메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2006, Pages 873-886

Multifunctional neuroprotective drugs targeting monoamine oxidase inhibition, iron chelation, adenosine receptors, and cholinergic and glutamatergic action for neurodegenerative diseases

Author keywords

Adenosine A2A antagonists; Alzheimer's disease; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ca2+ channel blockers; Choline acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; Iron chelators; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Multifunctional drugs; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neuroprotection; NMDA receptor antagonists; Parkinson's disease; Stroke

Indexed keywords

4 [2 [7 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 1,2,4 TRIAZOLO[2,3 A][1,3,5]TRIAZIN 5 YLAMINO]ETHYL]PHENOL; ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); CAFFEINE; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DEFEROXAMINE; DIZOCILPINE; DONEPEZIL; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FLUOXETINE; GALANTAMINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IRON CHELATING AGENT; ISTRADEFYLLINE; JWS USC 75IX; LADOSTIGIL; LAZABEMIDE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEFIRACETAM; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO; RANITIDINE DERIVATIVE; RASAGILINE; RIVASTIGMINE; RS 1259; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TACRINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 33746840955     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.8.873     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (65)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 4644271084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: Selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia
    • ROTH BL, SHEFFLER DJ, KROEZE WK: Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2004) 3:353-359.
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 353-359
    • Roth, B.L.1    Sheffler, D.J.2    Kroeze, W.K.3
  • 2
    • 3242794178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From magic bullets to designed multiple ligands
    • MORPHY R, KAY C, RANKOVIC Z: From magic bullets to designed multiple ligands. Drug Discov. Today (2004) 9:641-651.
    • (2004) Drug Discov. Today , vol.9 , pp. 641-651
    • Morphy, R.1    Kay, C.2    Rankovic, Z.3
  • 3
    • 10044270820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease: A review of current evidence
    • SCHMITT B, BERNHARDT T, MOELLER HJ, HEUSER I, FROLICH L: Combination therapy in Alzheimer's disease: a review of current evidence. CNS Drugs (2004) 18:827-844.
    • (2004) CNS Drugs , vol.18 , pp. 827-844
    • Schmitt, B.1    Bernhardt, T.2    Moeller, H.J.3    Heuser, I.4    Frolich, L.5
  • 4
    • 27144449695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designed multiple ligands. An emerging drug discovery paradigm
    • MORPHY R, RANKOVIC Z: Designed multiple ligands. An emerging drug discovery paradigm. J. Med. Chem. (2005) 48:6523-6543.
    • (2005) J. Med. Chem. , vol.48 , pp. 6523-6543
    • Morphy, R.1    Rankovic, Z.2
  • 5
    • 84921431276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection
    • CD002037
    • RUTHERFORD GW, SANGANI PR, KENNEDY GE: Three- or four- versus two-drug antiretroviral maintenance regimens for HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2003) 4:CD002037.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. , vol.4
    • Rutherford, G.W.1    Sangani, P.R.2    Kennedy, G.E.3
  • 6
    • 11044232589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids for asthma
    • 2-adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids for asthma. Treat. Respir. Med. (2004) 3:279-289.
    • (2004) Treat. Respir. Med. , vol.3 , pp. 279-289
    • Chung, K.F.1    Adcock, I.M.2
  • 7
    • 4544230271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amlodipine/atorvastatin: The first cross risk factor polypill for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease
    • FRISHMAN WH, ZUCKERMAN AL: Amlodipine/atorvastatin: the first cross risk factor polypill for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. (2004) 2:675-781.
    • (2004) Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. , vol.2 , pp. 675-781
    • Frishman, W.H.1    Zuckerman, A.L.2
  • 8
    • 4944238854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefit/risk of combination therapies
    • ZERKAK D, DOUGADOS M: Benefit/risk of combination therapies. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. (2004) 35(Suppl. 5):S71-S76.
    • (2004) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.35 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Zerkak, D.1    Dougados, M.2
  • 10
    • 27444437203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological properties of 1-heteroaryl-4-[ω-(1H-indol-3-yl) alkyl] piperazines, novel potential antipsychotics combining potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonism with potent serotonin reuptake inhibition
    • SMID P, COOLEN HK, KEIZER HG et al.: Synthesis, structure-activity relationships, and biological properties of 1-heteroaryl-4-[ω-(1H-indol-3-yl)alkyl] piperazines, novel potential antipsychotics combining potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonism with potent serotonin reuptake inhibition. J. Med. Chem. (2005) 48:6855-6869.
    • (2005) J. Med. Chem. , vol.48 , pp. 6855-6869
    • Smid, P.1    Coolen, H.K.2    Keizer, H.G.3
  • 11
    • 6344249417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polypharmacy: A new paradigm for quality drug therapy in the elderly?
    • GURWITZ JH: Polypharmacy: a new paradigm for quality drug therapy in the elderly? Arch. Intern. Med. (2004) 164:1957-1959.
    • (2004) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.164 , pp. 1957-1959
    • Gurwitz, J.H.1
  • 12
    • 17644375125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CNS targets for multi-functional drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
    • YOUDIM MBH, BUCCAFUSCO JJ: CNS targets for multi-functional drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J. Neural. Transm. (2005) 112:519-537.
    • (2005) J. Neural. Transm. , vol.112 , pp. 519-537
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Buccafusco, J.J.2
  • 13
    • 11144245220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-functional drugs for various CNS targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
    • YOUDIM MBH, BUCCAFUSCO JJ: Multi-functional drugs for various CNS targets in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2005) 26:27-35.
    • (2005) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 27-35
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Buccafusco, J.J.2
  • 14
    • 0030026323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular hybrid drugs: Combination of more than one pharmacological property in one single molecule
    • CHRISTIAANS JAM, TIMMERMAN H: Cardiovascular hybrid drugs: combination of more than one pharmacological property in one single molecule. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 4:1-22.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 1-22
    • Christiaans, J.A.M.1    Timmerman, H.2
  • 15
    • 15044349115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of multi-target drugs: The network approach might help drug design
    • CSERMELY P, AGOSTON V, PONGOR S: The efficiency of multi-target drugs: the network approach might help drug design. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2005) 26:178-182.
    • (2005) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 178-182
    • Csermely, P.1    Agoston, V.2    Pongor, S.3
  • 16
    • 11144316146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bifunctional drug derivatives of MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline and iron chelator VK-28 as a more effective approach to treatment of brain ageing and ageing neurodegenerative diseases
    • YOUDIM MBH, FRIDKIN M, ZHENG H: Bifunctional drug derivatives of MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline and iron chelator VK-28 as a more effective approach to treatment of brain ageing and ageing neurodegenerative diseases. Mech. Ageing Dev. (2005) 126:317-326.
    • (2005) Mech. Ageing Dev. , vol.126 , pp. 317-326
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Fridkin, M.2    Zheng, H.3
  • 17
    • 11844255676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel bifunctional iron-chelators as potential agents for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other neurodegenerative diseases
    • ZHENG H, WEINER LM, BAR-AM O et al.: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel bifunctional iron-chelators as potential agents for neuroprotection in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2005) 13:773-783.
    • (2005) Bioorg. Med. Chem. , vol.13 , pp. 773-783
    • Zheng, H.1    Weiner, L.M.2    Bar-Am, O.3
  • 18
    • 14244255827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galantamine activates muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without binding to the acetylcholine-binding site
    • AKK G, STEINBACH JH: Galantamine activates muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without binding to the acetylcholine-binding site. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:1992-2001.
    • (2005) J. Neurosci. , vol.25 , pp. 1992-2001
    • Akk, G.1    Steinbach, J.H.2
  • 19
    • 3042783406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical efficacy and safety of galantamine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • DENGIZ AN, KERSHAW P: The clinical efficacy and safety of galantamine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Spectr. (2004) 9:377-392.
    • (2004) CNS Spectr. , vol.9 , pp. 377-392
    • Dengiz, A.N.1    Kershaw, P.2
  • 20
    • 0033408510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 A resolution
    • GREENBLATT HM, KRYGER G, LEWIS T, SILMAN I, SUSSMAN JL: Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with (-)-galanthamine at 2.3 A resolution. FEBS Lett. (1999) 463:321-326.
    • (1999) FEBS Lett. , vol.463 , pp. 321-326
    • Greenblatt, H.M.1    Kryger, G.2    Lewis, T.3    Silman, I.4    Sussman, J.L.5
  • 24
    • 0141742496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced currents by the nootropic drug nefiracetam in rat cortical neurons
    • MORIGUCHI S, MARSZALEC W, ZHAO X, YEH JZ, NARAHASHI T: Potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced currents by the nootropic drug nefiracetam in rat cortical neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2003) 307:160-167.
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.307 , pp. 160-167
    • Moriguchi, S.1    Marszalec, W.2    Zhao, X.3    Yeh, J.Z.4    Narahashi, T.5
  • 25
    • 0034810025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galantamine: A randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • WILKINSON D, MURRAY J: Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (2001) 16:852-857.
    • (2001) Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry , vol.16 , pp. 852-857
    • Wilkinson, D.1    Murray, J.2
  • 26
    • 0033043305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study in rats of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors tacrine, donepezil and NXX-066
    • SNAPE MF, MISRA A, MURRAY TK, DE SOUZA RJ, WILLIAMS JL, CROSS AJ, GREEN AR: A comparative study in rats of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors tacrine, donepezil and NXX-066. Neuropharmacol. (1999) 38:181-193.
    • (1999) Neuropharmacol. , vol.38 , pp. 181-193
    • Snape, M.F.1    Misra, A.2    Murray, T.K.3    De Souza, R.J.4    Williams, J.L.5    Cross, A.J.6    Green, A.R.7
  • 28
    • 0033586289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channel by the nootropic drug nefiracetam
    • OYAIZU M, NARAHASHI T: Modulation of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channel by the nootropic drug nefiracetam. Brain Res. (1999) 822:72-79.
    • (1999) Brain Res. , vol.822 , pp. 72-79
    • Oyaizu, M.1    Narahashi, T.2
  • 29
    • 0034096225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a functional target of nefiracetam in inducing a long-lasting facilitation of hippocampal neurotransmission
    • NISHIZAKI T, MATSUOKA T, NOMURA T et al.: Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a functional target of nefiracetam in inducing a long-lasting facilitation of hippocampal neurotransmission. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. (2000) 14(Suppl. 1):S82-S94.
    • (2000) Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. , vol.14 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Nishizaki, T.1    Matsuoka, T.2    Nomura, T.3
  • 30
    • 0031914452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nefiracetam modulates acetylcholine receptor currents via two different signal transduction pathways
    • NISHIZAKI T, MATSUOKA T, NOMURA T et al.: Nefiracetam modulates acetylcholine receptor currents via two different signal transduction pathways. Mol. Pharmacol. (1998) 53:1-5.
    • (1998) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.53 , pp. 1-5
    • Nishizaki, T.1    Matsuoka, T.2    Nomura, T.3
  • 31
    • 0036830627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets
    • KEMP JA, McKERNAN RM: NMDA receptor pathways as drug targets. Nat. Neurosci. (2002) 5:1039-1042 (Supplement).
    • (2002) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 1039-1042
    • Kemp, J.A.1    McKernan, R.M.2
  • 32
    • 0034931481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-stroke dementia. Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
    • ZHAO X, YEH JZ, NARAHASHI T: Post-stroke dementia. Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2001) 939:179-186.
    • (2001) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.939 , pp. 179-186
    • Zhao, X.1    Yeh, J.Z.2    Narahashi, T.3
  • 33
    • 12444346791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conformational restriction approach to the development of dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter as potential agents for Alzheimer's disease
    • TODA N, TAGO K, MARUMOTO S et al.: A conformational restriction approach to the development of dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter as potential agents for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2003) 11:4389-4415.
    • (2003) Bioorg. Med. Chem. , vol.11 , pp. 4389-4415
    • Toda, N.1    Tago, K.2    Marumoto, S.3
  • 34
    • 0030725741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel tacrine analogues for potential use against Alzheimer's disease: Potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and 5-HT uptake inhibitors
    • McKENNA MT, PROCOTOR GR, YOUNG LC, HARVEY AL: Novel tacrine analogues for potential use against Alzheimer's disease: potent and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and 5-HT uptake inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40:3516-3523.
    • (1997) J. Med. Chem. , vol.40 , pp. 3516-3523
    • McKenna, M.T.1    Procotor, G.R.2    Young, L.C.3    Harvey, A.L.4
  • 35
    • 12444279097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological characterization of RS-1259, an orally active dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter, in rodents: Possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • ABE Y, AOYAGI A, HARA T et al.: Pharmacological characterization of RS-1259, an orally active dual inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and serotonin transporter, in rodents: possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J. Pharmacol. Sci. (2003) 93:95-105.
    • (2003) J. Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.93 , pp. 95-105
    • Abe, Y.1    Aoyagi, A.2    Hara, T.3
  • 36
    • 0038155162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity by TV3326, a cholinesterase-monoamine oxidase inhibitor
    • SAGI Y, WEINSTOCK M, YOUDIM MBH: Attenuation of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity by TV3326, a cholinesterase-monoamine oxidase inhibitor. J. Neurochem. (2003) 86:290-297.
    • (2003) J. Neurochem. , vol.86 , pp. 290-297
    • Sagi, Y.1    Weinstock, M.2    Youdim, M.B.H.3
  • 39
    • 4243072970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ITH4012 (ethyl-5-amino-6,7,8,9 -tetrahydro-2-methyl-4- phenylbenzol[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylate), a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with 'calcium promotor' and neuroprotective properties
    • OROZCO C, DE LOS RIOS C, ARIAS E et al.: ITH4012 (ethyl-5-amino-6,7,8,9 -tetrahydro-2-methyl-4- phenylbenzol[1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylate), a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with 'calcium promotor' and neuroprotective properties. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2004) 310:987-994.
    • (2004) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.310 , pp. 987-994
    • Orozco, C.1    De Los Rios, C.2    Arias, E.3
  • 40
    • 0024434895 scopus 로고
    • The role of dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-gated calcium channels in potassium-mediated neuronal survival
    • COLLINS F, LILE JD: The role of dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-gated calcium channels in potassium-mediated neuronal survival. Brain Res. (1989) 502:99-108.
    • (1989) Brain Res. , vol.502 , pp. 99-108
    • Collins, F.1    Lile, J.D.2
  • 42
    • 1842608845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron metabolism and the IRE/IRP regulatory system: An update
    • PANTOPOULOS K: Iron metabolism and the IRE/IRP regulatory system: an update. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2004) 1012:1-13.
    • (2004) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.1012 , pp. 1-13
    • Pantopoulos, K.1
  • 43
    • 0033826764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron regulatory proteins and the molecular control of mammalian iron metabolism
    • EISENSTEIN RS: Iron regulatory proteins and the molecular control of mammalian iron metabolism. Ann. Rev. Nutr. (2000) 20:627-662.
    • (2000) Ann. Rev. Nutr. , vol.20 , pp. 627-662
    • Eisenstein, R.S.1
  • 44
    • 0037173578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis and toxicity in mammalian cells
    • CRICHTON RR, WILMET S, LEGSSYER R, WARD RJ: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis and toxicity in mammalian cells.J. Inorg. Biochem. (2002) 91:9-18.
    • (2002) J. Inorg. Biochem. , vol.91 , pp. 9-18
    • Crichton, R.R.1    Wilmet, S.2    Legssyer, R.3    Ward, R.J.4
  • 45
    • 0027268393 scopus 로고
    • Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease
    • ROGERS J, KIRBY LC, HEMPELMAN SR et al.: Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1993) 43:1609-1611.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 1609-1611
    • Rogers, J.1    Kirby, L.C.2    Hempelman, S.R.3
  • 46
    • 3442888291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal and inflammatory targets for Alzheimer's disease
    • ROGERS JT, LAHIRI DK: Metal and inflammatory targets for Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Drug Targets (2004) 5:535-551.
    • (2004) Curr. Drug Targets , vol.5 , pp. 535-551
    • Rogers, J.T.1    Lahiri, D.K.2
  • 47
    • 0347928847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An iron-responsive element type II in the 5′-untranslated region of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein transcript
    • ROGERS JT, RANDALL JD, CAHILL CM et al.: An iron-responsive element type II in the 5′-untranslated region of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein transcript. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 277:45518-45528.
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 45518-45528
    • Rogers, J.T.1    Randall, J.D.2    Cahill, C.M.3
  • 50
    • 1842621154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron and α-synuclein in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice: Effect of neuroprotective drugs R-apomorphine and green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
    • MANDEL S, MAOR G, YOUDIM MBH: Iron and α-synuclein in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice: effect of neuroprotective drugs R-apomorphine and green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J. Mol. Neurosci. (2004) 24:401-416.
    • (2004) J. Mol. Neurosci. , vol.24 , pp. 401-416
    • Mandel, S.1    Maor, G.2    Youdim, M.B.H.3
  • 51
    • 1842608744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ironing iron out in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with iron chelators; a lesson from 6-hydroxydopamine and iron chelators desferal and VK-28
    • YOUDIM MBH, STEPHENSON G, BEN SHACHAR D: Ironing iron out in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with iron chelators; a lesson from 6-hydroxydopamine and iron chelators desferal and VK-28. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2004) 1012:306-325.
    • (2004) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. , vol.1012 , pp. 306-325
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Stephenson, G.2    Ben Shachar, D.3
  • 52
    • 0028045734 scopus 로고
    • Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian African green monkey: Evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis
    • TEMLETT JA, LANDSBERG JP, WATT F, GRIME GW: Increased iron in the substantia nigra compacta of the MPTP-lesioned hemiparkinsonian African green monkey: evidence from proton microprobe elemental microanalysis. J. Neurochem. (1994) 62:134-146.
    • (1994) J. Neurochem. , vol.62 , pp. 134-146
    • Temlett, J.A.1    Landsberg, J.P.2    Watt, F.3    Grime, G.W.4
  • 53
    • 0027991538 scopus 로고
    • Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: A histochemical and neurochemical study
    • OESTREICHER E, SENGSTOCK GJ, RIEDERER P, OLANOW CW, DUNN AJ, ARENDASH GW: Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: a histochemical and neurochemical study. Brain Res. (1994) 660:8-18.
    • (1994) Brain Res. , vol.660 , pp. 8-18
    • Oestreicher, E.1    Sengstock, G.J.2    Riederer, P.3    Olanow, C.W.4    Dunn, A.J.5    Arendash, G.W.6
  • 54
    • 0343550312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apomorphine protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice
    • GRUNBLATT E, MANDEL S, BERKUZKI T, YOUDIM MBH: Apomorphine protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Mov. Disord. (1999) 14:612-618.
    • (1999) Mov. Disord. , vol.14 , pp. 612-618
    • Grunblatt, E.1    Mandel, S.2    Berkuzki, T.3    Youdim, M.B.H.4
  • 55
    • 9344235042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned model of Parkinson's disease, with emphasis on mice and nonhuman primates
    • JAKOWEC MW, PETZINGER GM: 1-methyl-4- phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned model of Parkinson's disease, with emphasis on mice and nonhuman primates. Comp. Med. (2004) 54:497-513.
    • (2004) Comp. Med. , vol.54 , pp. 497-513
    • Jakowec, M.W.1    Petzinger, G.M.2
  • 57
    • 0026692807 scopus 로고
    • Role of iron and iron chelation in dopaminergic-induced neurodegeneration: Implication for Parkinson's disease
    • BEN-SHACHAR D, ESHEL G, RIEDERER P, YOUDIM MBH: Role of iron and iron chelation in dopaminergic-induced neurodegeneration: implication for Parkinson's disease. Annal. Neurol. (1992) 32:S105-S110 (Supplement).
    • (1992) Annal. Neurol. , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Ben-Shachar, D.1    Eshel, G.2    Riederer, P.3    Youdim, M.B.H.4
  • 58
    • 0346849912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection by a novel brain permeable iron chelator, VK-28, against 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in rats
    • BEN-SHACHAR D, KAHANA N, KAMPEL V, WARSHAWSKY A, YOUDIM MBH: Neuroprotection by a novel brain permeable iron chelator, VK-28, against 6-hydroxydopamine lesion in rats. Neuropharmacol. (2004) 46:254-263.
    • (2004) Neuropharmacol. , vol.46 , pp. 254-263
    • Ben-Shachar, D.1    Kahana, N.2    Kampel, V.3    Warshawsky, A.4    Youdim, M.B.H.5
  • 59
    • 0242684415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic or pharmacological iron chelation prevents MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: A novel therapy for Parkinson's disease
    • KAUR DF, YANTIRI F, RAJAGOPALAN S et al.: Genetic or pharmacological iron chelation prevents MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: a novel therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neuron (2003) 37:899-909.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.37 , pp. 899-909
    • Kaur, D.F.1    Yantiri, F.2    Rajagopalan, S.3
  • 60
    • 25644461154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator-monoamine oxidase drugs for neurodegenerative diseases; I. in vitro studies on iron chelation, antioxidant activity, prevention of lipid peroxide formation and monoamine oxidase inhibition
    • ZHENG H, GAL S, WEINER LM et al.: Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator-monoamine oxidase drugs for neurodegenerative diseases; I. in vitro studies on iron chelation, antioxidant activity, prevention of lipid peroxide formation and monoamine oxidase inhibition. J. Neurochem. (2005) 95:68-78.
    • (2005) J. Neurochem. , vol.95 , pp. 68-78
    • Zheng, H.1    Gal, S.2    Weiner, L.M.3
  • 61
    • 25644452043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, II; in vivo selective brain monoamine oxidase inhibition and prevention of MPTP induced striatal dopamine depletion
    • GAL S, ZHENG H, FRIDKIN M, YOUDIM MBH: Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, II; in vivo selective brain monoamine oxidase inhibition and prevention of MPTP induced striatal dopamine depletion. J. Neurochem. (2005) 95:79-88.
    • (2005) J. Neurochem. , vol.95 , pp. 79-88
    • Gal, S.1    Zheng, H.2    Fridkin, M.3    Youdim, M.B.H.4
  • 62
    • 33746805255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurorescue and reduction of amyloid-β peptide by novel multi-functional brain permeable iron-chelators
    • (Submitted)
    • AVRAMOVICH-TIROSH Y, AMIT T, ZHENG H, FRIDKIN M, YOUDIM MBH: Neurorescue and reduction of amyloid-β peptide by novel multi-functional brain permeable iron-chelators. J. Neurosci. (2006) (Submitted).
    • (2006) J. Neurosci.
    • Avramovich-Tirosh, Y.1    Amit, T.2    Zheng, H.3    Fridkin, M.4    Youdim, M.B.H.5
  • 63
    • 0037153195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel dual inhibitors of AChE and MAO derived from hydroxy aminoindan and phenethylamine as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease
    • STERLING J, HERZIG Y, GOREN T et al.: Novel dual inhibitors of AChE and MAO derived from hydroxy aminoindan and phenethylamine as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. J. Med. Chem. (2002) 45:5260-5279.
    • (2002) J. Med. Chem. , vol.45 , pp. 5260-5279
    • Sterling, J.1    Herzig, Y.2    Goren, T.3
  • 64
    • 0348046385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoamine oxidase-B inhibition in Alzheimer's disease
    • RIEDERER P, DANIELCZYK W, GRUNBLATT E: Monoamine oxidase-B inhibition in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicol. (2004) 25:271-277.
    • (2004) Neurotoxicol. , vol.25 , pp. 271-277
    • Riederer, P.1    Danielczyk, W.2    Grunblatt, E.3
  • 65
    • 0032961275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    • SRAMEK JJ, CUTLER NR: Recent developments in the drug treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Drugs Aging (1999) 14:359-373.
    • (1999) Drugs Aging , vol.14 , pp. 359-373
    • Sramek, J.J.1    Cutler, N.R.2
  • 66
    • 12244296145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rasagiline: Neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and mitochondrial permeability transition
    • YOUDIM MBH, BAR AM O, YOGEV-FALACH M et al.: Rasagiline: neurodegeneration, neuroprotection, and mitochondrial permeability transition. J. Neurosci. Res. (2005) 79:172-179.
    • (2005) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.79 , pp. 172-179
    • Youdim, M.B.H.1    Bar, A.M.O.2    Yogev-Falach, M.3
  • 67
    • 0036046427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease?
    • MAIA L, DE MENDONCA A: Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease? Eur. J. Neurol. (2002) 9:377-382.
    • (2002) Eur. J. Neurol. , vol.9 , pp. 377-382
    • Maia, L.1    De Mendonca, A.2
  • 68
    • 1542429118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine as a neuroprotective adenosine receptor antagonist
    • DALL'IGNA OP, SOUZA DO, LARA DR: Caffeine as a neuroprotective adenosine receptor antagonist. Ann. Pharmacother. (2004) 38:717-718.
    • (2004) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.38 , pp. 717-718
    • Dall'Igna, O.P.1    Souza, D.O.2    Lara, D.R.3
  • 74
    • 0034792905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: A systematic review
    • HORN J, DE HAAN RJ, VERMEULEN M, LUITEN PG, LIMBURG M: Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review. Stroke (2001) 32:2433-2438.
    • (2001) Stroke , vol.32 , pp. 2433-2438
    • Horn, J.1    De Haan, R.J.2    Vermeulen, M.3    Luiten, P.G.4    Limburg, M.5
  • 76
    • 0032845121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ischemic cell death in brain neurons
    • LIPTON P: Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. Physiol. Rev. (1999) 79:1431-1568.
    • (1999) Physiol. Rev. , vol.79 , pp. 1431-1568
    • Lipton, P.1
  • 77
    • 14944385354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • β-amyloid-stimulated microglia induce neuron death via synergistic stimulation of tumor necrosis factor α and NMDA receptors
    • FLODEN AM, LI S, COMBS CK: β-amyloid-stimulated microglia induce neuron death via synergistic stimulation of tumor necrosis factor α and NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. (2005) 25:2566-2575.
    • (2005) J. Neurosci. , vol.25 , pp. 2566-2575
    • Floden, A.M.1    Li, S.2    Combs, C.K.3
  • 78
    • 13844270562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNFα potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in organotypic brain slice cultures: Neuroprotection by NFκB inhibition
    • ZOU JY, CREWS FT: TNFα potentiates glutamate neurotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate uptake in organotypic brain slice cultures: neuroprotection by NFκB inhibition. Brain Res. (2005) 1034:11-24.
    • (2005) Brain Res. , vol.1034 , pp. 11-24
    • Zou, J.Y.1    Crews, F.T.2
  • 79
    • 0032463938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of post-stroke dementia
    • VAN KOOTEN F, KOUDSTAAL PJ: Epidemiology of post-stroke dementia. Haemostasis (1998) 28:124-133.
    • (1998) Haemostasis , vol.28 , pp. 124-133
    • Van Kooten, F.1    Koudstaal, P.J.2
  • 81
    • 1842558602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neurodegeneration in ischemia and traumatic brain injury
    • ARUNDINE M, TYMIANSKI M: Molecular mechanisms of glutamate-dependent neurodegeneration in ischemia and traumatic brain injury. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2004) 61:657-68.
    • (2004) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 657-668
    • Arundine, M.1    Tymianski, M.2
  • 82
    • 0041659304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models of stroke: Do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents?
    • GREEN RA, ODERGREN T, ASHWOOD T: Animal models of stroke: do they have value for discovering neuroprotective agents? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2003) 24:402-408.
    • (2003) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 402-408
    • Green, R.A.1    Odergren, T.2    Ashwood, T.3
  • 83
    • 0034538373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of edema and infarction by memantine and MK-801 after focal cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in rat
    • GORUGLU A, KINS T, COBANOGLU S, UNAL F, IZGI NI, YANIK B, KUCUK M: Reduction of edema and infarction by memantine and MK-801 after focal cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in rat. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) (2000) 142:1287-1292.
    • (2000) Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) , vol.142 , pp. 1287-1292
    • Goruglu, A.1    Kins, T.2    Cobanoglu, S.3    Unal, F.4    Izgi, N.I.5    Yanik, B.6    Kucuk, M.7
  • 84
    • 0042418531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 in different rat stroke models for permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion: Adverse effects of hypothalamic damage and strategies for its avoidance
    • GERRIETS T, STOLZ E, WALBERER M, KAPS M, BACHMANN G, FISHER M: Neuroprotective effects of MK-801 in different rat stroke models for permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion: adverse effects of hypothalamic damage and strategies for its avoidance. Stroke (2003) 34:2234-2239.
    • (2003) Stroke , vol.34 , pp. 2234-2239
    • Gerriets, T.1    Stolz, E.2    Walberer, M.3    Kaps, M.4    Bachmann, G.5    Fisher, M.6
  • 85
    • 0028148314 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal protective effects of calcium antagonists in cerebral ischemia
    • RAMI A, KRIEGLSTEIN J: Neuronal protective effects of calcium antagonists in cerebral ischemia. Life Sci. (1994) 55:2105-2113.
    • (1994) Life Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 2105-2113
    • Rami, A.1    Krieglstein, J.2
  • 86
    • 5844366608 scopus 로고
    • A facial synthesis of mono-oxa and aza-cage compounds via transanullar cyclizations
    • SASAKI T, EGUCHI S, KIRIYAMA T: A facial synthesis of mono-oxa and aza-cage compounds via transanullar cyclizations. Tet. Lett. (1971):2651-2654.
    • (1971) Tet. Lett. , pp. 2651-2654
    • Sasaki, T.1    Eguchi, S.2    Kiriyama, T.3
  • 88
    • 0022607660 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of NGP 1-01, an aromatic polycyclic amine, as a calcium antagonist
    • VAN DER SCHYF CJ, SQUIER GJ, COETZEE WA: Characterization of NGP 1-01, an aromatic polycyclic amine, as a calcium antagonist. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. (1986) 18:407-417.
    • (1986) Pharmacol. Res. Commun. , vol.18 , pp. 407-417
    • Van der Schyf, C.J.1    Squier, G.J.2    Coetzee, W.A.3
  • 90
    • 0034036257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of memantine for neuroprotection in dementia
    • JAIN KK: Evaluation of memantine for neuroprotection in dementia. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:1397-1406.
    • (2000) Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs , vol.9 , pp. 1397-1406
    • Jain, K.K.1
  • 91
    • 3042725543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptor antagonists. A new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease
    • FARLOW MR: NMDA receptor antagonists. A new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics (2004) 59:22-27.
    • (2004) Geriatrics , vol.59 , pp. 22-27
    • Farlow, M.R.1
  • 92
    • 33746793462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA OKs drug to treat advanced Alzheimer's
    • 18 October
    • VEDANTAM S: FDA OKs drug to treat advanced Alzheimer's. Washington Post Saturday (18 October 2003).
    • (2003) Washington Post Saturday
    • Vedantam, S.1
  • 93
    • 0032892343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - A review of preclinical data
    • PARSONS CG, DANYSZ W, QUACK G: Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist - a review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacol. (1999) 38:735-767.
    • (1999) Neuropharmacol. , vol.38 , pp. 735-767
    • Parsons, C.G.1    Danysz, W.2    Quack, G.3
  • 95
    • 10344221023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and structure-activity relationships of bioactive polycyclic cage compounds: A focus on pentacycloundecane derivatives
    • GELDENHUYS WJ, MALAN SF, BLOOMQUIST JR, MARCHAND AP, VAN DER SCHYF CJ: Pharmacology and structure-activity relationships of bioactive polycyclic cage compounds: a focus on pentacycloundecane derivatives. Med. Res. Rev. (2005) 25:21-48.
    • (2005) Med. Res. Rev. , vol.25 , pp. 21-48
    • Geldenhuys, W.J.1    Malan, S.F.2    Bloomquist, J.R.3    Marchand, A.P.4    Van der Schyf, C.J.5
  • 96
    • 0141426709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational drug design and the discovery of the Δ-2-1,2,3-triazolines, a unique class of anticonvulsant and antiischemic agents
    • KADABA PK: Rational drug design and the discovery of the Δ-2-1,2,3-triazolines, a unique class of anticonvulsant and antiischemic agents. Curr. Med. Chem. (2003) 10:2081-2108.
    • (2003) Curr. Med. Chem. , vol.10 , pp. 2081-2108
    • Kadaba, P.K.1
  • 97
    • 0034624744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual function glutamate-related ligands: Discovery of a novel, potent inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II possessing mGluR3 agonist activity
    • NAN F, BZDEGA T, PSHENICHKIN S, WROBLEWSKI JT, WROBLEWSKA B, NEALE JH, KOZIKOWSKI AP: Dual function glutamate-related ligands: discovery of a novel, potent inhibitor of glutamate carboxypeptidase II possessing mGluR3 agonist activity. J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43:772-77.
    • (2000) J. Med. Chem. , vol.43 , pp. 772-777
    • Nan, F.1    Bzdega, T.2    Pshenichkin, S.3    Wroblewski, J.T.4    Wroblewska, B.5    Neale, J.H.6    Kozikowski, A.P.7
  • 98
    • 0030029427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabotropic glutamate receptors: A new target for the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders?
    • NICOLETTI F, BRUNO V, COPANI A, CASABONA, G: KNOPFEL T: Metabotropic glutamate receptors: a new target for the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders? Trends Neurosci. (1996) 19:267-271.
    • (1996) Trends Neurosci. , vol.19 , pp. 267-271
    • Nicoletti, F.1    Bruno, V.2    Copani, A.3    Casabona, G.4    Knopfel, T.5
  • 99
    • 20344396838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of homocysteine on the dopaminergic system and behavior in rodents
    • LEE ES, CHEN H, SOLIMAN KF, CHARLTON CG: Effects of homocysteine on the dopaminergic system and behavior in rodents. Neurotoxicology (2005) 26:361-371.
    • (2005) Neurotoxicology , vol.26 , pp. 361-371
    • Lee, E.S.1    Chen, H.2    Soliman, K.f.3    Charlton, C.G.4
  • 100
    • 2442623636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa-associated increase of homocysteine levels and sural axonal neurodegeneration
    • MULLER T, RENGER K, KUHN W: Levodopa-associated increase of homocysteine levels and sural axonal neurodegeneration. Arch. Neurol. (2004) 61:657-660.
    • (2004) Arch. Neurol. , vol.61 , pp. 657-660
    • Muller, T.1    Renger, K.2    Kuhn, W.3
  • 101
    • 0141426902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment benefit correlates with increase of daily drug costs in Parkinson's disease clinics
    • MULLER T, VOSS B, HELLWIG K, PRZUNTEK H: Treatment benefit correlates with increase of daily drug costs in Parkinson's disease clinics. NeuroRehabilitation (2003) 18:271-275.
    • (2003) NeuroRehabilitation , vol.18 , pp. 271-275
    • Muller, T.1    Voss, B.2    Hellwig, K.3    Przuntek, H.4
  • 102
    • 3042784367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia
    • QUADRI P, FRAGIACOMO C, PEZZATI R et al.: Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (2004) 80:114-122.
    • (2004) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.80 , pp. 114-122
    • Quadri, P.1    Fragiacomo, C.2    Pezzati, R.3
  • 103
    • 8644255912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homocysteine, cerebrovascular disease and brain atrophy
    • SACHDEV P: Homocysteine, cerebrovascular disease and brain atrophy. J. Neurol. Sci. (2004) 226:25-29
    • (2004) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.226 , pp. 25-29
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 104
    • 0013045518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pulsatile administration of levodopa on dyskinesia induction in drug-naive MPTP-treated common marmosets: Effect of dose, frequency of administration, and brain exposure
    • SMITH LA, JACKSON MJ, HANSARD MJ, MARATOS E, JENNER P: Effect of pulsatile administration of levodopa on dyskinesia induction in drug-naive MPTP-treated common marmosets: effect of dose, frequency of administration, and brain exposure. Mov. Disord. (2003) 18:487-495.
    • (2003) Mov. Disord. , vol.18 , pp. 487-495
    • Smith, L.A.1    Jackson, M.J.2    Hansard, M.J.3    Maratos, E.4    Jenner, P.5
  • 105
    • 0036105141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease
    • ZAPPIA M, CRESCIBENE L, ARABIA G et al.: Body weight influences pharmacokinetics of levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. (2002) 25:79-82.
    • (2002) Clin. Neuropharmacol. , vol.25 , pp. 79-82
    • Zappia, M.1    Crescibene, L.2    Arabia, G.3
  • 106
    • 0342803654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodopa in plasma correlates with body weight of parkinsonian patients
    • MULLER T, WOITALLA D, SAFT C, KUHN W: Levodopa in plasma correlates with body weight of parkinsonian patients. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. (2000) 6:171-173.
    • (2000) Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. , vol.6 , pp. 171-173
    • Muller, T.1    Woitalla, D.2    Saft, C.3    Kuhn, W.4
  • 107
    • 10744223160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic staging of Parkinson's disease: Conceptual aspects
    • PRZUNTEK H, MULLER T, RIEDERER P: Diagnostic staging of Parkinson's disease: conceptual aspects. J. Neural Transm. (2004) 111:201-216.
    • (2004) J. Neural Transm. , vol.111 , pp. 201-216
    • Przuntek, H.1    Muller, T.2    Riederer, P.3
  • 108
    • 0036387463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practical importance of neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease
    • RIEDERER P, GILLE G, MULLER T et al.: Practical importance of neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurol. (2002) 249(Suppl. 3):III/53-III/56.
    • (2002) J. Neurol. , vol.249 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Riederer, P.1    Gille, G.2    Muller, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.