Antisense strategies

Current Molecular Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 465-487

  Crooke, Stanley T ^a  

^a ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

Author keywords

Oligonucleotides; Phosphorothioate; RNA; RNase H; Second generation

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALICAFORSEN; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CARBOPLATIN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CGP 69846A; CIDOFOVIR; CISPLATIN; CYTARABINE; DACARBAZINE; DOCETAXEL; ETOPOSIDE; FLUDARABINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; FOMIVIRSEN; GANCICLOVIR; GEMCITABINE; GENE EXPRESSION MODULATOR 231; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IRINOTECAN; ISIS 2503; ISIS 3521; MITOXANTRONE; OBLIMERSEN; OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOROTHIOATE; PACLITAXEL; PENICILLIN G; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; BINDING AFFINITY; BREAST CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BINDING; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE TARGETING; GENE TECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LEUKEMIA; LUNG CANCER; MELANOMA; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PROSTATE CANCER; RETINITIS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; RNA BINDING; RNA DEGRADATION; RNA HYBRIDIZATION; SIDE EFFECT; SOLID TUMOR;

ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG DESIGN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC; NUCLEOTIDES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES, ANTISENSE; RNA SPLICING; RNA, MESSENGER;

EID: 3242719541     PISSN: 15665240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1566524043360375     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Chiang, M.-Y., Chan, H., Zounes, M. A., Freier, S. M., Lima, W. F. and Bennett, C. F. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18162-18171.
2. Dean, N. M., McKay, R., Condon, T. P.and Bennett, C. F. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16416-16424.
3. Skorski, T., Nieborowska-Skorska, M., Nicolaides, N. C., Szczylik, C., Iversen, P., Iozzo, R. V., Zon, G.and Calabretta, B. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4504-4508.
4. Hijiya, N., Zhang, J., Ratajczak, M. Z., Kant, J. A., DeRiel, K., Herlyn, M., Zon, G.and Gewirtz, A. M. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4499-4503.
5. Baker, B. F.and Monia, B. P. (1999) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1489, 3-18.
6. McManaway, M. E., Neckers, L. M., Loke, S. L., Al-Nasser, A. A., Redner, R. L., Shiramizu, B. T., Goldschmidts, W. L., Huber, B. E., Bhatia, K.and Magrath, I. T. (1990) Lancet 335, 808-811.
7. Crooke, S. T. In Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, 6th Edition; Abraham, D. J., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, NY, 2003, Vol. 5, Chapter 2, pp 115-166.
8. F., L. W.and Crooke, S. T. In Methods of Enzymology; Nicholson, A. W., Ed.; Academic Press: San Diego, 2001, Vol. 341 Part A; pp 430-440.
9. Smith, C. C., Aurelian, L., Reddy, M. P., Miller, P. S.and Ts'o, P. O. P. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2787-2791.
10. Sierakowska, H., Sambade, M. J., Agrawal, S.and Kole, R. (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 12840-12844.
11. Kulka, M., Smith, C. C., Aurelian, L., Fishelevich, R., Meade, K., Miller, P. and Ts'o, P. O. P. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6868-6872.
12. Zamecnik, P. C., Goodchild, J., Taguchi, Y.and Sarin, P. S. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 4143-4146.
13. Dominski, Z.and Kole, R. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8673-8677.
14. Dominski, Z.and Kole, R. (1994) Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, 7445-7454.
15. Hodges, D.and Crooke, S. T. (1995) Mol. Pharmacol. 48, 905-918.
16. Karras, J. G., McGraw, K., McKay, R. A., Cooper, S. R., Lerner, D., Lu, T., Walker, C., Dean, N. M.and Monia, B. P. (2000) Journal Of Immunology 164, 5409-5415.
17. Mercatante, D. R., Bortner, C. D., Cidlowski, J. A.and Kole, R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 16411-16417.
18. Taylor, J. K., Zhang, Q. Q., Wyatt, J. R.and Dean, N. M. (1999) Nat. Biotech. 17, 1097-1100.
19. Sazani, P., Gemignani, F., Kang, S.-H., Maier, M. A., Manoharan, M., Persmark, M., Bortner, D.and Kole, R. (2002) Nature Biotech. 20, 1228-1233.
20. Cartegni, L.and Krainer, A. R. (2003) Nature Structural Biology 10, 120-125.
21. Crouch, R. J.and Dirksen, M.-L. In Nucleases; Linn, S. M., Roberts, R. J., Eds.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1985, pp 211-241.
22. Crum, C., Johnson, J. D., Nelson, A.and Roth, D. (1988) Nucl.Acids Res. 16, 4569-4581.
23. Cerritelli, S. M., Frolova, E. G., Feng, C., Grinberg, A., Love, P. E. and Crouch, R. J. (2003) Molecular Cell 11, 807-815.
24. Donis-Keller, H. (1979) Nucl.Acids Res. 7, 179-192.
25. Kawasaki, A. M., Casper, M. D., Freier, S. M., Lesnik, E. A., Zounes, M. C., Cummins, L. L., Gonzalez, C.and Cook, P. D. (1993) J. Med. Chem. 36, 831-841.
26. Sproat, B. S., Lamond, A. I., Beijer, B., Neuner, P.and Ryder, U. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 3373-3386.
27. Morvan, F., Rayner, B.and Imbach, J. L. (1991) Anticancer. Drug Des. 6, 521-529.
28. Gagnor, C., Rayner, B., Leonetti, J. P., Imbach, J. L.and Lebleu, B. (1989) Nucl.Acids Res. 17, 5107-5114.
29. Miller, P. S. In Oligodeoxynucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression; Cohen, J. S., Ed.; CRC Press, Inc., 1989, pp 79.
30. Maher, L. J., III, Wold, B.and Dervan, P. B. (1989) Science 245, 725-730.
31. Stein, C. A.and Cheng, Y.-C. (1993) Science 261, 1004-1012.
32. Mirabelli, C. K., Bennett, C. F., Anderson, K. P.and Crooke, S. T. (1991) Anti-Cancer Drug Design 6, 647-661.
33. Cazenave, C., Stein, C. A., Loreau, N., Thuong, N. T., Neckers, L. M., Subasinghe, C., Helene, C., Cohen, J. S.and Toulm,, J.-J. (1989) Nucl.Acids Res. 17, 4255-4273.
34. Quartin, R. S., Brakel, C. L.and Wetmur, J. G. (1989) Nucl.Acids Res. 17, 7253-7262.
35. Furdon, P. J., Dominski, Z.and Kole, R. (1989) Nucl.Acids Res. 17, 9193-9204.
36. Eder, P. S.and Walder, J. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6472-6479.
37. Monia, B. P., Lesnik, E. A., Gonzalez, C., Lima, W. F., McGee, D., Guinosso, C. J., Kawasaki, A. M., Cook, P. D.and Freier, S. M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14514-14522.
38. Giles, R. V.and Tidd, D. M. (1992) Nucl.Acids Res. 20, 763-770.
39. Crooke, S. T., Lemonidis, K. M., Neilson, L., Griffey, R., Lesnik, E. A.and Monia, B. P. (1995) Biochem. J. 312, 599-608.
40. Lima, W. F.and Crooke, S. T. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 390-398.
41. Wu, H., Lima, W. F.and Crooke, S. T. (1998) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 8, 53-61.
42. Frank, P., Braunshofer-Reiter, C., Wintersberger, U., Grimm, R.and Busen, w. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12872-12877.
43. Kanaya, S., Katsuda-Nakai, C.and Ikebara, M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11621-11627.
44. Katayanagi, K., Okumura, M.and Morikawa, K. (1993) Proteins 17, 337-346.
45. Nicholson, A. Ribonucleases: Structures and Functions; Academic Press: New York, 1997.
46. Lima, W. F., Mohan, V.and Crooke, S. T. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18191-18199.
47. Wu, H., Lima, W. F.and Crooke, S. T. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 28270-28278.
48. Lima, W. F.and Crooke, S. T. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27513-27516.
49. Fraser, A. G., Kamath,R.S., Zipperlen,P., Martinez-Campos,M., Sohrmann,M. and Ahringer,J. (2000) Nature 408, 325-330.
50. Gonczy, P., Echeverri, C., Oegema, K., Couson, A., Jones, S. J. M., Copley, R. R., Duperon, J., Eogema, J., Brehm, M., Cassin, E., Hannak, E., Kirkham, M., Pichler, S., Flohrs, K., Goessen, A., Leidel, S., Alleaume, A.-M., Martin, C., Ozlu, N., Bork, P.and Hyman, A. A. (2000) Nature 408, 331-336.
51. Grishok, A., Tabara, H.and Mello, C. C. (2000) Science 287, 2494-2497.
52. Zamore, P. D., Tuschl, T., Sharp, P. A.and Bartel, D. P. (2000) Cell 101, 25-33.
53. Zamore, P. D. (2002) Science 296, 1265-1269.
54. Tuschl, T., Zamore, P. D., Lehmann, R., Barkel, D. P.and Sharp, P. A. (1999) Genes & Development 13, 3191-3197.
55. Caplen, N. J., Fleenor, J.and Morgan, A. F. A. (2000) Gene 252, 95-105.
56. Der, S. D., Yang, Y.-L., Weissmann, C.and Williams, B. R. G. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3279-3283.
57. Elbashir, S. M., Harborth, J., Lendeckel, W., Yalcin, A., Weber, K.and Tuschl, T. (2001) Nature 411, 494-498.
58. Caplen, N. J., Parrish, S., Imani, F., Fire, A.and Morgan, R. A. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 9742-9747.
59. Novina, C. D., Murray, M. F., Dykxhoorn, D. M., Beresford, P. J., Riess, J., Lee, S.-K., Collman, R. G., Lieberman, J., Shankar, P.and Sharp, P. A. (2002) Nature Medicine 8, 681-686.
60. Vickers, T. A., Koo, S., Bennett, C. F., Crooke, S. T., Dean, N. M. and Baker, B. F. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7108-7118.
61. Cohen, J. S. In Antisense Research and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Lebleu, B., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1993, pp 205-222.
62. Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001.
63. Joos, R. W.and Hall, W. H. (1969) J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 166, 113.
64. Srinivasan, S. K., Tewary, H. K.and Iversen, P. L. (1995) Antisense Res Dev 5, 131-139.
65. Crooke, S. T., Graham, M. J., Zuckerman, J. E., Brooks, D., Conklin, B. S., Cummins, L. L., Greig, M. J., Guinosso, C. J., Kornburst, D., Manoharan, M., Sasmor, H. M., Schleich, T., Tivel, K. L.and Griffey, R. H. (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 277, 923-937.
66. Agrawal, S., Temsamani, J.and Tang, J. Y. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7595-7599.
67. Iversen, P. Anticancer. (1992) Drug Des. 6, 531-538.
68. Yu, R. Z., Geary, R. S., Leeds, J. M., Watanabe, T., Moore, M., Fitchett, J., Matson, J., Burckin, T., Templin, M. V.and Levin, A. A. (2000) J. Pharm. Sci. 90, 182-193.
69. Cossum, P. A., Troung, L., Owens, S. R., Markham, P. M., Shea, J. P.and Crooke, S. T. (1994) The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 269, 89-94.
70. Crooke, S. T., Grillone, L. R., Tendolkar, A., Garrett, A., Fratkin, M. J., Leeds, J.and Barr, W. H. (1994) Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. 56, 641-646.
71. Leeds, J. M., Henry, S. P., Geary, R., Burckin, T.and Levin, A. A. (2000) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 10, 435-441.
72. Cossum, P. A., Sasmor, H., Dellinger, D., Truong, L., Cummins, L., Owens, S. R., Markham, P. M., Shea, J. P.and Crooke, S. (1993) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 267, 1181-1190.
73. Rappaport, J., Hanss, B., Kopp, J. B., Copeland, T. D., Bruggeman, L. A., Coffman, T. M.and Klotman, P. E. (1995) Kidney Int. 47, 1462-1469.
74. Sands, H., Gorey-Feret, L. J., Cocuzza, A. J., Hobbs, F. W., Chidester, D.and Trainor, G. L. (1994) Molecular Pharmacology 45, 932-943.
75. Takakura, Y., Mahato, R. I., Yoshida, M., Kanamaru, T.and Hashida, M. (1996) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Del. 6, 177-183.
76. Butler, M., Stecker, K.and Bennett, C. F. (1997) Lab. Invest. 77, 379-388.
77. Graham, M. J., Crooke, S. T., Monteith, D. K., Cooper, S. R., Lemonidis, K. M., Stecker, K. K., Martin, M. J.and Crooke, R. M. (1998) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286, 447-458.
78. Nyce, J. W. (1997) Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 6, 1149-1156.
79. Templin, M. V., Levin, A. A., Graham, M. J., Aberg, P. M., Axelsson, B. I., Butler, M., Geary, R. S.and Bennett, C. F. (2000) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 10, 359-368.
80. Nyce, J. W. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 679-685.
81. Nyce, J. W.and Metzger, W. J. (1997) Nature 385, 721-725.
82. Saxena, S. K.and Ackerman, E. J. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3263-3269.
83. Cook, P. D. In Antisense Research and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Lebleu, B., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1993, pp 149-187.
84. Monia, B. P., Johnston, J. F., Ecker, D. J., Zounes, M. A., Lima, W. F.and Freier, S. M. (1992) J. Biol. Chem267, 19954-19962.
85. Crooke, S. T. (1992) Bio.Technol. 10, 882-886.
86. Bennett, C. F.and Crooke, S. T. In Ther. Modulation Cytokines; Henderson, B. B., Mark W, Ed.; CRC, Boca Raton, Fla, 1996, pp 171-193.
87. Azad, R. F., Driver, V. B., Tanaka, K., Crooke, R. M.and Graham, M. (1993) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 37, 1945-1954.
88. Wagner, R. W., Matteucci, M. D., Lewis, J. G., Gutierrez, A. J., Moulds, C.and Froehler, B. C. (1993) Science 260, 1510-1513.
89. Wyatt, J. R., Vickers, T. A., Roberson, J. L., Buckheit, R. W., Jr., Klimkait, T., DeBaets, E., Davis, P. W., Rayner, B., Imbach, J. L.and Ecker, D. J. (1994) Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91, 1356-1360.
90. Barton, C. M.and Lemoine, N. R. (1995) Br. J. Cancer 71, 429-437.
91. Burgess, T. L., Fisher, E. F., Ross, S. L., Bready, J. V., Qian, Y., Bayewitch, L. A., Cohen, A. M., Herrera, C. J., Hu, S. F., Kramer, T. B., Lott, F. D., Martin, F. H., Pierce, G. F., Simonet, L.and Farrell, C. L. (1995) Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 92, 4051-4055.
92. Hertl, M., Neckers, L. M.and Katz, S. I. (1995) J.Invest.Dermatol. 104, 813-818.
93. Crooke, S. T.and Mirabelli, C. K. In Antisense Research and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Lebleu, B., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1993, pp 7-35.
94. Crooke, S. T. In Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vol. 1; 5 ed.; Wolff, M. E., Ed.; Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York, 1995, pp 863-900.
95. Nagel, K. M., Holstad, S. G.and Isenberg, K. E. (1993) Pharmacotherapy 13, 177-188.
96. Crooke, S. T. In Antisense Research and Application; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, Vol. 131, pp 1-50.
97. Simons, M., Edelman, E. R., DeKeyser, J.-L., Langer, R.and Rosenberg, R. D. (1992) Nature 359, 67-70.
98. Abe, J., Zhou, W., Taguchi, J., Takuwa, N., Miki, K., Okazaki, H., Kurokawa, K., Kumada, M.and Takuwa, Y. (1994) Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 198, 16-24.
99. Whitesell, L., Rosolen, A.and Neckers, L. M. (1991) Antisense Research and Development 1, 343-350.
100. Wahlestedt, C., Pich, E. M., Koob, G. F., Yee, F.and Heilig, M. (1993) Science 259, 528-531.
101. Wahlestedt, C. (1994) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15, 42-46.
102. Eder, P. S.and Walder, J. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6472-6479.
103. Zhang, S.-P., Zhou, L.-W.and Weiss, B. (1994) J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 271, 1462-1470.
104. Ambuhl, P., Gyurko, R.and Phillips, M. I. (1995) Regul. Pept. 59, 171-182.
105. McCarthy, M. M., Nielsen, D. A.and Goldman, D. (1995) Regul Pept. 59, 163-170.
106. Osen-Sand, A., Catsicast, M., Staple, J. K., Jones, K. A., Ayala, G., Knowles, J., Grenningloh, G.and Catsicas, S. (1993) Nature 364, 445-448.
107. Burch, R. M., Weitzberg, M., Blok, N., Muhlhauser, R., Martin, D., Farmer, S. G., Bator, J. M., Connor, J. R., Ko, C., Kuhn, W., McMillan, B. A., Raynor, M., Shearer, B. G., Tiffany, C.and Wilkins, D. E. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 355-359.
108. Higgins, K. A., Perez, J. R., Coleman, T. A., Dorshkind, K., McComas, W. A., Sarmiento, U. M., Rosen, C. A.and Narayanan, R. (1993) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 9901-9905.
109. Dean, N. M.and McKay, R. (1994) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11762-11766.
110. Dean, N., McKay, R., Miraglia, L., Howard, R., Cooper, S., Giddings, J., Nicklin, P., Meister, L., Ziel, R., Geiger, T., Muller, M.and Fabbro, D. (1996) Cancer Res. 56, 3499-3507.
111. Monia, B. P., Johnston, J. F., Geiger, T., Muller, M.and Fabbro, D. (1995) Nature Med. 2, 668-675.
112. Monia, B. P., Johnston, J. F., Sasmor, H.and Cummins, L. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 14533-14540.
113. Nesterova, M.and Cho-Chung, Y. S. (1995) Nature Med. 1, 528-533.
114. Grillone, L. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 725-738.
115. Bennett, F. In Antisense Therapeutics: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 291-318.
116. Shanahan, W. In Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 773-794.
117. Maksymowych, W., Blackburn, W., Hutchings, E., Williams, L., Tami, J., Wagner, K., Shyanahan, W. (1999) Arthritis Rheumatology 42, S170.
118. Fredriksson, T.and Pettersson, U. (1978) Dermatologica 157, 238-244.
119. Yacyshyn, B. R., Bowen-Yacyshyn, M. B., Jewell, L., Tami, J. A., Bennett, C. F., Kisner, D. L.and Shanahan, W. R., Jr. (1998) Gastroenterology 114, 1133-1142.
120. Yu, R. Z., Su, J. G., Grundy, J. S., Geary, R. S., Sewell, K. L., Dorr, F. A.and Levin, A. A. (2003) Antisense & Nuc. Acid Drug Dev 13, 57-66.
121. Yacyshyn, B., Woloschuk, B., Yacyshyn, M. B., Martini, D., Doan, K., Tami, J., Bennett, F., Kisner, D.and Shanahan, W. In Annual Meetings of American Gastroenterological Assoc. and American Assoc. for the Study of Liver Diseases: Washington, D.C., 1997.
122. Miner, P. B., Bane, B. L., Sadiq, S. A., Bradley, J. D.and Wedel, M. In Digestive Disease Week: Orlando, FL., 2003.
123. Holmlund, J. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 739-759.
124. Yuen, A., Advani, R., Fisher, G., Halsey, J., Lum, B., Geary, R., Kwoh, T.J., Holmlund, J., Dorr, A., Sikic, B.I. In ASCO: San Francisco, CA, 2001.
125. Lynch, T., Raju, R., Lind, M., Riveiere, A., Gatzemeier, U., Dorr, A., Holmlund, J., Yuen, A.and Sikic, B. In ASCO: Orlando, FL., 2002.
126. Galbraith, W. M., Hobson, W. C., Giclas, P. C., Schechter, P.J. and Agrawal, S. (1994) Antisense Res. Dev. 4, 201-206.
127. Henry, S. P., Giclas, P. C., Leeds, J., Pangburn, M., Auletta, C., Levin, A. A.and Kornbrust, D. J. (1997) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 281, 810-816.
128. Cornish, K. G., Iversen, P., Smith, L., Arneson, M.and Bayever, E. (1993) Pharmacol.Comm. 3, 239-247.
129. Levin, A. A., Henry, S., Monteith, D.and Templin, M. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 201-267.
130. Henry, S. P., Monteith, D.and Levin, A. A. (1997) Anti-Cancer Drug Design 12, 395-408.
131. Henry, S. P., Novotny, W., Leeds, J., Auletta, C.and Kornbrust, D. J. (1997) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7, 503-510.
132. Wallace, T. L., Bazemore, S. A., Kornbrust, D. J.and Cossum, P. A. (1996) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 278, 1306-1312.
133. Griffin, L. C., Tidmarsh, G. F., Bock, L. C., Toole, J. J.and Leung, L. L. K. (1993) Blood 81, 3271-3276.
134. Nicklin, P. L., Ambler, J., Mitchelson, A., Bayley, D., Phillips, J. A., Craig, S. J.and Monia, B. P. (1997) Nucleos.Nucleot. 16, 1145-1153.
135. Sheehan, J. P.and Lan, H.-C. (1998) Blood 92, 1617-1625.
136. Henry, S., Larkin, R., Novotny, W.and Kornbrust, D. (1994) Pharm. Res. 11, S-353/S351-S490.
137. Levin, A. A., Monteith, D. K., Leeds, J. M., Nicklin, P. L., Geary, R. S., Butler, M., Templin, M. V.and Henry, S. P. In Antisense Research and Application Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, Vol. 131, pp 169-214.
138. Monteith, D. K., Geary, R. S., Leeds, J. M., Johnston, J., Monia, B. P.and Levin, A. A. (1998) Toxicology Sciences 46, 365-375.
139. Henry, S. P., Bolte, H., Auletta, C.and Kornbrust, D. J. (1997) Toxicology 120, 145-155.
140. Sarmiento, U. M., Perez, J. R., Becker, J. M.and Ramaswamy, N. (1994) Antisense Research and Development 4, 99-107.
141. Pisetsky, D. S.and Reich, C. F. (1994) Life Sci. 54, 101-107.
142. Liang, H., Nishioka, Y., Reich, C. F., Pisetsky, D. S.and Lipsky, P. E. (1996) J. Clin. Invest. 98, 1119-1129.
143. Lemonidis-Farrar, K., Templin, M., MJ, G.and RM, C. (2000) Toxicologist 42, 120.
144. Krieg, A. M. In Antisense Research and Application; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, Vol. 131, pp 243-262.
145. Davis, H. L., Weeranta, R., Waldschmidt, T. J., Tygrett, L., Schorr, J.and Kreig, A. M. (1998) The Journal of Immunology 160, 870-876.
146. Harmann, G.and Krieg, A. (2000) Journal Of Immunology 164, 944-953.
147. Krieg, A. M., Yi, A.-K., Matson, S., Waldschmidt, T. J., Bishop, G. A., Teasdale, R., Koretzky, G. A.and Klinman, D. M. (1995) Nature 374, 546-549.
148. Dorr, F. A., Glover, J. M.and Kwoh, J. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 269-290.
149. Nemunaitis, J., Holmlund, J. T., Kraynak, M., Richards, D., Bruce, J., Ognoskie, N., Kwoh, T. J., Geary, R., Dorr, A., Von Hoff, D. and Eckhardt, S. G. (1999) J. Clin. Oncol. 17, 3586-3595.
150. Dorr, A., Nemunaitis, J., Bruce, J., Monia, B., Johnston, J., Geary, R., Kwoh, T. J.and Holmlund, J. In 35th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; Michael C. Perry, M., Ed.; American Society of Clinical Oncology: Atlanta, GA, 1999, Vol. 18, pp 157a, #603.
151. Holmlund, J., Nemunaitis, J., Schiller, J., Dorr, A.and Kisner, D. In American Society of Clinical Oncologry; Perry, M., Ed.: Los Angeles, CA, 1998, Vol. 17; pp 210a.
152. Sikic, G. I., Yuen, A. R., Halsey, J., fisher, G. A., Pribble, J. P., Smith, R. M., Geary, R.and Dorr, A. In 33rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology: Perry, M. C., Ed.: Denver, CO, 1998, Vol. 16; pp 212a.
153. Yuen, A. R., Halsey, J., Fisher, G. A., Holmlund, J. T., Geary, R. S., Kwoh, T. J., Dorr, A.and Sikic, B. I. (1999) Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 3357-3363.
154. Summerton, J.and Weller, D. (1997) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7, 187-195.
155. Kole, R.and Mercatante, D. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2001, pp 1-29.
156. Crooke, S. T. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke. S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 1-28.
157. Stepkowski, S. M., Qu, X., Wang, M.-E., Tian, L., Chen, W., Wancewicz, E. V., Johnston, J. F.. Bennett, C. F.and Monia, B. P. (2000) Transplantation 70, 656-661.
158. Zellweger, T., Miyake, H., Cooper, S., Chi, K., Conklin, B. S., Monia, B. P.and Gleave, M. E. (2001) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298, 1-7.
159. Dean, N. M., Butler, M., Monia, B.P. and Manoharan, M. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp pp. 319-338.
160. Geary, R. S., Khatsenko, O., Bunker, K., Crooke, R., Moore, M., Burchkin, T., Truong, L., Sasmor, H.and Levin, A. A. (2001) Journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics 296, 898-904.
161. Manoharan, M. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York, 2001, pp 391-470.
162. Geary, R. S., Watanabe, T. A., Truong, L., Freier, S., Lesnik, E. A., Sioufi, N. B., Sasmor, H., Manoharaon, M.and Levin, A. A. (2001) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296, 890-897.
163. Crooke, R.and Graham, M. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 155-182.
164. Zhang, Z., Cook, J., Nickel, J., Yu, R., Stecker, K., Myers, K. and Dean, N. M. (2000) Nature Biotechnology 18, 862-867.
165. Hardee, G., Weinbach, S. and Tillman, L. In Antisense Technology: Principles, Strategies and Applications; Crooke, S. T., Ed.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, 2001, pp 795-832.
166. Nicklin, P. L., Craig, S. J.and Phillips, J. A. In Antisense Research and Application; Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, Vol. 131; pp 141-168.
167. Zhang, R., Lu, Z., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Diasio, R. B., Habus, I., Jiang, Z., Iyer, R. P., Yu, D.and Agrawal, S. (1995) Biochemical Pharmacology 50, 545-556.
168. Zhang, R., Diasio, R. B., Lu, Z., Liu, T., Jiang, Z., Galbraith, W. M. and Agrawal, S. (1995) Biochem. Pharmacol. 49, 929-939.
169. Henry, S. P., Stecker, K., Brooks, D., Monteith, D. K., Conklin, B.and Bennett, C. F. (2000) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292, 468-479.
170. Sewell, L., Tami, J., Geary, R., Mant, T., Dorr, A.and Glover, J. In British Pharmaceutical Society: Dublin, Ireland, 2001.