New anti-inflammatory agents to reduce atherosclerosis

Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry

Volumn 112, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 130-137

  Mach, François ^a  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Endocannabinoids; Inflammation; Statin

Indexed keywords

3 (2 IODO 5 NITROBENZOYL) 1 (1 METHYL 2 PIPERIDINYLMETHYL)INDOLE; 4 [4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 2,6 DIMETHOXYPHENYL] 6,6 DIMETHYLBICYCLO[3.1.1]HEPT 2 EN 2 YLMETHANOL; AJULEMIC ACID; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CANNABIDIOL; CANNABINOID; CANNABINOID 2 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST; CANNABIS; CANNABIS DERIVATIVE; DRONABINOL; ENDOCANNABINOID; GW 405833; HU 320; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; JWH 120; JWH 151; JWH 267; PRAVASTATIN; SCH 336; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; MORTALITY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL;

CANNABIS;

EID: 33748659660     PISSN: 13813455     EISSN: 17444160     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13813450600736026     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (83)

1. Arnaud C, Burger F, Steffens S, Veillard NR, Nguyen TH, Trono D, Mach F. 2005. Statins reduce interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes: new evidence for direct antiinflammatory effects of statins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1231-6.
2. Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM, PRINCE Investigators. 2001. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. J Am Med Assoc 286:64-70.
3. Batkai S, Pacher P, Osei-Hyiaman D, Radaeva S, Liu J, Harvey-White J, Offertaler L, Mackie K, Rudd MA, Bukoski RD, Kunos G. 2004. Endocannabinoids acting at cannabinoid-1 receptors regulate cardiovascular function in hypertension. Circulation 110:1996-2002.
4. Begg M, Pacher P, Batkai S, Osei-Hyiaman D, Offertaler L, Mo FM, Liu J, Kunos G. 2005. Evidence for novel cannabinoid receptors. Pharmacol Ther 106:133-45.
5. Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. 2004. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 112:299-306.
6. Bouaboula M, Poinot-Chazel C, Marchand J, Canat X, Bourrie B, Rinaldi-Carmona M, Calandra B, Le Fur G, Casellas P. 1996. Signaling pathway associated with stimulation of CB2 peripheral cannabinoid receptor. Involvement of both mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of Krox-24 expression. Eur J Biochem 237:704-11.
7. Buckley NE, McCoy KL, Mezey E, Bonner T, Zimmer A, Felder CC, Glass M, Zimmer A. 2000. Immunomodulation by cannabinoids is absent in mice deficient for the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 396:141-9.
8. Burstein S. 2005. PPAR-gamma: a nuclear receptor with affinity for cannabinoids. Life Sci. 77:1674-84.
9. Burstein SH. 2000. Ajulemic acid (CT3): a potent analog of the acid metabolites of THC. Curr Pharm Des 6:1339-45.
10. Burstein SH, Audette CA, Breuer A, Devane WA, Colodner S, Doyle SA, Mechoulam R. 1992. Synthetic nonpsychotropic cannabinoids with potent antiinflammatory, analgesic, and leukocyte antiadhesion activities. J Med Chem 35:3135-41.
11. Daaka Y, Zhu W, Friedman H, Klein TW. 1997. Induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated by nuclear factor kappaB and CB1 cannabinoid receptor. DNA Cell Biol 16:301-9.
12. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, Gibson D, Mandelbaum A, Etinger A, Mechoulam R. 1992. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258:1946-9.
13. Dewey WL. 1986. Cannabinoid pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 38:151-78.
14. Fride E, Feigin C, Ponde DE, Breuer A, Hanus L, Arshavsky N, Mechoulam R. 2004. (+)-Cannabidiol analogues which bind cannabinoid receptors but exert peripheral activity only. Eur J Pharmacol 506:179-88.
15. Glass CK, Witztum JL. 2001. Atherosclerosis. the road ahead. Cell 104:503-16.
16. Hansson GK. 1999. Inflammation and immune response in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 1:150-5.
17. Hansson GK. 2005. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med 352:1685-95.
18. Hanus L, Breuer A, Tchilibon S, Shiloah S, Goldenberg D, Horowitz M, Pertwee RG, Ross RA, Mechoulam R, Fride E. 1999. HU-308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14228-33.
19. Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Muller-Newen G, Schaper F. 2003. Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374:1-20.
20. Hillard CJ. 2000. Endocannabinoids and vascular function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294:27-32.
21. Horiuchi M, Cui TX, Li Z, Li JM, Nakagami H, Iwai M. 2003. Fluvastatin enhances the inhibitory effects of a selective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, valsartan, on vascular neointimal formation. Circulation 107:106-12.
22. Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM. 1988. Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model. Mol Pharmacol 33:297-302.
23. Huang KC, Chen CW, Chen JC, Lin WW. 2003. Statins induce suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in macrophages. FEBS Lett 555:385-9.
24. Huffman JW, Zengin G, Wu MJ, Lu J, Hynd G, Bushell K, Thompson AL, Bushell S, Tartal C, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Selley DE, Cassidy MP,Wiley JL, Martin BR. 2005. Structure-activity relationships for 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles at the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors: steric and electronic effects of naphthoyl substituents. New highly selective CB(2) receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 13:89-112.
25. Ibrahim MM, Deng H, Zvonok A, Cockayne DA, Kwan J, Mata HP, Vanderah TW, Lai J, Porreca F, Makriyannis A, Malan TP Jr. 2003. Activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors by AM1241 inhibits experimental neuropathic pain: pain inhibition by receptors not present in the CNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10529-33.
26. Ibrahim MM, Porreca F, Lai J, Albrecht PJ, Rice FL, Khodorova A, Davar G, Makriyannis A, Vanderah TW, Mata HP, Malan TP Jr. 2005. CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation produces antinociception by stimulating peripheral release of endogenous opioids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3093-8.
27. Jeon YJ, Yang KH, Pulaski JT, Kaminski NE. 1996. Attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B/Rel activation. Mol Pharmacol 50:334-41.
28. Kleemann R, Verschuren L, de Rooij BJ, Lindeman J, de Maat MM, Szalai AJ, Princen HM, Kooistra T. 2004. Evidence for anti-inflammatory activity of statins and PPAR{alpha} activators in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice in vivo and in cultured human hepatocytes in vitro. Blood 103:4188-94.
29. Klein TW, Newton C, Larsen K, Lu L, Perkins I, Nong L, Friedman H. 2003. The cannabinoid system and immune modulation. J Leukoc Biol 74:486-96.
30. Kunos G, Jarai Z, Batkai S, Goparaju SK, Ishac EJ, Liu J, Wang L, Wagner JA. 2000. Endocannabinoids as cardiovascular modulators. Chem Phys Lipids 108:159-68.
31. Libby P. 2002. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420:868-74.
32. Lunn CA, Fine JS, Rojas-Triana A, Jackson JV, Fan X, Kung TT, Gonsiorek W, Schwarz MA, Lavey B, Kozlowski JA, Narula SK, Lundell DJ, Hipkin RW, Bober LA. 2006. A novel cannabinoid CB2 receptor-selective inverse agonist blocks leukocyte recruitment in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 31:780-8.
33. Lutz B. 2002. Molecular biology of cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 66:123-42.
34. Malan TP, Jr., Ibrahim MM, Lai J, Vanderah TW, Makriyannis A, Porreca F. 2003. CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists: pain relief without psychoactive effects? Curr Opin Pharmacol 3:62-67.
35. Malfait AM, Gallily R, Sumariwalla PF, Malik AS, Andreakos E, Mechoulam R, Feldmann M. 2000. The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 17:979561-6.
36. Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, Cannich A, Monory K, Cravatt BF, Ferri GL, Sibaev A, Storr M, Lutz B. 2004. The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest 113:1202-9.
37. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. 1990. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 346:561-4.
38. McAllister SD, Glass M. 2002. CB(1) and CB(2) receptor-mediated signalling: a focus on endocannabinoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 66:161-71.
39. McGilveray IJ. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Res Manag 10:15A-22A.
40. Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L, Ligumsky M, Kaminski NE, Schatz AR, Gopher A, Almog S, Martin BR, Compton DR, Pertwee RG, Griffin G, Bayewitch M, Barg J, Vogel Z. 1995. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 50:83-90.
41. Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. 2001. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation 103:2805-9.
42. Munro S, Thomas KL, Abu-Shaar M. 1993. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365:61-65.
43. Nahas GG. 2001. The pharmacokinetics of THC in fat and brain: resulting functional responses to marihuana smoking. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:247-55.
44. Nahas G, Leger C, Tocque B, Hoellinger H. 1981. The kinetics of cannabinoid distribution and storage with special reference to the brain and testis. J Clin Pharmacol 21:208S-214S.
45. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Brown BG, Ganz P, Vogel RA, Crowe T, Howard G, Cooper CJ, Brodie B, Grines CL, DeMaria AN; REVERSAL Investigators 2004. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 291:1071-80.
46. O'Sullivan SE, Tarling EJ, Bennett AJ, Kendall DA, Randall MD. 2005. Novel time-dependent vascular actions of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337:824-31.
47. Pacher P, Batkai S, Kunos G. 2005. Blood pressure regulation by endocannabinoids and their receptors. Neuropharmacology 48:1130-8.
48. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. 2000. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 102:2165-8.
49. Pasceri V, Cheng JS, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. 2001. Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation 103:2531-4.
50. Paul A, Ko KW, Li L, Yechoor V, McCrory MA, Szalai AJ, Chan L. 2004. C-reactive protein accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 109:647-55.
51. Randall MD, Kendall DA, O'Sullivan S. 2004. The complexities of the cardiovascular actions of cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol 142:20-26.
52. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). 1994. Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344:1383-9.
53. Rattazzi M, Puato M, Faggin E, Bertipaglia B, Zambon A, Pauletto P. 2003. C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in vascular disease: culprits or passive bystanders? J Hypertens 21:1787-803.
54. Ridker PM. 2003. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 107:363-9.
55. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Braunwald E. 1998. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 98:839-44.
56. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwald E. 1999. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 100:230-5.
57. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators. 2005. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. New Engl J Med 352:20-8.
58. Sacerdote P, Martucci C, Vaccani A, Bariselli F, Panerai AE, Colombo A, Parolaro D, Massi P. 2005. The nonpsychoactive component of marijuana cannabidiol modulates chemotaxis and IL-10 and IL-12 production of murine macrophages both in vivo and in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 159:97-105.
59. Schindler C, Darnell JE, Jr. 1995. Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: the JAK-STAT pathway. Annu Rev Biochem 64:621-51.
60. Schuringa JJ, Jonk LJ, Dokter WH, Vellenga E, Kruijer W. 2000. Interleukin-6-induced STAT3 transactivation and Ser727 phosphorylation involves Vav, Rac-1 and the kinase SEK-1/MKK-4 as signal transduction components. Biochem J 347:89-96.
61. Schuringa JJ, Dekker LV, Vellenga E, Kruijer W. 2001. Sequential activation of Rac-1, SEK-1/MKK-4, and protein kinase Cdelta is required for interleukin-6-induced STAT3 Ser-727 phosphorylation and transactivation. J Biol Chem 276:27709-15.
62. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J; ASCOT investigators. 2003. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361:1149-58.
63. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ. 1995. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. New Engl J Med 333:1301-7.
64. Srivastava MD, Srivastava BI, Brouhard B. 2005. Delta9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells. Immunopharmacology 40:179-85.
65. Steffens S, Veillard NR, Arnaud C, Pelli G, Burger F, Staub C, Karsak M, Zimmer A, Frossard JL, Mach F. 2005. Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Nature 434:782-6.
66. Sugiura T, Kondo S, Sukagawa A, Nakane S, Shinoda A, Itoh K, Yamashita A, Waku K. 1995. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: a possible endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand in brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215:89-97.
67. Sumariwalla PF, Gallily R, Tchilibon S, Fride E, Mechoulam R, Feldmann M. 2004. A novel synthetic, nonpsychoactive cannabinoid acid (HU-320) with antiinflammatory properties in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 50:985-98.
68. Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Vernalis MN. 2002. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 106:2055-60.
69. Torzewski M, Rist C, Mortensen RF, Zwaka TP, Bienek M, Waltenberger J, Koenig W, Schmitz G, Hombach V, Torzewski J. 2000. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:2094-9.
70. Valenzano KJ, Tafesse L, Lee G, Harrison JE, Boulet JM, Gottshall SL, Mark L, Pearson MS, Miller W, Shan S, Rabadi L, Rotshteyn Y, Chaffer SM, Turchin PI, Elsemore DA, Toth M, Koetzner L, Whiteside GT. 2005. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characterization of the cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist, GW405833, utilizing rodent models of acute and chronic pain, anxiety, ataxia and catalepsy. Neuropharmacology 48:658-72.
71. Van Sickle MD, Duncan M, Kingsley PJ, Mouihate A, Urbani P, Mackie K, Stella N, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Davison JS, Marnett LJ, Di Marzo V, Pittman QJ, Patel KD, Sharkey KA. 2005. Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Science 310:329-32.
72. Venugopal SK, Devaraj S, Yuhanna I, Shaul P, Jialal I. 2002. Demonstration that C-reactive protein decreases eNOS expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation 106:1439-41.
73. Verma S, Li SH, Badiwala MV, Weisel RD, Fedak PW, Li RK, Dhillon B, Mickle DA. 2002a. Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation 105:1890-6.
74. Verma S, Wang CH, Li SH, Dumont AS, Fedak PW, Badiwala MV, Dhillon B, Weisel RD, Li RK, Mickle DA, Stewart DJ. 2002b. A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation 106:913-9.
75. Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. 2003. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin Rehabil 17:21-9.
76. Wang CH, Li SH, Weisel RD, Fedak PW, Dumont AS, Szmitko P, Li RK, Mickle DA, Verma S. 2003. C-reactive protein upregulates angiotensin type 1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Circulation 107:1783-90.
77. Wen Z, Zhong Z, Darnell JE, Jr. 1995. Maximal activation of transcription by Stat1 and Stat3 requires both tyrosine and serine phosphorylation. Cell 82:241-50.
78. Wiklund O, Mattsson-Hulten L, Hurt-Camejo E, Oscarsson J. 2002. Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin on inflammation markers in plasma. J Intern Med 251:338-47.
79. Yuan M, Kiertscher SM, Cheng Q, Zoumalan R, Tashkin DP, Roth MD. 2002. Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in activated human T cells. J Neuroimmunol 133:124-31.
80. Zhang D, Sun M, Samols D, Kushner I. 1994. STAT3 participates in transcriptional activation of the C-reactive protein gene by interleukin-6. J Biol Chem 271:9503-9.
81. Zhang D, Jiang SL, Rzewnicki D, Samols D, Kushner I. 1995. The effect of interleukin-1 on C-reactive protein expression in Hep3B cells is exerted at the transcriptional level. Biochem J 310(Pt 1):143-8.
82. Zhong Z, Wen Z, Darnell JE, Jr. 1994. Stat3: a STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Science 264:95-98.
83. Zwaka TP, Hombach V, Torzewski J. 2001. C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages: implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation 103:1194-7.