Antiprotozoal lysophospholipid analogues: A comparison of their activity against trypanosomatid parasites and tumor cells

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 141-151

  de Castro, S L ^a   Santa Rita, R M ^a   Urbina, J A ^b   Croft, Simon L ^c  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^b INSTITUTO VENEZOLANO DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS   (Venezuela)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLGLYCEROPHOSPHOCHOLINE DERIVATIVE; ALKYLPHOSPHOCHOLINE DERIVATIVE; ALKYLPHOSPHOETHANOLAMINE; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENT; BENZNIDAZOLE; EDELFOSINE; EFLORNITHINE; ERUCYLPHOSPHOCHOLINE; ILMOFOSINE; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; LIPID; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPID; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MELARSOPROL; MILTEFOSINE; NIFURTIMOX; PAROMOMYCIN; PENTAMIDINE; PERIFOSINE; PHOSPHOETHANOLAMINE; PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE; SITAMAQUINE; SRI 62834; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM; SURAMIN; TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CHAGAS DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; LEISHMANIA; LIPOGENESIS; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM; REVIEW; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI; TUMOR CELL; VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; DRUG SCREENING ASSAYS, ANTITUMOR; HUMANS; LYSOPHOSPHOLIPIDS; MICE; RATS; TRYPANOCIDAL AGENTS; TRYPANOSOMA; TRYPANOSOMIASIS;

EID: 3042720048     PISSN: 13895575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389557043487439     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. WHO website http:who.int.
2. Rodriguez, J.B. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2001, 7, 1105.
3. Croft, S.L.; Urbina, J.A.; Brun, R. (1997) In Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis, Hide, Mottram, Coombs, Holmes, Eds.; Cab International, 1997, pp. 245-257.
4. Sundar, S. Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 2001, 190, 89.
5. Croft, S.L. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 2001, 6, 899.
6. Stoppani, A.O.M. Medicina (B. Aires), 1999, 59, 147.
7. Coura, J.R.; De Castro, S.L. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 2002, 91, 3.
8. Urbina, J.A. Curr. Pharm. Design, 2002, 8, 287.
9. Brun, R.; Schumacher, R.; Schmid, C.; Kunz, C.; Burri, C. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 2001, 6, 906.
10. Verlinde, C.L.M.; Hannaert, V.; Blonski, C.; Willson, M.; Perie, J.J.; FothergillGilmore, L.A.; Opperdoes, F.R.; Gelb, M.H.; Hol, W.G.J.; Michels, P.A.M. Drug Resist. Update, 2001, 4, 50.
11. Martin, M.B.; Grimley, J.S.; Lewis, J.C.; Heath, H.T.; Bailey, B.N.; Kendrick, H.; Yardley, V.; Caldera, A.; Lira, R.; Urbina, J.A.; Moreno, S.N.; Docampo, R.; Croft, S. L.; Oldfield, E. J. Med. Chem., 2001, 44, 909.
12. Yardley, V.; Khan, A. A.; Martin, M. B.; Slifer, T.R.; Araujo, F.G.; Moreno, S.N.; Docampo, R.; Croft, S.L.; Oldfield, E. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46, 929.
13. Sundar, S.; Gupta, L.B.; Rastogi, V.; Agrawal, G.; Murray, H.W. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2000a, 94, 200.
14. Gonzalez-Martin, G.; Figueroa. C.; Merino, I.; Osuna, A. 2000. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 2000, 49, 137.
15. Molina, J.; Urbina, J.A.; Gref, R.; Brener, Z.; Rodrigues Jr, J.M. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001, 47, 101.
16. Smith, A.C.; Yardley, V.; Rhodes, J., Croft, S.L. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2000, 44, 1494.
17. Berdel, W.E. Br. J. Cancer, 1991, 64, 208.
18. Brachwitz, H.; Vollgraf, C. Pharmacol. Ther., 1995, 66, 39.
19. Munder, P.G.; Modolell, M. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 1973, 45, 133.
20. Ando, K.; Kodama, K.; Kato, A.; Tamura, G.; Arima, K. Cancer Res., 1972, 32, 125.
21. Munder, P.G.; Fischer, H.; Weltzien, H.U.; Oettgen, H.F.; Modolell, M. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1976, 17, 174.
22. Andreesen, R.; Osterholz, J.; Luckenbach, G. A.; Costabel, U.; Schulz, A.; Speth, V.; Munder, P. G.; Lohr, G. W. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1984, 72, 53.
23. Berdel, W. E.; Greiner, E.; Fink, U.; Stavrou, D.; Reichert, A.; Rastetter, J.; Hoffman, D. R.; Snyder, F. Cancer Res., 1983, 43, 541.
24. Herrmann, D.B.; Bicker, U.; Pahlke, W. Cancer Detect. Prev., 1987a, Suppl. 1, 361.
25. Fromm, M.; Berdel, W.E.; Schick, H.D.; Fink, U.; Pahlke, W.; Bicker, U.; Reichert, A.; Rastetter, J. Lipids, 1987, 22, 916.
26. Berger, M.R.; Schmahl, D. Lipids, 1987, 22, 935.
27. Herrmann, D.B.; Opitz, H.G.; Munder, P.G. Lipids, 1991, 26, 1431.
28. Eibl, H.; Wolley, P. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 1988, 47, 63.
29. Eibl, H.; Engel, J. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res., 1992, 34, 1.
30. Hilgard, P.; Stekar, J.; Voegeli, R.; Engel, J.; Schumacher, W.; Eibl, H.; Unger, C.; Berger, M.R. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 1988, 24, 1457.
31. Unger, C.; Damenz, W.; Fleer, E.A.; Kim, D.J.; Breiser, A.; Hilgard, P.; Engel, J.; Nagel, G.; Eibl, H. Acta Oncol., 1989, 28, 213.
32. Danhauser-Riedl, S.; Himmelmann, A.; Steinhauser, G.; Busch, R.; Vogler, W.R.; Rastetter, J.; Berdel, W.E. J. Lipid Mediat., 1990, 2, 271.
33. Berger, M.R.; Eibl, H. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1992, 33, 416.
34. Eibl, H.; Kaufmann-Kolle, P. J. Liposome Res., 1995, 5, 131-148.
35. Erdlenbruch, B.; Jendrossek, V.; Marx, M.; Hunold, A.; Eibl, H.; Lakomek, M. Anticancer Res., 1998, 18, 2551.
36. Konstantinov, S.M.; Berger, M.R. Cancer Lett., 1999, 144, 153.
37. Jendrossek, V.; Kugler, W.; Erdlenbruch, B.; Eibl, H.; Lakomek, M. Int. J. Oncol., 2001, 19, 673.
38. Erdlenbruch, B.; Jendrossek, V.; Gerriets, A.; Vetterlein, F.; Eibl, H.; Lakomek, M. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1999, 44, 484.
39. Woo, E.W.; Messmann, R.; Sausville, E.A.; Figg, W.D. J. Chromatogr. B. Biomed. Sci. Appl., 2001, 15, 247.
40. Zeisig, R.; Stahn, R.; Teppke, A.D.; Arndt, D. Anticancer Drug Des., 2001, 16, 19.
41. Berdel, W.E. Onkologie, 1990, 13, 245.
42. Vogler, W.R.; Berdel, W.E.; Geller, R.B.; Brochstein, J.A.; Beveridge, R.A.; Dalton, W.S.; Miller, K.B.; Lazarus, H.M. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1996a, 416, 389.
43. Wierenga, P.K.; Setroikromo, R.; Vellenga, E.; Kampinga, H.H. Br. J. Haematol., 2000, 111, 1145.
44. Herrmann, D.B.; Neumann, H.A.; Berdel, W.E.; Heim, M.E.; Fromm, M.; Boerner, D.; Bicker, U. Lipids, 1987b, 22, 962.
45. Planting, A.S.; Stoter, G.; Verweij, J. Eur. J. Cancer, 1993, 29A, 518.
46. Verweij, J.; Planting, A.; van der Burg, M.; Stoter, G. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 1992, 118, 606.
47. Dummer, R.; Krasovec, M.; Sindermann, H.; Burg, G. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1993, 29, 963.
48. Unger, C.; Eibl, H. Lipids, 1991, 26, 1412.
49. Terwogt, J.M.; Mandjes, I.A.; Sindermann, H.; Beijnen, J.H.; ten Bokkel Huinink, W.W. Br. J. Cancer, 1999, 79, 1158.
50. Smorenburg, C. H.; Seynaeve, C.; Bontenbal, M.; Planting, A.; Sindermann, H.; Verweij, J. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 2000, 11, 825.
51. Berdel, W.E. JAOCS News for Lipid Biochem., 1988, 65, 1874.
52. Hilgard, P.; Klenner, T.; Stekar, J.; Unger, C. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1993, 32, 90.
53. Houlihan, W.J.; Lohmeyer, M.; Workman, P.; Cheon, S.H. Med. Res. Rev., 1995, 15, 157.
54. Arthur, G.; Bittman, R. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1998, 1390, 85.
55. Wieder, T.; Reutter, W.; Orfanos, C.E.; Geilen, C.C. Prog. Lipid Res., 1999, 38, 249.
56. Andreesen, M.; Mododlell. M.; Speth, V.; Munder, P.G. Immunobiology, 1979, 156, 255.
57. Ngwenya, B.Z.; Fiavey, N.P.; Mogashoa, M.M. Eur. J. Cancer, 1992, 28A, 1637.
58. Hochhuth, C.H.; Vehmeyer, K.; Eibl, H.; Unger, C. Cell Immunol., 1992, 141, 161.
59. Shames, R.; Ruis, N.M.; Valone, F.H. Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 1994, 16, 335.
60. Zeisig, R.; Rudolf, M.; Eue, I.; Arndt, D. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 1995, 121, 69.
61. Eue, I. Int. J. Cancer, 2001, 92, 426.
62. Murray, H.W.; Delph-Etienne, S. J. Infect. Dis., 2000, 795.
63. Escobar, P.; Yardley, V.; Croft, S.L. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2001, 45, 1872.
64. Tidwell, T.; Guzman, G.; Vogler, W.R. Blood, 1981, 57, 794.
65. Bazill, G.W.; Dexter, T.M. Cancer Res., 1990, 50, 7505.
66. Heesbeen, E.C.; Verdonck, L.F.; Haagmans, M.; van Heugten, H.G.; Staal, G.E.; Rijksen, G. Leuk. Res., 1993, 17, 143.
67. Small, G.W.; Strum, J.C.; Daniel, L.W Lipids 1997, 32, 715.
68. Tsutsumi, T.; Tokumura, A.; Kitazawa, S. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1998, 1390, 73.
69. Snyder, F.; Wood, R. Cancer Res., 1969, 29, 251.
70. Snyder, F.; Malone, B.; Piantadosi, C. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1973, 316, 259.
71. Lu, X.; Arthur, G. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 2806.
72. Vogler, W.R.; Whigham, E.; Bennett, W.D.; Olson, A.C. Exp. Hematol., 1985, 13, 629.
73. Herrmann, D.B.; Neumann, H.A. J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261, 7742.
74. Chabot, M.C.; Wykle, R.L.; Modest, E.J.; Daniel, L.W. Cancer Res., 1989, 49, 4441.
75. Diomede, L.; Bizzi, A.; Magistrelli, A.; Modest, E.J.; Salmona, M.; Noseda, A. Int. J. Cancer, 1990, 46, 341.
76. Wagner, B.A.; Buettner, G.R.; Oberley, L.W.; Burns, C.P. Cancer Res., 1998, 58, 2809.
77. Hoffman, D.R.; Hoffman, L.H.; Snyder, F. Cancer Res., 1986, 46, 5803.
78. Rybczynska, M.; Spitaler, M.; Knebel, N. G.; Boeck, G.; Grunicke, H.; Hofmann, J. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001, 62, 765.
79. Talmadge, J.E.; Schneider, M.; Lenz, B.; Phillips, H.; Long, C. Lipids, 1987, 22, 871.
80. Storme, G.A.; Berdel, W.E.; van Blitterswijk, W.J.; Bruyneel, E.A.; De Bruyne, G.K.; Mareel, M. M. Cancer Res., 1985, 45, 351.
81. Noseda, A.; Berens, M.E.; White, J.G.; Modest, E.J. Cancer Res., 1988, 48, 1788.
82. Vagnetti, D.; Mancini, A.; Santarella, B.; Binaglia, L. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 1990, 22, 415.
83. Noseda, A.; White, J.G.; Godwin, P.L.; Jerome, W.G.; Modest, E.J. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 1989, 50, 69.
84. Geilen, C.C.; Wieder, T.; Haase, A.; Reutter, W.; Morre, D.M.; Morre, D.J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1994, 1211, 14.
85. Cardile, V.; Mascarucci, P.; De Simoni, M.G.; Jiang, X.; Bindoni, M. Cytokine, 1996a, 8, 698.
86. Cardile, V.; Jiang, X.; Renis, M.; Bindoni, M. Brain Res., 1996b, 715, 98.
87. Dell'Albani, P.; Condorelli, D. F.; Mudo, G.; Amico, C.; Bindoni, M.; Belluardo, N. Neurochem. Int., 1993, 22, 567.
88. Alonso, M.T.; Gajate, C.; Mollinedo, F.; Modolell, M.; Alvarez, J.; Garcia-Sancho, J. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1997, 121, 1364.
89. Jan, C.R.; Wu,S. N.; Tseng, C.J. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 127, 1502.
90. Modolell, M.; Andreesen, R.; Pahlke, W.; Brugger, U.; Munder, P.G. Cancer Res., 1979, 39, 4681.
91. Herrmann, D.B. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1985, 75, 423.
92. Haase, R.; Wieder, T.; Geilen, C.C.; Reutter, W. FEBS Lett., 1991, 288, 129.
93. Vogler, W.R.; Shoji, M.; Hayzer, D.J.; Xie, Y.P.; Renshaw, M. Leuk. Res., 1996b, 20, 947.
94. Tronchere, H.; Terce, F.; Record, M.; Ribbes, G.; Chap, H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 176, 157165.
95. Geilen, C.C.; Wieder, T.; Reutter, W. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 6719.
96. Boggs, K.P.; Rock, C.O.; Jackowski, S. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 7757.
97. Boggs, K.; Rock, C.O.; Jackowski, S. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1998, 1389, 1.
98. Seewald, M.J.; Olsen, R.A.; Sehgal, I.; Melder, D.C.; Modest, E.J.; Powis, G. Cancer Res., 1990, 50, 4458.
99. Überall, F.; Oberhuber, H.; Maly, K.; Zaknun, J.; Demuth, L.; Grunicke, H.H. Cancer Res., 1991, 51, 807.
100. Powis, G.; Seewald, M.J.; Gratas, C.; Melder, D.; Riebow, J.; Modest, E.J. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 2835.
101. Pawelczyk, T.; Lowenstein, J.M. Biochem. J., 1993, 291, 693.
102. Wieder, T.; Zhang, Z.; Geilen, C.C.; Orfanos, C.E.; Giuliano, A.E.; Cabot, M.C. Cancer Lett., 1996, 100, 71.
103. Gratas, C.; Powis, G. Anticancer Res., 1993, 13, 1239.
104. Lucas, L.; Hernandez-Alcoceba, R.; Penalva, V.; Lacal, J.C. Oncogene, 2001, 20, 1110.
105. Augustine, J.; Berggren, M.; Powis, G.; Modest, E. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1992, 33, 415.
106. Berggren, M.I.; Gallegos, A.; Dressler, L.A.; Modest, E.J.; Powis, G. Cancer Res., 1993, 53, 4297.
107. Helfman, D.M.; Barnes, K.C.; Kinkade, J.M. Jr.; Vogler, W.R.; Shoji, M.; Kuo, J.F. Cancer Res., 1983, 43, 2955.
108. Zheng, B.; Oishi, K.; Shoji, M.; Eibl, H.; Berdel, W.E.; Hajdu, J.; Vogler, W.R.; Kuo, J.F. Cancer Res., 1990, 50, 3025.
109. Kiss, Z.; Deli, E.; Vogler, W.R.; Kuo, J.F. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 142, 661.
110. Shoji, M.; Raynor, R.L.; Berdel, W.E.; Vogler, W.R.; Kuo, J.F. Cancer Res., 1988, 48, 6669.
111. Zhou, X.; Arthur, G. Biochem. J., 1997, 324, 897.
112. Grunicke, H.; Hofmann, J.; Maly, K.; Uberall, F.; Posch, L.; Oberhuber, H.; Fiebig, H. Adv. Enzyme Regul., 1989, 28, 201.
113. Gil, C.; Molina, E.; Plana, M.; Carabaza, A.; Cabre, F.; Maulenon, D.; Carganico, G.; Itarte, E. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1996, 52, 1843.
114. Heesbeen, E.C.; Verdonck, L.F.; Staal, G.E.; Rijksen, G. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1994, 47, 1481.
115. Wagner, B.A.; Buettner, G.R.; Burns, C.P. Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 6045.
116. Wagner, B.A.; Buettner, G.R.; Burns, C.P. Cancer Res., 1993, 53, 711.
117. Diomede, L.; Colotta, F.; Piovani, B.; Re, F.; Modest, E.J.; Salmona, M. Int. J. Cancer. 1993a, 53, 124.
118. Mollinedo, F.; Martinez-Dalmau, R.; Modolell, M. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 192, 603.
119. Mollinedo, F.; Fernandez-Luna, J.L.; Gajate, C.; Martin-Martin, B.; Benito, A.; Martinez-Dalmau, R.; Modolell, M. Cancer Res., 1997, 57, 1320.
120. Diomede, L.; Piovani, B.; Re, F.; Principe, P.; Colotta, F.; Modest, E.J.; Salmona, M. Int. J. Cancer, 1994, 57, 645.
121. Konstantinov, S.M.; Eibl, H.; Berger, M.R. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 1998, 41, 210.
122. Pushkareva, M.Y.; Janoff, A.S.; Mayhew, E. Cell Biol. Int., 1999, 23, 817.
123. Gajate, C.; Santos-Beneit, A.M.; Macho, A.; Lazaro MD; Hernandez-De Rojas, A.; Modolell, M.; Munoz, E.; Mollinedo, F. Int. J. Cancer, 2000, 86, 208.
124. Smets, L.A.; Van Rooji, H.V.; Salomons, G.S. Apoptosis, 1999, 4, 419.
125. Ruiter, G.A.; Verheij, M.; Zerp, S.F.; van Blitterswijk, W.J. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2001, 49, 415.
126. Geilen, C.C.; Wieder, T.; Orfanos, C.E. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 1997, 289, 559.
127. Ohanian, J.; Ohanian, V. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2001, 58, 2053.
128. Tsushima, S.; Yoshioka, Y.; Tanida, S.; Nomura, H.; Nojima, S.; Hozumi, M. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Tokyo, 1982, 30, 3260.
129. Herrmann, H.O.; Gercken, G. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 1982, 5, 65.
130. Achterberg, V.; Gercken, G. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 1987a, 23, 117.
131. Achterberg, V.; Gercken, G. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 1987b, 26, 277.
132. Croft, S.L.; Neal, R.A.; Pendergast, W.; Chan, J.H. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1987, 36, 2633.
133. Kuhlencord, A.; Maniera, T.; Eibl, H.; Unger, C. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1992, 36, 1630.
134. Le Fichoux, Y.; Rousseau, D.; Ferrua, B.; Ruette, S.; Lelievre, A.; Grousson, D.; Kubar, J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1998, 42, 654.
135. Croft, S.L.; Neal, R.A.; Thornton, E.A.; Herrmann, D.B. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1993, 87, 217.
136. Croft, S.L.; Snowdon, D.; Yardley, V. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 1996, 38, 1041.
137. Kaufmann-Kolle P.; Klenner, T.; Unger, C.; Eibl, H. Drugs of Today, 1998, 34 (supplement F), 107.
138. Unger, C.; Maniera, T.; Kaufmann-Kolle, P.; Eibl, H. Drugs of Today, 1998, 34 (suppl. F), 133.
139. Bourass, J.; Loiseau, P.M.; Bories, C.; Letourneux, Y. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1996, 90, 559.
140. Rodrigues, C.O.; Dutra, P.M.; Souto-Padrón, T.; Cordeiro, R.S.; Lopes, A.H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 223, 735.
141. Escobar, P.; Matu, S.; Marques, C.; Croft, S.L. Acta Trop., 2002, 81, 151.
142. Schmidt-Ott, R.; Klenner, T.; Overath, P.; Aebischer, T. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 1999, 93, 85.
143. Santa-Rita, R.M.; Barbosa, H.S.; Meirelles, M.N.; De Castro, S.L. Acta Trop., 2000, 75, 219.
144. Lira, R.; Contreras, L.M.; Rita, R.M.; Urbina, J.A. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2001, 47, 537.
145. Konstantinov, S.M.; Kaminsky, R.; Brun, R.; Berger, M.R.; Zillmann, U. Acta Trop., 1997, 64, 145.
146. Urbina, J.A.; Vivas, J.; Visbal, G.; Contreras, L.M. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 1995, 73, 199.
147. Malaquias, A.T.; Oliveira, M.M. Acta Trop., 1999, 73, 93.
148. Lux, H.; Heise, N.; Klenner, T.; Hart, D.; Opperdoes, F.R. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 2000, 111, 1.
149. Perez-Victoria, J.M.; Perez-Victoria, F.J.; Parodi-Talice, A.; Jimenez, I.A.; Ravelo, A. G.; Castanys, S; Gamarro, F. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2001, 45, 2468.
150. Seifert, K.; Duchene, M.; Wernsdorfer, W.H.; Kollaritsch, H.; Scheiner, O.; Wiedermann, G.; Hottkowitz, T.; Eibl, H. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2001, 45, 1505.
151. Walochnik, J,; Duchêne, M.; Seifert, K.; Obwaller, A.; Hottkowitz, T.; Wiedermann, G.; Eibl, H.; Aspöck, H. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2002, 46, 695.
152. Sundar, S.; Rosenkaimer, F.; Makharia, M.K.; Goyal, A.K.; Mandal, A.K.; Voss, A.; Hilgard, P.; Murray, H.W. Lancet, 1998, 352, 1821.
153. Sundar, S.; Gupta, L.B.; Makharia, M.K.; Singh, M.K.; Voss, A.; Rosenkaimer, F.; Engel, J.; Murray, H.W. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1999, 93, 589.
154. Jha, T.K.; Sundar, S.; Thakur, C.P.; Bachmann, P.; Karbwang, J.; Fischer, C.; Voss, A.; Berman, J. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 341, 1795.
155. Herwaldt, B.L. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 341, 1840.
156. Sundar, S.; Makharia, A.; More, D.K.; Agrawal, G.; Voss, A.; Fischer, C.; Bachmann, P.; Murray, H.W. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2000b, 31, 1110.
157. Thakur, C.P.; Sinha, P.K.; Singh, R.K.; Hassan, S.M.; Narain, S. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 2000, 94, 696.
158. Klenner T.; Engel, J.; Higard, P. Drugs of Today, 1998, 34 (supplement F), 1.
159. Soto, J.; Toledo, J.; Gutierrez, P.; Nicholls, R.S.; Padilla, A.; Engel, J.; Fischer, C.; Voss, A.; Berman, J. Clin. Infect. Dis., 2001, 33, 57.
160. Andreesen, R.; Modolell, M.; Oepke, G.H.; Common, H.; Lohr, G.W.; Munder, P.G. Anticancer Res., 1982, 2, 95.
161. Okamoto, S.; Olson, A.C.; Vogler, W.R. Cancer Res., 1987, 47, 2599.
162. Lohmeyer, M.; Workman, P. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1993, 45, 77.
163. Diomede, L.; Piovani, B.; Modest, E.J.; Salmona, M. Lipids, 1993b, 28, 189.
164. Heesbeen, E.C.; Rijksen, G.; van Heugten, H.G.; Verdonck, L.F. Leuk. Res., 1995, 19, 417.
165. De Castro, S.L.; Luz, M.R. Can. J. Microbiol., 1993, 39, 473.
166. Christensen, S.T.; Leick, V.; Rasmussen, L.; Wheatley, D.N. Int. Rev. Cytol., 1998, 177, 181.
167. Naula, C.; Seebeck, T. Parasitol. Today, 2000, 16, 35.
168. Barcinski, M.A.; DosReis, G.A. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 1999, 32, 395.
169. Welburn, S.C.; Lillico, S.; Murphy, N.B. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1999, 94, 229.
170. Piacenza, L.; Peluffo, G.; Radi, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2001, 98, 7301.