoglutarate improves intestinal mucosal repair after transient ischemia in rats. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 120-125.
249. Raul F, Galluser M, Schleiffer R, Gossé F, Hasselmann M, Seiler N. Beneficial effects of Larginine on intestinal epithelial restitution after ischemic damage in rats. Digestion 1995; 56: 400-405.
250. Martin GR, Wallace JL. Gastrointestinal inflammation: a central component of mucosal defense and repair. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231: 130-137.
251. Alhonen L, Parkkinen JJ, Sinervirta R, Herzig KH, Jänne J. Activation of polyamine catabolism in transgenic rats induces acute pancreatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 8290-8295.
252. Oyanagui Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyamines in serotonin and carrageenan paw edemata - possible mechanism to increase vascular permeability inhibitory protein level, which is regulated by glucocorticoids and superoxide radical. Agents Actions 1984; 14: 228-237.
253. Zhang M, Caragine T, Wang H, Cohen PS, Botchkina G, Soda K, Bianchi M, Ulrich P, Cerami A, Sherry B, Tracey KJ. Spermine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human mononuclear cells; a counterregulatory mechanism that restrains the immune response. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 1759-1768.
254. Hasko G, Kuhel DG, Marton A, Nemeth ZH, Deitch EA, Szabo C. Spermine differentially regulates the production of interleukin-12 p40 and interleukin 10 and suppresses the release of the T helper 1 cytokine interferon-γ. Shock 2000; 14: 144-149.
255. Rachmilewitz D, Stamler JS, Bachwich D, Karmeli F, Ackerman Z, Podolsky DK. Enhanced colonic nitric oxide generation and nitric oxide synthase activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 1995; 36: 718-723.
256. Cross RK, Wilson KT. Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003; 9: 179-189.
257. Ikeda I, Kamajima T, Ishiyama S, Shimojo T, Takeo Y, Nishikawa T, Kameoka S, Hiroe M, Mitsunaga A. Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1339-1341.
258. Steege JC, Forget PP, Buurman WA. Oral spermine administration inhibits nitric oxide-mediated intestinal damage and levels of systemic inflammatory mediators in a mouse endotoxin model. Shock 1999; 11: 115-119.
259. Pillai RB, Tolia V, Simpson PM, Vijesurier R, Lin CH. Increased colonic ornithine decarboxylase activity in inflammatory bowel disease in children. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 1565-1570.
260. Weiss TS, Herfarth H, Obermeier F, Ouart J, Vogl D, Scholmerich J, Jauch KW, Rogler G. Intracellular polyamine levels of intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 529-535.
261. Thompson JS, Burnett DA, Markin RS, Vaughan WP. Intestinal mucosa diamine oxidase reflects intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 756-760.
262. Ricci G, Stabellini G, Bersani G, Marangoni G, Fabbri P, Gentili G, Alvisi V. Ornithine decarboxylase in colonic mucosa from patients with moderate or severe Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 903-904.
263. Satriano J, Ishizuka S, Archer DC, Blantz RC, Kelly CJ. Regulation of intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and transport by NO and cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: C892-C899.
264. Ahern GP, Wang X, Miyares RL. Polyamines are potent ligands for the capsaicin receptor TRPV1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 8991-8995.
265. Hoffmann P, Mazurkiewicz J, Holtmann O, Gerken G, Eysselein VE, Goebell H. Capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibres induce epithelial cell proliferation, inflammatory cell immigration and transforming growth factor-a expression in the rat colonic mucosa in vivo. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 414-422.
266. Karakosta A, Golias CH, Charalabopoulos A, Peschos D, Batistatou A, Charalabopoulos K. Genetic models of human cancer as a multistep process. Paradigm models of colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and chronic myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2005; 24: 505-514.
267. Rozhin J, Wilson PS, Bull AW, Nigro ND. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat and human colon. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 3226-3230.
268. Kingsnorth AN, Lumsden AB, Wallace HM. Polyamines in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1984; 71: 791-794.
269. LaMuraglia GM, Lacaine F, Malt RA. High ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine levels in human colorectal neoplasia. Ann Surg 1986; 204: 89-93.
270. Naso P, Lanteri R, Acquaviva R, Licata F, Nonanno G, Licata A. Polyamine levels in colorectal cancer: new markers? Hepatogastroenterology 2005; 52: 433-436.
271. Schwelberger HG, Klocker J, Klingler P, Gadenstätter M, Bodner E, Sattler J. Influence of proliferative stimulation on the activity of rat intestinal diamine oxidase. Inflamm Res 1995; 44 (Suppl 1): S66-S67.
272. Weiss TS, Bernhardt G, Buschauer A, Thasler WE, Dolgner D, Zirngibl H, Jauch KW. Polyamine levels of human colorectal carcinomas are correlated with tumor stage and grade. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002; 17: 381-387.
273. McGarrity TJ, Pfeiffer LP, Batholomew MJ, Pegg AE. Colonic polyamine content and ornithine decarboxylase activity as markers for adenomas. Cancer 1990; 66: 1539-1543.
274. Wang W, Liu LQ, Higuchi CM. Mucosal polyamine measurements and colorectal cancer risk. J Cell Biochem 1996, 63: 252-257.
275. Auvinen M, Paasinen A, Andersson LC, Hölttä E Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 1992; 360: 355-358.
276. Kip1 from cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk-2 but not from cyclin D1/Cdk-4 complexes in cells transformed by polyamine biosynthesis enzymes. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 5244-5353.
277. Erdman SH, Ignatenko NA, Powell MB, Blohm-Mangone KA, Holubec H, Guillen- Rodriguez JM, Gerner EW. APC dependent changes in expression of genes influencing polyamine metabolism and consequences for gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in the Min mouse. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 1709-1713.
278. Gerner EW, Ignatenko NA, Lance P, Hurley LN. A comprehensive strategy to combat colon targeting the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1059: 97-105.
279. Groblewski GE, Ways DK, Seidel ER. Protein kinase C regulation of IEC-6 cell ornithine decarboxylase. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: G742-G749.
280. Linsalata M, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Di Leo A, Guerra V, Russo F. Polyamine biosynthesis in relation to K-ras and p53 mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 470-477.
281. Ignatenko NA, Babbar N, Mehta D, Casero RA Jr, Gerner E. Suppression of polyamine catabolism by activated Ki-ras in human colon cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2004; 39: 91-102.
282. Tsunoda A, Shibusawa M, Yoshizawa H, Yasuda N, Tsuno K, Koike T. Increased polyamine levels of normal-appearing mucosa and cancers in DMH-induced cancer- bearing colon in rats. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1991; 88: 1060-1065.
283. 1- acetyltransferase activity coincide with tumor development in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon. Oncol Rep 1998; 5: 125-128.
284. 1-acetyltransferase. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 5390-5398.
285. Linsalata M, Cavallini A, Di Leo A. Polyamine oxidase activity and polyamine levels in human colorectal cancer and in normal surrounding mucosa. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 3757-3760.
286. Baylin SB, Luk GD. Diamine oxidase (histaminase in human disease. In Morris DR, Marton LJ, Eds. Polyamines in Biology and Medicine. Pp 377-388. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1981.
287. Mennigen R, Kusche J, Krautkamp B, Elbers A, Amoei B, Kessebohm M, Sommer H. Large bowel tumors and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in patients: a new approach for risk group identifications. Agents Actions 1988; 23: 351-353.
288. Perin A, Sessa A, Desiderio MA. Response of tissue diamine oxidase activity to polyamine administration. Biochem J 1986; 234: 119-123.
289. D'Agostino L, Pignata S, Daniele B, Ferraro C, D'Adamo G, Tritto G, Mazzacca G. Regulation of diamine oxidase expression by ornithine decarboxylase in isolated rat small bowel enterocytes. Digestion 1990; 46 (Suppl 2): S403-S409.
290. Kusche J, Mennigen R, Leisten R, Elbers A. Large bowel tumor promotion by inhibition of mucosal diamine oxidase in rats II: biochemical aspects. Biogenic Amines 1989; 6: 27-38.
291. Seiler N. Catabolism of polyamines. Amino Acids 2004; 26: 217-233.
292. Paulsen JK, Reistad R, Eliassen KA, Sjastaad CV, Alexander J. Dietary polyamines promote the growth of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 1871-1875.
293. Duranton B, Nsi-Envo E, Schleiffer R, Gossé F, Galluser M, Raul F. Suppression of preneoplastic changes in the intestine of rats fed low levels of polyamines. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 573-575.
294. Duranton B, Freund JN, Galluser M, Schleiffer R, Gossé F, Bergmann C, Hasselmann M, Raul F. Promotion of intestinal carcinogenesis by dietary methionine. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 493-497.
295. Schechter PJ, Barlow JLR, Sjoerdsma A. Clinical aspects of inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase with emphasis on therapeutic trials of Eflornithine (DFMO) in cancer and protozoan diseases. In McCann PP, Pegg AE, Sjoerdsma A, Eds. Inhibition of Polyamine Metabolism. Pp. 345-364. Orlando: Academic Press, 1987.
296. Meyskens FL Jr, Gerner EW. Development of α-difluorometylornithine (DFMO) as a chemopreventive agent. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 945-951,
297. Tao L, Kramer PL, Wang W, Yang S, Lubet RA, Steele VE, Pereira MA. Altered expression of c-myc, p16 and p27 in rat colon tumors and its reversal by short term treatment with chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23: 1447-1454.
298. Nilsson JA, Keller UB, Baudino TA, Yang C, Norton S, Old JA, Nilsson LM, Neale G, Kramer DL, Porter CW, Cleveland JL. Targeting ornithine decarboxylase in Myc- induced lymphomagenesis prevents tumor formation. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 433-444.
299. Adams JM, Harris AW, Pinkert CA, Corcoran LM, Alexander WS, Cory S, Palmiter RD, Brinster LR. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature 1985; 318: 533-538.
300. Bello-Fernandez C, Packham G, Cleveland JL. The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7804-7808.
301. Jo WS, Chung DC. Genetics of hereditary colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 2005; 32: 11-23.
302. Love RR, Jacoby R, Newton MA, Tutsch KD, Simon K, Pomplun M, Verma AK. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of low-dose α-difluoromethylornithine in individuals at risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7: 989-992.
303. Meyskens FL Jr, Gerner EW, Emerson S, Pelot D, Durbin T, Doyle K, Lagerberg W. Effect of α-difluoromethylornithine on rectal mucosal levels of polyamines in a randomized, double blind trial for colon cancer prevention. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1212-1218.
304. Rao CV, Tokumo K, Rigotty J, Zang E, Keloff G, Reddy BS. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary administration of piroxicam, α- difluoromethylornithine, 16-α-fluoro-5-androsten-17-one, and ellagic acid individually and in combination. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4528-4534.
305. Jacoby RF, Cole CE, Tutsch K, Newton MA, Kelloff G, Hawk ET, Lubet RA. Chemopreventive efficacy of combined piroxicam and difluoromethylornithine treatment of Apc mutant Min mouse adenomas, and selective toxicity against Apc mutant embryos. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 1864-1870.
306. Hughes A, Smith NI, Wallace HM. Polyamines reverse non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug-induced toxicity to human colorectal cancer cells. Biochem J 2003; 374: 481-488.
307. Babbar N, Ignatenko NA, Casero RA Jr, Gerner EW. Cyclooxygenase- independent induction of apoptosis by sulindac sulfone is mediated by polyamines in colon cancer. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 47762-47775.
308. Koeffler HP. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-g and cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 1-9.
309. Mitchell JL, Hoff JA, Bareyal-Leyser A. Stable ornithine decarboxylase in a rat hepatoma cell line selected for resistance to α- diluoromethylornithine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 290: 143-152.
310. Pendeville H, Carpino N, Mrine JC, Takahashi Y, Muller M, Martial JA, Cleveland IL. The ornithine decarboxylase gene is essential for cell survival during early murine development. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21: 6549-6558.
311. Seiler N, Sarhan S, Mamont P, Casara P, Danzin C. Some biological consequences of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibition by MDL 73811. Life Chem Rep 1991; 9: 151-162.