Interleukins, Inflammation, and Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease

Vitamins and Hormones

Volumn 74, Issue , 2006, Pages 505-530

  Weisman, David ^a,b   Hakimian, Edwin ^a   Ho, Gilbert J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VA SAN DIEGO HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMAL; BRAIN; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; MOUSE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RAT; REVIEW;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INTERLEUKINS; MICE; RATS;

EID: 33947727192     PISSN: 00836729     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0083-6729(06)74020-1     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., Bradt B., Bauer J., Cole G.M., Cooper N.R., Eikelenboom P., Emmerling M., Fiebich B.L., Finch C.E., Frautschy S., et al. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 21 (2000) 383-421
2. Araujo D.M., and Cotman C.W. Beta-amyloid stimulates glial cells in vitro to produce growth factors that accumulate in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 569 (1992) 141-145
3. Arend W.P. The balance between IL-1 and IL-1Ra in disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (2002) 323-340
4. Arosio B., Trabattoni D., Galimberti L., Bucciarelli P., Fasano F., Calabresi C., Cazzullo C.L., Vergani C., Annoni G., and Clerici M. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 25 (2004) 1009-1015
5. Balkwill F. Cytokines-soluble factors in immune responses. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1 (1988) 241-249
6. Bamberger M.E., and Landreth G.E. Microglial interaction with beta-amyloid: Implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54 (2001) 59-70
7. Basu A., Krady J.K., and Levison S.W. Interleukin-1: A master regulator of neuroinflammation. J Neurosci. Res. 78 (2004) 151-156
8. Bauer J., Strauss S., Schreiter-Gasser U., Ganter U., Schlegel P., Witt I., Yolk B., and Berger M. Interleukin-6 and alpha-2-macroglobulin indicate an acute-phase state in Alzheimer's disease cortices. FEBS Lett. 285 (1991) 111-114
9. Blum-Degen D., Muller T., Kuhn W., Gerlach M., Przuntek H., and Riederer P. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's and de novo Parkinson's disease patients. Neurosci. Lett. 202 (1995) 17-20
10. Bruce-Keller A.J. Microglial-neuronal interactions in synaptic damage and recovery. J. Neurosci. Res. 58 (1999) 191-201
11. Brunkan A.L., and Goate A.M. Presenilin function and gamma-secretase activity. J. Neurochem. 93 (2005) 769-792
12. Cacabelos R., Barquero M., Garcia P., Alvarez X.A., and Varela de Seijas E. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 13 (1991) 455-458
13. Cacabelos R., Franco-Maside A., and Alvarez X.A. Interleukin-1 in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia: Neuropsychological correlations. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 13 (1991) 703-708
14. Cacabelos R., Alvarez X.A., Fernandez-Novoa L., Franco A., Mangues R., Pellicer A., and Nishimura T. Brain interleukin-1 beta in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 16 (1994) 141-151
15. Capurso C., Solfrizzi V., D'Introno A., Colacicco A.M., Capurso S.A., Capurso A., and Panza F. Interleukin 6-174 G/C promoter gene polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Geographic allele and genotype variations in Europe. Exp. Gerontol. 39 (2004) 1567-1573
16. Carter J., and Lippa C.F. Beta-amyloid, neuronal death and Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Mol. Med. 1 (2001) 733-737
17. Colotta F., Saccani S., Giri J.G., Dower S.K., Sims J.E., Introna M., and Mantovani A. Regulated expression and release of the IL-1 decoy receptor in human mononuclear phagocytes. J. Immunol. 156 (1996) 2534-2541
18. Cross A.K., and Woodroofe M.N. Chemokines induce migration and changes in actin polymerization in adult rat brain microglia and a human fetal microglial cell line in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 55 (1999) 17-23
19. De Luigi A., Pizzimenti S., Quadri P., Lucca U., Tettamanti M., Fragiacomo C., and De Simoni M.G. Peripheral inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease and multiinfarct dementia. Neurobiol. Dis. 11 (2002) 308-314
20. De Strooper B. Aph-1, Pen-2, and Nicastrin with Presenilin generate an active gamma-Secretase complex. Neuron 38 (2003) 9-12
21. DeKosky S.T., and Scheff S.W. Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: Correlation with cognitive severity. Ann. Neurol. 27 (1990) 457-464
22. Dong Y., and Benveniste E.N. Immune function of astrocytes. Glia 36 (2001) 180-190
23. Donnelly R.J., Friedhoff A.J., Beer B., Blume A.J., and Vitek M.P. Interleukin-1 stimulates the beta-amyloid precursor protein promoter. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 10 (1990) 485-495
24. Du Y., Dodel R.C., Eastwood B.J., Bales K.R., Gao F., Lohmuller F., Muller U., Kurz A., Zimmer R., Evans R.M., Hake A., Gasser T., et al. Association of an interleukin 1 alpha polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 55 (2000) 480-483
25. Ehrlich L.C., Hu S., Sheng W.S., Sutton R.L., Rockswold G.L., Peterson P.K., and Chao C.C. Cytokine regulation of human microglial cell IL-8 production. J. Immunol. 160 (1998) 1944-1948
26. Elkabes S., DiCicco-Bloom E.M., and Black I.B. Brain microglia/macrophages express neurotrophins that selectively regulate microglial proliferation and function. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 2508-2521
27. Ericsson A., Liu C., Hart R.P., and Sawchenko P.E. Type 1 interleukin-1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL-1-induced cellular activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 361 (1995) 681-698
28. Forloni G., Demicheli F., Giorgi S., Bendotti C., and Angeretti N. Expression of amyloid precursor protein mRNAs in endothelial, neuronal and glial cells: Modulation by interleukin-1. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 16 (1992) 128-134
29. Franciosi S., Choi H.B., Kim S.U., and McLarnon J.G. IL-8 enhancement of amyloid-beta (Abeta 1-42)-induced expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 in cultured human microglia. J. Neuroimmunol. 159 (2005) 66-74
30. Fujiwara N., and Kobayashi K. Macrophages in inflammation. Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy. 4 (2005) 281-286
31. Gambi F., Reale M., Iarlori C., Salone A., Toma L., Paladini C., De Luca G., Feliciani C., Salvatore M., Salerno R.M., Theoharides T.C., Conti P., et al. Alzheimer patients treated with an AchE inhibitor show higher IL-4 and lower IL-1 beta levels and expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 24 (2004) 314-321
32. Gao F., Bales K.R., Dodel R.C., Liu J., Chen X., Hample H., Farlow M.R., Paul S.M., and Du Y. NF-kappaB mediates IL-1beta-induced synthesis/release of alpha2-macroglobulin in a human glial cell line. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 105 (2002) 108-114
33. Garlind A., Brauner A., Hojeberg B., Basun H., and Schultzberg M. Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II levels are elevated in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's disease patients. Brain Res. 826 (1999) 112-116
34. Girvin A.M., Gordon K.B., Welsh C.J., Clipstone N.A., and Miller S.D. Differential abilities of central nervous system resident endothelial cells and astrocytes to serve as inducible antigen-presenting cells. Blood 99 (2002) 3692-3701
35. Giulian D., and Baker T.J. Peptides released by ameboid microglia regulate astroglial proliferation. J. Cell Biol. 101 (1985) 2411-2415
36. Giulian D., Haverkamp L.J., Yu J.H., Karshin W., Tom D., Li J., Kirkpatrick J., Kuo L.M., and Roher A.E. Specific domains of beta-amyloid from Alzheimer plaque elicit neuron killing in human microglia. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 6021-6037
37. Greenfeder S.A., Nunes P., Kwee L., Labow M., Chizzonite R.A., and Ju G. Molecular cloning and characterization of a second subunit of the interleukin 1 receptor complex. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 13757-13765
38. Griffin W.S., Stanley L.C., Ling C., White L., MacLeod V., Perrot L.J., White III C.L., and Araoz C. Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 7611-7615
39. Griffin W.S., Sheng J.G., Roberts G.W., and Mrak R.E. Interleukin-1 expression in different plaque types in Alzheimer's disease: Significance in plaque evolution. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 54 (1995) 276-281
40. Grimaldi L.M., Casadei V.M., Ferri C., Veglia F., Licastro F., Annoni G., Biunno I., De Bellis G., Sorbi S., Mariani C., Canal N., Griffin W.S., et al. Association of early-onset Alzheimer's disease with an interleukin-1alpha gene polymorphism. Ann. Neurol. 47 (2000) 361-365
41. Hailer N.P., Vogt C., Korf H.W., and Dehghani F. Interleukin-1beta exacerbates and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates neuronal injury and microglial activation after excitotoxic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2005) 2347-2360
42. Hampel H., Sunderland T., Kotter H.U., Schneider C., Teipel S.J., Padberg F., Dukoff R., Levy J., and Moller H.J. Decreased soluble interleukin-6 receptor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 780 (1998) 356-359
43. Hampel H., Haslinger A., Scheloske M., Padberg F., Fischer P., Unger J., Teipel S.J., Neumann M., Rosenberg C., Oshida R., Hulette C., Pongratz D., et al. Pattern of interleukin-6 receptor complex immunoreactivity between cortical regions of rapid autopsy normal and Alzheimer's disease brain. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 255 (2005) 269-278
44. Heneka M.T., Galea E., Gavriluyk V., Dumitrescu-Ozimek L., Daeschner J., O'Banion M.K., Weinberg G., Klockgether T., and Feinstein D.L. Noradrenergic depletion potentiates beta-amyloid-induced cortical inflammation: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2434-2442
45. Ho G.J., Drego R., Hakimian E., and Masliah E. Mechanisms of cell signaling and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy 4 (2005) 247-256
46. Ho G.J., Hashimoto M., Adame A., Izu M., Alford M.F., Thal L.J., Hansen L.A., and Masliah E. Altered p59Fyn kinase expression accompanies disease progression in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for its functional role. Neurobiol. Aging 26 (2005) 625-635
47. Huang Q., Yang J., Lin Y., Walker C., Cheng J., Liu Z.G., and Su B. Differential regulation of interleukin 1 receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling by MEKK3. Nat. Immunol. 5 (2004) 98-103
48. Huell M., Strauss S., Volk B., Berger M., and Bauer J. Interleukin-6 is present in early stages of plaque formation and is restricted to the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 89 (1995) 544-551
49. Hull M., Berger M., Volk B., and Bauer J. Occurrence of interleukin-6 in cortical plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients may precede transformation of diffuse into neuritic plaques. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 777 (1996) 205-212
50. Ishihara K., and Hirano T. Molecular basis of the cell specificity of cytokine action. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1592 (2002) 281-296
51. Ishii K., Muelhauser F., Liebl U., Picard M., Kuhl S., Penke B., Bayer T., Wiessler M., Hennerici M., Beyreuther K., Hartmann T., and Fassbender K. Subacute NO generation induced by Alzheimer's beta-amyloid in the living brain: Reversal by inhibition of the inducible NO synthase. FASEB J. 14 (2000) 1485-1489
52. Jantzen P.T., Connor K.E., Di Carlo G., Wenk G.L., Wallace J.L., Rojiani A.M., Coppola D., Morgan D., and Gordon M.N. Microglial activation and beta-amyloid deposit reduction caused by a nitric oxide-releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in amyloid precursor protein plus presenilin-1 transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 2246-2254
53. Kakimura J., Kitamura Y., Takata K., Umeki M., Suzuki S., Shibagaki K., Taniguchi T., Nomura Y., Gebicke-Haerter P.J., Smith M.A., Perry G., and Shimohama S. Microglial activation and amyloid-beta clearance induced by exogenous heat-shock proteins. FASEB J. 16 (2002) 601-603
54. Kalman J., Juhasz A., Laird G., Dickens P., Jardanhazy T., Rimanoczy A., Boncz I., Parry-Jones W.L., and Janka Z. Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of dementia in Down syndrome and in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 96 (1997) 236-240
55. Klegeris A., and McGeer P.L. Beta-amyloid protein enhances macrophage production of oxygen free radicals and glutamate. J. Neurosci. Res. 49 (1997) 229-235
56. Lanzrein A.S., Johnston C.M., Perry V.H., Jobst K.A., King E.M., and Smith A.D. Longitudinal study of inflammatory factors in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue in Alzheimer disease: Interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II, and alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 12 (1998) 215-227
57. Li Y., Liu L., Kang J., Sheng J.G., Barger S.W., Mrak R.E., and Griffin W.S. Neuronal-glial interactions mediated by interleukin-1 enhance neuronal acetylcholinesterase activity and mRNA expression. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 149-155
58. Li Y., Liu L., Barger S.W., and Griffin W.S. Interleukin-1 mediates pathological effects of microglia on tau phosphorylation and on synaptophysin synthesis in cortical neurons through a p38-MAPK pathway. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 1605-1611
59. Liao Y.F., Wang B.J., Cheng H.T., Kuo L.H., and Wolfe M.S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma stimulate gamma-secretase-mediated cleavage of amyloid precursor protein through a JNK-dependent MAPK pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 49523-49532
60. Licastro F., Pedrini S., Caputo L., Annoni G., Davis L.J., Ferri C., Casadei V., and Grimaldi L.M. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain?. J. Neuroimmunol. 103 (2000) 97-102
61. Licastro F., Pedrini S., Ferri C., Casadei V., Govoni M., Pession A., Sciacca F.L., Veglia F., Annoni G., Bonafe M., Olivieri F., Franceschi C., et al. Gene polymorphism affecting alpha1-antichymotrypsin and interleukin-1 plasma levels increases Alzheimer's disease risk. Ann. Neurol. 48 (2000) 388-391
62. Licastro F., Grimaldi L.M., Bonafe M., Martina C., Olivieri F., Cavallone L., Giovanietti S., Masliah E., and Franceschi C. Interleukin-6 gene alleles affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease and levels of the cytokine in blood and brain. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) 921-926
63. Licastro F., Veglia F., Chiappelli M., Grimaldi L.M., and Masliah E. A polymorphism of the interleukin-1 beta gene at position +3953 influences progression and neuro-pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 25 (2004) 1017-1022
64. Lim G.P., Yang F., Chu T., Chen P., Beech W., Teter B., Tran T., Ubeda O., Ashe K.H., Frautschy S.A., and Cole G.M. Ibuprofen suppresses plaque pathology and inflammation in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 5709-5714
65. Lindberg C., Chromek M., Ahrengart L., Brauner A., Schultzberg M., and Garlind A. Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II, IL-18 and caspase-1 in mild cognitive impairment and severe Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 46 (2005) 551-557
66. Lindberg C., Selenica M.L., Westlind-Danielsson A., and Schultzberg M. Beta-amyloid protein structure determines the nature of cytokine release from rat microglia. J. Mol. Neurosci. 27 (2005) 1-12
67. Lio D., Licastro F., Scola L., Chiappelli M., Grimaldi L.M., Crivello A., Colonna-Romano G., Candore G., Franceschi C., and Caruso C. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Genes Immun. 4 (2003) 234-238
68. Lugaresi A., Di Iorio A., Iarlori C., Reale M., De Luca G., Sparvieri E., Michetti A., Conti P., Gambi D., Abate G., and Paganelli R. IL-4 in vitro production is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Exp. Gerontol. 39 (2004) 653-657
69. Luo Q., Ding Y., Watson K., Zhang J., and Fan G.H. N-methyl-D-aspartate attenuates CXCR2-mediated neuroprotection through enhancing the receptor phosphorylation and blocking the receptor recycling. Mol. Pharmacol. 68 (2005) 528-537
70. Luterman J.D., Haroutunian V., Yemul S., Ho L., Purohit D., Aisen P.S., Mohs R., and Pasinetti G.M. Cytokine gene expression as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease dementia. Arch. Neurol. 57 (2000) 1153-1160
71. Lynch M.A. Interleukin-1 beta exerts a myriad of effects in the brain and in particular in the hippocampus: Analysis of some of these actions. Vitam. Horm. 64 (2002) 185-219
72. Ma S.L., Tang N.L., Lam L.C., and Chiu H.F. The association between promoter polymorphism of the interleukin-10 gene and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 26 (2005) 1005-1010
73. Mandelkow E.M., Stamer K., Vogel R., Thies E., and Mandelkow E. Clogging of axons by tau, inhibition of axonal traffic and starvation of synapses. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) 1079-1085
74. Marshak D.R., Pesce S.A., Stanley L.C., and Griffin W.S. Increased S100 beta neurotrophic activity in Alzheimer's disease temporal lobe. Neurobiol. Aging 13 (1992) 1-7
75. Martinez M., Fernandez-Vivancos E., Frank A., De la Fuente M., and Hernanz A. Increased cerebrospinal fluid fas (Apo-1) levels in Alzheimer's disease. Relationship with IL-6 concentrations. Brain Res. 869 (2000) 216-219
76. Marz P., Heese K., Hock C., Golombowski S., Muller-Spahn F., Rose-John S., and Otten U. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble forms of IL-6 receptors are not altered in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci. Lett. 239 (1997) 29-32
77. McGeer P.L., and McGeer E.G. Inflammation, autotoxicity and Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol. Aging 22 (2001) 799-809
78. McGeer P.L., Schulzer M., and McGeer E.G. Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease: A review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology 47 (1996) 425-432
79. Meda L., Baron P., Prat E., Scarpini E., Scarlato G., Cassatella M.A., and Rossi F. Proinflammatory profile of cytokine production by human monocytes and murine microglia stimulated with beta-amyloid[25-35]. J. Neuroimmunol. 93 (1999) 45-52
80. Mesches M.H., Gemma C., Veng L.M., Allgeier C., Young D.A., Browning M.D., and Bickford P.C. Sulindac improves memory and increases NMDA receptor subunits in aged Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiol. Aging 25 (2004) 315-324
81. Minogue A.M., Schmid A.W., Fogarty M.P., Moore A.C., Campbell V.A., Herron C.E., and Lynch M.A. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling cascade mediates the effect of amyloid-beta on long term potentiation and cell death in hippocampus: A role for interleukin-1beta?. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 27971-27980
82. Mirra S.S., Heyman A., McKeel D., Sumi S.M., Crain B.J., Brownlee L.M., Vogel F.S., Hughes J.P., van Belle G., and Berg L. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41 (1991) 479-486
83. Morgan D., Gordon M.N., Tan J., Wilcock D., and Rojiani A.M. Dynamic complexity of the microglial activation response in transgenic models of amyloid deposition: Implications for Alzheimer therapeutics. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64 (2005) 743-753
84. Morihara T., Chu T., Ubeda O., Beech W., and Cole G.M. Selective inhibition of Abeta42 production by NSAID R-enantiomers. J. Neurochem. 83 (2002) 1009-1012
85. Morihara T., Teter B., Yang F., Lim G.P., Boudinot S., Boudinot F.D., Frautschy S.A., and Cole G.M. Ibuprofen suppresses interleukin-1beta induction of pro-amyloidogenic alpha1-antichymotrypsin to ameliorate beta-amyloid (Abeta) pathology in Alzheimer's models. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1111-1120
86. Murphy Jr. G.M., Claassen J.D., De Voss J.J., Pascoe N., Taylor J., Tinklenberg J.R., and Yesavage J.A. Rate of cognitive decline in AD is accelerated by the interleukin-1 alpha -889 *1 allele. Neurology 56 (2001) 1595-1597
87. Nagai A., Nakagawa E., Hatori K., Choi H.B., McLarnon J.G., Lee M.A., and Kim S.U. Generation and characterization of immortalized human microglial cell lines: Expression of cytokines and chemokines. Neurobiol. Dis. 8 (2001) 1057-1068
88. Nagele R.G., D'Andrea M.R., Lee H., Venkataraman V., and Wang H.Y. Astrocytes accumulate A beta 42 and give rise to astrocytic amyloid plaques in Alzheimer disease brains. Brain Res. 971 (2003) 197-209
89. Neary D., Snowden J., and Mann D. Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet Neurol. 4 (2005) 771-780
90. Nicoll J.A., Mrak R.E., Graham D.I., Stewart J., Wilcock G., Mac Gowan S., Esiri M.M., Murray L.S., Dewar D., Love S., Moss T., and Griffin W.S. Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 47 (2000) 365-368
91. Nicoll J.A., Wilkinson D., Holmes C., Steart P., Markham H., and Weller R.O. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: A case report. Nat. Med. 9 (2003) 448-452
92. Papassotiropoulos A., Bagli M., Jessen F., Bayer T.A., Maier W., Rao M.L., and Heun R. A genetic variation of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 delays the initial onset and reduces the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 45 (1999) 666-668
93. Pirttila T., Mehta P.D., Frey H., and Wisniewski H.M. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and IL-1 beta are not increased in CSF or serum in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 15 (1994) 313-317
94. Qiu Z., and Gruol D.L. Interleukin-6, beta-amyloid peptide and NMDA interactions in rat cortical neurons. J. Neuroimmunol. 139 (2003) 51-57
95. Quintanilla R.A., Orellana D.I., Gonzalez-Billault C., and Maccioni R.B. Interleukin-6 induces Alzheimer-type phosphorylation of tau protein by deregulating the cdk5/p35 pathway. Exp. Cell Res. 295 (2004) 245-257
96. Rogers J., Kirby L.C., Hempelman S.R., Berry D.L., McGeer P.L., Kaszniak A.W., Zalinski J., Cofield M., Mansukhani L., Willson P., et al. Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 43 (1993) 1609-1611
97. Rogers J.T., Leiter L.M., McPhee J., Cahill C.M., Zhan S.S., Potter H., and Nilsson L.N. Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5′-untranslated region sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 6421-6431
98. Scassellati C., Zanardini R., Squitti R., Bocchio-Chiavetto L., Bonvicini C., Binetti G., Zanetti O., Cassetta E., and Gennarelli M. Promoter haplotypes of interleukin-10 gene and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 356 (2004) 119-122
99. Schenk D., Barbour R., Dunn W., Gordon G., Grajeda H., Guido T., Hu K., Huang J., Johnson-Wood K., Khan K., Kholodenko D., Lee M., et al. Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 400 (1999) 173-177
100. Sciacca F.L., Ferri C., Licastro F., Veglia F., Biunno I., Gavazzi A., Calabrese E., Martinelli Boneschi F., Sorbi S., Mariani C., Franceschi M., and Grimaldi L.M. Interleukin-1B polymorphism is associated with age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) 927-931
101. Selkoe D.J., Yamazaki T., Citron M., Podlisny M.B., Koo E.H., Teplow D.B., and Haass C. The role of APP processing and trafficking pathways in the formation of amyloid beta-protein. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 777 (1996) 57-64
102. Sheng J.G., Jones R.A., Zhou X.Q., McGinness J.M., Van Eldik L.J., Mrak R.E., and Griffin W.S. Interleukin-1 promotion of MAPK-p38 overexpression in experimental animals and in Alzheimer's disease: Potential significance for tau protein phosphorylation. Neurochem. Int. 39 (2001) 341-348
103. Sheng J.G., Mrak R.E., Jones R.A., Brewer M.M., Zhou X.Q., McGinness J., Woodward S., Bales K., Paul S.M., Cordell B., and Griffin W.S. Neuronal DNA damage correlates with overexpression of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme in APPV717F mice. Neurobiol. Aging 22 (2001) 895-902
104. Shibata N., Ohnuma T., Takahashi T., Baba H., Ishizuka T., Ohtsuka M., Ueki A., Nagao M., and Arai H. The effect of IL4+33C/T polymorphism on risk of Japanese sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 323 (2002) 161-163
105. Strauss S., Bauer J., Ganter U., Jonas U., Berger M., and Volk B. Detection of interleukin-6 and alpha 2-macroglobulin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients. Lab. Invest. 66 (1992) 223-230
106. Sun Y.X., Minthon L., Wallmark A., Warkentin S., Blennow K., and Janciauskiene S. Inflammatory markers in matched plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 16 (2003) 136-144
107. Szczepanik A.M., and Ringheim G.E. IL-10 and glucocorticoids inhibit Abeta(1-42)- and lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine induction in the central nervous system. J. Alzheimers Dis. 5 (2003) 105-117
108. Szczepanik A.M., Funes S., Petko W., and Ringheim G.E. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 modulate A beta(1-42)-induced cytokine and chemokine production in primary murine microglia and a human monocyte cell line. J. Neuroimmunol. 113 (2001) 49-62
109. Tarkowski E., Liljeroth A.M., Nilsson A., Minthon L., and Blennow K. Decreased levels of intrathecal interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in Alzheimer's disease. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 12 (2001) 314-317
110. Tehranian R., Hasanvan H., Iverfeldt K., Post C., and Schultzberg M. Early induction of interleukin-6 mRNA in the hippocampus and cortex of APPsw transgenic mice Tg2576. Neurosci. Lett. 301 (2001) 54-58
111. Terry R.D., Masliah E., Salmon D.P., Butters N., DeTeresa R., Hill R., Hansen L.A., and Katzman R. Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: Synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol. 30 (1991) 572-580
112. Terwel D., Dewachter I., and Van Leuven F. Axonal transport, tau protein, and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med. 2 (2002) 151-165
113. Town T., Nikolic V., and Tan J. The microglial "activation" continuum: From innate to adaptive responses. J. Neuroinflammation 2 (2005) 24
114. Townsend K.P., Town T., Mori T., Lue L.F., Shytle D., Sanberg P.R., Morgan D., Fernandez F., Flavell R.A., and Tan J. CD40 signaling regulates innate and adaptive activation of microglia in response to amyloid beta-peptide. Eur. J. Immunol. 35 (2005) 901-910
115. Ullian E.M., Sapperstein S.K., Christopherson K.S., and Barres B.A. Control of synapse number by glia. Science 291 (2001) 657-661
116. Wada-Isoe K., Wakutani Y., Urakami K., and Nakashima K. Elevated interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid of vascular dementia patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 110 (2004) 124-127
117. Walsh D.M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J.V., Rowan M.J., and Selkoe D.J. Amyloid-beta oligomers: Their production, toxicity and therapeutic inhibition. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30 (2002) 552-557
118. Weggen S., Eriksen J.L., Das P., Sagi S.A., Wang R., Pietrzik C.U., Findlay K.A., Smith T.E., Murphy M.P., Bulter T., Kang D.E., Marquez-Sterling N., et al. A subset of NSAIDs lower amyloidogenic Abeta42 independently of cyclooxygenase activity. Nature 414 (2001) 212-216
119. Weggen S., Eriksen J.L., Sagi S.A., Pietrzik C.U., Ozols V., Fauq A., Golde T.E., and Koo E.H. Evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease amyloid beta 42 production by direct modulation of gamma-secretase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 31831-31837
120. Weiner H.L., Lemere C.A., Maron R., Spooner E.T., Grenfell T.J., Mori C., Issazadeh S., Hancock W.W., and Selkoe D.J. Nasal administration of amyloid-beta peptide decreases cerebral amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 48 (2000) 567-579
121. White J.A., Manelli A.M., Holmberg K.H., Van Eldik L.J., and Ladu M.J. Differential effects of oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid-beta 1-42 on astrocyte-mediated inflammation. Neurobiol. Dis. 18 (2005) 459-465
122. Xia M., Qin S., McNamara M., Mackay C., and Hyman B.T. Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 150 (1997) 1267-1274
123. Yaffe K., Kanaya A., Lindquist K., Simonsick E.M., Harris T., Shorr R.I., Tylavsky F.A., and Newman A.B. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292 (2004) 2237-2242
124. Yang F., Sun X., Beech W., Teter B., Wu S., Sigel J., Vinters H.V., Frautschy S.A., and Cole G.M. Antibody to caspase-cleaved actin detects apoptosis in differentiated neuroblastoma and plaque-associated neurons and microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Pathol. 152 (1998) 379-389
125. Yang S., Liu Z.W., Wen L., Qiao H.F., Zhou W.X., and Zhang Y.X. Interleukin-1beta enhances NMDA receptor-mediated current but inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission. Brain Res. 1034 (2005) 172-179
126. Yasuhara O., Matsuo A., Terai K., Walker D.G., Berger A.E., Akiguchi I., Kimura J., and McGeer P.L. Expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein in post-mortem human brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease and control cases. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 93 (1997) 414-420
127. Yucesoy B., Peila R., White L.R., Wu K.M., Johnson V.J., Kashon M.L., Luster M.I., and Launer L.J. Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with dementia in a community-based sample: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurobiol Aging. (2005) [Epub ahead of print]
128. Zhang Y., Hayes A., Pritchard A., Thaker U., Haque M.S., Lemmon H., Harris J., Cumming A., Lambert J.C., Chartier-Harlin M.C., St Clair D., Iwatsubo T., et al. Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism: Risk and pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 362 (2004) 99-102