The molecular basis of ageing in stem cells

Mechanisms of Ageing and Development

Volumn 128, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 137-148

  Tam, Wai Leong ^a   Ang, Yen Sin ^b   Lim, Bing ^a,c  

^a GENOME INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Ageing; De differentiation; Differentiation; Embryonic stem cell; Epigenetics; Hematopoietic stem cell; Reprogramming; Telomerase; Telomere; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

TELOMERASE;

AGING; ARTICLE; CELL AGING; CELL CLONING; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME REGULATION; EPIGENETICS; HEMATOPOIETIC CELL; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOMATIC CELL; STEM CELL; TELOMERE;

ANIMALS; CELL AGING; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS; HUMANS;

EID: 33846051057     PISSN: 00476374     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.020     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Adams I.R., and McLaren A. Identification and characterisation of mRif1: a mouse telomere-associated protein highly expressed in germ cells and embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells. Dev. Dyn. 229 (2004) 733-744
2. Adhikary S., and Eilers M. Transcriptional regulation and transformation by myc proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (2005) 635-645
3. Allsopp R.C., Vaziri H., Patterson C., Goldstein S., Younglai E.V., Futcher A.B., Greider C.W., and Harley C.B. Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1992) 10114-10118
4. Avilion A.A., Nicolis S.K., Pevny L.H., Perez L., Vivian N., and Lovell-Badge R. Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function. Genes Dev. 17 (2003) 126-140
5. Becker A.J., McCulloch E.A., and Till J.E. Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells. Nature 197 (1963) 452-454
6. Bell D.R., and Van Zant G. Stem cells, aging, and cancer: inevitabilities and outcomes. Oncogene 23 (2004) 7290-7296
7. Bellantuono I. Haemopoietic stem cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 36 (2004) 607-620
8. Betts D., Bordignon V., Hill J., Winger Q., Westhusin M., Smith L., and King W. Reprogramming of telomerase activity and rebuilding of telomere length in cloned cattle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 1077-1082
9. Blackburn E.H. The end of the (DNA) line. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (2000) 847-850
10. Blum K.A., Lozanski G., and Byrd J.C. Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 104 (2004) 3009-3020
11. Bodnar A.G., Ouellette M., Frolkis M., Holt S.E., Chiu C.P., Morin G.B., Harley C.B., Shay J.W., Lichtsteiner S., and Wright W.E. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science 279 (1998) 349-352
12. Boxer L.M., and Dang C.V. Translocations involving c-myc and c-myc function. Oncogene 20 (2001) 5595-5610
13. Boyer L.A., Lee T.I., Cole M.F., Johnstone S.E., Levine S.S., Zucker J.P., Guenther M.G., Kumar R.M., Murray H.L., Jenner R.G., Gifford D.K., Melton D.A., Jaenisch R., and Young R.A. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122 (2005) 947-956
14. Campbell L.J., Fidler C., Eagleton H., Peniket A., Kusec R., Gal S., Littlewood T.J., Wainscoat J.S., and Boultwood J. hTERT, the catalytic component of telomerase, is downregulated in the hematopoietic stem cells of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 20 (2006) 671-679
15. Cano M.I., Dungan J.M., Agabian N., and Blackburn E.H. Telomerase in kinetoplastid parasitic protozoa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 3616-3621
16. Cartwright P., McLean C., Sheppard A., Rivett D., Jones K., and Dalton S. LIF/STAT3 controls ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency by a myc-dependent mechanism. Development 132 (2005) 885-896
17. Chambers I., Colby D., Robertson M., Nichols J., Lee S., Tweedie S., and Smith A. Functional expression cloning of nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells. Cell 113 (2003) 643-655
18. Chew J.L., Loh Y.H., Zhang W., Chen X., Tam W.L., Yeap L.S., Li P., Ang Y.S., Lim B., Robson P., and Ng H.H. Reciprocal transcriptional regulation of Pou5f1 and Sox2 via the Oct4/Sox2 complex in embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 6031-6046
19. Clark A.J., Ferrier P., Aslam S., Burl S., Denning C., Wylie D., Ross A., de Sousa P., Wilmut I., and Cui W. Proliferative lifespan is conserved after nuclear transfer. Nat. Cell. Biol. 5 (2003) 535-538
20. Counter C.M., Gupta J., Harley C.B., Leber B., and Bacchetti S. Telomerase activity in normal leukocytes and in hematologic malignancies. Blood 85 (1995) 2315-2320
21. Dang D.T., Chen X., Feng J., Torbenson M., Dang L.H., and Yang V.W. Overexpression of kruppel-like factor 4 in the human colon cancer cell line RKO leads to reduced tumorigenecity. Oncogene 22 (2003) 3424-3430
22. Dean W., Santos F., Stojkovic M., Zakhartchenko V., Walter J., Wolf E., and Reik W. Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 13734-13738
23. Dodge J.E., Kang Y.K., Beppu H., Lei H., and Li E. Histone H3-K9 methyltransferase ESET is essential for early development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (2004) 2478-2486
24. Enver T., and Greaves M. Loops, lineage, and leukemia. Cell 94 (1998) 9-12
25. Evans M.J., and Kaufman M.H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292 (1981) 154-156
26. Ezine S., Weissman I.L., and Rouse R.V. Bone marrow cells give rise to distinct cell clones within the thymus. Nature 309 (1984) 629-631
27. Flores I., Cayuela M.L., and Blasco M.A. Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior. Science 309 (2005) 1253-1256
28. Flores I., Benetti R., and Blasco M.A. Telomerase regulation and stem cell behaviour. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18 (2006) 254-260
29. Garcia-Cao M., O'Sullivan R., Peters A.H., Jenuwein T., and Blasco M.A. Epigenetic regulation of telomere length in mammalian cells by the Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 histone methyltransferases. Nat. Genet. 36 (2004) 94-99
30. Godin I., Garcia-Porrero J.A., Dieterlen-Lievre F., and Cumano A. Stem cell emergence and hemopoietic activity are incompatible in mouse intraembryonic sites. J. Exp. Med. 190 (1999) 43-52
31. Godwin J.E., and Smith S.E. Acute myeloid leukemia in the older patient. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 48 (2003) S17-S26
32. Gonzalo S., Garcia-Cao M., Fraga M.F., Schotta G., Peters A.H., Cotter S.E., Eguia R., Dean D.C., Esteller M., Jenuwein T., and Blasco M.A. Role of the RB1 family in stabilizing histone methylation at constitutive heterochromatin. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 420-428
33. Gonzalo S., Jaco I., Fraga M.F., Chen T., Li E., Esteller M., and Blasco M.A. DNA methyltransferases control telomere length and telomere recombination in mammalian cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2006) 416-424
34. Grandori C., Cowley S.M., James L.P., and Eisenman R.N. The Myc/Max/Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 16 (2000) 653-699
35. Greider C.W., and Blackburn E.H. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in tetrahymena extracts. Cell 43 (1985) 405-413
36. Guilleret I., Yan P., Grange F., Braunschweig R., Bosman F.T., and Benhattar J. Hypermethylation of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene correlates with telomerase activity. Int. J. Cancer 101 (2002) 335-341
37. Gurdon J.B., Elsdale T.R., and Fishberg M. Sexually mature individuals of xenopus laevis from the transplantation of single somatic nuclei. Nature 182 (1958) 64-65
38. Hamatani T., Carter M.G., Sharov A.A., and Ko M.S. Dynamics of global gene expression changes during mouse preimplantation development. Dev. Cell. 6 (2004) 117-131
39. Harley C.B., Futcher A.B., and Greider C.W. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345 (1990) 458-460
40. Harrison D.E. Long-term erythropoietic repopulating ability of old, young, and fetal stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 157 (1983) 1496-1504
41. Hemann M.T., Rudolph K.L., Strong M.A., DePinho R.A., Chin L., and Greider C.W. Telomere dysfunction triggers developmentally regulated germ cell apoptosis. Mol. Biol. Cell. 12 (2001) 2023-2030
42. Hiyama E., Hiyama K., Yokoyama T., and Shay J.W. Immunohistochemical detection of telomerase (hTERT) protein in human cancer tissues and a subset of cells in normal tissues. Neoplasia 3 (2001) 17-26
43. INK4a. Nature 443 (2006) 421-426
44. Jordan C.T. Unique molecular and cellular features of acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia 16 (2002) 559-562
45. Jordan C.T., Guzman M.L., and Noble M. Cancer stem cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (2006) 1253-1261
46. Kanaya T., Kyo S., Hamada K., Takakura M., Kitagawa Y., Harada H., and Inoue M. Adenoviral expression of p53 represses telomerase activity through down-regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase transcription. Clin. Cancer Res. 6 (2000) 1239-1247
47. Katayama Y., Battista M., Kao W.M., Hidalgo A., Peired A.J., Thomas S.A., and Frenette P.S. Signals from the sympathetic nervous system regulate hematopoietic stem cell egress from bone marrow. Cell 124 (2006) 407-421
48. Kelley C., Yee K., Harland R., and Zon L.I. Ventral expression of GATA-1 and GATA-2 in the xenopus embryo defines induction of hematopoietic mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 165 (1994) 193-205
49. Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R., Harley C.B., West M.D., Ho P.L., Coviello G.M., Wright W.E., Weinrich S.L., and Shay J.W. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266 (1994) 2011-2015
50. Kim S.H., Kaminker P., and Campisi J. TIN2, a new regulator of telomere length in human cells. Nat. Genet. 23 (1999) 405-412
51. Konnikova L., Simeone M.C., Kruger M.M., Kotecki M., and Cochran B.H. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression in human cancer and primary cells. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 6516-6520
52. Landgren O., Askling J., Dickman P.W., Osby E., Axdorph U., Ekbom A., and Bjorkholm M. Parental longevity and survival in elderly patients with hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica 87 (2002) 595-601
53. Lanza R.P., Cibelli J.B., Blackwell C., Cristofalo V.J., Francis M.K., Baerlocher G.M., Mak J., Schertzer M., Chavez E.A., Sawyer N., Lansdorp P.M., and West M.D. Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells. Science 288 (2000) 665-669
54. Lee H.W., Blasco M.A., Gottlieb G.J., Horner II J.W., Greider C.W., and DePinho R.A. Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs. Nature 392 (1998) 569-574
55. Li E. Chromatin modification and epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3 (2002) 662-673
56. Li H., Lee T.H., and Avraham H. A novel tricomplex of BRCA1, nmi, and c-myc inhibits c-myc-induced human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) promoter activity in breast cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 20965-20973
57. Li B., Oestreich S., and de Lange T. Identification of human Rap1: implications for telomere evolution. Cell 101 (2000) 471-483
58. Lin S.Y., and Elledge S.J. Multiple tumor suppressor pathways negatively regulate telomerase. Cell 113 (2003) 881-889
59. Ling K.W., Ottersbach K., van Hamburg J.P., Oziemlak A., Tsai F.Y., Orkin S.H., Ploemacher R., Hendriks R.W., and Dzierzak E. GATA-2 plays two functionally distinct roles during the ontogeny of hematopoietic stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 200 (2004) 871-882
60. Liu L., Blasco M., Trimarchi J., and Keefe D. An essential role for functional telomeres in mouse germ cells during fertilization and early development. Dev. Biol. 249 (2002) 74-84
61. Liu L., DiGirolamo C.M., Navarro P.A., Blasco M.A., and Keefe D.L. Telomerase deficiency impairs differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Cell Res. 294 (2004) 1-8
62. Liu L., Saldanha S.N., Pate M.S., Andrews L.G., and Tollefsbol T.O. Epigenetic regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter activity during cellular differentiation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 41 (2004) 26-37
63. Loh Y.H., Wu Q., Chew J.L., Vega V.B., Zhang W., Chen X., Bourque G., George J., Leong B., Liu J., Wong K.Y., Sung K.W., Lee C.W., Zhao X.D., Chiu K.P., Lipovich L., Kuznetsov V.A., Robson P., Stanton L.W., Wei C.L., Ruan Y., Lim B., and Ng H.H. The Oct4 and nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat. Genet. 38 (2006) 431-440
64. Lopatina N.G., Poole J.C., Saldanha S.N., Hansen N.J., Key J.S., Pita M.A., Andrews L.G., and Tollefsbol T.O. Control mechanisms in the regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in differentiating human teratocarcinoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306 (2003) 650-659
65. McCulloch E.A. Stem cells in normal and leukemic hemopoiesis (Henry Stratton Lecture, 1982). Blood 62 (1983) 1-13
66. Maciejewski J.P., and Risitano A. Hematopoietic stem cells in aplastic anemia. Arch. Med. Res. 34 (2003) 520-527
67. Maser R.S., and DePinho R.A. Connecting chromosomes, crisis, and cancer. Science 297 (2002) 565-569
68. Mason P.J., Wilson D.B., and Bessler M. Dyskeratosis congenital-a disease of dysfunctional telomere maintenance. Curr. Mol. Med. 5 (2005) 159-170
69. Matsuda T., Nakamura T., Nakao K., Arai T., Katsuki M., Heike T., and Yokota T. STAT3 activation is sufficient to maintain an undifferentiated state of mouse embryonic stem cells. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 4261-4269
70. Mattson M.P., and Magnus T. Ageing and neuronal vulnerability. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7 (2006) 278-294
71. Medvinsky A., and Dzierzak E. Definitive hematopoiesis is autonomously initiated by the AGM region. Cell 86 (1996) 897-906
72. Medvinsky A.L., and Dzierzak E.A. Development of the definitive hematopoietic hierarchy in the mouse. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 22 (1998) 289-301
73. Meyerson M., Counter C.M., Eaton E.N., Ellisen L.W., Steiner P., Caddle S.D., Ziaugra L., Beijersbergen R.L., Davidoff M.J., Liu Q., Bacchetti S., Haber D.A., and Weinberg R.A. hEST2, the putative human telomerase catalytic subunit gene, is up-regulated in tumor cells and during immortalization. Cell 90 (1997) 785-795
74. INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing. Nature 443 (2006) 448-452
75. Moore K.A., and Lemischka I.R. Stem cells and their niches. Science 311 (2006) 1880-1885
76. Morrison S.J., Prowse K.R., Ho P., and Weissman I.L. Telomerase activity in hematopoietic cells is associated with self-renewal potential. Immunity 5 (1996) 207-216
77. Moyzis R.K., Buckingham J.M., Cram L.S., Dani M., Deaven L.L., Jones M.D., Meyne J., Ratliff R.L., and Wu J.R. A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1988) 6622-6626
78. Nakayama J., Tahara H., Tahara E., Saito M., Ito K., Nakamura H., Nakanishi T., Tahara E., Ide T., and Ishikawa F. Telomerase activation by hTRT in human normal fibroblasts and hepatocellular carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 18 (1998) 65-68
79. Navarro C.L., Cau P., and Levy N. Molecular bases of progeroid syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 Suppl 2 (2006) R151-R161
80. Nichols J., Zevnik B., Anastassiadis K., Niwa H., Klewe-Nebenius D., Chambers I., Scholer H., and Smith A. Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell 95 (1998) 379-391
81. Nugent C.I., Bosco G., Ross L.O., Evans S.K., Salinger A.P., Moore J.K., Haber J.E., and Lundblad V. Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks. Curr. Biol. 8 (1998) 657-860
82. Okuda T., van Deursen J., Hiebert S.W., Grosveld G., and Downing J.R. AML1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in human leukemia, is essential for normal fetal liver hematopoiesis. Cell 84 (1996) 321-330
83. Orlic D., Anderson S., Biesecker L.G., Sorrentino B.P., and Bodine D.M. Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells contain high levels of mRNA for c-kit, GATA-2, p45 NF-E2, and c-myb and low levels or no mRNA for c-fms and the receptors for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukins 5 and 7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 4601-4605
84. Perryman S.V., and Sylvester K.G. Repair and regeneration: opportunities for carcinogenesis from tissue stem cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 10 (2006) 292-308
85. Prowse K.R., and Greider C.W. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (1995) 4818-4822
86. Reik W., Dean W., and Walter J. Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science 293 (2001) 1089-1093
87. Repetto L., and Balducci L. A case for geriatric oncology. Lancet Oncol. 3 (2002) 289-297
88. Rideout III W.M., Eggan K., and Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome. Science 293 (2001) 1093-1098
89. Robin C., Ottersbach K., de Bruijn M., Ma X., van der Horn K., and Dzierzak E. Developmental origins of hematopoietic stem cells. Oncol. Res. 13 (2003) 315-321
90. Rowland B.D., Bernards R., and Peeper D.S. The KLF4 tumour suppressor is a transcriptional repressor of p53 that acts as a context-dependent oncogene. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 1074-1082
91. Santos F., Hendrich B., Reik W., and Dean W. Dynamic reprogramming of DNA methylation in the early mouse embryo. Dev. Biol. 241 (2002) 172-182
92. Sarin K.Y., Cheung P., Gilison D., Lee E., Tennen R.I., Wang E., Artandi M.K., Oro A.E., and Artandi S.E. Conditional telomerase induction causes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells. Nature 436 (2005) 1048-1052
93. Satyanarayana A., Manns M.P., and Rudolph K.L. Telomeres and telomerase: a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 40 (2004) 276-283
94. Schaetzlein S., Lucas-Hahn A., Lemme E., Kues W.A., Dorsch M., Manns M.P., Niemann H., and Rudolph K.L. Telomere length is reset during early mammalian embryogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 8034-8038
95. Schaetzlein S., and Rudolph K.L. Telomere length regulation during cloning, embryogenesis and ageing. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 17 (2005) 85-96
96. Schneider E.M., Torlakovic E., Stuhler A., Diehl V., Tesch H., and Giebel B. The early transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in classical hodgkin's lymphoma. J. Pathol. 204 (2004) 538-545
97. Shields J.M., Christy R.J., and Yang V.W. Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a gut-enriched kruppel-like factor expressed during growth arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 20009-20017
98. Shiels P.G., Kind A.J., Campbell K.H., Waddington D., Wilmut I., Colman A., and Schnieke A.E. Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep. Nature 399 (1999) 316-317
99. Smith A.G., Heath J.K., Donaldson D.D., Wong G.G., Moreau J., Stahl M., and Rogers D. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature 336 (1988) 688-690
100. Smith L.G., Weissman I.L., and Heimfeld S. Clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (1991) 2788-2792
101. Spangrude G.J., Heimfeld S., and Weissman I.L. Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241 (1988) 58-62
102. Tada M., Takahama Y., Abe K., Nakatsuji N., and Tada T. Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells by in vitro hybridization with ES cells. Curr. Biol. 11 (2001) 1553-1558
103. Takahashi K., and Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126 (2006) 663-676
104. Taranger C.K., Noer A., Sorensen A.L., Hakelien A.M., Boquest A.C., and Collas P. Induction of dedifferentiation, genomewide transcriptional programming, and epigenetic reprogramming by extracts of carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (2005) 5719-5735
105. Thomson J.A., Itskovitz-Eldor J., Shapiro S.S., Waknitz M.A., Swiergiel J.J., Marshall V.S., and Jones J.M. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282 (1998) 1145-1147
106. Tian X.C., Xu J., and Yang X. Normal telomere lengths found in cloned cattle. Nat. Genet. 26 (2000) 272-273
107. Till J.E., and McCulloch E.A. A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells. Radiat. Res. 14 (1961) 213-222
108. Tsai F.Y., Keller G., Kuo F.C., Weiss M., Chen J., Rosenblatt M., Alt F.W., and Orkin S.H. An early hematopoietic defect in mice lacking the transcription factor GATA-2. Nature 371 (1994) 221-226
109. Tsai F.Y., and Orkin S.H. Transcription factor GATA-2 is required for proliferation/survival of early hematopoietic cells and mast cell formation, but not for erythroid and myeloid terminal differentiation. Blood 89 (1997) 3636-3643
110. Tsukada Y., Fang J., Erdjument-Bromage H., Warren M.E., Borchers C.H., Tempst P., and Zhang Y. Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins. Nature 439 (2006) 811-816
111. Turker M. Ageing in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (2001), John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1-7
112. Tyan M.L. Age-related decrease in mouse T cell progenitors. J. Immunol. 118 (1977) 846-851
113. Vaziri H., and Benchimol S. Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life span. Curr. Biol. 8 (1998) 279-282
114. Vaziri H., Dragowska W., Allsopp R.C., Thomas T.E., Harley C.B., and Lansdorp P.M. Evidence for a mitotic clock in human hematopoietic stem cells: loss of telomeric DNA with age. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (1994) 9857-9860
115. Vennstrom B., Sheiness D., Zabielski J., and Bishop J.M. Isolation and characterization of c-myc, a cellular homolog of the oncogene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus strain 29. J. Virol. 42 (1982) 773-779
116. Wakayama T., Shinkai Y., Tamashiro K.L., Niida H., Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J., Ogura A., Tanemura K., Tachibana M., Perry A.C., Colgan D.F., Mombaerts P., and Yanagimachi R. Cloning of mice to six generations. Nature 407 (2000) 318-319
117. Wang Q., Stacy T., Binder M., Marin-Padilla M., Sharpe A.H., and Speck N.A. Disruption of the Cbfa2 gene causes necrosis and hemorrhaging in the central nervous system and blocks definitive hematopoiesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 3444-3449
118. Wang J., Xie L.Y., Allan S., Beach D., and Hannon G.J. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 1769-1774
119. Whetstine J.R., Nottke A., Lan F., Huarte M., Smolikov S., Chen Z., Spooner E., Li E., Zhang G., Colaiacovo M., and Shi Y. Reversal of histone lysine trimethylation by the JMJD2 family of histone demethylases. Cell 125 (2006) 467-481
120. Wilmut I., Schnieke A.E., McWhir J., Kind A.J., and Campbell K.H. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385 (1997) 810-813
121. Wilson A., and Trumpp A. Bone-marrow haematopoietic-stem-cell niches. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 (2006) 93-106
122. Wright D.L., Jones E.L., Mayer J.F., Oehninger S., Gibbons W.E., and Lanzendorf S.E. Characterization of telomerase activity in the human oocyte and preimplantation embryo. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 7 (2001) 947-955
123. Wright W.E., Piatyszek M.A., Rainey W.E., Byrd W., and Shay J.W. Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues and cells. Dev. Genet. 18 (1996) 173-179
124. Wright W.E., and Shay J.W. Time, telomeres and tumours: is cellular senescence more than an anticancer mechanism?. Trends Cell Biol. 5 (1995) 293-297
125. Wu K.J., Grandori C., Amacker M., Simon-Vermot N., Polack A., Lingner J., and Dalla-Favera R. Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-MYC. Nat. Genet. 21 (1999) 220-224
126. Wu A.M., Till J.E., Siminovitch L., and McCulloch E.A. Cytological evidence for a relationship between normal hemotopoietic colony-forming cells and cells of the lymphoid system. J. Exp. Med. 127 (1968) 455-464
127. Xu J., and Yang X. Telomerase activity in early bovine embryos derived from parthenogenetic activation and nuclear transfer. Biol. Reprod. 64 (2001) 770-774
128. Yancik R., and Ries L.A. Aging and cancer in America. Demographic and epidemiologic perspectives. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 14 (2000) 17-23
129. Yin T., and Li L. The stem cell niches in bone. J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006) 1195-1201
130. Zagonel V., Monfardini S., Tirelli U., Carbone A., and Pinto A. Management of hematologic malignancies in the elderly: 15-year experience at the aviano cancer center, italy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 39 (2001) 289-305
131. Zhang J., Tam W.L., Tong G.Q., Wu Q., Chan H.Y., Soh B.S., Lou Y., Yang J., Ma Y., Chai L., Ng H.H., Lufkin T., Robson P., and Lim B. Sall4 modulates embryonic stem cell pluripotency and early embryonic development by the transcriptional regulation of Pou5f1. Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2006) 1114-1123
132. Zhou Y., and Zon L.I. Blood cell: Lineage Restriction in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (Anonymous) (2001), John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1-7
133. Zhu J., Wang H., Bishop J.M., and Blackburn E.H. Telomerase extends the lifespan of virus-transformed human cells without net telomere lengthening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 3723-3728