Biotechnology in agriculture

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volumn 31, Issue , 2006, Pages 265-295

  Herdt, Robert W ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

Biosafety; Ethics; Food safety; Intellectual property; Molecular markers; Public acceptance

Indexed keywords

BIOSAFETY; FOOD SAFETY; MOLECULAR MARKETS; PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE;

AGRICULTURE; CROPS; DNA; NUTRITION;

BIOTECHNOLOGY;

AGRICULTURE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ETHICS; FARM CROPS;

EID: 33750991334     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.31.031405.091314     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (188)

1. Coombs JM. 1992. Macmillan Dictionary of Biotechnology. Hants, UK: Macmillan
2. Zaid A, Hughes HG, Porceddu E, Nicholas FW. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. Rep. 7, PAO, Rome
3. McCouch SR. 2001. Is biotechnology an answer? In Who Will Be Fed in the 21st Century?, ed. K Wiebe, N Ballenger, P Pinstrup-Andersen, pp. 29-40. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst./Econ.Res.Serv./Am.Agric.Econ.Assoc.
4. Ruttan VW. 2004. Controversy about agricultural technology lessons from the green revolution. Int. J. Biotechnol. 6:43-54
5. Naylor RL, Falcon WP, Goodman RM, Jahn MM, Sengooba T, et al. 2004. Biotechnology in the developing world: a case for increased investments in orphan crops. Food Policy 29:15-44
6. Toenniessen GH, O'Toole JC, DeVries J. 2003. Advances in plant biotechnology and its adoption in developing countries. Curr. Opin. 6:191-98
7. Bur. Ind. 2003. A Survey of the Use of Biotechnology in U.S. Industry. Washington, DC: US Dep. Commer.
8. Chilton MD. 2005. Adding diversity to plant transformation. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:309-10
9. Dunwell JM. 2000. Transgenic approaches to crop improvement. J. Exp. Bot. 51:487-95
10. Bajaj S, Mohanty A. 2005. Recent advances in rice biotechnology - toward superior transgenic rice. Plant Biotechnol. J. 3:275-307
11. Halpin C. 2005. Gene stacking in transgenic plants - the challenge for 21st century plant biotechnology. Plant Biotechnol. J. 3:141-55
12. Sharma KK, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Thorpe TA. 2005. Genetic transformation technology. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 41:102-12
13. James C. 2004. Preview: global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops: 2004. Rep. 32, Int. Serv. Acquis. Agri-biotech. Appl. (ISAAA), Ithaca, NY
14. Sankula S, Marmon G, Blumenthal E. 2005. Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2004: Impacts on US Agriculture. Washington, DC: Natl. Cent. Food Agric. Policy
15. Dalrymple DG. 1975. Measuring the green revolution: the impact of research on wheat and rice production. Rep. 106, Foreign Dev. Div., Econ. Res. Serv., US Dep. Agric., Washington, DC
16. Griliches Z. 1957. Hybrid corn: an exploration in the economics of technical change. Econometrica 25:501-22
17. Faber D, Molina J, Ohlrichs C, Vander Zwaag D, Ferre L. 2003. Commercialization of animal biotechnology. Theriogenology 59:125-38
18. Hasler JF. 2003. The current status and future of commercial embryo transfer in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 79:245-64
19. Hansel W. 2003. The potential for improving the growth and development of cultured farm animal oocytes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 19:191-201
20. 19a. Hernandez M, Rodriguez-Lazaro D, Ferrando A. 2005. Current methodology for identification and quantification of genetically modified organisms. Curr. Anal. Chem. 1:203-21
21. Comm. Defin. Sci-Based Concerns Assoc. With Prod. Anim. Biotechnol./Comm. Agric. Biotechnol. Health Environ., Natl. Res. Counc. 2002. Animal Biotechnology: Science Based Concerns. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 201 pp.
22. Cockburn A. 2004. Commercial plant breeding: What is in the biotech pipeline? J. Commer. Biotechnol. 10:209-33
23. Richter LJ, Thanavala Y, Arntzen CJ. 2000. Production of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants for oral immunization. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:302-5
24. Arawaka T, Chong DKX, Langridge WHR. 1998. Efficacy of a food plantbased oral cholera toxin B subunit vaccine. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:292-97
25. Jefferson-Moore KY, Traxler G. 2005. Second-generation GMOs: Where to from here?AgBioForum 8(2&3): 143-50
26. Pardey PG, Beintema NM. 2001. Slow Magic: Agricultural R&D a Century After Mendel. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst.
27. Byerlee D, Echeverria RG. 2002. Agricultural Research Policy in an Era of Privatization. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publ.
28. Pray CE. 2001. Public-private sector linkages in research and development: biotechnology and the seed industry in Brazil, China and India. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 83:742-4728.
29. US Dep. Agric. 2005. Agricultural biotechnology intellectual property database, http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/AgBiotechIP/
30. Heisey PW, King JL, Rubenstein KD. 2005. Patterns of public-sector and private-sector patenting in agricultural biotechnology. AgBioForum 8(2&3):7382
31. Graff GD, Cullen SE, Bradford KJ, Zilberman D, Bennett AB. 2003. The public-private structure of intellectual property ownership in agricultural biotechnology. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:989-95
32. UN Food Agric. Organ. (FAO). 2005. FAO BioDeC: biotechnologies in developing countries, http://www.fao.org/bio tech/inventory_admin/dep/default. asp
33. Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 80:1106-22
34. Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S, Howells RM, Kennedy MJ, et al. 2005. Iproving the nutritional value of golden rice through increased provitamin content. Nat. Bioetchnol. 23:482-87
35. Lusk JL, Rozanb A. 2005. Consumer acceptance of biotechnology and the role of second generation technologies in the USA and Europe. Trends Biotechnol. 28:386-87
36. Toenniessen G. 2003. Opportunities for and challenges to plant breeding adoption in developing countries. Presented at Natl. Agric. Biotechnol. Conf., June 26-July 1, Pullman, WA. http://www.rockfound.org/Library/Opportunities- for_and_Challenges_to_Plant_Biotechnology_Adoption.pdf
37. Herdt RW. 1995. The potential role of biotechnology in solving food production and environmental problems in developing countries. In Agriculture and Environment: Bridging Food Production and Environmental Protection in Developing Countries, ed. ASR Juo, RD Freed, pp. 33-54. Madison, WI: Crop Sci. Soc./Am. Soc. Agron./Soil Sci. Soc. Am.
38. Massieu Y, Chauvet M. 2005. Contesting biotechnology: cross-continental concerns about genetically modified crops. In Cross-Continental Agro-Food Chains. Structures, Actors and Dynamics in the Global Food System, ed. B Pritchard, N Fold, pp. 66-77. London: Routledge
39. Altieri MA, Rosset P. 1999. Strengthening the case for why biotechnology will not help the developing world: a response to McGloughlin. AgBioForum 2(3&4): 226-36
40. Dawe D, Robertson R, Unnevehr L. 2002. Golden rice: What role could it play in alleviation of vitamin A deficiency? Food Policy 27:541-60
41. Herdt RW. 1991. Research priorities for rice biotechnology. In Rice Biotechnology, ed. G Khush, G Toenniessen, pp. 19-54. Wallingford, UK: CAB Int.
42. Normile D. 1999. Rockefeller to end network after 15 years of success. Science 286:1468-69
43. Kryder D, Kowalski S, Krattiger A. 2000. The inlelleclual and lechnical properly componenls of provilamin A (Golden Rice): a preliminary freedom-to-operale review. Rep. 20, Int. Serv. Acquis. Agribiotech. Appl. (ISAAA), Ithaca, NY
44. Gold. Rice Humanit. Board. 2005. Biofortification, a contribution to the alleviation of life-threatening micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. http://www.goldenrice.org/
45. Chaves MM, Maroco JP, Pereira JS. 2003. Understanding planl responses to drought - from genes to the whole plant. Funct. Plant Biol. 30:239-64
46. Bradford KJ, Van Deynze A, Gutterson N, Parrott W, Strauss SH. 2005. Regulating transgenic crops sensibly: lessons from plant breeding, biotechnology and genomics. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:439-44
47. Chapman SC, Hammer GL, Buller DG, Cooper M. 2000. Genotype by environmenl interactions affecting grain sorghum. III. Temporal sequences and spatial patterns in the target population of environments. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51:223-33
48. Morgan JM. 2000. Increases in grain yield of wheat by breeding for an osmoregulation gene: relationship to water supply and evaporative demand. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51:971-78
49. Ishitania M, Raoa I, Wenzlb P, Beebea S, Tohmea J. 2004. Integration of genomics approach with traditional breeding towards improving abiotic stress adaptation: drought and aluminum toxicity as case studies. Field Crops Res. 90:35-45
50. Campos H, Cooper M, Habben JE, Edmeades GO, Schussler JR. 2004. Improving drought tolerance in maize: a view from industry. Field Crops Res. 90:19-34
51. Morgan JM. 1999. Pollen grain expression of a gene controlling differences in osmoregulation in wheat leaves: a simple breeding method. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50:953-62
52. Seetharama N. 1995. Biotechnology and sorghum improvement for drought and temperature stress tolerance. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 3:223-29
53. Lopez CG, Banowetz GM, Peterson CJ, Kronstad WE. 2002. Wheat dehydrin accumulation in response to drought stress during anthesis. Funct. Plant Biol. 29:1417-25
54. Goff SA, Salmeron JM. 2004. Back to the future of cereals. Sci. Am. 291:42-49
55. Nay lor R, Manning R. 2005. Unleashing the genius of the genome to feed the developing world. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 149:515-28
56. Thro AM, Parrrott W, Udall JA, Beavis WD. 2004. Genomics and plant breeding: the experience of the initiative for future agriculture and food systems. Crop Sci. (Symp.) 44:1893-919
57. Tanksley SD, McCouch SR. 1997. Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science 277:1063-67
58. Varshney RK, Graner A, Sorrells ME. 2005. Genomics-assisted breeding for crop improvement. Trends Plant Sci. 10:621-30
59. Patterson AH, Freeling M, Sasaki T. 2005. Grains of knowledge: genomics of model cereals. Genome Res. 15:1643-50
60. Stuber CW, Polacco M, Senior ML. 1999. Synergy of empirical breeding, marker-assisted selection, and genomics to increase crop yield. Crop Sci. 39:1571-83
61. Deleted in proof
62. Edwards D, Batley J. 2004. Plant bioinformatics: from genome to phenome. Trends Biotechnol. 22:232-37
63. Burke M. 2005. GM crop study produces major database. Environ Sci. Technol. News July I. 39(13):A280
64. Cornell Genomics Initiat. 2005. Cornell genomics initiative: focus area plant genomics. http://www.genomics.cornell. edu/focus_areas/plant/index.cfm
65. Cooper M, Fukai S, Wade LJ. 1999. How can breeding contribute to more productive and sustainable rainfed lowland rice systems? Field Crops Res. 64:199-209
66. Alston JM, Chang-Kang C, Marra MC, Pardey PG, Wyatt T. 2000. A meta-analysis of rates of return to agricultural R&D: Ex-pede herculeml Rep. 113, Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. Washington, DC
67. Herdt RW, Wickham T. 1975. Exploring the gap between potential and actual rice yield in the Philippines. Food Res. Inst. Stud. 14(2): 164-81
68. Marra MC, Pardey PG, Alston JM. 2002. The payoffs to transgenic field crops: an assessment of the evidence. AgBioForum 5(2):43-50
69. US Dep. Agric./Econ. Res. Serv. 2005. Data: Adoption of genetically engineered crops in the U.S. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/ ExtentofAdoptionTable3.htm
70. Shelton AM, Zhao JZ, Roush RT. 2002. Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:845-81
71. Gianessi LP, Silvers CS, Sankula S, Carpenter JE. 2002. Plant biotechnology: current and potential impact for improving pest management in U.S. agriculture; an analysis of 40 case studies, Natl. Cent. Food Agric. Policy, Washington, DC. http://www.ncfap.org/40CaseStudies.htm
72. Bond CA, Carter CA, Farzin YH. 2003. Medium grains, high stakes: economics of genetically modified rice in California. AgBioForum 6(4): 146-54
73. Lence SH, Hayes DJ. 2002. Impact of biotech grains on market structure and societal welfare. AgBioForum 5(3):85-89
74. Falck-Zepeda J, Traxler G, Nelson RG. 2000. Surplus distribution from the introduction of a biotechnology innovation. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 82:360-69
75. Demont M, Tollens E. 2004. First impact of biotechnology in the EU: Bt adoption in Spain. Ann. Appl. Biol. 145:197-207
76. Brookes G, Barfoot P. 2005. GM crops: the global economic and environmental impact-the first nine years. AgBioForum 8 (2&3): 187-96
77. Linacre NA, Gaskill J, Rosegrant MW, Falck-Zepeda J, Quemada H, et al. 2005. Environmental Assessment: Assessing the Environmental Impact of Biotechnology. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst.
78. Comm. Environ. Impacts Assoc. Commer. Transgenic Plants. 2002. Environmental effects of transgenic plants: the scope and adequacy of regulation. Washington, DC: Board Agric. Nat. Resour./ Natl. Res. Counc.
79. Lovei GL, Arpaia S. 2005. The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 114:1-14
80. Liu XD, Zhai BP, Zhang XX, Zong JM. 2005. Impact of transgenic cotton plants on a nontarget pest, Aphis gossypii Glover. Ecolog. Entomol. 30:307-15
81. Schuler TH, Clard AJ, Clark SJ, Poppy GM, Stewart CN, Denholm I. 2005. Laboratory studies of the effects of reduced prey choice caused by Bt plants on a predatory insect. Bull. Entomol. Res. 95:243-47
82. Pew Initiat. Food Biotechnol. 2002. Three years later: genetically engineered corn and the monarch butterfly controversy. http://pewagbiotech.org/ resources/issue briefs/monarch.pdf
83. O'Callaghan M, Glare TR, Burgess EPJ, Malone LA. 2005. Effects of plants genetically modified for insect resistance on nontarget organisms. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 50:271-92
84. Owen MDK, Zelaya IA. 2005. Herbicideresistant crops and weed resistance to herbicides. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:301-11
85. Legere A. 2005. Risks and consequences of gene flow from herbicide-resistant crops: canola (Brassica napus L) as a case study. Pest Manag. Sci. 61(3):292-300
86. Weaver S, Morris M. 2005. Risks associated with genetic modification: an annotated bibliography of peer reviewed natural science publications. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 18:157-89
87. Poppy GM. 2004. Geneflow from GM plants: toward a more quantitative risk assessment. Trends Biotechnol. 22:436-38
88. Messeguer J. 2003. Gene flow assessment in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 73:201-12
89. Crawley MJ, Brown SL, Hails RS, Kohn DD, Rees M. 2001. Transgenic crops in natural habitats. Nature 409:682-83
90. Snow AA. 2002. Transgenic crops: why geneflow matters. Nat. Biotechnol. 20:542
91. Goldberger J, Merrill J, Hurley T. 2005. Bt corn farmer compliance with insect resistance management requirements in Minnesota and Wisconsin. AgBioForum 8(2&3):151-60
92. Antle JM, Cole D, Crissman CC. 1998. The role of pesticides in farm productivity and farmer health. In Health and Sustainable Agriculture: Pesticide Use in the Andes, ed. CC Crissman, JM Antle, SM Capalbo, pp. 231-41. Boston, MA: Kluwer
93. Rola AC, Pingali PL. 1993. Pesticides, Rice Productivity and Farmers' Health. Los Banos, Philipp.: Int. Rice Res. Inst. 100 pp.
94. Huang J, Hu R, Pray C, Qiao F, Rozell S. 2003. Biotechnology as an alternative to chemical pesticides: a case study of Bt cotton in China. Agric. Econ. 29:55-68
95. Off. Biotechnol. Act., Inst. Biosafety Comm., Natl. Inst. Health. 2005. FAQs. http://www4.od.nih.gov/oba/IBC/IBCnih guidelines.htm
96. US Regul. Agencies Unified Biotechnol. (USDA, EPA, FDA). 2005. United States regulatory agencies unified biotechnology Web site, http://usbiotechreg. nbii.gov/
97. Taylor MR, Tick JS, Sherman DM. 2004. Tending the fields: state & federal roles in the oversight of genetically modified crops. Rep. Resour. Future, Washington, DC http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-RPT-TendingtheFields.pdf
98. US Food Drug Adm. 2005. Biotechnology. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~1rd/ biotechm.html
99. Bucchini L, Goldman LR. 2002. Starlink vorn: a risk analysis. Environ. Health Persp. 110:5-13
100. Eur. Parliam. Counc. Eur. Union. 2003. Regul. (EC) 1829/2003 of 22 Sept. 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache: Fv CJbpOdcI4J:europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/ oj/dat/2003/1_268/ 1_26820031018en0001 0023.pdf±EC)±1829%EF%80%AF2003 ±of±22±Sept.±2003±on± genetically± modified±food&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk &cd=1
101. House L, Lusk J, Jaeger S, Traill WB, Moore M, et al. 2003. Objective and subjective knowledge: impacts on consumer demand for genetically modified foods in the United States and the European Union. AgBioForum7(3):113-23
102. Pardo R, Midden C, Miller JD. 2002. Attitudes toward biotechnology in the European Union. J. Biotechnol. 98:9-24
103. Nuffield Counc. Bioeth. 2004. The Use of Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries. London: Nuffield Counc. Bioeth.
104. Conv. Biol. Divers. 2005. Sustaining life on Earth: how the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being. http://www.biodiv. org/doc/publications/guide.asp
105. Conv. Biol. Divers. 2000. Cartagena Pro tocol on Biosafety: about The Protocol. Convention on Biodiversity. http://www. biodiv.org/biosafety/ background2.aspx
106. Comm. Genet. Resour. Food Agric./FAO 2005. International undertaking on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/ IU.htm
107. Frison EA, Mitteau M, Sharrock S. 2002. Sharing responsibilities for ex situ germplasm management. PGR Newsl. 131:7-15
108. Frisvold GB. 1998. The Convention on Biological Diversity and agriculture: implications and unresolved debates. World Dev. 26:551-70
109. Olsen KM, Schaal BA. 1999. Evidence on the origin of cassava: phylogeography of Manihot esculenta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:5586-91
110. Mercado LA, Souza E, Kephart KD. 1996. Origin and diversity of North American hard spring wheats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93:593-99
111. Harlan JR. 1992. Crops and man. Madison, WI: Am. Soc. Agron./Crop Sci. Soc. Am. 2nd ed.
112. Koo B, Nottenburg C, Pardey PG. 2004. Intellectual property enhanced: an international appraisal. Science 306:1295-97
113. Qualset CO, Runge ECA, Mortvedt JJ, eds. 1989. Intellectual Property Rights Associated with Plants. Madison, WI: Crop Sci. Soc./Am. Soc. Agron./Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc.
114. Lesser W. 2005. Intellectual property rights in a changing political environ ment: perspectives on the types and administration of protection. AgBioForum 8(2&3):64-72
115. Koehler G. 1998. Inventing biological organisms: a reader of selected articles. Calif. Res. Bur., Calif. State Libr., Sacramento http://www.library. ca.gov/crb/98/ reader/reader01.pdf
116. Pew Initiat. Food Biotechnol. 2005. Public sentiment about genetically modified food, Nov. update. http://pewa gbiotech.org/research/2005.update/
117. Hoban TJ. 1998. Trends in consumer attitudes about agricultural biotechnology. AgBioForum 1(1):3-7
118. Miller HI, Conko G. 2005. NGO war on biotechnology. J. Comm. Bioetchnol. 11:209-22
119. ETC Group. 2005. Global seed industry concentration-2005. http://www.mind fully.org/Farm/2005/Global-Seed-Industry 6sep05.htm
120. Greenpeace. 2005. Golden rice: all glitter, no gold, http://www. greenpeace.org/inter national/news/failures-of-golden-rice
121. Konig A, Cockburn A, Crevel R, Debruyne E, Grafstroem R, et al. 2004. Assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42:1047-88
122. Comm. Identifying Assess. Unintend. Eff. Genet. Eng. Foods Hum. Health, Board Life Sci., Food Nutr. Board, Board Agric. Nat. Resour., Inst. Med., Natl. Res. Council Natl. Acad. 2004. Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. http:// darwin.nap.edu/books/0309092094/html/ R1.html
123. Millstone E, Brunner E, Mayer S. 1999. Beyond 'substantial equivalence.' Nat. Bioetchnol. 401:525-26
124. Paarlberg RL. 2001. The Politics of Precaution: Genetically Modified Crops in Developing Countries. Washington, DC: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press/Int. Food Policy Res. Inst.
125. Goldstein B. 2004. The precautionary principle and/or risk assessment in World Trade Organization decisions: a possible role for risk perception. Risk Anal. 24:491-99
126. Vogel G. 2004. Britain opts for brave new GM world. Science 303:1590
127. Vogel G. 2006. Europe thumbs green for GM crops. Science 311:25
128. Fox J, Bruhn C, Sapp S. 2001. Consumer acceptance of irradiated meats. In Interdisciplinary Food Safety Research, ed. NH Hooker, EA Murano, pp. 139-58. Boca Raton, FL: CPC Press
129. Gallup Organ. 1993. Consumer Awareness, Knowledge and Acceptance of Food Irradiation. Arlington, VA: Am. Meat Inst. Found.
130. Govindasamy R, Italia J. 1998. Predicting consumer risk perceptions towards pesticide residue: a logistic analysis. Appl. Econ. Lett. 5:793-96
131. Grobe D, Douthitt R, Zepeda L. 1999. A model of consumers' risk perceptions toward recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH): the impact of risk characteristics. Risk Anal. 19:661-73
132. Cent. Sci. Public Interest. 2001. National opinion poll on labeling of genetically modified foods, http://cspinet.org/new/ poll_gefoods.html
133. Benson A. 2005. Consumer attitudes & communications, http://www.grains.org/ ppt/ibic/2005/405_International_Food_Inf ormation.Council_(IFIC).pdf
134. Int. Food Inf. Counc. 2003. Americans' acceptance of food biotechnology matches growers' increased adoption of biotech crops, http://www.ific.org/ research/ loader.cfm?url = /commonspot/security/ getfile.cfm&PageID = 1491
135. Hwang YJ, Roe B, Teisl MF. 2005. An empirical analysis of United States consumers' concerns about eight food production and processing technologies. Ag-BioForum 8(1):40-49
136. Zepeda L, Douthitt R, You SY. 2003. Consumer risk perceptions toward agri cultural biotechnology, self-protection, and food demand: the case of milk in the United States. Risk Anal. 23:973-84
137. Poortinga W, Pidgeon NF. 2005. Trust in risk regulation: cause or consequence of the acceptability of GM food? Risk Anal. 25:199-209
138. Lang JT, Hallman WK. 2005. Who does the public trust? The case of genetically modified food in the United States. Risk Anal. 25:1241-52
139. Braun R. 2002. People's concerns about biotechnology: some problems and some solutions. J. Biotechnol. 98:3-8
140. Nuffield Counc. Bioeth. 1999. Genetically Modified Crops: The Ethical and Social Issues. London: Nuffield Counc. Bioeth.
141. Kendall HW, Beachy R, Eisner T, Gould F, Herdt RW, et al. 1997. Bioengineering of crops. Rep. World Bank Panel Transgenic Crops, Rep. 23, The World Bank, Washington, DC
142. Natl. Acad. Sci./R. Soc. Lond./Braz. Acad. Sci./Chin. Acad. Sci./Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., et al. 2000. Transgenic plants and world agriculture. Rep. Natl. Acad., Washington, DC. 46 pp.
143. Katz SB. 2001. Language and persuasion in biotechnology communication with the public: How to not say what you're not going to not say and not say it. AgBioForum 4(2):93-97
144. Oehmke JF, Wolf CA. 2003. Measuring concentration in the biotechnology R&D industry: adjusting for interfirm transfer of genetic materials. AgBioForum 6(3): 134-40
145. Schimmelpfennig DE, Pray CE, Brennan MF. 2004. The impact of seed industry concentration on innovation: a study of US biotech market leaders. Agric. Econ. 30:157-67
146. King JL, Schimmelpfennig D. 2005. Mergers, acquisitions, and stocks of agricultural biotechnology intellectual property. AgBioForum 8(2&3): 83-88
147. Ortiz-Garcia S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acvedi F, Soberón J, Snow AA. 2005. Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:12338-43
148. Oehmke JF, Wolf CA. 2004. Why is Monsanto leaving money on the table? Monopoly pricing and technology valuation distributions with heterogeneous adopters. J. Agric. Appl. Econ. 36:705-18
149. Kesan JP, Gallo AA. 2005. Property rights and incentives to invest in seed varieties: governmental regulations in Argentina. AgBioForum 8(2&3):118-26
150. Gilligan TW. 2005. Industrial concentration. http://www.econlib.org/ library/ Enc/IndustrialConcentration.html
151. Brennan M, Pray C, Naseem A, Oehmke JF. 2005. An innovation market approach to analyzing impacts of mergers and acquisitions in the plant biotechnology industry. AgBioForum 8(2&3):89-99
152. Lence SH, Hayes DJ, McCunn A, Smith S, Niebur WS. 2005. Welfare implications of intellectual property protection in the seed industry. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 87:951-68
153. Sobolevsky A, Moschini G, Lapan H. 2005. Genetically modified crops and product differentiation: trade and welfare effects in the soybean complex. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 87:621-44
154. Bent SA. 1989. Patenting genes that encode agriculturally important traits. In Intellectual Property Rights Associated with Plants, ed. JH Barton, CO Qualset, DN Duvick, RF Barnes, ASA Special Publ. 52, pp. 109-22. Madison, WI: Crop Sci. Soc. Am./Am. Soc. Agron. Inc./Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Inc.
155. Frey KJ. 1995. National plant breeding study I: human and financial resources devoted to plant breeding and development in the United States in 1994. Iowa Agric. Home Econ. Exp. Stn. Special Rep. 98, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA
156. Pray C, Oehmke JF, Naseem A. 2005. Innovation and dynamic efficiency in plant biotechnology: an introduction to the researchable issues. AgBioForum 8(2&3):52-63
157. Fernandez-Cornejo J, Keller J, Spielman D, Gill M, King J, Heisey P. 2004. The seed industry in U.S. agriculture: an exploration of data and information on crop seed markets, regulation, industry structure and research and development. Rep. 786, US Dep. Agric., Washington, DC
158. UN Food Agric. Organ. (FAO). 2004. The State of Food and Agriculture 2003-04. Rome: UNFAO
159. Fox JL. 2004. Vatican debates agbiotech. Nat. Bioetchnol. 22:4-5
160. Elbehri A. 2005. Biopharming and the food system: examining the potential benefits and risks. AgBioForum 8(1): 18-25
161. Fraser V. 2001. What's the moral of the GM story? J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 14:147-59
162. Levidow L, Carr S. 1997. How biotechnology regulation sets a risk/ethics boundary. Agric. Hum. Values 14:29-43
163. Meyer G, Folker AP, Jørgensen RB, Krauss MKV, Sandøe P, Tveit G. 2005. The factualization of uncertainty: risk, politics, and genetically modified crops-a case of rape. Agric. Hum. Values 22:235-42
164. Streiffer R, Hedemann T. 2005. The political import of intrinsic objections to genetically engineered food. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 18:191-210
165. Pascalev A. 2003. You are what you eat: genetically modified foods, integrity, and society. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 16:583-94
166. Sandler R. 2004. An aretaic objection to agricultural biotechnology. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 17:301-17
167. Bailey B, Lappe M, eds. 2002. Engineering the Farm: Ethical and Social Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnology. Washington, DC: Island
168. Myhr AI, Traavik T. 2003. Genetically modified (GM) crops: precautionary science and conflicts of interest. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 16:227-47
169. Velazsequez M, Rostankowski C. 1985. Ethics: Theory and Practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
170. Pinstrup-Andersen P. 2005. Ethics and economic policy for the food system. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 87:1097-112
171. Shaw WH. 1999. Contemporary Ethics: Taking Account of Utilitarianism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publ.
172. Masood E, Warnock K, Silvani F, Hanley T. 2005. The GM debate: Who decides? Rep. 49, Panos Inst., London
173. Omamo SW, Grebmer K, eds. 2005. Biotechnology, Agriculture, and Food Security in Southern Africa. Washington, DC/Harare: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst./Food Agric. Nat. Resour. Policy Anal. Netw.
174. Huang J, Hu R, Rozelle S, Pray C. 2005. Insect-resistant GM rice in farmers' fields: assessing productivity and health effects in China. Science 308:688-90
175. Herdt RW. 1999. Enclosing the global plant genetic commons, http://www.rock found.org/Library/Enclosing_the_Global_ Plant_Genetic_Commons. pdf
176. Falcon WP, Fowler C. 2002. Carving up the commons: emergence of a new international regime for germplasm development and transfer. Food Policy 27:197-222
177. Conway G. 1998. Growing benefits of biotechnology. Nature 392:13
178. Bennett RM, Ismael Y, Kambhampati U, Morse S. 2004. Economic impact of genetically modified cotton in India. AgBioForum 7(3):96-100
179. Morse S, Bennett R, Ismael Y. 2005. Comparing the performance of official and unofficial genetically modified cotton in India. AgBioForum 8(1): 1-6
180. Tatge M. 2004. Piracy on the high plains. Forbes 173:135-38
181. Taylor N, Kent L, Fauquet C. 2004. Progress and challenges for the deployment of transgenic technologies in cassava. AgBioForum 7(1&2):51-56
182. Cohen J, Komen J, Zepeda JF. 2004. National agricultural biotechnology research capacity in developing countries. Rep. 04-14, Agric. Econ. Div., UN Food Agric. Organ., Rome, Italy
183. Eicher CK, Maredia K, Sithole-Niang I. 2005. Biotechnology and the African farmer. Staff Pap. 2005-08, Dep. Agric. Econ. Mich. State Univ., East Lansing
184. Beintema NM, Stads GJ. 2004. Investing in sub-Saharan African agricultural research: recent trends. Rep. 8, Int. Food Policy Res. Inst., Washington, DC
185. Bainbridge J. 2005. Plant biotechnology, the regulator and the consumer. J. Commer. Biotechnol. 11:222-27
186. Edmeades S, Phaneuf DJ, Renkow M, Smale M. 2005. A unified approach to modeling crop variety demand of semisubsistence households. Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. Washington, DC. http:// www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/are publication/Edmeades.pdf
187. Bothma G, Thompson G. 2004. Biotechnology education and training: a synopsis of training activities at the UNESCO/BAC BETCEN for Africa. South Afr. J. Bot. 70:12-15
188. Phillips PWB. 2002. Biotechnology in the global agri-food system. Trends Biotechnol. 20:376-81