P300 reduction and prolongation with illness duration in schizophrenia

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 413-427

  Mathalon, Daniel H ^a,b   Ford, Judith M ^a,b   Rosenbloom, Margaret ^a,b   Pfefferbaum, Adolf ^c  

^a Psychiatry Service   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c SRI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Age; Duration; Neurodegeneration; Onset; P300; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE DURATION; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HUMAN; MALE; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; ONSET AGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGE OF ONSET; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS, P300; EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REFRACTORY PERIOD, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0033963025     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00151-1     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Anderer P., Semlitsch H.V., Saletu B. Multichannel auditory event-related brain potentials Effects of normal aging on the scalp distribution of N1, P2, N2 and P300 latencies and amplitudes . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 99:1996;458-472.
2. Andreasen N.C., Rezai K., Alliger R., Swayze V.W., Flaum M., Kirchner P., Cohen G., O'Leary D.S. Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with Xenon-133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;943-958.
3. Angst J. Long-term followup studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 14:1988;501-513.
4. Arnold S.E., Trojanowski J.Q., Gur R.E., Blackwell P., Han L.-Y., Choi C. Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the cerebral cortex in a sample of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;225-232.
5. Asato N., Hirayau Y., Ofura C., Hokama H., Ohta H., Arakaki H., Hirayasu A., Nakamoto H., Yamamoto K., Randall M. Are event-related potential abnormalities in schizophrenics trait or state dependent? Ogura C., Koga Y., Shimokochi M. Recent Advances in Event-Related Brain Potential Research. 1996;564-567 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
6. Aso M., Kurachi M., Suzuki M., Yuasa S., Matsui M., Saitoh O. Asymmetry of the ventricle and age at the onset of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 245:1995;142-144.
7. Benes F.M. Evidence for neurodevelopment disturbances in anterior cingulate cortex of post-mortem schizophrenic brain. Schizophr Res. 5:1991;187-188.
8. Bilder R.M., Lipschutzbroch L., Reiter G., Geisler S.H., Mayerhoff D.I., Lieberman J.A. Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia Evidence for progressive deterioration . Schizophr Bull. 18:1992;437-448.
9. Blackwood D., Whalley L., Christie J., Blackburn I., St Clair D., McInnes A. Changes in auditory P3 event-related potential in schizophrenia and depression. Brit J Psychiatry. 150:1987;154-160.
10. Blackwood D.H.R., St Clair D.M., Muir W.J., Duffy J.C. Auditory-P300 and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenic pedigrees. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;899-909.
11. Bruton C.J., Crow T.J., Frith C.D., Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G.C., Roberts G.W. Schizophrenia and the brain A prospective cliniconeuropathological study . Psychol Med. 20:1990;285-304.
12. Censits D.M., Ragland J.D., Gur R.C., Gur R.E. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia A longitudinal study . Schizophr Res. 24:1997;289-298.
13. Ciompi L. Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 6:1980;606-618.
14. Coburn K.L., Shillcutt S.D., Tucker K.A., Estes K.M., Brin F.B., Merai P., Moore N.C. P300 delay and attenuation in schizophrenia Reversal by neuroleptic medicine . Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;466-474.
15. Davidson M., Harvey P., Welsh K.A., Powchik P., Putnam K.M., Mohs R.C. Cognitive functioning in late-life schizophrenia a comparison of elderly schizophrenic patients and patients with alzheimer's disease . Am J Psychiatry. 153:1996;1274-1279.
16. Davidson M., Harvey P.D., Powchik P., Parrella M., White L., Knobler H.Y., Losonczy M.F., Keefe R.S.E., Katz S., Frecska E. Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;197-207.
17. Davis K.L., Buchsbaum M.S., Shihabuddin L., Spiegel-Cohen J., Metzger M., Frecska E., Keefe R.S., Powchik P. Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 43:1998;783-793.
18. Degreef G., Ashtari M., Bogerts B., Bilder R.M., Jody D.N., Alvir J.M.J., Lieberman J.A. Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;531-537.
19. Degreef G., Ashtari M., Wu H.W., Borenstein M., Geisler S., Lieberman J. Follow up MRI study in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 5:1991;204-206.
20. DeLisi L.E., Hoff A.L., Schwartz J.E., Shields G.W., Halthore S.N., Gupta S.M., Henn F.A., Anand A.K. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study . Biol Psychiatry. 29:1991;159-175.
21. DeLisi L.E., Sakuma M., Tew W., Kushner M., Hoff A.L., Grimson R. Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process A study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia . Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 74:1997;129-140.
22. DeLisi L.E., Stritzke P.H., Holan V., Anand A., Boccio A., Kuschner M., Riordan H., McClelland J., Vaneyle O. Brain morphological changes in first episode cases of schizophrenia Are they progressive . Schizophr Res. 5:1991;206-208.
23. DeLisi L.E., Tew W., Xie S.-H., Hoff A.L., Sakuma M., Kushner M., Lee G., Shedlack K., Smith A.M., Grimson R. A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in 1st episode schizophrenic patients Preliminary findings . Biol Psychiatry. 38:1995;349-360.
24. Donchin E., Coles M. Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? (Commentary on Verleger's critique of the context updating model). Behav Brain Sci. 11:1988;357-374.
25. Egan M.F., Duncan C.C., Suddath R.L., Kirch D.G., Mirsky A.F., Wyatt R.J. Event-related potential abnormalities correlate with structural brain alterations and clinical features in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 11:1994;259-271.
26. Eikmeier G., Lodemann E., Zerbin D., Gastpar M. P300, clinical symptoms, and neuropsychological parameters in acute and remitted schizophrenia - a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. 31:1992;1065-1069.
27. Ford J., Mathalon D., Marsh L., Faustman W., Harris D., Hoff A., Beal D., Pfefferbaum A. P300 amplitude is related to clinical state in severely and moderately ill schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;94-101.
28. Ford J.M., Mathalon D.H., Sullivan E.V., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. Effects of cortical gray matter, attention, and schizophrenia on P300 amplitude. Ogura C., Koga Y., Shimokochi M. Recent Advances in Event-Related Brain Potential Research Proceedings of the 11th International conference on Event-Related Potentials (EPIC), Okinawa, Japan, June 25-30, 1995 . 1996;916-921 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
29. Ford J.M., Pfefferbaum A. Age-related changes in ERPs. Ackles P.K., Jennings J.R., Coles M.G. Advances in Psychophysiology. 1985;301-339 JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
30. Ford J.M., Pfefferbaum A. Event-related potentials and eyeblink responses in automatic and controlled processing Effects of age . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 78:1991;361-377.
31. Ford J.M., Roth W.T., Pfefferbaum A. P3 and schizophrenia. Annals NY Acad Sci. 658:1992;146-162.
32. Ford J.M., Sullivan E.V., Marsh L., White P.K., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. The relationship between P300 amplitude and regional gray matter volumes depends upon the attentional system engaged. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 90:1994;214-228.
33. Ford J.M., White P., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. Schizophrenics have fewer and smaller P300s A single-trial analysis . Biol Psychiatry. 35:1994;96-103.
34. Ford J.M., White P.M., Csernansky J., Faustman W., Roth W.T., Pfefferbaum A. ERPs in schizophrenia Effects of antipsychotic medication . Biol Psychiatry. 36:1994;153-171.
35. Ford J.M., Woodward S.H., Sullivan E., Isaacks B.G., Tinklenberg J., Yesavage J., Roth W.T. N400 evidence of abnormal responses to speech in Alzheimer's disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 99:1996;235-246.
36. Frangou S., Sharma T., Alarcon G., Sigmudsson T., Takei N., Binnie C., Murray R.M. The Maudsley family study. II Endogenous event-related potentials in familial schizophrenia . Schizophr Res. 23:1997;45-53.
37. Friedman D., Cornblatt B., Vaughan H., Erlenmayer-Kimling L. Auditory event related potentials in children at risk for schizophrenia The complete initial sample . Psychiatry Res. 26:1988;203-221.
38. Fukuda M., Niwa S.I., Hiramatsu K.I., Hata A., Saitoh O., Hayashida S., Nakagome K., Iwanami A., Sasaki T., Honda H., Itoh K. Behavioral and P3 amplitude enhancement in schizophrenia following feedback training. Schizophr Res. 25:1997;231-242.
39. Garver D.L. Etiologic heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Harvard Rev Psychiatry. 4:1997;317-327.
40. Goldstein J.M., Tsuang M.T. Gender and schizophrenia - an introduction and synthesis of findings. Schizophr Bull. 16:1990;179-183.
41. Goodin D., Squires K., Henderson B., Starr A. Age-related variations in evoked potentials to auditory stimuli in normal human subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 44:1978;447-458.
42. Goodin D., Squires K., Starr A. Long latency event-related components of the auditory evoked potential in dementia. Brain. 101:1978;635-648.
43. Goodin D.S. Clinical utility of long latency 'cognitive' event-related potentials (P3) The pros . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 76:1990;2-5.
44. Grillon C., Courchesne E., Ameli R., Geyer M.A., Braff D.L. Increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients - electrophysiologic and behavioral evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 47:1990;171-179.
45. Gur R., Cowell P., Turetsky B., Gallacher F., Cannon T., Bilker W., Gur R. A follow-up magnetic-resonance-imaging study of schizophrenia relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;145-152.
46. Gur R.E., Mozley P.D., Resnick S.M., Mozley L.H., Shtasel D.L., Gallacher F., Arnold S.E., Karp J.S., Alavi A., Reivich M., Gur R.C. Resting cerebral glucose metabolism in first-episode and previously treated patients with schizophrenia relates to clinical features. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;657-667.
47. Halgren E., Marinkovic K., Chauvel P. Generators of the late cognitive potentials in auditory and visual oddball tasks. Electoencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 106:1998;156-164.
48. Haroutunian V., Davidson M., Kanof P.D., Perl D.P., Powchik P., Losonczy M., McCrystal J., Purohit D.P., Bierer L.M., Davis K.L. Cortical cholinergic markers in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 12:1994;137-144.
49. Harvey P.D., Lombardi J., Kincaid M.M., Parrella M., White L., Powchik P., Davidson M. Cognitive functioning in chronically hospitalized schizophrenic patients age-related changes and age disorientation as a predictor of impairment . Schizophr Res. 17:1995;15-24.
50. Harvey P.D., Silverman J.M., Mohs R.C., Parrella M., White L., Powchik P., Davidson M., Davis K.L. Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia A longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients . Biol Psychiatry. 45:1999;32-40.
51. Heaton R., Paulsen J.S., McAdams L.A., Kuck J., Zisook S., Braff D., Harris M.J., Jeste D.V. Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 51:1994;469-476.
52. Hirayasu Y., Asato N., Ohta H., Hokama H., Arakaki H., Ogura C. Abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia prior to treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;244-253.
53. Hirayasu Y., Ogura C. Event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities in schizophrenia Effects of subtype, clinical course, neuroleptic medication and clinical symptoms . Ogura C., Koga Y., Shimokochi M. Recent Advances in Event-Related Brain Potential Research. 1996;922-929 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
54. Hoff A.L., Harris D., Faustman W.O., Beal M., De Villiers D., Mone R.D., Moses J.A., Csernansky J.G. A neuropsychological study of early onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 20:1996;21-28.
55. Hoff A.L., Riordan H., O'Donnell D.W., Morris L., DeLisi L.E. Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1992;898-903.
56. Hoffman W.F., Ballard L., Turner E.H., Casey D.E. Three-year follow-up of older schizophrenics Extrapyramidal syndromes, psychiatric symptoms, and ventricular brain ratio . Biol Psychiatry. 30:1991;913-926.
57. Huber G., Gross G., Schuttler R., Linz M. Longitudinal studies of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Bull. 6:1980;592-605.
58. Illowsky B., Juliano D.M., Bigelow L.B., Weinberger D.R. Stability of CT scan findings in schizophrenia Results of an 8 year follow-up study . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 51:1988;209-213.
59. Iragui V.J., Kutas M., Mitchiner M.R., Hillyard S.A. Effects of aging on event-related brain potentials and reaction times in an auditory oddball task. Psychophysiology. 30:1993;10-22.
60. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Castellanos F.X., Vaituzis A.C., Hamburger S.D., Mukra S., Lenane M.C., Rapoport J.L. Progressive reduction of temporal lobe structures in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;678-685.
61. Jeste D.V., McAdams L.A., Palmer B.W., Braff D., Jernigan T.L., Paulson J.S., Stout J.C., Symonds L.L., Bailey A., Heaton R.K. Relationship of neuropsychological and MRI measures to age of onset of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 98:1998;156-164.
62. Johnson R. Jr. A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. Psychophysiology. 23:1986;367-384.
63. Johnstone E.C., Owens D.G.C., Bydder G.M., Colter N., Crow T.J., Frith C.D. The spectrum of structural brain changes in schizophrenia Age of onset as a predictor of cognitive and clinical impairments and their cerebral correlates . Psychol Med. 19:1989;91-103.
64. Josiassen R.C., Shagass C., Straumanis J.J., Roemer R.A. Psychiatric drugs and the somatosensory P400 wave. Psychiatry Res. 11:1984;151-162.
65. Juckel G., Muller-Schubert A., Gaebel W., Hegerl U. Residual symptoms and P300 in schizophrenic outpatients. Psychiatry Res. 65:1996;23-32.
66. Kidogami Y., Yoneda H., Asaba H., Sakai T. P300 in first degree relatives of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 6:1992;9-13.
67. Kutas M., McCarthy G., Donchin E. Augmenting mental chronometry The P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time . Science. 197:1977;792-795.
68. Lauriello J., Hoff A., Weineke M., Blankfeld H., Faustman W.O., Rosenbloom M., DeMent S., Sullivan E.V., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in women and men with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 154:1997;819-825.
69. Levit R., Sutton S., Zubin J. Evoked potential correlates of information processing in psychiatric patients. Psychol Med. 3:1973;487-494.
70. Lim K.O., Harris D., Beal M., Minn K., Hoff A., Csernansky J., Faustman W., Marsh L., Sullivan E.V., Pfefferbaum A. Gray matter volume deficits in young onset schizophrenia are independent of age of onset. Biol Psychiatry. 40:1996;4-13.
71. Lim K.O., Tew W., Kushner M., Chow K., Matsumoto B., DeLisi L.E. Cortical gray matter volume deficit in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 153:1996;1548-1553.
72. Maeda H., Morita K., Kawamura N., Nakazawa Y. Amplitude and area of the auditory P300 recorded with eyes open reflect remission of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 39:1996;743-746.
73. Margolis R.L., Chuang D.M., Post R.M. Programmed cell death implications for neuropsychiatric disorders . Biol Psychiatry. 35:1994;946-956.
74. Marsh L., Casper R.C. Gender differences in brain morphology and in psychiatric disorders. Casper R.C. Women's Health Hormones, Emotions, and Behavior . 1998;53-82 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
75. Marsh L., Harris D., Lim K.O., Beal M., Hoff A., Minn K., Csernansky J., DeMent S., Faustman W., Sullivan E.V., Pfefferbaum A. Structural MRI abnormalities in adults with severe chronic schizophrenia and an early age at clinical onset. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:1997;1104-1112.
76. Marsh L., Lauriello J., Sullivan E., Pfefferbaum A. Neuroimaging in neuropsychiatric disorders. Bigler E. Neuroimaging II Clinical Applications . 1996;73-125 Plenum Press, New York.
77. Marsh L., Suddath R.L., Higgins N., Weinberger D.R. Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia Relationship of size to duration of illness . Schizophr Res. 11:1994;225-238.
78. Mathalon D.H., Ford J.M., Pfefferbaum A. Trait and state aspects of P300 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia A retrospective longitudinal study . Biol Psychiatry. 47:2000;434-449.
79. Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A (in press): Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry.
80. Maurer K., Hafner H. Methodological aspects of onset assessment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 15:1995;265-276.
81. McCarley R.W., Faux S.F., Shenton M.E., Nestor P.G., Adams J. Event-related potentials in schizophrenia - Their biological and clinical correlates and a new model of schizophrenic pathophysiology. Schizophr Res. 4:1991;209-231.
82. McCarley R.W., Shenton M.E., O'Donnell B.F., Faux S.F., Kikinis R., Nestor P.G., Jolesz F.A. Auditory P300 abnormalities and left posterior superior temporal gyrus volume reduction in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;190-197.
83. McGlashan T.H. A selective review of recent North American long-term followup studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 14:1988;515-542.
84. McGlashan T.H., Fenton W.S. The Positive-Negative Distinction in Schizophrenia - Review of Natural History Validators. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;63-72.
85. Menon V., Ford J.M., Lim K.O., Glover G.H., Pfefferbaum A. Combined event-related fMRI and EEG evidence for temporal-parietal cortex activation during target detection. Neuroreport. 8:1997;3029-3037.
86. Miller G.A., Gratton G., Yee C.M. Generalized implementation of an eye movement correction procedure. Psychophysiology. 25:1988;241-243.
87. Muir W.J., St Clair D.M., Blackwood D.H.R. Long-latency auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and in bipolar and unipolar affective disorder. Psychol Med. 21:1991;867-879.
88. Murphy G.M., Lim K.O., Wieneke M., Ellis W.G., Forno L.S., Hoff A.L., Nordahl T. No neuropathologic evidence for an increased frequency of Alzheimer's disease among elderly schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;205-209.
89. Murray R.M. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia the rediscovery of dementia praecox . Brit J Psychiatry. 165:1994;6-12.
90. Nair T.R., Christensen J.D., Kingsbury S.J., Kumar N.G., Terry W.M., Garver D.L. Progression of cerebroventricular enlargement and the subtyping of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 74:1997;141-150.
91. Nopoulos P., Torres I., Flaum M., Andreasen N.C., Ehrhardt J.C., Yuh W.T.C. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 152:1995;1721-1723.
92. O'Callaghan E.O., Buckley P., Redmond O., Stack J., Ennis J.T., Larkin C., Waddington J.L. Abnormalities of cerebral structure in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging Interpretation in relation to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis . J Royal Soc Med. 85:1992;227-231.
93. O'Donnell B.F., Faux S.F., McCarley R.W., Kimble M.O., Salisbury D.F., Nestor P.G., Kikinis R., Jolesz F.A., Shenton M.E. Increased rate of P300 latency prolongation with age in schizophrenia Electrophysiological evidence for a neurodegenerative process . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;544-549.
94. Olichney J.M., Iragui V., Kutas M., Nowacki R., Morris S., Jeste D. Relationship between auditory P300 amplitude and age of onset of schizophrenia in older patients. Psychiatry Res. 79:1998;241-254.
95. Overall J.E., Gorham D.R. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Recent developments in ascertainment and scaling . Psychopharm Bull. 24:1988;97-99.
96. Pass H., Klorman R., Salzman L., Klein R., Kaskey G. The late positive component of the evoked response in acute schizophrenics during a test of sustained attention. Biol Psychiatry. 15:1980;9-20.
97. Patterson J., Michalewski J.J., Starr A. Latency variability of the components of the auditory event-related potentials to infrequent stimuli in aging, Alzheimer-type dementia and depression. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 71:1988;450-460.
98. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J., Wenegrat B., Roth W.T., Kopell B.S. Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials I. Normal aging . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 59:1984;85-103.
99. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J., White P., Mathalon D. Event-related potentials in alcoholic men P3 amplitude reflects family history but not alcohol consumption . Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 15:1991;839-850.
100. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J.M., Kraemer H.C. Clinical utility of long latency 'cognitive' event-related potentials (P3) the cons . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 76:1990;6-12.
101. Pfefferbaum A., Ford J.M., White P., Roth W.T. P3 in schizophrenia is affected by stimulus modality, response requirements, medication status and negative symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:1989;1035-1046.
102. Pfefferbaum A., Wenegrat B., Ford J., Roth W.T., Kopell B.S. Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials II. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 59:1984;104-124.
103. Pfefferbaum A., Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., Zatz L.M., Stahl S.M., Jernigan T.L. Computed tomographic evidence for generalized sulcal and ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 45:1988;633-640.
104. Picton T.W., Stuss D.T., Champagne S.C., Nelson R.F. The effects of age on human event-related potentials. Psychophysiology. 21:1984;312-325.
105. Polich J (1991): P300 in the evaluation of aging and dementia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 42:304-323.
106. Polich J. Meta-analysis of P300 normative aging studies. Psychophysiology. 33:1996;334-353.
107. Porjesz B., Begleiter H. Neurophysiological factors associated with alcoholism. Hunt W.A., Nixon S.J. Alcohol-Induced Brain Damage. NIAAA Research Monograph #22. 1993;89-120 Public Health Service, Rockville, MD.
108. Pritchard W.S. Cognitive event-related potential correlates of schizophrenia. Psychol Bull. 100:1986;43-66.
109. Purohit D.P., Davidson M., Perl D.P., Powchik P., Haroutunian V.H., Bierer L.M., McCrystal J., Losonczy M., Davis K.L. Severe cognitive impairment in elderly schizophrenic patients - A clinicopathological study. Biol Psychiatry. 33:1993;255-260.
110. Rajkowska G., Selemon L.D., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex a postmortem morphometric study of schizophrenia and Huntington disease . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;215-224.
111. Rao K.M., Ananthnarayanan C.V., Gangadhar B.N., Janakiramaiah N. Smaller auditory P300 amplitudes in schizophrenics in remission. Neuropsychobiol. 32:1995;171-174.
112. Rapoport J.L., Gield J., Kumra S., Jacobsen L., Smith A., Lee P., Nelson J., Hamburger S. Childhood-onset schizophrenia Progressive ventricular change during adolescence . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:1997;897-903.
113. Roberts G.W., Colter N., Lofthouse R., Bogerts B., Zech M., Crow T.J. Gliosis in schizophrenia A survey . Biol Psychiatry. 21:1986;1043-1050.
114. Roth W.T., Horvath T.B., Pfefferbaum A., Kopell B.S. Event related potentials in schizophrenics. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 48:1980;127-139.
115. Roth W.T., Horvath T.B., Pfefferbaum A., Tinklenberg J.R., Mezzich J.E., Kopell B.S. Late event-related potentials and schizophrenia. Begleiter H. Evoked Brain Potentials and Behavior. vol. 2. 1979;499-515 Plenum Publishing, New York.
116. Roth W.T., Pfefferbaum A., Kelly A.F., Berger P.A., Kopell B.S. Auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and depression. Psychiatry Res. 4:1981;199-212.
117. Roxborough H., Muir W.J., Blackwood D.H.R., Walker M.T., Blackburn I.M. Neuropsychological and P300 abnormalities in schizophrenics and their relatives. Psychol Med. 23:1993;305-314.
118. Rund B.R. A review of longitudinal studies of cogntive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophren Bull. 24:1998;425-434.
119. Salisbury D.F., Shenton M.E., Sherwood A.R., Fischer I.A., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Tohen M., McCarley R.W. First episode schizophrenic psychosis differs from first episode affective psychosis and controls in P300 amplitudes over left temporal lobe. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55:1998;173-180.
120. Selemon L.D., Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17 . Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52:1995;805-818.
121. Shenton M., Wible C.G., McCarley R.W. A review of magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Krishnan K.R.R., Doraiswamy P.M. Brain Imaging in Clinical Psychiatry. 1997;297-380 Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
122. Shultz S.K., Miller D.D., Oliver S.E., Arndt S., Flaum M., Andreasen N.C. The life course of schizophrenia Age and symptom dimensions . Schizophr Res. 23:1997;15-23.
123. Spitzer R.L., Endicott J., Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). 1975;Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
124. Spitzer R.L., Gibbon M., Skodol A.E., Williams J.B.W., First M.B. DSM-III-R Casebook. 1989;American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
125. Sponheim S.R., Iacono W.G., Beiser M. Stability of ventricular size after the onset of psychosis in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 40:1991;21-30.
126. St Clair D., Blackwood D., Muir W. P300 abnormality in schizophrenic subtypes. J Psychiat Res. 23:1989;49-55.
127. Turetsky B., Colbath E.A., Gur R.E. P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia I. Physiological evidence for gender and subtype specific differences in regional pathology . Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;84-96.
128. Turetsky B., Colbath E.A., Gur R.E. P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia II. Longitudinal stability and relationship to symptom change . Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;31-39.
129. Umbricht D., Javitt D., Novak G., Bates J., Pollack S., Lieberman J., Kane J. Effects of clozapine on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 44:1998;716-725.
130. Verleger R. Event-related potentials and cognition A critique of the context updating hypothesis and an alternative interpretation of P3 . Behav Brain Sci. 11:1988;343-427.
131. Vita A., Sacchetti E., Valvassori G., Cazzullo C.L. Brain morphology in schizophrenia A 2- to 5-year CT scan follow-up study . Acta Psychiatr Scand. 78:1988;618-621.
132. Weinberger D.R., Lipska B.K. Cortical maldevelopment, anti-psychotic drugs, and schizophrenia A search for common ground . Schizophr Res. 16:1995;87-110.
133. Weinberger D.R., Torrey E.F., Neophytides A.N., Wyatt R.J. Structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 36:1979;935-939.
134. Weir N., Fiaschi K., Machin D. The distribution and latency of the auditory P300 in schizophrenia and depression. Schizophr Res. 31:1998;151-158.
135. Woods B.T. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder Towards a unitary pathogenetic mechanism . Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;1661-1670.
136. Woods B.T., Wolf J. A reconsideration of the relation of ventricular enlargement to duration of illness in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 140:1983;1564-1570.
137. Schizophrenia An International Follow-up Study . 1979;John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
138. Wyatt R.J. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 17:1991;325-351.
139. Zipursky R.B., Lim K.O., Sullivan E.V., Brown B.W., Pfefferbaum A. Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 49:1992;195-205.