Novel targeted agents in the treatment of lung cancer

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 609-629

  Saba, Nabil ^a   Khuri, Fadlo ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Cyclooxygenase; Epidermal growth factor; Farnesyl transferase; Gene therapy; Lung cancer; Targeted therapy; Vaccine therapy

Indexed keywords

ABGENIX; AE 941; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; BEXAROTENE; CANERTINIB; CARBOPLATIN; CELECOXIB; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G2A; LAPATINIB; LONAFARNIB; MARIMASTAT; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PELITINIB; REBIMASTAT; TIPIFARNIB; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ACNE; ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COUGHING; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG STRUCTURE; DYSPNEA; FATIGUE; HUMAN; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ALKYL AND ARYL TRANSFERASES; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CANCER VACCINES; CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; FARNESYLTRANSTRANSFERASE; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; RECEPTOR, EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 3042728850     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.6.609     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. JEMAL A, THOMAS A, MURRAY T et al.: Cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. (2002) 52:23-47.
2. CARPENTER G, COHEN S: Epidermal growth factor. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1979) 48:193-216.
3. YARDEN Y, ULLRICH A: Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1988) 57:443-478.
4. CARPENTER G, COHEN S: Epidermal growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. (1990) 265:7709-7712.
5. GULLICK WJ: Prevalence of aberrant expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human cancers. Br. Med. Bull. (1991) 47:87-91.
6. YARDEN Y, SLIWKOWSKI M: Untangling the ErbB signaling network. Nat. Rev Mol. CelL Biol. (2001) 2:127-137.
7. ALROY I, YARDEN Y. The ErbB signaling network in embryogenesis and oncogenesis: signal diversification through combinational ligand-receptor interactions. FEBS Lett. (1997) 410:83-86.
8. LEWIS TS, SHAPIRO PS, AHN NG: Signal transduction through MAPkinase cascades. Adv. Cancer Res. (1998) 74:49-139.
9. CARTER AS, AUER KL, REARDON DB: Inhibition of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade potentiates cell killing by low-dose ionizing radiation in A431 human squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncogene (1998) 16:2787-2796.
10. VIVANCO I, SAWYERS CL: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway in human cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2002) 2:489-501.
11. GRANA TM, RUSYN EV, ZHOU H EA: Ras mediates radioresistance through both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent and Raf-dependent but mitogen-activated protein kinase/exctracellular signal regulated kinase kinase-independant signaling pathways. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:4142-4145.
12. JIANG K, COPPOLA D, CRESPO NC et al: The phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase/AKT2 pathway as a critical target for farnesyl-transferase inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. (2000) 20:139-148.
13. RUBIN GRANDIS RJ, CHAKRABORTY A, MELHEM MF: Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression and function decreases proliferation of head and neck squamous carcinoma but not normal mucosal epithelial cells. Oncogene (1997) 15:409-416.
14. GRANDIS JR, MELHEM MF, BARNES EL: Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer (1996) 78:1284-1292.
15. LIU D, GHISO JA, ESTRADA Y et al.: EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma. Cancer Cell (2002) 1:445-457.
16. PFEIL K, EDER IE, PUTZ T et al: Long-term androgen ablation causes increased resistance to PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition in prostate cancer cells. Prostate (2004) 15:259-268.
17. ZHANG J, CHOI Y, MAVROMATIS B et al.: Preferential killing of PTEN-null myelomas by PI3K inhibitors through Akt pathway. Oncogene (2003) 18:6289-6295.
18. SHE QB, SOLIT D, BASSO A et al.: Resistance to Gefitinib in PTEN-null HER-overexpressing tumor cells can be overcome through restoration of PTEN function or pharmacologic modulation of constitutive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway signaling. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 1:4340-4346.
19. ALLEN LF, LENCHAN PF, EISMAN IA et al.: Potential benefits of the irreversible pan-erbB inhibitor, CI-1033, in the treatment of breast cancer. Semin. Oncol. June (2002) 29:11-21.
20. SLICHENMYER WJ, ELLIOTT WL, FRY DW. CI-1033, a pan-erbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Semin. Oncol. (2001) 28:80-85.
21. GIACCONE G, JOHNSON DH, MANEGOLD C: A Phase III clinical trial of ZD 1839 (Iressa) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (INTACT1). Ann. Oncol. (2002) 13:2.
22. JOHNSON D, HERBST R, GIACONNE G: ZD1839 (Iressa) in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results from a phase II clinical trial (INTACT2). Ann. Oncol. (2002) 13:2.
23. SIROTNAK F, ZAKOWINSKI M, MILLER V et al.: Efficacy of cytotoxic agents against human tumor xenografts is markedly enhanced by coadministration of ZD 1839 (IRESSA), an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:4885-4892.
24. WAKELING AE, GUY SP, WOODBURN JR et al.: ZD1839 (Iressa): an orally active inhibitor of epidermal growth factor signaling with potential for cancer therapy. Cancer Res. Oct (2002) 15:5749-5754.
25. RUSCH V, BASELGA J, CORDON-CARDO C et al.: Differential expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in primary non-small cell lung cancers and adjacent benign lung. Cancer Res. (1993) 53:2379-2385.
26. RUSCH V, KLIMSTRA D, VENKATRAMAN E et al.: Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligand transforming growth factor alpha is frequent in resectable non-small cell lung cancer but does not predict tumor progression. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3:515-522.
27. MENDELSOHN J: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by a monoclonal antibody as anticancer therapy. Clinical Cancer Res. (1997) 3:2703-2707.
28. MILLER VA, JOHNSON DH, HEELAN RT et al.: A pilot trial demonstrates the safety of ZD 1839 (Iressa, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), in combination with carboplatin (c) and paclitaxel (p) in previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 20:326a.
29. CAMPIGLIO M, LOCATELLI A, OLGIATI C et al.: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 (Iressa) is independant of EGFR expression level. J. Cell. Physiol. (2004) 198(2):259-268.
30. HIDALGO M: Erlotinib: preclinical investigations. Oncology (2003) 17(11 Suppl. 12):11-16.
31. GRUNWALD V, HIDALGO M: Development of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor Tarceva (OSI-774). Adv. Exp. Biol. (2003) 532:235-246.
32. GATZEMEIER U: Targeting the HER1/EGFR receptor to improve outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology (2003) 17(11 Suppl. 12):7-10.
33. GILL GN, KAWAMOTO T, COCHET C: Monoclonal anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies which are inhibitors of epidermal growth factor bindingand antagonists of the epidermal growth factor stimulated tyrosine protein kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. (1984) 259:7755-7760.
34. SATO JD, KAWAMOTO T, LE AD et al.: Biological effects in vitro of monoclonal antibodies to human EGF receptors. Mol. Biol. Med (1983) 1:511-529.
35. SARUP JC, JOHNSON RM, KING KL et al.: Characterization of an anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibody that stimulates receptor function and inhibits tumor cell growth. Growth Regul. (1991) 1:72-82.
36. MASUI H, KAWAMOTO T, SATO JD et al.: Growth inhibition of human tumor cells in athymic mice by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res. (1984) 44:1002-1007.
37. PARK JW, STAGG R, LEWIS G.D et al.: Anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibodies: biological properties and potential for immunotherapy. In: Genes Oncogenes and Hormones. Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer. RB Dickson and ME Lippman (Eds), Kluiwer Academic Publishers, Boston, USA (1991).
38. SOLOMON DS, BRANDT R, CIARDIELLO F: Epidermal growth factor related peptides and their receptors in human malignancies. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. (1995) 19:183-232.
39. SHIN DM, DONATO NJ, PEREZ-SOLER R et al.: Epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted with C225 and Cisplatin in patients with head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(5):1204-1213.
40. WU X, FAN Z, MASUI H: Apoptosis induced by an epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line and its delay by insulin. J. Clin. Invest. (1995) 95:1897-1905.
41. BRUNS CJ, HARBISON MT, DAVIS SW: Epidermal growth factor receptor blockade with C225 plus gemcitabine results in regression of human pancreatic carcinoma growing orthotopically in nude mice by antiangiogenic mechanisms. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:1936-1948.
42. PREWETT M, ROCKWELL P, ROCKWELL RF: The biologic effects of C225, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to the EGFR, on human prostate carcinoma. J. Immunother. Emphasis Tumor Immunol. (1996) 19:419-427.
43. MOYER JD, BARBACCI EG, IWATA KK: Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by CP-358,774, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:4838-4848.
44. BASELGA J, NORTON L, MASUI H: The antitumor effects of doxorubicin in combination with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.(1993) 85.
45. HERBST RS, LANGER CJ: Epidermal growth factor receptors as a target for cancer treatment: The emerging role of IMC-C225 in the treatment of lung and head and neck cancers. Semin. Oncol. (2002) 29:27-36.
46. KIM ES, MAUER AM, FOSSELLA FV: A phase II study of erbitux (IMC-C225), an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blocking antibody, in combination with docetaxel in chemotherapy refractory/resistant patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 21.
47. FOON KA, YANG XD, WEINER LM et al.: Preclinical and clinical evaluations of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. Mar (2004) 1:58(3):984-990.
48. YANG XD, JIA XC, CORVALAN JR et al.: Development of ABX-EGF, a fully human anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody, for cancer therapy. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. (2001) 38(1):17-23.
49. RANSON M: Technology evaluation: ABX-EGF, Abgenix/Amgen. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. (2003) 5(5):541-546.
50. TATEISHI M, ISHIDA T, MITSUDOMI T: Prognostic value of C-ErbB2 protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Cancer (1991) 27:1372-1375.
51. KERN JA, SCHWARTZ DA, NORDBERG JE: P185neu expression in human lung adenocarcinomas predicts shortened survival. Cancer Res. (1990) 50:5184-5187.
52. GATZMEIER U, GROTH G, BRITTS C et al.: Randomized phase II trial of Gemcitabine-Cisplatin with or without transtuzumab in Her-2 positive non-small cell lung cancer. Ann. Oncol. (2004) 15:19-27.
53. HIRSCH FR, LANGER CJ: The role of Her2/neu expression and Transtuzumab in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. (2004) 31:75-82.
54. KHURI FR, RIGAS JR, FIGLIN RA et al.: Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of oral bexarotene in combination with cisplayin and vinorelbine in previously untreated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. May (2001) 15:2626-2637.
55. NGUYEN TT, TRAN E, ONG CK et al.: Kaempferol induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells is mediated by activation of MEK-MAPK. J. Cell. Physiol. (2003) 197(1):110-121.
56. TAXMAN DJ, MACKEIGAN JP, CLEMENTS C et al.: Transcriptional profiling of targets for combination therapy of lung carcinoma with paclitaxel and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase inhibitor. Cancer Res. (2003) 15:5095-5104.
57. DUBOIS RN, ABRAMSON SB, CROFFORD L: Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J. (1998) 12:1063-1073.
58. HERSCHMAN HR, XIE W, REDDY S: Inflammation, reproduction, cancer and all that. The regulation and role of the inducible prostaglandin synthase. Bioassays (1995) 17:1031-1037.
59. EBERHART CE, COFFEY RJ, RADHIKA A: Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastrenterology (1994) 107:1183-1188.
60. WADDELL WR, LOUGHRY RW: Sulindac for polyposis of the colon. J. Surg. Oncol. (1983) 24:83-87.
61. THUN MJ, NAMBOODIRI MM, HEATH CW JR: Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:1593-1596.
62. STAEINBACH G, LYNCH PM, PHILLIPS RK: The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 342:1946-19452.
63. TSOUBOUCHI Y, MUKAI S, KAWAHITO Y et al.: Meloxicam inhibits the growth of non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. (2000) 20:2867-2872.
64. MASFERRER JL, LEAHY KM, KOKI AT: Antiangiogenic and anti-tumor activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:1306-1311.
65. JOKI T, HEESE O, NIKAS DC: Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in human glioma and in-vitro inhibition by a specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:127-131.
66. ROZIC JG, CHAKRABORTY C, LALA PK: Cycoloxygenase inhibitors retarded human mammary tumor progression by reducing tumor cell migration, invasiveness and angiogenesis. Int. J. Cancer (2001) 93:497-506.
67. KANG J, KIM E, SHIN H et al.: The overexpression of cyclooxygenase - 2 (COX-2) and antitumor effect of selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-236) in gastric cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 19 (Abstract 1279).
68. DING XZ, TONG WG, ADRIAN TE: BLockade of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells. Anticancer Res. (2000) 20:2625-2632.
69. LIU XH, KIRSCHENBAUM A, YAO S et al.: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses angiogenesis and the growth of prostate cancer in vivo. J. Urol. (2000) 164:820-825.
70. LIAO Z, KOMAKI R, MASON KA et al.: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in combination with radiation therapy in lung cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer (2003) 4:356-365.
71. PYO H, CHOY H, AMORINO GP: A selective cyclooxygenaase-2 inhibitor, NS-398, enhances the effect of radiation in-vitro and in-vivo preferentially on the cells that express cyclooxygenase-2. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:2998-3005.
72. KRYSAN K, MERCHANT FH, ZHU L et al.: COX-2 dependant stabilization of survivin in non-small cell lung cancer. FASEB J. (2204) 18(1):206-208.
73. KIM HS, YOUM HR, LEE JS et al.: Correlation betwen cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2003) 42:163-170.
74. SAHA D, CHOY H: Potential for combined modality therapy of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and radiation. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. (2003) 37:193-209.
75. NAKATA H, UEMURA Y, KOBAYASHI M et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 suppresses cell growth and constitutive production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci. (2003) 94:173-180.
76. SANCHEZ-ALCAZAR JA, BRADBURY DA, PANG L et al.: Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer through cyclooxygenase independant pathways. Lung Cancer (2003) 40:33-44.
77. TIAN F, WANG TY, GONG M et al.: Overexpression of COX-2 and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi (2003) 41:407-410.
78. KHURI FR, WU H, LEE JJ et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(4):861-867.
79. FANG HY, LIN TS, LIN JP et al.: Cyclooxygenase-2 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol (2003) 29:171-177.
80. ALTORKI NK, KERESZTES RS, PORT JL et al.: Celecoxib a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, enhances the response to preoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21:2631-2632.
81. ZOHN IM, CAMPBELL SL, KHOSRAVI-FAR R: Rho family proteins and Ras transformation: The RHOad less traveled gets congested. Oncogene (1998) 17:1415-1438.
82. BOS JL: ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res. (1989) 49:4682-4689.
83. BOLLAG G, McCORMICK F: Regulators and effectors of Ras proteins.Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. (1991) 7:601-632.
84. ROSELL R, LI S, SKACEL Z: Prognostic impact of mutated K-ras gene in surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncogene (1993) 8:2407-2412.
85. SLEBOS RJ, KIBBELAAR RE, DALESIO O: K-ras oncogene activation as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma of the lung. N. Engl. J. Med. (1990) 323:561-565.
86. LERNER EC, QUIAN Y, HAMILTON AD: Disruption of oncogenic K-Ras4B processing and signaling by a potent geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) 270:26770-26773.
87. LERNER EC, ZHANG TT, KNOWLES DB: Inhibition of the phenylation of K-ras, but not H- or N-ras, is highly resistant to CAAX peptidomimetics and requires both a farnesyl-transferase and a geranylgeranyltransferaseI inhibitor in human tumor cell lines. Oncogene (1997) 15:1283-1288.
88. BARBACID M: ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1987) 56:779-827.
89. LIU M, BTYANT MS, CHEN J: Antitumor activity of SCH66336, an orally bioavailable tryciclic inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase, in human tumor xenograft models and wap-ras transgenic mice. Cancer Res. (1998) 58:4947-4956.
90. ADJEI AA, DAVIS JN, BRUZEK LM et al.: Synergy of the protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336 and cisplatin in human cancer cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:1438-1445.
91. SHI B, YAREMKO B, HAJIAN G: The farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor SCH66336 synergises with taxanes in vitro and enhances their antitumor activity in vivo. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2000) 46:387-393.
92. KIES MS, CLAYMAN GL, EL-NAGGAR AK: Induction therapy with SCH66336, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 20:225a (Abstract 896).
93. ADJEI AA, ERLICHMAN C, DAVIS JN: A Phase I trial of farnesyltransferase inhibitor SCH66336: evidence of biological and clinical activity. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:1871-1877.
94. KHURI FR, GLISSON BS, KIM ES et al.: Phase I study of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) lonafarnib with paclitaxel in solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10:2968-2976.
95. KHURI FR, GLISSON BS, KIM ES et al.: Phase I study of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) lonafarnib with paclitaxel in solid tumors. (Manuscript submitted for publication).
96. KIM ES, KIES MS, FOSSELLA FV et al.: Phase II study of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) lonafarnib with paclitaxel in patients with taxane-refractory/resistant non-small cell lung cancer. (Manuscript submitted for publication).
97. ROWINSKI EK, WINDLE JJ, VON HOFF DD: Ras protein farnesyltransferase: a strategic target for anti-cancer therapeutic development. J. Clin. Oncol. (1999) 17:3631-3652.
98. END DW, SMETS G, TODD AV: Characterization of the antitumor effects of the selective farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:131-137.
99. CRUL M, DE KLERK GJ, SWART M: Phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of chronic oral administration of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in advanced cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:2726-2735.
100. PATNAIK A, ECKHARDT SG, IZBICKA E et al.: A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. Oct (2003) 15:4761-4771.
101. JOHNSTON SR, HICKISH T, ELLIS P et al.: Phase II study of the efficacy and tolerability of two dosing regimens of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, R115777, in advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21:2492-2499.
102. ADJEI AA, MAUER A, BRUZEK L et al.: Phase II study of Farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21:1760-1766.
103. SUN J, BLASKOVICH MA, KNOWLES D: Antitumor efficacy of a novel class of non-thiol-containing peptidomimetic inhibitors of farnesyltransferase I: combination therapy with the cytotoxic agents cisplatin, taxol, and gemcitabine. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:4919-4926.
104. MOASSEER MM, SEPP-LORENZINO L, KOHL NE: Farnesyl transferase inhibitors cause enhanced mitotic sensitivity to taxol and epothilones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95:1369-1374.
105. FOLKMAN J: Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston: Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1757-1763.
106. FOX SB, GASPARINI G, HARRIS AL: Angiogenesis: Pathological, prognostic, and growth factor pathways and their link to trial design and anti-cancer drugs. Lancet Oncol. (2001) 2:278-289.
107. KERBAL RS: Clinical trials in anti-angiogenic drugs: opportunities, problems, and assessment of initial results. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19.
108. COX G, WALKER RA, ANDI A et al.: Prognostic significance of platelet and microvessel counts in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2000) 29:169-177.
109. GIATROMANOLAKI A, KOUKOURAKIS MI, KAKOLYRIS S: Vascular endothelial growth factor, wild-type P53 and angiogenesis in early operable non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (1998) 4:3017-3024.
110. GIATROMANOLAKI A, KOUKOURAKIS MI, COMLEY M: Platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (thymidine phosphorylase) expression in lung cancer. J. Pathol. (1997) 181:196-199.
111. GIATROMANOLAKI A, KOUKOURAKIS M, O'BYRNE K: Prognostic value of angiogenesis in operable non-small cell lung cancer. J. Pathol. (1996) 179:80-88.
112. FONTANINI G, VIGNATI S, BOLDRINI L: Vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with neovascularization and influencesprogression of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (1997) 3:861-865.
113. FONTANINI G, LUCCHI M, VIGNATI S: Angiogenesis as a prognostic indicator of survival in non-small cell lung carcinoma: A prospective study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1997) 89:881-886.
114. HIDALGO M, ECKHARDT SG: Development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2001) 93:178-193.
115. OZDEMIR E, KAKEHI Y, OKUNO H: Role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the basement membrane destruction of superficial urothelial carcinomas. J. Urol. (1999) 161:1359-1363.
116. SHOU Y, HIRANO T, GONG Y: Influence of angiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases upon tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Br. J. Cancer (2001) 85:1706-1712.
117. KARAMERIS M, PANAGOU P, TSILALIS T: Association of expression of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors with the metastatic potential of squamous-cell lung carcinoma. Am J Resp Crit. Care Med. (1997) 156:1930-1936.
118. KHOKHA R, BENHARDT DT: Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases: a review of their role in tumorigenesis and tissue invasion. Invasion Metastasis (1989) 9:391-405.
119. FORTUNATO SJ, MENON R: Screening for novel matrix metalloproteinases in human fetal membranes. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. (2002) 19:483-486.
120. MICHAEL M, BABIC B, KHOKHA R: Expression and prognostic significance of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1999) 17:1802-1808.
121. WOJTOWICZ-PRAGA SM, DICKSON RB, HAWKINS MJ: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Invest. New Drugs (1997) 15:61-75.
122. SHEPHERD FA, GIACCONE G, SEYMOUR L: Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of marismatat after response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer: a trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada-clinical Trials Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:4434-4439.
123. FALARDEAU P, CHAMPAGNE P, POYET P, HARITON C, DUPONT E: Novastat, a naturally occurring multifunctional antiangiogenic drug, in phase III clinical trials. Semin. Oncol. (2001) 28:620-625.
124. LIU J, TSAO MS, PAGURA M et al.: Early combination treatment with carboplatin and the MMP inhibitor, prinomastat, prolongs survival and reduces systemic metastasis in an aggressive orthotopic lung cancer model. Lung Cancer (2003) 42:335-344.
125. BEHRENDT CE, RUIZ RB: Venous thromboembolism among patients with advanced lung cancer randomized to prinomastat or placebo, plus chemotherapy. Thromb. Haemost. (2003) 90(4):734-737.
126. BRAMHALL SR, HALLISSEY MT, WHITING J et al.: Marismatat as maintenance therapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomized trial. Br. J. Cancer June (2002) 17:1864-1870.
127. HEATH EI, O'REILLY S, HUMPHREY R et al.: Phase I trial of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor BAY-12-9566 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2001) 48(4):269-274.
128. ERLICHMAN C, ADJEI AA, ALBERTS SR et al.: Phase I study of the matris metalloproteinase inhibitor, BAY12-9566. Ann. Oncol. (2001) 12:389-395.
129. RUDEK MA, VENITZ J, ANDO Y et al.: Factors involved in the pharmacokinetics of Col-3, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory, metastatic cancer. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2003) 43(10):1124-1135.
130. FERRARA N: Molecular and biological properties of vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Mol. Med. (1999) 77:527-543.
131. DE VORE RF, FEHRENBACHER RS, HERBST RS: A randomized phase III trial comparing rhumab VEGF (recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial cell growth factor) plus carboplatin/paclitaxel (CP) to CP alone in patients with stage III/IV NSCLC. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 19:485a (Abstract 1896).
132. LANGMUIR VK, COBLEIGH MA, HERBST RS et al.: Successful long-term therapy with bevacizumab (Avastin) in solid tumors. Proceedings ASCO (2002) 21:Abstract 32.
133. KABBINAVAR F, HURWITZ HI, FECHRENBACHER L et al.: Phase II randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/Leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 1:60-65.
134. BRUNS CJ, SHRADER M, HARBISON MT et al.: Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibody DC101 plus gencitabine on growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mince. Int. J. Cancer (2002) 102:101-108.
135. FONG TA, SHAWVER LK, SUN L: SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:99-106.
136. SHAHEEN RM, DAVIS DW, LIU W: Antiangiogenic therapy targeting the tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibits the growth of colon cancer liver metastasis and induces tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:5412-5416.
137. ROSEN L, MULAY M, MAYERS A: Phase I dose escalating trial of SU5416, a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in patients with advanced malignancies. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1999) 18:161a (Abstract 618).
138. ROSEN PJ, AMADO R, HECHT JR: A phase I/II study of SU5416 in combination with 5FU/leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 19:3a (Abstract 5D).
139. HURWITZ H, HOLDEN SN, ECKHARDT SG: Clinical evaluation of ZD6474, an orally active inhibitor of VEGF signaling in patients with solid tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 21:82a (Abstract 325).
140. O'REILLY MS, BOEHM T, SHING Y: Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastasis by a Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell (1994) 79:315-328.
141. SUGARBAKER E, THORNWAIT J, KETCHAM A: Inhibitory effect of a primary tumor on metastasis. In: Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy S Day, P Myers (Eds), Raven Press, New York, USA (1977):227-240.
142. SIM BK, O'REILLY MS, LIANG H: A recombinant human angiostatin inhibits experimental primary and metastatic cancer. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:1329-1334.
143. MAUCERI HJ, HANNA N, BECKETT MA: Combined effects of angiostatin and ionizing radiation in antitumor therapy. Nature (1998) 394:287-291.
144. O'REILLY MS, BOEHM T, SHING Y: Endostatin: an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Cell (1997) 88:277-285.
145. BOEHM T, FOLKMAN J, SHING Y: Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce aquired drug resistance. Nature (1997) 390:404-407.
146. BLACK WR, AGNER RC: Tumor regression after endostatin therapy. Nature (1998) 391:450.
147. HERBST RS, HESS KR, TRAN HT: Phase I study of recombinant human endostatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:3792-3803.
148. HERBST RS, MADDEN TL, TRAN HT et al.: Safety and pharmacokinetic effects of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20(22):4440-4447.
149. YAMAGUCHI M, SUGIO K, ONDO K et al.: Reduced expression of thrombospondin-1 correlates with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2002) 36(2):143-150.
150. REIHER FK, VOLPERT OV, JIMENEZ B et al.: Inhibition of tumor growth by systemic treatment with thrombospondin-1 peptide mimetics. In. J. Cancer (2002) 98(5):682-689.
151. VICACQUA RJ, LEBEDDA J, WA K: Phase I/II study of sequential interferon-α-2b (IFN-α-2b) and weekly topotecan/vinorelbine in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 226 (Abstract 2721).
152. LIU CW, CORBOY MJ, DEMARTINO GM et al.: Endoproteolytic activity of the proteasome. Science (2003) 299:408-411.
153. ADAMS J, PALOMBELLA VJ, EA S: Proteasome inhibitors: a novel class of potent and effective antitumor agents. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:139-145.
154. CATZAVELOS C, TSAO MS, DEBOER G et al.: reduced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 in non-small cell lung carcinoma: a prognostic factor independant of Ras. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:684-688.
155. LI B, QP D: Bax degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome-dependant pathway: involvement in tumor survival and progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:3850-3855.
156. SUNWOO JB, CHEN Z et al.: Novel proteasome inhibitor PS-341 inhibits activation of nuclear factor-κB, cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:1419-1428.
157. RYAN DP, EDER JP et al.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phase I study of PS-341 and Gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. (2002)
158. CUZAC JC, LIU R, et al.: Enhanced chemosensitivity to CPT-11 with proteasome inhibitor PS-341: implication for systemic nuclear factor kappaB inhibition. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:3535-3540.
159. TEICHER BA, ARA G, HERBST R et al.: The poteasome inhibitor PS-341 in cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5:2638-2645.
160. SUN J, NAM S, LEE CS et al.: CEP1612, a dipeptidyl proteasome inhibitor, induces p21WAF1 and p27KIP1 expression and apoptosis and inhibits the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma A-549 in nude mice. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(4):1280-1284.
161. ALBELDA S, WIEWRODT R, D S: Gene therapy for lung neoplasms. Lung Cancer (2002) 23:265-277.
162. NIETHAMMER AG, XIANG R, JC B: A DNA vaccine against VEGF receptor 2 prevents effective angiogenesis and inhibits tumor growth. Nat. Med. (2002) 8:1369-1375.
163. SALGIA R, AT S: Molecular abnormalities in lung cancer. J Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16:1207-1217.
164. ANTELMAN D, MACHEMER T, BG H: Inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by exogenous p110RB, the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Oncogene (1995) 10:697-704.
165. MHASHILKAR AM, SCHROCK RD, HINDI M: Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (MDA-7): a novel antitumor gene for cancer gene therapy. Mol. Med. (2001) 4:271-282.
166. SAEKI T, MHASILKAR AM, SWANSON X: Inhibition of human lung cancer growth following adenovirus mediated mda-7 gene expression in vivo. Oncogene (2002) 21:4558-4566.
167. SOZZI G, TORNIELLI S, TAGLIABUE E: Absence of FHIT protein in primary lung tumors and cell lines with FHIT gene abnormalities. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:5207-5212.
168. TSENG JE, KEMP BL, KHURI FR: Loss of FHIT is frequent in stage I non-small cell lung cancer and in the lungs of chronic smokers. Cancer Res. (1999) 59.
169. JI L, FANG B, YEN N: Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumorigenicity and tumor growth by adenovirus vector-mediated fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene overexpression. Cancer Res. (1999) 59:3333-3339.
170. SUZUKI H, TAKAHASHI T, KUROISHI T et al.: p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer in Japan: association between mutations and smoking. Cancer Res. (1992) 52:734-736.
171. ZHANG WW, FANG X, MAZUR W, FRENCH BA, GEORGES RN, ROTH JA: High-efficiency gene transfer and high-level expression of wild type p53 in human lung cancer cells mediated by recombinant adenovirus. Cancer Gene Ther. (1994) 1:5-13.
172. ROTH JA, NGUYEN D, LAWRENCE DD: Retrovirus-mediated wild-type p53 transfersto tumors of patients with lung cancer. Nat. Med. (1996) 2:985-989
173. SCHULER M, ROCHLITZ C, HOROWITZ JA et al.: A phase I study of adenovirus mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Hum. Gen. Ther. (1998) 9:2075-2082.
174. KUBA S, ADAK S et al.: Phase I trial of adenovirus p53 in bronchoalveolar cell lung carcinoma(BAC) administered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 19:487a.
175. NEMUNAITIS J, SWISHER S, TIMMONS T et al.: Adenovirus mediated p-53 gene transfer in sequence with cisplatin to tumors of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000)
176. SCHULER M, HERRMANN R, DE GREVE JL et al.: Adenovirus mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer:; results of a multicenter phase II study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2001) 19:1750-1758.
177. ZHOU Y, McEARCHERN JA, HOWARD E et al.: Dendritic cells efficiently acquire and present antigen derived from lung cancer cells and induce antigen-specific T-cell responses. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2003) 52(7):413-22.
178. NEMUNAITIS J: GVAX (GMCSF gene modified tumor vaccine) in advanced stage non small cell lung cancer. J Control Release (2003) 91(1-2):225-231.
179. NEMUNAITIS J, STERMAN D, JABLONS D et al.: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene-modified autologous tumor vaccines in non-small cell lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Feb (2004) 18:326-331.
180. PALMER M, PARKER J, MODI S et al.: Phase I study of BLP25 (MUC1 Peptide) liposomal vaccine for active specific immunotherapy in stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Lung Cancer (2001) 3(1):49-57.
181. GOTOH K, YATABE Y, SUGIURA T: Frequency of MAGE-3 gene expression in HLA-A2 positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (1998) 20:117-125.
182. SMITH A, JUSTIN T, MICHAELI D, WATSON SA: Phase I/II study of G17-DT, an anti-gastrin immunogen, in advanced colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:4719-4724.
183. NIKITINA E, CLARK J, VB J: Dendritic cells transduced with full length wild-type p53 generate anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocytes from peripheral blood of cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 1:2-4.
184. TAN Y, XU M, WANG W: IL-2 gene therapy of advanced lung cancer patients. Anticancer Res. (1996) 16:1993-1998.
185. DAVIES AM, GANDARA DR, LARA PN Jr et al.: Antisense oligonucleotides in the treatment of NSCLC. Clin. Lung Cancer (2003) 4:S68-S73.
186. ADVANI R, PEETHAMBARAM P, LUM BL et al.: A phase II trial of aprinocarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein kinase C alpha, administered as a 21-day infusion to patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. Cancer (2004) 15:321-326.
187. KELLY K, CROWLEY JJ, BUNN PA: Role of recombinant interferon-α-2a maintenance in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer responding to concurrent chemo-radiation: a southwest oncology group study. J. Clin. Oncol. (1995) 13:2924-2930.
188. LEBEAU B, DELSALMONIERE P et al.: Alpha interferone as maintenance therapy for small cell lung cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (1999) 18:475a (Abstract 1832).
189. PUJOL JL, DAURES JP, RIVIERE A et al.: Etoposide plus cisplatinwith or without the combinationof 4′-epidoxorubicin plus cyclophosphamidein treatment of extensive small cell lung cancer: A french federation of cancer institutesmulticenter phase III randomized study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2001) 93:300-308.
190. GUO N, TEMPLETON NS, AL-BARAZI H et al.: Thrombospondin-1 promotes alpha3beta1 integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite-like outgrowth and inhibits proliferation of small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. (2000) 60(2):457-466.
191. GRANT SC, KRIS MG, HOUGHTON AN et al.: Long survival of patients with small cell lung cancer after adjuvant treatment with an anti-idiotype antibody BEC2 plus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5(6):1319-1323.
192. DICKER MN, RAGUPATHI G, LIU NX et al.: Immunogenicity of a fucosyl-GM1-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine in patients with small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. (1999) 5(10):2773-2779.
193. ABRAMS TJ, LEE LB, MURRAY LJ et al.: SU11248 inhibits KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2003) 2(5):471-478.
194. SORIA JC, JOHNSON BF, CHEVALIER TL: Imatinib in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2003) 41:S49-S53.
195. JOHNSON BE, FISHER B, FISHER T et al.: Phase II study of STI 571 (Gleevec) for patients with small cell lung cancer. Proceedings ASCO (2002) 21:Abstract 1171.
196. YANAGISAWA K, SHYR Y, XU BJ et al.: Proteomic patterns of tumor subsets in non-small cell lung cancer. Lancet (2003) 9:415-416.
197. HIRSCH FR, VARELLA-GARCIA M, BUNN PA et al.: Epidermal growth factor receptor in Non-small cell lung cancer: correlation between gene copy number and protein expression and impact on prognosis. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21:3798-3807.
198. BEER DG, KARDIA SL, HUANG CC et al.: Gene-expression profiles predict survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Nat. Med. (2002) 8:816-824.
199. MEYERSON M, FRANKLIN WA, KELLEY MJ: Molecular classification and molecular genetics of human lung cancers. Semin Oncol Feb; (2004) 31 (Suppl. 1):4-19.
200. BASELGA J, PFISTER D, COOPER MR: Phase I studies of anti epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with Cisplatin. J. Clin. Oncol. (2000) 18(4):904-914.