Environmental genotoxicants/carcinogens and childhood cancer: Bridgeable gaps in scientific knowledge

Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis

Volumn 608, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 136-156

  Anderson, Lucy M ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Carcinogen metabolism; Childhood cancer; DNA repair enzymes; Environmental; Genotoxicants carcinogens; Perinatal

Indexed keywords

ACYLTRANSFERASE; BENZENE; CARCINOGEN; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE; SULFOTRANSFERASE; TOBACCO SMOKE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTOMA; BIOASSAY; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DIET; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EXTREMELY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; GENE MUTATION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOTOXICITY; GERM CELL TUMOR; HEPATOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; MEDULLOBLASTOMA; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NEUROBLASTOMA; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; ONTOGENY; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION; RETINOBLASTOMA; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; X RAY;

ANIMALS; CARCINOGENS, ENVIRONMENTAL; CHILD; DNA REPAIR ENZYMES; EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MICE; MODELS, ANIMAL; MUTAGENS; NEOPLASMS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTORS;

ANIMALIA; NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 33748325748     PISSN: 13835718     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.016     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Ebb D.H., Green D.M., Shamberger R.C., and Tarbell N.J. Solid tumors of childhood. In: DeVita V.T., Hellman S., and Rosenberg S.A. (Eds). Cancer. Principles & Practice of Oncology. sixth ed. (2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2169-2214
2. Landrigan P.J., Suk W.A., and Amler R.W. Chemical wastes, children's health, and the Superfund Basic Research Program. Environ. Health Perspect. 107 (1999) 423-427
3. Suk W.A., Murray K., and Avakian M.D. Environmental hazards to children's health in the modern world. Mutat. Res. 544 (2003) 235-242
4. Wild C.P., and Kleinjans J. Children and increased susceptibility to environmental carcinogens: evidence or empathy?. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12 (2003) 1389-1394
5. Kimmel G.L. An overview of children as a special population-relevance to predictive biomarkers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206 (2005) 215-218
6. Anderson L.M., Diwan B.A., Fear N.T., and Roman E. Critical windows of exposure for children's health: cancer in human epidemiological studies and neoplasms in experimental animal models. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 Suppl. 3 (2000) 573-594
7. Anderson L.M. Predictive values of traditional animal bioassay studies for human perinatal carcinogenesis risk determinations. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (2004) 162-174
8. Steliarova-Foucher E., Stiller C., Kaatsch P., Berrino F., Coebergh J.-W., Lacour B., and Parkin M. Geographical patterns and time trends of cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents in Europe since the 1970s (the ACCIS project): an epidemiological study. Lancet 364 (2004) 2097-2105
9. Weidmann C., Black R.J., Masuyer E., and Parkin D.M. Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children between 1970 and 1990 in nine European countries. Eur. J. Cancer 35 (1999) 1235-1237
10. Magnani C., Dalmasso P., Pastore G., Terracini B., Martuzzi M., Mosso M.L., and Merletti F. Increasing incidence of childhood leukemia in northwest Italy. Int. J. Cancer 105 (2003) 552-557
11. McNally R.J., Cairns D.P., Eden O.B., Kelsy A.M., Taylor G.M., and Birch J.M. Temporal increases in the incidence of childhood solid tumors seen in Northwest England (1954-1998) are likely to be real. Cancer 92 (2001) 1967-1976
12. McNally R.J., Cairns D.P., Eden O.B., Kelsy A.M., Taylor G.M., and Birch J.M. Examination of temporal trends in the incidence of childhood leukaemias and lymphomas provides aetiological clues. Leukemia 15 (2001) 1612-1618
13. Birch J.M., Alston R.D., Kelsey A.M., Quinn M.J., Babb P., and McNally R.J. Classification and incidence of cancers in adolescents and young adults in England 1979-1997. Br. J. Cancer 87 (2002) 1267-1274
14. Stat Bite. Incidence of and mortality from childhood cancers, 1975-2000. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95 (2004) 1506
15. Bunin G.R. Nongenetic causes of childhood cancers: evidence from international variation, time trends, and risk factor studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 199 (2004) 91-103
16. Smith M.A., Freidlin B., Ries L.A., and Simon R. Trends in reported incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90 (1998) 1269-1277
17. Linet M.S., Ries L.A.G., Smith M.A., Tarone R.E., and Devesa S.S. Cancer surveillance series: recent trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999) 1051-1058
18. Hjalgrim L.L., Westergaard T., Rostgaard K., Schmiegelow K., Melbye M., Hjalgrim H., and Engels E.A. Birth weight as a risk factor for childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 158 (2003) 724-735
19. Hjalgrim L.L., Rostgaard K., Hjalgrim H., Westergaard T., Thomassen H., Forestier E., Gustafsson G., Kristinsson J., Melbye M., and Schmiegelow K. Birth weight and risk for childhood leukemia in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96 (2004) 1549-1556
20. Lee J., Chia K.S., Cheung K.H., Chia S.E., and Lee H.P. Birthweight and the risk of early childhood cancer among Chinese in Singapore. Int. J. Cancer 110 (2004) 465-467
21. Paltiel O., Harlap S., Deutsch L., Knaanie A., Massalha S., Tiram E., Barchana M., and Friedlander Y. Birth weight and other risk factors for acute leukemia in the Jerusalem perinatal study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13 (2004) 1057-1064
22. Yeazel M.W., Ross J.A., Buckley J.D., Woods W.G., Ruccione K., and Robison L.L. High birthweight and risk of specific childhood cancers: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. J. Pediatr. 131 (1997) 671-677
23. Von Behren J., and Reynolds P. Birth characteristics and brain cancers in young children. Int. J. Epidemiol. 32 (2003) 248-256
24. Heuch J.M., Heuch I., Akslen L.A., and Kvale G. Risk of primary childhood brain tumors related to birth characteristics: a Norwegian prospective study. Int. J. Cancer 77 (1998) 498-503
25. McCormack V.A., dos Santos S.I., Koupil I., Leon D.A., and Lithell H.O. Birth characteristics and adult cancer incidence: Swedish cohort of over 11,000 men and women. Int. J. Cancer 115 (2005) 611-617
26. Andersson S.W., Bengtsson C., Hallberg L., Lapidus L., Niklasson A., Wallgren A., and Hulthen L. Cancer risk in Swedish women: the relation to size at birth. Br. J. Cancer 84 (2001) 1193-1198
27. Waterland R.A., and Garza C. Potential mechanisms of metabolic imprinting that lead to chronic disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69 (1999) 179-197
28. McNally R.J.Q., and Eden T.O.B. An infectious aetiology for childhood acute leukemia: a review of the evidence. Br. J. Haematol. 127 (2004) 243-263
29. Stolt A., Kjellin M., Sasnausakas K., Luostarinen T., Koskela P., Lehtinen M., and Dillner J. Maternal human polyoma virus infection and risk of neuroblastoma in the child. Int. J. Cancer 113 (2005) 393-396
30. Rollison D.E., Utaipat U., Ryschkewitsch C., Hou J., Goldthwaite P., Daniel R., Helzlsouer K.J., Burger P.C., Shah K.V., and Major E.O. Investigation of human brain tumors for the presence of polyomavirus genome sequences by two independent laboratories. Int. J. Cancer 113 (2005) 769-774
31. Okamoto H., Mineta T., Ueda S., Nakahara Y., Shiraishi T., Tamiya T., and Tabuchi K. Detection of JC virus DNA sequences in brain tumors in pediatric patients. J. Neurosurg. 102 Suppl. 3 (2005) 294-298
32. Kinlen L.J. Evidence for an infective cause of childhood leukaemia: comparison of a Scottish new town with nuclear reprocessing sites in Britain. Lancet ii (1988) 1323-1327
33. Kinlen L.J. Epidemiological evidence for an infective basis in childhood leukaemia. Br. J. Cancer 71 (1995) 1-5
34. Greaves M.F. Speculations on the cause of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2 (1988) 120-125
35. Gilham C., Peto J., Simpson J., Roman E., Eden T.O., Greaves M.F., Alexander F.E., and UKCCS Investigators. Day care in infancy and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: findings from UK case-control study. Br. Med. J. 330 (2005) 1294
36. Balta G., Yuksek N., Ozyurek E., Ertem U., Hicsonmez G., Altay C., and Gurgey A. Characterization of MTHFR, GSTM1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 genotypes in childhood acute leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 73 (2003) 154-160
37. Kracht T., Schrappe M., Strehl S., Reiter A., Elsner H.A., Trka J., Cario G., Viehmann S., Harbott J., Borkhardt A., Metzler M., Langer T., Repp R., Marschalek R., Welte K., Haas O.A., and Stanulla M. NQO1 C609T polymorphism in distinct entities of pediatric hematologic neoplasms. Haematology 89 (2004) 1492-1497
38. Joseph T., Kusumakumary P., Chacko P., Abraham A., and Radhakrishna P.M. Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTT1 and susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Indian children. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 43 (2004) 560-567
39. Zielinska E., Zubowska M., and Bodalski J. Polymorphism within the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to childhood malignant diseases. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 43 (2004) 552-559
40. Canalle R., Burim R.V., Tone L.G., and Takahashi C.S. Genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 43 (2004) 100-109
41. Pakakasama S., Mukda E., Sasankul W., Kadegasem P., Udomsubpayakul U., Thithapandha A., and Hongeng S. Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 79 (2005) 202-205
42. Gale K.B., Ford A.M., Repp R., Borkhardt A., Keller C., Eden O.B., and Greaves M.F. Backtracking leukemia to birth: identification of clonotypic gene fusion sequences in neonatal blood spots. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (1997) 13950-13954
43. Ford A.M., Bennett C.A., Price C.M., Bruin M.C., Van Wering E.R., and Greaves M. Fetal origins of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene is identical twins with leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 4584-4588
44. Wiemels J.L., Xiao Z., Buffler P.A., Maia A.T., Ma X., Dicks B.M., Smith M.T., Zhang L., Feusner J., Wiencke J., Pritchard-Jones K., Kempski H., and Greaves M. In utero origin of t(8:21) AML1-ETO translocations in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 99 (2002) 3801-3805
45. Greaves M.F., and Wiemels J. Origins of chromosome translocations in childhood leukemia. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3 (2003) 639-649
46. McHale C.M., and Smith M.T. Prenatal origin of chromosome translocations in acute childhood leukemia: implications and future directions. Am. J. Hematol. 75 (2004) 254-257
47. Smith M.T., McHale C.M., Wiemels J.L., Zhang L., Wiencke J.K., Zheng S., Gunn L., Skibola C.F., Ma X., and Buffler P.A. Molecular markers for the study of childhood leukemia. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206 (2005) 237-245
48. Neri M., Fucic A., Knudsen L.E., Lando C., Merlo F., and Bonassi S. Micronuclei frequency in children exposed to environmental mutagens: a review. Mutat. Res. 544 (2003) 243-254
49. Neri M., Ugolini D., Bonassi S., Fucic A., Holland N., Knudsen L.E., Sram R.J., Ceppi M., Bocchini V., and Merlo D.F. Children's exposure to environmental pollutants and biomarkers of genetic damage. II. Results of a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis. Mutat. Res. 612 (2005) 14-39
50. Strick R., Strissel P.L., Borgers S., Smith S.L., and Rowley J.D. Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in the MLL gene and may contribute to infant leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 4790-4795
51. Wiemels J.L., Pagnamenta A., Taylor G.M., Eden O.B., Alexander F.E., and Greaves M.F. A lack of a functional NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase allele is selectively associated with pediatric leukemias that have MLL fusions. United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study Investigators. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 4095-4099
52. Smith M.T., Wang Y., Skibola C.F., Slater D.J., Lo Nigro L., Nowell P.C., Lange B.J., and Felix C.A. Low NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity is associated with increased risk of leukemia with MLL translocations in infants and children. Blood 100 (2002) 4590-4593
53. Ross J.A., Potter J.D., Reaman G.H., Pendergrass T.W., and Robison L.L. Maternal exposure to protential inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II and infant leukemia (United States): a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Cancer Causes Control 7 (1996) 581-590
54. Ross J.A. Maternal diet and infant leukemia: a role for DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors?. Int. J. Cancer Suppl. 11 (1998) 26-28
55. Alexander F.E., Patheal S.L., Biondi A., Brandalise S., Cabrera M.E., Chan L.C., Chen Z., Cimino G., Cordoba J.C., Gu L.H., Hussein H., Ishii E., Kamel A.M., Labra S., Magalhaes I.Q., Mizutani S., Petridou E., Pombo de Oliveira M., Yuen P., Wiemels J.L., and Greaves M.F. Transplacental chemical exposure and risk of infant leukemia with MLL gene fusion. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 2542-2546
56. Ross J.A. Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: a pathway to infant leukemia?. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (2000) 4411-4413
57. Spector L.G., Xie Y., Robison L.L., Heerema N.A., Hilden J.M., Lange B., Felix C.A., Davies S.M., Slavin J., Potter J.D., Blair C.K., Reaman G.H., and Ross J.A. Maternal diet and infant leukemia: the DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor hypothesis: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 651-655
58. Paolini M., Sapone A., and Valgimigli L. Avoidance of bioflavonoid supplements during pregnancy: a pathway to infant leukemia?. Mutat. Res. 527 (2003) 99-101
59. Boffetta P., Tredaniel J., and Greco A. Risk of childhood cancer and adult lung cancer after childhood exposure to passive smoke: a meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (2000) 73-82
60. Huncharek M., Kupelnick B., and Klassen H. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors: a meta-analysis of 6566 subjects from twelve epidemiological studies. J. Neurooncol. 57 (2002) 51-57
61. Filippini G., Maisonneuve P., McCredie M., Peris-Bonet R., Modan B., Preston-Martin S., Mueller B.A., Hoffy E.A., Cordier S., Choi N.W., Little J., Arslan A., and Boyle P. Relation of childhood brain tumors to exposure of parents and children to tobacco smoke: the SEARCH international case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 100 (2002) 206-213
62. Chen Z., Robison L., Giller R., Krailo M., Davis M., Gardner K., Davies S., and Shu X.O. Risk of childhood germ cell tumors in association with parental smoking and drinking. Cancer 103 (2005) 1064-1071
63. Pang D., McNally R., and Birch J.M. Parental smoking and childhood cancer: results from the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study. Br. J. Cancer 88 (2003) 373-381
64. Coghlin J., Gann P.H., Hammond S.K., Skipper P.L., Taghizadeh K., Paul M., and Tannenbaum S.R. 4-Aminobiphenyl hemoglobin adducts in fetuses exposed to the tobacco smoke carcinogen in utero. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83 (1991) 274-280
65. Lackmann G.M., Salzberger U., Tollner U., Chen M., Carmella S.G., and Hecht S.S. Metabolites of a tobacco-specific carcinogen in urine from newborns. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999) 459-465
66. Hansen C., Asmussen I., and Autrup H. Detection of carcinogen-DNA adducts in human fetal tissues by the 32P-postlabeling procedure. Environ. Health Perspect. 99 (1993) 229-231
67. Ammenheuser M.M., Berenson A.B., Stiglich N.J., Whorton E.B., and Ward J.B. Elevated frequencies of hprt mutant lymphocytes in cigarette-smoking mothers and their newborns. Mutat. Res. 304 (1994) 285-294
68. Finette B.A., O'Neill J.P., Vacek P.M., and Albertini R.J. Gene mutations with characteristic deletions in cord blood T lymphocytes associated with passive maternal exposure to tobacco smoke. Nat. Med. 4 (1998) 1144-1151
69. Whyatt R.M., Jedrychowski W., Hemminki K., Santella M.R., Tsai W.Y., Yang K., and Perera F.P. Biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA damage and cigarette smoke exposure in paired maternal and newborn blood samples as a measure of differential susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10 (2001) 581-588
70. Keohavong P., Xi L., Day R.D., Zhang L., Grant S.G., Day B.W., Ness R.B., and Bigbee W.L. HPRT gene alterations in umbilical cord blood T-lymphocytes in newborns of mothers exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Mutat. Res. 572 (2005) 156-166
71. de la Chica R.A., Ribas I., Giraldo J., Ergozcue J., and Fuster C. Chromosomal instability in amniocytes from fetuses of mothers who smoke. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293 (2005) 1212-1222
72. DeMarini D.M., and Preston R.J. Smoking while pregnant. Transplacental mutagenesis of the fetus by tobacco smoke. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293 (2005) 1264-1265
73. Perera F., Tang D., Whyatt R., Lederman S.A., and Jedrychowski W. DNA damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured by benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in mothers and newborns from Northern Manhattan, the World Trade Center Area, Poland, and China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 709-714
74. Bocskay K.A., Tang D., Orjeula M.A., Liu X., Warburton D.P., and Perera F.P. Chromosomal aberrations in cord blood are associated with prenatal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14 (2005) 506-511
75. Stjernfeldt M., Berglund K., Lindsten J., and Ludvigsson J. Maternal smoking and irradiation during pregnancy as risk factors for child leukemia. Cancer Detect. Prev. 16 (1992) 129-135
76. Cole C. Registering childhood cancers. Lancet 364 (2004) 2074-2076
77. Lobdell D.T., and Mendola P. Development of a biomarkers database for the National Children's Study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206 (2005) 269-273
78. Zhu Y., Spitz M.R., Amos C.I., Lin J., Schabath M.B., and Wu X. An evolutionary perspective on single-nucleotide polymorphism screening in molecular cancer epidemiology. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 2251-2257
79. Xi T., Jones I.M., and Mohrenweiser H.W. Many amino acid substitution variants identified in DNA repair genes during human population screenings are predicted to impact protein function. Genomics 83 (2004) 970-979
80. Infante-Rivard C., Mathonnet G., and Sinnett D. Risk of childhood leukemia associated with diagnostic irradiation and polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (2000) 495-498
81. Infante-Rivard C. Diagnostic X rays, DNA repair genes and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Health Phys. 85 (2003) 60-64
82. Mathonnet G., Krajinovic M., Labuda D., and Sinnett D. Role of DNA mismatch repair genetic polymorphisms in the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 123 (2003) 45-48
83. Joseph T., Kusumakumary P., Chacko P., Abraham A., and Pillai M.R. DNA repair gene XRCC1 polymorphisms in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Lett. 217 (2005) 17-24
84. Relton C.L., Daniel C.P., Hammal D.M., Parker L., Tawn E.J., and Burn J. DNA repair gene polymorphisms, pre-natal factors and the frequency of somatic mutations in the glycophorin-A gene among healthy newborns. Mutat. Res. 545 (2000) 49-57
85. Miller M.S. Transplacental lung carcinogenesis: molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198 (2004) 95-110
86. Lu L.J., and Wang M.Y. Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene covalent DNA modifications in adult and fetal mice by gestation stage. Carcinogenesis 11 (1990) 1367-1372
87. Lu L.J., Anderson L.M., Jones A.B., Moskal T.J., Salazar J.J., Hokanson J.A., and Rice J.M. Persistence, gestation-stage dependent formation and interrelationship of benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA adducts in mothers, placentae and fetuses of Erythrocebus patas monkeys. Carcinogenesis 14 (1993) 1805-1813
88. Blake M.J., Castro L., Leeder J.S., and Kearns G.L. Ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes in the neonate. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 10 (2005) 123-138
89. Choudhary D., Jansson I., Sarfarazi M., and Schenkman J.B. Xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochromes P450 in ontogeny: evolving perspective. Drug Metab. Rev. 236 (2004) 549-568
90. Yang H.Y., Lee Q.P., Rettie A.E., and Juchau M.R. Functional cytochrome P4503A isoforms in human embryonic tissues: expression during organogenesis. Mol. Pharmacol. 46 (1994) 922-928
91. Lacroix D., Sonnier M., Moncion A., Cheron G., and Cresteil T. Expression of CYP3A in the human liver-evidence that the shift between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 occurs immediately after birth. Eur. J. Biochem. 247 (1997) 625-634
92. Cresteil T. Onset of xenobiotic metabolism in children: toxicological implications. Food Addit. Contam. 15 Suppl. (1998) 45-51
93. Stevens J.C., Hines R.N., Gu C., Koukouritaki S.B., Manro J.R., Tandler P.J., and Zaya M.J. Developmental expression of the major human hepatic CYP3A enzymes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 (2003) 573-582
94. Doi A.M., Patterson P.E., and Gallagher E.P. Variability in aflatoxin B(1)-macromolecular binding and relationship to biotransformation enzyme expression in human prenatal and adult liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 181 (2002) 48-59
95. Rodriguez-Antona C., Jande M., Rane A., and Ingelman-Sundberg M. Identification and phenotype characterization of the two CYP3A haplotypes causing different enzymatic capacity in fetal livers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 77 (2005) 259-270
96. Kitada M., Kamataki T., Itahashi K., Rikihisa T., Kato R., and Kanakubo Y. Purification and properties of cytochrome P-450 from homogenates of human fetal livers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 241 (1985) 275-280
97. Kitada M., Kamataki T., Itahashi K., Rikihisa R., and Kanakubo Y. Significance of cytochrome P-450 (P-450 HFLa) of human fetal livers in the steroid and drug oxidations. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36 (1987) 453-456
98. Kitada M., Taneda M., Itahashi K., and Kamataki T. Four forms of cytochrome P-450 in human fetal liver: purification and their capacity to activate promutagens. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 82 (1991) 426-432
99. Hashimoto H., Yanagawa Y., Sawada M., Itoh S., Deguchi T., and Kamataki T. Simultaneous expression of human CYP3A7 and N-acetyltransferase in Chinese hamster CHL cells results in high cytotoxicity for carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 320 (1995) 323-329
100. Shimada T., Yamazaki H., Mimura M., Wakamiya N., Ueng Y.F., Guengerich F.P., and Inui Y. Characterization of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of xenobiotic chemicals in human fetal liver and adult lungs. Drug Metab. Dispos. 24 (1996) 515-522
101. Lamba J.K., Lin Y.S., Schuetz E.G., and Thummel K.E. Genetic contribution to variable human CYP3A-mediated metabolism. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54 (2002) 1271-1294
102. Burk O., and Wojnowski L. Cytochrome P450 3A and their regulation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 369 (2004) 105-124
103. Wojnowski L. Genetics of the variable expression of CYP3A in humans. Ther. Drug Monit. 26 (2004) 192-199
104. Rodriguez-Antona C., Axelson M., Otter C., and Ingelman-Sundberg M. A novel polymorphic cytochrome-450 formed by splicing of CYP3A7 and the pseudogene CYP3AP1. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 28324-28331
105. Li Y., Yokoi T., Sasaki M., Hattori K., Katsuki M., and Kamataki T. Perinatal expression and inducibility of human CYP3A7 in C57BL/6N transgenic mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228 (1996) 312-317
106. Juchau M.R., Boutelet-Bochan H., and Huang Y. Cytochrome-P450-dependent biotransformation of xenobiotics in human and rodent embryonic tissues. Drug Metab. Rev. 30 (1998) 541-568
107. Hakkola H., Pelkonen O., Pasanen M., and Raunio H. Xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in the human feto-placental unit: role in intrauterine toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 28 (1998) 35-72
108. Oesterheld J.R. A review of developmental aspects of cytochrome P450. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. 8 (1998) 161-174
109. Omiecinski C.J., Redlich C.A., and Costa P. Induction and developmental expression of cytochrome P450IA1 messenger RNA in rat and human tissues: detection by the polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 50 (1990) 4315-4321
110. Choudhary D., Jansson I., Stoilov I., Sarfarazi M., and Schenkman J.B. Expression patterns of mouse and human CYP orthologs (families 1-4) during development and in different adult tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 436 (2005) 50-61
111. Krajinovic M., Labuda D., Richer C., Karimi S., and Sinnett D. Susceptibility of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: influence of CYP1A1, CYP2D6, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms. Blood 93 (1999) 1496-1501
112. Infante-Rivard C., Labuda D., Krajinovic M., and Sinnett D. Risk of childhood leukemia associated with exposure to pesticides and with gene polymorphisms. Epidemiology 10 (1999) 481-487
113. Infante-Rivard C., Krajinovic M., Labuda D., and Sinnett D. Parental smoking, CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and childhood leukemia (Quebec, Canada). Cancer Causes Control 11 (2000) 547-553
114. Whyatt R.M., Bell D.A., Jedrychowski W., Santella R.M., Garte S.J., Cosma G., Manchester D.K., Young T.L., Cooper T.B., Ottman R., and Perera F.P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human placenta and modulation by CYP1A1 induction and phenotype. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1389-1392
115. Whyatt R.M., Santella R.M., Jedrychowski W., Garte S.J., Bell D.A., Ottman R., Gladek-Yarborough A., Cosma G., Young T.L., Cooper T.B., Randall M.C., Manchester D.K., and Perera F.P. Relationship between ambient air pollution and DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns. Environ. Health Perspect. 106 Suppl. 3 (1998) 1389-1392
116. Pluth J.M., Ramsey M.J., and Tucker J.D. Role of maternal exposures and newborn genotypes on newborn chromosome aberration frequencies. Mutat. Res. 465 (2000) 101-111
117. Chen D., Hu Y., Yang F., Li Z., Wu B., Fang Z., Li J., and Wang L. Cytochrome P450 gene polymorphisms and risk of low birth weight. Genet. Epidemiol. 28 (2005) 368-375
118. Wang X., Chen D., Niu T., Wang Z., Wang L., Ryan L., Smith T., Christiani D.C., Zuckerman B., and Xu X. Genetic susceptibility to benzene and shortened gestation: evidence of gene-environment interaction. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152 (2000) 693-700
119. Shimada T., Hayes C.L., Yamazaki H., Amin S., Hecht S.S., Guengerich F.P., and Sutter T.R. Activation of chemically diverse procarcinogens by human cytochrome P-450 1B1. Cancer Res. 56 (1996) 2979-2984
120. Murray G.I., Melvin W.T., Greenlee W.F., and Burke M.D. Regulation, function, and tissue-specific expression of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1. Ann. Rev. Pharmcol. Toxicol. 41 (2001) 297-316
121. Hakkola J., Pasanen M., Pelkonen O., Hukkanen J., Evisalmi S., Anttila S., Rane A., Mantyla M., Purkunen R., Saarikoski S., Tooming M., and Raunio H. Expression of CYP1B1 in human adult and fetal tissues and differential inducibility of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 by Ah receptor ligands in human placenta and cultured cells. Carcinogenesis 18 (1997) 391-397
122. Zhang X., Zhang Q.Y., Liu D., Su T., Weng Y., Ling G., Chen Y., Gu J., Schilling B., and Ding X. Expression of cytochrome P450 and other biotransformation genes in fetal and adult human nasal mucosa. Drug Metab. Dispos. 33 (2005) 1423-1428
123. Shimada T., Watanabe J., Kawajiri K., Sutter T.R., Guengerich F.P., Gillam E.M., and Inoue K. Catalytic properties of polymorphic human cytochrome P450 1B1 variants. Carcinogenesis 20 (1999) 1607-1613
124. Aklillu E., Ovrebo S., Botnen I.V., Otter C., and Ingelman-Sundberg M. Characterization of common CYP1B1 variants with different capacity for benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol epoxide formation from benzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 5105-5111
125. Toide K., Yamazaki H., Nagashima R., Itoh K., Iwano S., Takahashi Y., Watanabe S., and Kamataki T. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase represents CYP1B1, and not CYP1A1, in human freshly isolated white cells: trimodal distribution of Japanese population according to induction of CYP1B1 mRNA by environmental dioxins. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10 (2003) 1116-1117
126. Sonnier M., and Cresteil T. Delayed ontogenesis of CYP1A2 in the human liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 251 (1998) 893-898
127. Treluyer J.M., Jacqz-Aigrain E., Alvarez F., and Cresteil T. Expression of CYP2D6 in developing human liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 202 (1991) 583-588
128. Gilham D.E., Cairns W., Paine M.J., Modi S., Poulsom R., Roberts G.C., and Wolf C.R. Metabolism of MPTP by cytochrome P4502D6 and the demonstration of 2D6 mRNA in human feotal and adult brain by in situ hybridization. Xenobiotica 27 (1997) 111-125
129. Carpenter S.P., Lasker J.M., and Raucy J.L. Expression, induction, and catalytic activity of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) in human fetal liver and hepatocytes. Mol. Pharmacol. 49 (1996) 260-268
130. Johnsrud E.K., Koukouritaki S.B., Divakaran K., Brunengraber L., Hines R.N., and McCarver D.G. Human hepatic CYP2E1 expression during development. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 (2003) 402-407
131. Vieira I., Pasanen M., Raunio H., and Cresteil T. Expression of CYP2E1 in human lung and kidney during development and in full-term placenta: a differential methylation of the gene is involved in the regulation process. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 83 (1998) 183-187
132. Brzezinski M.R., Boutelet-Bochan H., Person R.E., Fantel A.G., and Juchau M.R. Catalytic activity and quantitation of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in prenatal human brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289 (1999) 1648-1653
133. Krajinovic M., Sinnett H., Richer C., Labuda D., and Sinnett D. Role of NQO1, MPO, and CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms in the susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int. J. Cancer 97 (2002) 230-236
134. Infante-Rivard C., Amre D., and Sinnett D. GSTT1 and CYP2E1 polymorphisms and trihalomethanes in drinking water: effect on childhood leukemia. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (2002) 591-593
135. Raijmakers M.T., Steegers E.A., and Peters W.H. Glutathione S-transferases and thiol concentrations in embryonic and early fetal tissues. Hum. Reprod. 16 (2001) 2445-2450
136. van Lieshout E.M., Knapen M.F., Lange W.P., Steegers E.A., and Peters W.H. Localization of glutathione S-transferase alpha and pi in human embryonic tissues at 8 weeks gestational age. Hum. Reprod. 13 (1998) 1380-1386
137. Mathew J., Cattan A.R., Hall A.G., Hines J.E., Nelson R., Eastham E., and Burt A.D. Gluthatione S-transferase in neonatal liver disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 45 (1992) 679-683
138. Harrison D.J., Hallam L., and Lauder J. Glutathione S-transferase expression in fetal kidney and Wilms' tumour. Br. J. Cancer 61 (1990) 836-840
139. Gallagher E.P., and Gardner J.L. Comparative expression of two alpha class glutathione S-transferases in human adult and prenatal liver tissues. Biochem. Pharmacol. 63 (2002) 2025-2036
140. Pacifici G.M., Franchi M., Colizzi C., Giulani L., and Rane A. Glutathione S-transferase in humans: development and tissue distribution. Arch. Toxicol. 61 (1988) 265-269
141. Chen C.L., Liu Q., Pui C.H., Rivera G.K., Sandlund J.T., Ribeiro R., Evans W.E., and Relling M.V. Higher frequency of glutathione S-transferase deletions in black children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 89 (1997) 1701-1707
142. Davies S.M., Robison L.L., Buckley J.D., Radloff G.A., Ross J.A., and Perentesis J.P. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in children with myeloid leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 563-566
143. Krajinovic M., Labuda D., and Sinnett D. Glutathione S-transferase P1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pharmacogenetics 12 (2002) 655-658
144. Zubowska M., Zielinska E., Zmyslowska A., and Bodalski J. Increased frequency of A-G transition at exon 5 of GSTP1 as a genetic risk factor for acute childhood leukemia. Med. Wieku. Rozwoj. 8 (2004) 245-257
145. Zielinska E., Zubowska M., and Bodalski J. Polymorphism within the glutathione S-transferase P1 gene is associated with increased susceptibility to childhood malignant diseases. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 43 (2004) 552-559
146. Davies S.M., Bhatia S., Ross J.A., Kiffmeyer W.R., Gaynon P.S., Radloff G.A., Robison L.L., and Perentesis J.P. Glutathione S-transferase genotypes, genetic susceptibility, and outcome of therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 100 (2002) 67-71
147. Hong Y.C., Kim H., Im M.W., Lee K.H., Woo B.H., and Christiani D.C. Maternal genetic effects on neonatal susceptibility to oxidative damage from environmental tobacco smoke. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93 (2001) 645-647
148. Garte S., Taioli E., Crosti F., Sainati L., Barisone E., Luciani M., Jankovic M., and Biondi A.G. Deletion of parental GST genes as a possible susceptibility factor in the etiology of infant leukemia. Leuk. Res. 24 (2000) 971-974
149. Pacifici G.M., Colizzi C., Giulani L., and Rane A. Nuclear epoxide hydrolase in the human fetal and adult liver. Pharmacology 28 (1984) 321-328
150. Pacifici G.M., Peng E., and Rane A. Epoxide hydrolase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in human fetal tissues: activities in nuclear and microsomal fractions and in isolated hepatocytes. Pediatr. Pharmacol. 3 (1983) 189-197
151. Omiecinski C.J., Aicher L., and Swenson L. Developmental expression of human microsomal epoxide hydrolases. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269 (1994) 417-423
152. Cresteil T., Beaune P., Kremers P., Celier C., Guengerich F.P., and Leroux J.P. Immunoquantification of epoxide hydrolase and cytochrome P-450 isozymes in fetal and adult human liver microsomes. Eur. J. Biochem. 151 (1985) 345-350
153. Hume R., Coughtrie M.W., and Burchell B. Differential localisation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in kidney during human embryonic and fetal development. Arch. Toxicol. 69 (1995) 242-247
154. de Wildt S.N., Kearns G.L., Leeder J.S., and van den Anker J.N. Glucuronidation in humans. Pharmacogenetic and developmental aspects. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 36 (1999) 439-452
155. Coughtrie M.W., Burchell B., Leakey J.E., and Hume R. The inadequacy of perinatal glucuronidation: immunoblot analysis of the developmental
156. Gow P.J., Ghabrial H., Smallwood R.A., Morgan D.J., and Ching M.S. Neonatal hepatic drug elimination. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 88 (2001) 3-15
157. Strassburg C.P., Strassburg A., Kneip S., Barut A., Tukey R.H., Rodbeck B., and Manns M.P. Developmental aspects of human hepatic drug glucuronidation in young children and adults. Gut 50 (2002) 259-265
158. Coughtrie M.W. Sulfation through the looking glass-recent advances in sulfotransferase research for the curious. Pharmacogenetics 2 (2002) 297-308
159. Kauffman F.C. Sulfonation in pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Metab. Rev. 36 (2004) 823-843
160. Chou H.C., Lang N.P., and Kadlubar F.F. Metabolic activation of the N-hydroxy derivative of the carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl by human tissue sulfotransferases. Carcinogenesis 16 (1995) 413-417
161. Chou H.C., Ozawa S., Fu P.P., Lang N.P., and Kadlubar F.F. Metabolic activation of methyl-hydroxylated derivatives of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by human liver dehydroepiandrosterone-steroid sulfotransferase. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1071-1076
162. Glatt H., Pabel U., Meinl W., Frederiksen H., Frandsen H., and Muckel E. Bioactivation of the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) in recombinant test systems expressing human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Carcinogenesis 25 (2004) 801-807
163. Arlt V.M., Stiborova M., Henderson C.J., Osborne M.R., Bieler C.A., Frei E., Martinek V., Sopko B., Wolf C.R., Schmeiser H.H., and Phillips D.H. Environmental pollutant and potent mutagen 3-nitrobenzanthrone forms DNA adducts after reduction by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and conjugation by acetyltransferase and sulfotransferase in human hepatic cytosols. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 2644-2652
164. Teubner W., Meinl W., and Glatt H. Stable expression of rat sulfotransferase 1B1 in V79 cells: activation of benzylic alcohols to mutagens. Carcinogenesis 23 (2002) 1877-1884
165. Stanley E.L., Hume R., and Coughtrie M.W. Expression profiling of human fetal cytosolic sulfotransferases involved in steroid and thyroid hormone metabolism and in detoxification. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 240 (2005) 32-42
166. Bamber D.E., Fryer A.A., Strange R.C., Elder J.B., Deakin M., Rajagopal R., Fawole A., Gilissen R.A., Campbell F.C., and Coughtrie M.W. Phenol sulphotransferase SULT1A1*1 genotype is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Pharmacogenetics 11 (2001) 679-685
167. Pacifici G.M. Sulfation of drugs and hormones in mid-gestation human fetus. Early Hum. Dev. 81 (2005) 573-581
168. Smelt V.A., Upton A., Adjave J., Payton M.A., Boukouvala S., Johnson N., Mardon H.J., and Sim E. Expression of arylamine N-acetyltransferase in pre-term placentas and in human pre-implantation embryos. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9 (2000) 1101-1107
169. Meisler M.H., and Reinke C. A sensitive fluorescent assay for N-acetyltransferase activity in human lymphocytes from newborns and adults. Clin. Chim. Acta 96 (1979) 91-96
170. Krajinovic M., Richer C., Sinnet H., Labuda D., and Sinnett D. Genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 and gene-gene interaction in the susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 557-562
171. Barnea E.R., Shklyar B., Moskowitz A., Barnea J.D., Sheth K., and Rose F.V. Expression of quinone reductase activity in embryonal and adult porcine tissue. Biol. Reprod. 52 (1995) 433-437
172. Vinson R.K., and Hales B.F. DNA repair during organogenesis. Mutat. Res. 509 (2002) 79-91
173. Trikka D., Fang Z., Renwick A., Jones S.H., Chakraborty R., Kimmel M., and Nelson D.L. Complex SNP-based haplotypes in three human helicases: implications for cancer association studies. Genome Res. 12 (2002) 627-639
174. Shiokawa M., Masutani M., Fujihara H., Ueki K., Nishikawa R., Sugimura T., Kubo H., and Nakagama H. Genetic alteration of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in human germ cell tumors. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 35 (2005) 97-102
175. Kim J.C., Roh S.A., Koo K.H., Ka I.H., Kim H.C., Yu C.S., Lee K.H., Kim J.S., Lee H.I., and Bodmer W.F. Genotyping possible polymorphic variants of human mismatch repair genes in healthy Korean individuals and sporadic colorectal cancer patients. Fam. Cancer 3 (2004) 129-137
176. Mitra N., Ye T.Z., Smith A., Chuai S., Kirchhoff T., Peterlongo P., Nafa K., Phillips M.S., Offit K., and Ellis N.A. Localization of cancer susceptibility genes by genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism linkage-disequilibrium mapping. Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 8116-8125
177. Gazzoli I., and Kolodner R.D. Regulation of the human MSH6 gene by the Sp1 transcription factor and alteration of promoter activity and expression by polymorphisms. Mol. Cell Biol. 23 (2003) 7992-8007
178. Tang X.B., Hou J., Tan Y.S., Zhou H.H., and Liu J. Study on significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the redox domain of aprimidinic/apurinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 gene in Chinese sporadic colorectal cancer. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 12 (2004) 64-67
179. Nakabeppu Y. Molecular genetics and structural biology of human MutT homolog, MTH1. Mutat. Res. 477 (2001) 59-70
180. Liu Y., Yoshimura K., Hanaoka T., Ohnami S., Ohnami S., Kohno T., Yoshida T., Sakamoto H., Sobue T., and Tsugane S. Association of habitual smoking and drinking with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in 40 candidate genes: data from random population-based Japanese samples. J. Hum. Genet. 50 (2005) 62-68
181. Krzesniak M., Butkiewicz D., Samojedny A., Chorazy M., and Rusin M. Polymorphisms in TDG and MGMT genes-epidemiological and functional study in lung cancer patients from Poland. Ann. Hum. Genet. 68 Pt. 4 (2004) 300-312
182. Izzotti A., Balansky R.M., Cartiglia C., Camoirano A., Longobardi M., and De Flora S. Genomic and transcriptional alterations in mouse fetus liver after transplacental exposure to cigarette smoke. FASEB J. 17 (2003) 1127-1129
183. Harrouk W., Codrington A., Vinson R., Robaire B., and Hales B.F. Paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide induces DNA damage and alters the expression of DNA repair genes in the rat preimplantation embryo. Mutat. Res. 461 (2000) 229-241
184. Godschalk R., Hogervorst J., Albering H., Mercelina-Roumans P., van Schooten F.J., de Hasan J., and Kleinjans J. Interaction between cadmium and aromatic DNA adducts in hprt mutagenesis during foetal development. Mutagenesis 20 (2005) 181-185
185. 6-methylguanine in fetal and adult animal tissues in relation to their susceptibilities to cancer induction by N-nitroso-N-alkylureas. IARC Sci. Publ. 57 (1984) 571-574
186. Likhachev A.J., Alexandrov V.A., Anisimov V.N., Bespalov V.G., Korsakov M.V., Ovsyannikov A.I., Popovich I.G., Napalkov N.P., and Tomatis L. Persistence of methylated purines in the DNA of various rat fetal and maternal tissues and carcinogenesis in the offspring following a single transplacental dose of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Int. J. Cancer 31 (1983) 779-784
187. Arfellini G., Grilli S., and Prodi G. In vivo DNA repair after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea administration to rats of different ages. Z. Krebsforsch. Klin. Onkol. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 91 (1978) 157-164
188. Coccia P., Salmona M., Diomede L., Citti L., Mariani L., and Romano M. Liver DNA alkylation after a single carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine to newborn and adult CFW Swiss mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 68 (1988) 259-271
189. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase activity in some tissues. Carcinogenesis 4 (1983) 1559-1564
190. Wani A.A., Wani G., and D'Ambrosio S.M. Repair of DNA O-alkylation damage by various human organs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 133 (1985) 589-597
191. 6-methylguanine in human peripheral and cord blood DNA. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 299-305
192. Huncharek M., Kupelnick B., and Klassen H. Paternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors: results of a meta-analysis. In Vivo 15 (2001) 535-541
193. Brondum J., Shu X.O., Steinbuch M., Severson R.K., Potter J.D., and Robison L.L. Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of acute leukemia in children. Cancer 85 (1999) 1380-1388
194. Ji B.T., Shu X.O., Linet M.S., Zheng W., Wacholder S., Gao Y.T., Ying D.M., and Jin F. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89 (1997) 238-244
195. Maciag A., Bialkowska A., Espiritu I., Powell D., Alvord W.G., Kasprzak K.S., Anderson L.M., and Witschi H.R. Gestation-stage specific oxidative DNA damage from sidestream smoke in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Arch. Environ. Health 58 (2003) 238-244
196. Schuz J., Kaletsch U., Kaatsch P., Meinert R., and Michaelis J. Risk factors for pediatric tumors of the central nervous system: results from a German population-based case-control study. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36 (2001) 274-282
197. Cheng R.Y.S., Birely L.A., Lum N.L., Perella C.M., Cherry J.M., Bhat N.K., Kasprzak K.S., Powell D., Alvord W.G., and Anderson L.M. Expressions of hepatic genes, especially IGF-binding protein 1, correlating with serum corticosterone in microarray analysis. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 32 (2004) 257-278
198. Cheng R.Y.S., Alvord W.G., Powell D., Kasprzak K.S., and Anderson L.M. Increased serum corticosterone and glucose in offspring of chromium(III)-treated male mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (2002) 801-804
199. Cheng R.Y.S., Hockman T., Crawford E., Anderson L.M., and Shiao Y.H. Epigenetic and gene expression changes related to transgenerational carcinogenesis. Mol. Carcinog. 40 (2004) 1-11
200. Shiao Y.H., Crawford E.B., Anderson L.M., Patel P., and Ko K. Allele-specific germ cell epimutation in the spacer promoter of the 45S ribosomal RNA gene after Cr(III) exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 205 (2005) 290-296
201. Toth B. A critical review of experiments in chemical carcinogenesis using newborn animals. Cancer Res. 28 (1968) 727-738
202. Mirvish S., Cividalli G., and Berenblum I. Slow elimination of urethan in relation to its high carcinogenicity in newborn mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 116 (1964) 265-268
203. Nomura T. Long retention of urethan transferred into newborn mice transplacentally, as a possible cause of high carcinogenesis. Gann 64 (1973) 29-40
204. Higinbotham K.G., Rice J.M., Reed C.D., Watatani M., Enomoto T., Anderson L.M., and Perantoni A.O. Variant mutational activation of the K-ras oncogene in renal mesenchymal tumors induced in newborn F344 rats by methyl(methoxymethyl)nitrosamine. Carcinogenesis 17 (1996) 2625-2630
205. Wislocki P.G., Bagan E.S., Lu A.Y., Dooley K.L., Fu P.P., Han-Hsu H., Beland F.A., and Kadlubar F.F. Tumorigenicity of nitrated derivatives of pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene in the newborn mouse assay. Carcinogenesis 7 (1986) 1317-1322
206. Miyauchi M., Nishikawa A., Furukawa F., Kasahara K., Nakamura H., Takahashi M., and Hirose M. Carcinogenic risk assessment of MeIQx and PhIP in a newborn mouse two-stage tumorigenesis assay. Cancer Lett. 142 (1999) 75-81
207. Newbold R.R. Lessons learned from perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 199 (2004) 142-150
208. Korte J.E., Hertz-Picciotto I., Schulz M.R., Ball L.M., and Duell E.J. The contribution of benzene to smoking-induced leukemia. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (2000) 333-339
209. Eastman D.A., Mondrala S.T., and Hasegawa L. Topoisomerase II inhibition by myeloperoxidase-activated hydroquinone: a potential mechanism underlying the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of benzene. Chem. Biol. Interact. 153-154 (2005) 207-216
210. Keller K.A., and Snyder C.A. Mice exposed in utero to 20 ppm benzene exhibit altered numbers of recognizable hematopoietic cells up to seven weeks after exposure. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10 (1988) 224-232
211. Ning H., Kado N.Y., Kuzmicky P.A., and Hsieh D.P. Benzene-induced micronuclei formation in mouse fetal liver blood, peripheral blood, and maternal bone marrow cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 18 (1991) 1-5
212. Xing S.G., Shi X., Wu Z.L., Chen J.K., Wallace W., Whong W.Z., and Ong T. Transplacental genotoxicity of triethylenemelamine, benzene, and vinblastine in mice. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 12 (1992) 223-230
213. Crosignani P., Tittarelli A., Borgini A., Codazzi T., Rovelli A., Porro E., Contiero P., Bianchi N., Tagliabue G., Fissi R., Rossitto F., and Berrino F. Childhood leukemia and road traffic: a population-based case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 108 (2004) 596-599
214. Steffen C., Auclerc M.F., Auvrignon A., Baruchel A., Kebaili K., Lambilliotte A., Leverger G., Sommelet D., Vilmer E., Hemon D., and Clavel J. Acute childhood leukaemia and environmental exposure to potential sources of benzene and other hydrocarbons: a case-control study. Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004) 773-778
215. Knox E.G. Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59 (2005) 101-105
216. Christian M.S. Review of reproductive and developmental toxicity of 1,3-butadiene. Toxicology 113 (1996) 137-143
217. Mori H., Colman S.M., Xiao Z., Ford A.M., Healy L.E., Donaldson C., Hows J.M., Navarrete C., and Greaves M. Chromosomal translocations and covert leukemic clones are generated during normal fetal development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 8242-8247
218. Anderson L.M., Chhabra S.K., Nerurkar P.V., Souliotis V.L., and Kyrtopoulos S.A. Alcohol-related cancer risk: a toxicokinetic hypothesis. Alcohol 12 (1995) 97-104
219. 6-Methylguanine DNA adduct formation and modulation by ethanol in placenta and fetal tissues after exposure of pregnant patas monkeys to N-nitrosodimethylamine. Cancer Res. 55 (1995) 6017-6020
220. Walker B.E. Tumors in female offspring of control and diethylstilbestrol-exposed mice fed high-fat diets. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82 (1990) 50-54
221. Rice J.M. Causation of nervous system tumors in children: insights from traditional and genetically engineered animal models. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 199 (2004) 175-191
222. Raffel C. Medulloblastoma: molecular genetics and animal models. Neoplasia 6 (2004) 310-322
223. Wetmore C., Eberhart D.E., and Curran T. The normal patched allele is expressed in medulloblastomas from mice with heterozygous germ-line mutation of patched. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 2239-2246
224. Pazzaglia S., Mancuso M., Atkinson M.J., Tanori M., Rebessi S., Majo V.D., Covelli V., Hahn H., and Saran A. High incidence of medulloblastoma following X-ray-irradiation of newborn Ptc1 heterozygous mice. Oncogene 21 (2002) 7580-7584
225. Wetmore C., Eberhart D.E., and Curran T. Loss of p53 but not ARF accelerates medulloblastoma in mice heterozygous for patched. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 513-516
226. Oda H., Zhang S., Tsurutani N., Shimizu S., Nakatsuru Y., Aizawa S., and Ishikawa T. Loss of p53 is an early event in induction of brain tumors in mice by transplacental carcinogen exposure. Cancer Res. 57 (1997) 646-650
227. Nagata T., Takahashi Y., Ishii Y., Asai S., Sugahara M., Nishida Y., Murata A., Chin M., Schichino H., Koshinaga T., Fukuzawa M., and Mugishima H. Profiling of genes differentially expressed between fetal liver and postnatal liver using high-density oligonuleotide DNA array. Int. J. Mol. Med. 11 (2003) 713-721
228. Ertsey R., Chapin C.J., Kitterman J.A., and Scavo L.M. Ontogeny of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in lung and developmental implications. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30 (2004) 853-861
229. Riis B., Risom L., Loft S., and Poulsen H.E. OGG1 mRNA expression and incision activity in rats are higher in fetal tissues than in adult liver tissue while 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanine levels are unchanged. DNA Repair 1 (2002) 709-717
230. Marietta C., Palombo F., Gallinari P., Jiricny J., and Brooks P.J. Expression of long-patch and short-patch DNA mismatch repair proteins in the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 53 (1998) 317-320
231. Wilson T.M., Rivkees S.A., Deutsch W.A., and Kelley M.R. Differential expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE/ref-1) multifunctional DNA base excision repair gene during fetal development and in adult rat brain and testis. Mutat. Res. 362 (1996) 237-248
232. Bialkowski K., Bialkowska A., Anderson L.M., and Kasprzak K.S. Higher activity of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (8-oxo-dGTPase) coincides with lower background levels of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA of fetal compared with maternal mouse organs. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27 (1999) 90-94
233. Niederreither K., Harbers M., Chambon P., and Dolle P. Expression of T:G mismatch-specific thymidine-DNA glycosylase and DNA methyl transferase genes during development and tumorigenesis. Oncogene 17 (1998) 1577-1585
234. Ono Y., Watanabe M., Inoue Y., Ohmoto T., Akiyama K., Tsutsui K., and Seki S. Developmental expression of APEX nuclease, a multifunctional DNA repair enzyme, in mouse brain. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 86 (1995) 1-6
235. Kim N.K., Lee S.H., Sohn T.J., Roy R., Mitra S., Chung H.M., Ko J.J., and Cha K.Y. Spatial expression of a DNA repair gene, N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG) during development in mice. Anticancer Res. 20 (2000) 3037-3043
236. Grufferman S., Wang H.H., DeLong E.R., Kimm S.Y., Delzell E.S., and Falletta J.M. Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 68 (1982) 107-113
237. McCredie M., Maisonneuve P., and Boyle P. Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumors in New South Wales children. Int. J. Cancer 56 (1994) 6-10
238. Shu X.O., Ross J.A., Pendergrass T.W., Reaman G.H., Lampkin B., and Robison L.L. Parental alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of infant leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88 (1996) 24-31
239. Sorahan T., Lancashire R.J., Hulten M.A., Peck I., and Stewart A.M. Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: deaths from 1953 to 1955. Br. J. Cancer 75 (1997) 134-138
240. Sorahan T., Prior P., Lancashire R.J., Faux S.P., Hulten M.A., Peck I.M., and Stewart A.M. Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: deaths from 1971 to 1976. Br. J. Cancer 76 (1997) 1525-1531
241. Sorahan T., McKinney P.A., Mann J.R., Lancashire R.J., Stiller C.A., Birch J.M., Dodd H.E., and Cartwright R.A. Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: findings from the inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC). Br. J. Cancer 84 (2001) 141-146
242. Cordier S., Monfort C., Filippini G., Preston-Martin S., Lubin F., Mueller B.A., Holly E.A., Peris-Bonet R., McCredie M., Choi W., Little J., and Arslan A. Parental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of childhood brain tumors: the SEARCH International Childhood Brain Tumor Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 159 (2004) 1109-1116
243. John E.M., Savitz D.A., and Sandler D.P. Prenatal exposure to parents' smoking and childhood cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133 (1991) 123-132
244. Norman M.A., Holly E.A., Ahn D.K., Preston-Martin S., Mueller B.A., and Bracci P.M. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke and childhood brain tumors: results from the United States West Coast Childhood Brain Tumor Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5 (1996) 127-133
245. Yang Q., Olshan A.F., Bondy M.L., Shah N.R., Pollock B.H., Seeger R.C., Look A.T., and Cohn S.L. Parental smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of neuroblastoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9 (2000) 967-972
246. Hu J., Mao Y., and Ugnat A.M. Parental cigarette smoking, hard liquor consumption and risk of childhood brain tumors. Acta Oncol. 39 (2000) 979-984