Molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral effects of cocaine: Lessons from knockout mice

Current Pharmacogenomics

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 185-202

  Hall, E Scott ^a   Sora, Ichiro ^b   Uhl, George R ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

^b TOHOKU UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; GENE PRODUCT; NEUROTRANSMITTER;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BRAIN TISSUE; DOCUMENTATION; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INTERACTION; KNOCKOUT GENE; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LOCOMOTION; MOUSE; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NONHUMAN; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; REWARD; TRANSGENICS;

EID: 3042557908     PISSN: 15701603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570160043377673     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Accili, D.; Fishburn, C. S.; Drago, J.; Steiner, H.; Lachowicz, J. E.; Park, B. H.; Gauda, E. B.; Lee, E. J.; Cool, M. H.; Sibley, D. R.; Gerfen, C. R.; Westphal, H. and Fuchs, S. (1996) A Targeted Mutation of the D3 Dopamine Receptor Gene is Associated with Hyperactivity in Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 1945-1949.
2. Alexander, G. E.; DeLong, M. R. and Strick, P. L. (1986) Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 357-381
3. Altman, J.; Everitt, B. J.; Glautier, S.; Markou, A.; Nutt, D.; Oretti, R.; Phillips, G. D. and Robbins, T. W. (1996) The Biological, Social and Clinical Bases of Drug Addiction: Commentary and Debate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 125, 285-345.
4. Angulo, J. A. and McEwen, B. S. (1994) Molecular Aspects of Neuropeptide Regulation and Function in the Corpus Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 19, 1-28.
5. Baik, J. H.; Picetti, R.; Saiardi, A.; Thiriet, G.; Dierich, A.; Depaulis, A.; Le Meur, M. and Borrelli, E. (1995) Parkinsonian-Like Locomotor Impairment in Mice Lacking Dopamine D2 Receptors. Nature 377, 424-428.
6. Becker, A.; Grecksch, G.; Brodemann, R.; Kraus, J.; Peters, B.; Schroeder, H.; Thiemann, W.; Loh, H. H. and Hollt, V. (2000) Morphine Self-Administration in mu-Opioid Receptor-deficient Mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 361, 584-589.
7. Becker, A.; Grecksch, G.; Kraus, J.; Loh, H. H.; Schroeder, H. and Hollt, V. (2002) Rewarding Effects of Ethanol and Cocaine in Mu Opioid Receptor- Deficient Mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 365, 296-302.
8. Belzung, C.; Scearce-Levie, K.; Barreau, S. and Hen, R. (2000) Absence of Cocaine-Induced Place Conditioning in Serotonin 1b Receptor Knock-out Mice. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 66, 221-225
9. Benoit-Marand, M.; Jaber, M. and Gonon, F. (2000) Release and Elimination of Dopamine in Vivo in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter: Functional Consequences. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 2985-2992
10. Betancur, C.; Lepee-Lorgeoux, I.; Cazillis, M.; Accili, D.; Fuchs, S. and Rostene, W. (2001) Neurotensin Gene Expression and Behavioral Responses Following Administration of Psychostimulants and Antipsychotic Drugs in Dopamine D(3) Receptor Deficient Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 24, 170-182.
11. Blanchard, D. C. and Blanchard, R. J. (1999) Cocaine Potentiates Defensive Behaviors Related to Fear and Anxiety. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 981-991.
12. Boulenguez,P.; Rawlins,J. N.; Chauveau, J.; Joseph, M. H.; Mitchell, S. N. and Gray, J. A. (1996) Modulation of Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens by 5-Ht1b Agonists: Involvement of the Hippocampo-Accumbens Pathway. Neuropharmacology; 35, 1521-1529
13. Boyle, A. E. and Gill, K. (2001) Sensitivity of Axb/Bxa Recombinant Inbred Lines of Mice to the Locomotor Activating Effects of Cocaine: A Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis. Pharmacogenetics 11, 255-264.
14. Brenz Verca, M. S.; Widmer, D. A.; Wagner, G. C. and Dreyer, J. (2001) Cocaine-Induced Expression of the Tetraspanin Cd81 and Its Relation to Hypothalamic Function. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 17, 303-316.
15. Brunner, D.; Buhot, M. C.; Hen, R. and Hofer, M. (1999) Anxiety, Motor Activation, and Maternal-Infant Interactions in 5ht1b Knockout Mice. Behav. Neurosci. 113, 587-601.
16. 2-Like Agonists in Rats That Self-Administer Cocaine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291(1), 353-360.
17. Caine, S. B.; Gabriel, K. I.; Berkowitz, J. S.; Zhang, J. and Xu, M. (2002a) Decreased Cocaine Self-Administration in Dopamine D-1 Receptor Knockout Mice. Drug Alcohol Dep. 66, S25
18. Caine, S. B.; Negus, S. S.; Mello, N. K.; Patel, S.; Bristow, L.; Kulagowski, J.; Vallone, D.; Saiardi, A. and Borrelli, E. (2002b) Role of Dopamine D2-Like Receptors in Cocaine Self-Administration: Studies with D2 Receptor Mutant Mice and Novel D2 Receptor Antagonists. J. Neurosci. 22, 2977-2988.
19. Carboni, E.; Tanda, G. L.; Frau, R. and Di Chiara, G. (1990) Blockade of the Noradrenaline Carrier Increases Extracellular Dopamine Concentrations in the Prefrontal Cortex: Evidence That Dopamine is Taken up in Vivo by Noradrenergic Terminals. J. Neurochem. 55, 1067-1070.
20. Carboni, E.; Spielewoy, C.; Vacca, C.; Nosten-Bertrand, M.; Giros, B. and DiChiara, G. (2001) Cocaine and Amphetamine Increase Extracellular Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter Gene. J. Neurosci. 21, RC141: 141-144.
21. Carta, A. R.; Gerfen, C. R. and Steiner, H. (2000) Cocaine Effects on Gene Regulation in the Striatum and Behavior: Increased Sensitivity in D3 Dopamine Receptor-Deficient Mice. Neuroreport 11, 2395-2399.
22. Castanon, N.; Scearce-Levie, K.; Lucas, J. J.; Rocha, B. and Hen, R. (2000) Modulation of the Effects of Cocaine by 5-Ht?1b Receptors: A Comparison of Knockouts and Antagonists. Pharm Biochem Behav. 67, 559-566.
23. Chausmer, A. L.; Elmer, G. I.; Rubinstein, M.; Low, M. J.; Grandy, D. K. and Katz, J. L. (2002) Cocaine-Induced Locomotor Activity and Cocaine Discrimination in Dopamine D2 Receptor Mutant Mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163, 54-61.
24. Chen, J. J.; Li, Z.; Pan, H.; Murphy, D. L.; Tamir, H.; Koepsell, H. and Gershon, M. D. (2001) Maintenance of Serotonin in the Intestinal Mucosa and Ganglia of Mice That Lack the High-Affinity Serotonin Transporter: Abnormal Intestinal Motility and the Expression of Cation Transporters. J. Neurosci. 21, 6348-6361.
25. Chiamulera, C.; Epping-Jordan, M. P.; Zocchi, A.; Marcon, C.; Cottiny, C.; Tacconi, S.; Corsi, M.; Orzi, F. and Conquet, F. (2001) Reinforcing and Locomotor Stimulant Effects of Cocaine Are Absent in Mglur5 Null Mutant Mice. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 873-874.
26. Clifford, J. J.; Tighe, O.; Croke, D. T.; Sibley, D. R.; Drago, J. and Waddington, J. L. (1998) Topographical Evaluation of the Phenotype of Spontaneous Behaviour in Mice with Targeted Gene Deletion of the D1a Dopamine Receptor: Paradoxical Elevation of Grooming Syntax. Neuropharmacology 37, 1595-1602.
27. Clifford, J. J.; Tighe, O.; Croke, D. T.; Kinsella, A.; Sibley, D. R.; Drago, J. and Waddington, J. L. (1999) Conservation of Behavioural Topography to Dopamine D1-Like Receptor Agonists in Mutant Mice Lacking the D1a Receptor Implicates a D1-Like Receptor Not Coupled to Adenylyl Cyclase. Neuroscience 93, 1483-1489
28. Clifford, J. J.; Usiello, A.; Vallone, D.; Kinsella, A.; Borrelli, E. and Waddington, J. L. (2000) Topographical Evaluation of Behavioural Phenotype in a Line of Mice with Targeted Gene Deletion of the D2 Dopamine Receptor. Neuropharmacology 39, 382-390.
29. Clifford, J. J.; Kinsella, A.; Tighe, O.; Rubinstein, M.; Grandy, D. K.; Low, M. J.; Croke, D. T. and Waddington, J. L. (2001) Comparative, Topographically-Based Evaluation of Behavioural Phenotype and Specification of D(1)-Like:D(2) Interactions in a Line of Incipient Congenic Mice with D(2) Dopamine Receptor 'Knockout'. Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 527-536.
30. Cornish, J. L. and Kalivas, P. W. (2001) Cocaine Sensitization and Craving: Differing Roles for Dopamine and Glutamate in the Nucleus Accumbens. J. Addict. Dis. 20, 43-54
31. Dal Toso, R.; Sommer, B.; Ewert, M.; Herb, A.; Pritchett, D. B.; Bach, A.; Shivers, B. D. and Seeburg, P. H. (1989) The Dopamine D2 Receptor: Two Molecular Forms Generated by Alternative Splicing. EMBO J. 8, 4025-4034.
32. Dauge, V.; Beslot, F.; Matsui, T. and Roques, B. P. (2001) Mutant Mice Lacking the Cholecystokinin2 Receptor Show a Dopamine-Dependent Hyperactivity and a Behavioral Sensitization to Morphine. Neurosci. Lett. 306, 41-44.
33. Dickinson, S. D.; Sabeti, J.; Larson, G. A.; Giardina, K.; Rubinstein, M.; Kelly, M. A.; Grandy, D. K.; Low, M. J.; Gerhardt, G.A. and Zahniser, N. R. (1999) Dopamine D2 Receptor-Deficient Mice Exhibit Decreased Dopamine Transporter Function but No Changes in Dopamine Release in Dorsal Striatum. J. Neurochem. 72, 148-156.
34. Dluzen, D. E.; Gao, X.; Story, G. M.; Anderson, L. L; Kucera, J. and Walro, J. M. (2001) Evaluation of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Function in Adult +/+ and +/- Bdnf Mutant Mice. Exp. Neurol. 170, 121-128.
35. Drago, J.; Gerfen, C. R.; Westphal, H. and Steiner, H. (1996) D1 Dopamine Receptor-Deficient Mouse: Cocaine-Induced Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene and Substance P Expression in the Striatum. Neuroscience 74, 813-823.
36. Drouin, C.; Darracq, L.; Trovero, F.; Blanc, G.; Glowinski, J.; Cotecchia, S. and Tassin, J. P. (2002) Alpha1b-Adrenergic Receptors Control Locomotor and Rewarding Effects of Psychostimulants and Opiates. J. Neurosci. 22, 2873-2884.
37. Dulawa, S. C.; Grandy, D. K.; Low, M. J.; Paulus, M. P. and Geyer, M. A. (1999) Dopamine D4 Receptor-Knock-out Mice Exhibit Reduced Exploration of Novel Stimuli. J. Neurosci. 19, 9550-9556.
38. Dumartin, B.; Jaber, M.; Gonon, F.; Caron, M. G.; Giros, B. and Bloch, B. (2000) Dopamine Tone Regulates D1 Receptor Trafficking and Delivery in Striatal Neurons in Dopamine Transporter-Deficient Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U. S. A. 97, 1879-1884.
39. Dykstra, L. A.; Bohn, L. M.; Rodriguiz, R. M.; Wetsel, W. C.; Gainetdinov, R. R. and Caron, M. G. (2003) Rewarding Properties of Cocaine in Dopamine/Norepinephrine Transporter Knockout Mice A.S.P.E.T.* jr, vol, page??
40. Eaton, M. J.; Staley, J. K.; Globus, M. Y. and Whittemore, S. R. (1995) Developmental Regulation of Early Serotonergic Neuronal Differentiation: The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Membrane Depolarization. Dev. Biol. 170, 169-182.
41. Erickson, J. T.; Brosenitsch, T. A. and Katz, D. M. (2001) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor are Required Simultaneously for Survival of Dopaminergic Primary Sensory Neurons In Vivo. J. Neurosci. 21, 581-589
42. Fauchey, V.; Jaber, M.; Bloch, B. and Le Moine, C. (2000a) Dopamine Control of Striatal Expression During Development: Relevance to Knockout Mice for the Dopamine Transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3415-3425.
43. Fauchey, V.; Jaber, M.; Caron, M. G.; Bloch, B. and Le Moine, C. (2000b) Differential Regulation of the Dopamine D1, D2 and D3 Receptor Gene Expression and Changes in the Phenotype of the Striatal Neurons in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 19-26.
44. Fienberg, A. A.; Hiroi, N.; Mermelstein, P. G.; Song, W.; Snyder, G. L.; Nishi, A.; Cheramy, A.; O'Callaghan, J. P.; Miller, D. B.; Cole, D. G.; Corbett, R.; Haile, C. N.; Cooper, D. C.; Orin, S. P.; Grace, A. A.; Ouimet, C. C.; White, F. J.; Hyman, S. E.; Surmeier, D. J.; Girault, J.; Nestler, E. J. and Greengard, P. (1998) Darpp-32: Regulator of the Efficacy of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. Science 281, 838-842.
45. Fritschy, J. M. and Mohler, H. (1995) Gabaa-Receptor Heterogeneity in the Adult Rat Brain: Differential Regional and Cellular Distribution of Seven Major Subunits. J. Comp. Neurol. 359, 154-194.
46. Gainetdinov, R. R.; Wetsel, W. C.; Jones, S. R.; Levin, E. D.; Jaber, M. and Caron, M. G. (1999) Role of Serotonin in the Paradoxical Calming Effect of Psychostimulants on Hyperactivity [See Comments]. Science 283, 397-401
47. Gainetdinov, R. R.; Mohn, A. R.; Bohn, L. M. and Caron, M. G. (2001) Glutamatergic Modulation of Hyperactivity in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 11047-11054.
48. Gainetdinov, R. R. and Caron, M. G.(2003) Monoamine Transporters: From Genes to Behavior. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43, 261-284
49. Gawin, F. H. (1991) Cocaine Addiction: Psychology and Neurophysiology. Science 251, 1580-1586.
50. Gerber, D. J.; Sotnikova, T. D.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Huang, S. Y.; Caron, M. G. and Tonegawa, S. (2001) Hyperactivity, Elevated Dopaminergic Transmission and Response to Amphetamine in M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 15312-15317.
51. Ghozland, S.; Matthes, H. W.; Simonin, F.; Filliol, D.; Kieffer, B. L. and Maldonado, R. (2002) Motivational Effects of Cannabinoids are Mediated by mu-Opioid and kappa-Opioid Receptors. J. Neurosci. 22, 1146-1154.
52. Giros, B.; Jaber, M.; Jones, S. R.; Wightman, R. M. and Caron, M. G. (1996) Hyperlocomotion and Indifference to Cocaine and Amphetamine in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Nature 379, 606-612.
53. Hall, F. S.; Sora, I. and Uhl, G. R. (2001) Ethanol Consumption and Reward are Decreased in mu-Opiate Receptor Knockout Mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154, 43-49.
54. Hall, F. S.; Li, X. F.; Sora, I.; Xu, F.; Caron, M.; Lesch, K. P.; Murphy, D. L. and Uhl, G. R. (2002) Cocaine Mechanisms: Enhanced Cocaine, Fluoxetine and Nisoxetine Place Preferences Following Monoamine Transporter Deletions. Neuroscience 115, 153-161.
55. Hall, F. S.; Drgonova, J.; Goeb, M. and Uhl, G. (2003a) Reduced Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Heterozygous Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf) Knockout Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1485-1490.
56. Hall, F. S.; Li, X. F.; Goeb, M.; Roff, S.; Hoggatt, H.; Sora, I. and Uhl, G. R. (2003b) Congenic C57b?l/6 M Opiate Receptor (Mor) Knockout Mice: Baseline and Opiate Effects. Genes Brain Behav. 2, 114-121.
57. Hall, F. S.; Goeb, M.; Li, X. F.; Sora, I. and Uhl, G. R. (2004) M-Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice Display Reduced Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference but Enhanced Sensitization of Cocaine-Induced Locomotion. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 121, 123-130.
58. Hall, F. S.; Li, X. F.; Axelrad, S.; Hoggatt, I. H.; Goeb, M.; Sora, I.; Hen, R. and Uhl, G. (Submitted) Gene Knockout of the Serotonin 5-Ht1b Receptor Restores the Locomotor Stimulant Effects of Cocaine in Dopamine Transporter Gene Knockout Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology
59. Hashimoto, T.; Kajii, Y. and Nishikawa, T. (1998) Psychotomimetic-Induction of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Mrna in Corticostriatal Neurons in Rat Brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 3387-3399.
60. Hiroi, N.; Brown, J. R.; Haile, C. N.; Ye, H.; Greenberg, M. E. and Nestler, E. J. (1997) Fosb Mutant Mice: Loss of Chronic Cocaine Induction of Fos-Related Proteins and Heightened Sensitivity to Cocaine's Psychomotor and Rewarding Effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 10397-10402.
61. Hoebel, B. G.; Rada, P.; Mark, G. P. and Hernandez, L. (1994) The Power of Integrative Peptides to Reinforce Behavior by Releasing Dopamine. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 739, 36-41.
62. Holmes, A.; Hollon, T. R.; Gleason, T. C.; Liu, Z.; Dreiling, J.; Sibley, D. R. and Crawley, J. N. (2001) Behavioral Characterization of Dopamine D5 Receptor Null Mutant Mice. Behav. Neurosci. 115, 1129-1144.
63. Hope, B.; Kosofsky, B.; Hyman, S. E. and Nestler, E. J. (1992) Regulation of Immediate Early Gene Expression and Ap-1 Binding in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens by Chronic Cocaine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 5764-5768.
64. Horger, B. A.; Iyasere, C. A.; Berhow, M. T.; Messer, C. J.; Nestler, E. J. and Taylor, J. R. (1999) Enhancement of Locomotor Activity and Conditioned Reward to Cocaine by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. J. Neurosci. 19, 4110-4122.
65. Hotsenpiller, G. and Wolf, M. E. (2002) Conditioned Locomotion Is Not Correlated with Behavioral Sensitization to Cocaine: An Intra-Laboratory Multi-Sample Analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 924-929.
66. Huotari, M.; Santha, M.; Lucas, L. R.; Karayiorgou, M.; Gogos, J. A. and Mannisto, P. T. (2002) Effect of Dopamine Uptake Inhibition on Brain Catecholamine Levels and Locomotion in Catechol-O-Methyltransferase-Disrupted Mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 1309-1316.
67. Itzhak, Y.; Ali, S. F.; Martin, J. L.; Black, M. D. and Huang, P. L. (1998a) Resistance of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice to Cocaine- Induced Locomotor Sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 140, 378-386.
68. Itzhak, Y.; Martin, J. L.; Black, M. D. and Huang, P. L. (1998b) The Role of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference. Neuroreport 9, 2485-2488.
69. Ivkovic, S.; Polonskaia, O.; Farinas, I. and Ehrlich, M. E. (1997) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulates Maturation of the Darpp-32 Phenotype in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons: Studies in Vivo and in Vitro. Neuroscience 79, 509-516.
70. Jaber, M.; Dumartin, B.; Sagne, C.; Haycock, J. W.; Roubert, C.; Giros, B.; Bloch, B. and Caron, M. G. (1999) Differential Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Basal Ganglia of Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3499-3511
71. Johanson, C. E. and Fischman, M. W. (1989) The Pharmacology of Cocaine Related to Its Abuse. Pharmacol. Rev. 41, 3-52.
72. Jones, B. C.; Tarantino, L. M.; Rodriguez, L. A.; Reed, C. L.; McClearn, G. E.; Plomin, R. and Erwin, V. G. (1999a) Quantitative-Trait Loci Analysis of Cocaine-Related Behaviours and Neurochemistry. Pharmacogenetics 9, 607-617.
73. Jones, K. R.; Farinas, I.; Backus, C. and Reichardt, L. F. (1994) Targeted Disruption of the Bdnf Gene Perturbs Brain and Sensory Neuron Development but Not Motor Neuron Development. Cell 76, 989-999.
74. Jones, S. R.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Jaber, M.; Giros, B.; Wightman, R. M. and Caron, M. G. (1998) Profound Neuronal Plasticity in Response to Inactivation of the Dopamine Transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 4029-4034
75. Jones, S. R.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Hu, X. T.; Cooper, D. C.; Wightman, R. M.; White, F. J. and Caron, M. G. (1999b) Loss of Autoreceptor Functions in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 649-655
76. Karasinska, J. M.; George, S. R. and O'Dowd, B. F. (2003) Cocaine Reward Sensitivity Is Attenuated in Mice Lacking Both Dopamine D1 and D3 Receptors. Society for Neuroscience, pp 160.163
77. Karhunen, T.; Tilgmann, C.; Ulmanen, I. and Panula, P. (1995) Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COM) in Rat Brain: Immunoelectron Microscopic Study with an Antiserum against Rat Recombinant Comt Protein. Neurosci. Lett. 187, 57-60.
78. Kelly, M. A.; Rubinstein, M.; Phillips, T. J.; Lessov, C.N.; Burkhart-Kasch, S.; Zhang, G.; Bunzow, J. R.; Fang, Y.; Gerhardt, G. A.; Grandy, D. K. and Low, M. J. (1998) Locomotor Activity in D2 Dopamine Receptor-Deficient Mice Is Determined by Gene Dosage, Genetic Background, and Developmental Adaptations. J. Neurosci. 18, 3470-3479
79. Kilty, J. E.; Lorang, D. and Amara, S. G. (1991) Cloning and Expression of a Cocaine-Sensitive Rat Dopamine Transporter. Science 254, 578-579.
80. Koeltzow, T. E.; Xu, M.; Cooper, D. C.; Hu, X. T.; Tonegawa, S.; Wolf, M. E. and White, F. J. (1998) Alterations in Dopamine Release but Not Dopamine Autoreceptor Function in Dopamine D3 Receptor Mutant Mice. J. Neurosci. 18, 2231-2238.
81. Kretschmer, B. D. (2000) Functional Aspects of the Ventral Pallidum. Amino Acids 19: 201-210
82. Kuhar, M. J.; Ritz, M. C. and Boja, J. W. (1991) The Dopamine Hypothesis of the Reinforcing Properties of Cocaine. Trends Neurosci. 14, 299-302.
83. Le Foll, B.; Frances, H.; Diaz, J.; Schwartz, J. C. and Sokoloff, P. (2002) Role of the Dopamine D3 Receptor in Reactivity to Cocaine-Associated Cues in Mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 2016-2026.
84. Le Moine, C.; Fauchey, V. and Jaber, M. (2002) Opioid Receptor Gene Expression in Dopamine Transporter Knock-out Mice in Adult and During Development. Neuroscience 112, 131-139.
85. Levy, S.; Todd, S. C. and Maecker, H. T. (1998) Cd81 (Tapa-1): A Molecule Involved in Signal Transduction and Cell Adhesion in the Immune System. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 89-109.
86. L'Hirondel, M.; Cheramy, A.; Godeheu, G.; Artaud, F.; Saiardi, A.; Borrelli, E. and Glowinski, J. (1998) Lack of Autoreceptor-Mediated Inhibitory Control of Dopamine Release in Striatal Synaptosomes of D2 Receptor-Deficient Mice. Brain Res. 792, 253-262.
87. Lindgren, N.; Usiello, A.; Goiny, M.; Haycock, J.; Erbs, E.; Greengard, P.; Hokfelt, T.; Borrelli, E. and Fisone, G. (2003) Distinct Roles of Dopamine D21 and D2s Receptor Isoforms in the Regulation of Protein Phosphorylation at Presysnaptic and Postsynaptic Sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100, 4305-4309.
88. Lucas, J. J.; Segu, L. and Hen, R. (1997) 5-Hydroxytryptamine1b Receptors Modulate the Effect of Cocaine on C-Fos Expression: Converging Evidence Using 5-Hydroxytryptamine1b Knockout Mice and the 5-Hydroxytryptamine1b/1dAntagonistGr127935. Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 755-763.
89. Lyons, W. E.; Mamounas, L. A.; Ricaurte, G. A.; Coppola, V.; Reid, S. W.; Bora, S. H.; Wihler, C.; Koliatsos, V. E. and Tessarollo, L. (1999) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Deficient Mice Develop Aggressiveness and Hyperphagia in Conjunction with Brain Serotonergic Abnormalities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 15239-15244.
90. Malleret, G.; Hen, R.; Guillou, J. L.; Segu, L. and Buhot, M. C. (1999) 5-Ht1b Receptor Knock-out Mice Exhibit Increased Exploratory Activity and Enhanced Spatial Memory Performance in the Morris Water Maze. J. Neurosci. 19, 6157-6168.
91. Manning, D. R. (1990) G Proteins. Linkages with Amine Receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 3, 447-455.
92. Mansvelder, H. D. and McGehee, D. S. (2002) Cellular and Synaptic Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction. J. Neurobiol. 53, 606-617.
93. Mathews, T. A.; Fedele, D. E.; Mamounas, L. A.; Lyons, W. E. and Andrews, A. M. (1991) Quantitative Microdialysis for Serotonin in Bdnf Knockout Mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.: 806.820
94. Mathews, T. A.; Szapacs, M. E.; Fedele, D. E.; Lyons, W. E.; Mamounas, L. A. and Andrews, A. M. (2002) Unraveling the Serotonin-Bdnf Conundrum UsingElisa and In Vivo Microdialysis.Abstr. Am. Chem. Soc. 224, 93.
95. Matthes, H. W.; Maldonado, R.; Simonin, F.; Valverde, O.; Slowe, S.; Kitchen, I.; Befort, K.; Dierich, A.; Le Meur, M.; Dolle, P.; Tzavara, E.; Hanoune, J.; Roques, B. P. and Kieffer, B. L. (1996) Loss of Morphine-Induced Analgesia, Reward Effect and Withdrawal Symptoms in Mice Lacking the Mu-Opioid-Receptor Gene [See Comments]. Nature 383, 819-823.
96. McNamara, F. N.; Clifford, J. J.; Tighe, O.; Kinsella, A.; Drago, J.; Fuchs, S.; Croke, D. T. and Waddington, J. L. (2002) Phenotypic, Ethologically Based Resolution of Spontaneous and D(2)-Like Vs D(1)-Like Agonist-Induced Behavioural Topography in Mice with Congenic D(3) Dopamine Receptor "Knockout". Synapse 46, 19-31.
97. Michna, L.; Brenz Verca, M. S.; Widmer, D. A.; Chen, S.; Lee, J.; Rogove, J.; Zhou, R.; Tsitsikov, E.; Miescher, G. C.; Dreyer, J. L. and Wagner, G. C. (2001) Altered Sensitivity of Cd81-Deficient Mice to Neurobehavioral Effects of Cocaine. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 90, 68-74.
98. Miner, L. L.; Drago, J.; Chamberlain, P. M.; Donovan, D. and Uhl, G. R. (1995) Retained Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference in D1 Receptor Deficient Mice. Neuroreport 6, 2314-2316.
99. Moratalla, R.; Xu, M.; Tonegawa, S. and Graybiel, A. M. (1996) Cellular Responses to Psychomotor Stimulant and Neuroleptic Drugs Are Abnormal in Mice Lacking the D1 Dopamine Receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 14928-14933.
100. Moron, J. A.; Brockington, A.; Wise, R. A.; Rocha, B. A. and Hope, B. T. (2002) Dopamine Uptake through the Norepinephrine Transporter in Brain Regions with Low Levels of the Dopamine Transporter: Evidence from Knock-out Mouse Lines. J. Neurosci. 22, 389-395.
101. Murphy, D. L.; Wichems, C.; Li, Q. and Heils, A. (1999) Molecular Manipulations as Tools for Enhancing Our Understanding of 5-Ht Neurotransmission. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 246-252.
102. Murphy, D. L.; Uhl, G. R.; Holmes, A.; Ren-Patterson, R.; Hall, F. S.; Sora, I.; Detera-Wadleigh, S. and Lesch, K. P. (2003) Experimental Gene Interaction Studies with Sert Mutant Mice as Models for Human Polygenic Traits and Disorders. Genes Brain Behav. 2, 350-364.
103. Neumaier, J. F.; Vincow, E. S.; Arvanitogiannis, A.; Wise, R. A. and Carlezon, W. A., Jr. (2002) Elevated Expression of 5-Ht1b Receptors in Nucleus Accumbens Efferents Sensitizes Animals to Cocaine. J. Neurosci. 22, 10856-10863.
104. Pan, Y.; Gembom, E.; Peng, W.; Lesch, K. P.; Mossner, R. and Simantov, R. (2001) Plasticity in Serotonin Uptake in Primary Neuronal Cultures of Serotonin Transporter Knockout Mice. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 126, 125-129.
105. Pattij, T.; Broersen, L. M.; van de Linde, J.; Groenink, L.; van der Gugten, J. and Olivier, B. (2003) Operant Learning and Differential-Reinforcement-of-Low-Rate 36-Sec Responding in 5-Ht1a and 5-Ht1b Receptor Knockout Mice. Behav. Brain Res. 141, 137-145.
106. Peris, J. (1996) Repeated Cocaine Injections Decrease the Function of Striatal Gamma- Aminobutyric Acid(a) Receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 276, 1002-1008.
107. Peris, J.; Jung, B. J.; Resnick, A.; Walker, P.; Malakhova, O.; Bokrand, Y. and Wielbo, D. (1998) Antisense Inhibition of Striatal Gabaa Receptor Proteins DecreasesGaba- Stimulated ChlorideUptake and Increases Cocaine Sensitivity in Rats. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 57, 310-320.
108. Persico, A. M.; Schindler, C. W.; O'Hara, B. F.; Brannock, M. T. and Uhl, G. R. (1993) Brain Transcription Factor Expression: Effects of Acute and Chronic Amphetamine and Injection Stress. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 20, 91-100.
109. Phillips, T. J.; Brown, K. J.; Burkhart-Kasch, S.; Wenger, C. D.; Kelly, M. A.; Rubinstein, M.; Grandy, D. K. and Low, M. J. (1998) Alcohol Preference and Sensitivity Are Markedly Reduced in Mice Lacking Dopamine D2 Receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 610-615.
110. Pierce, R. C.; Bell, K.; Duffy, P. and Kalivas, P. W. (1996) Repeated Cocaine Augments Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission in the Nucleus Accumbens Only in Rats Having Developed Behavioral Sensitization. J. Neurosci. 16, 1550-1560.
111. Pierce, R. C. and Kalivas, P. W. (1997) A Circuitry Model of the Expression of Behavioral Sensitization to Amphetamine-Like Psychostimulants. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 25, 192-216.
112. Qian, Z.; Gilbert, M. E.; Colicos, M. A.; Kandel, E. R. and Kuhl, D. (1993) Tissue-Plasminogen Activator Is Induced as an Immediate-Early Gene During Seizure, Kindling and Long-Term Potentiation. Nature 361, 453-457.
113. Ralph, R. J.; Varty, G. B.; Kelly, M. A.; Wang, Y. M.; Caron, M. G.; Rubinstein, M.; Grandy, D. K.; Low, M. J. and Geyer, M. A. (1999) The Dopamine D2, but Not D3 or D4, Receptor Subtype Is Essential for the Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition Produced by Amphetamine in Mice. J. Neurosci. 19, 4627-4633.
114. Ralph, R. J.; Paulus, M. P.; Fumagalli, F.; Caron, M. G. and Geyer, M. A. (2001) Prepulse Inhibition Deficits and Perseverative Motor Patterns in Dopamine Transporter Knock-out Mice: Differential Effects of D1 and D2 Receptor Antagonists. J. Neurosci. 21, 305-313.
115. Ramboz, S.; Saudou, F.; Amara, D. A.; Belzung, C.; Segu, L.; Misslin, R.; Buhot, M. C. and Hen, R. (1996) 5-Ht1b Receptor Knock out - Behavioral Consequences. Behav. Brain Res. 73, 305-312.
116. Ravary, A.; Muzerelle, A.; Darmon, M.; Murphy, D. L.; Moessner, R.; Lesch, K. P. and Gaspar, P. (2001) Abnormal Trafficking and Subcellular Localization of an N-Terminally Truncated Serotonin Transporter Protein. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 1349-1362.
117. Resnick, A.; Homanics, G. E.; Jung, B. J. and Peris, J. (1999) Increased Acute Cocaine Sensitivity and Decreased Cocaine Sensitization in Gaba(a) Receptor Beta3 Subunit Knockout Mice. J. Neurochem. 73, 1539-1548.
118. Ripley, T. L.; Rocha, B. A.; Oglesby, M. W. and Stephens, D. N. (1999) Increased Sensitivity to Cocaine, and over-Responding During Cocaine Self-Administration in Tpa Knockout Mice. Brain Res. 826, 117-127.
119. Robbins, T. W.; Cador, M.; Taylor, J. R. and Everitt, B. J. (1989) Limbic-Striatal Interactions in Reward-Related Processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13, 155-162.
120. Roberts, A. J.; McDonald, J. S.; Heyser, C. J.; Kieffer, B. L.; Matthes, H. W.; Koob, G. F. and Gold, L. H. (2000) mu-Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice do not Self-Administer Alcohol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 293, 1002-1008.
121. Rocha, B. A.; Fumagalli, F.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Jones, S. R.; Ator, R.; Giros, B.; Miller, G. W. and Caron, M. G. (1998a) Cocaine Self-Administration in Dopamine-Transporter Knockout Mice. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 132-137
122. Rocha, B. A.; Scearce-Levie, K.; Lucas, J. J.; Hiroi, N.; Castanon, N.; Crabbe, J. C.; Nestler, E. J. and Hen, R. (1998b) Increased Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice Lacking the Serotonin-1bReceptor. Nature 393, 175-178.
123. Rocha, B. A.; Goulding, E. H.; O'Dell, L. E.; Mead, A. N.; Coufal, N. G.; Parsons, L. H. and Tecott, L. H. (2002) Enhanced Locomotor, Reinforcing, and Neurochemical Effects of Cocaine in Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2c Receptor Mutant Mice. J. Neurosci. 22, 10039-10045.
124. Rouge-Pont, F.; Usiello, A.; Benoit-Marand, M.; Gonon, F.; Piazza, P. V. and Borrelli, E. (2002) Changes in Extracellular Dopamine Induced by Morphine and Cocaine: Crucial Control by D2 Receptors. J. Neurosci. 22, 3293-3301.
125. Rubinstein, M.; Phillips, T. J.; Bunzow, J. R.; Falzone, T. L.; Dziewczapolski, G.; Zhang, G.; Fang, Y.; Larson, J. L.; McDougall, J. A.; Chester, J. A.; Saez, C.; Pugsley, T. A.; Gershanik, O.; Low, M. J. and Grandy, D. K. (1997) Mice Lacking Dopamine D4 Receptors Are Supersensitive to Ethanol, Cocaine, and Methamphetamine. Cell 90, 991-1001.
126. Sarhan, H.; Grimaldi, B.; Hen, R. and Fillion, G. (2000) 5-Ht1b Receptors Modulate Release of [3h]Dopamine from Rat Striatal Synaptosomes: Further Evidence Using 5-Ht Moduline, Polyclonal 5-Ht1b Receptor Antibodies and 5-Ht1b Receptor Knock-out Mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 361, 12-18.
127. Satel, S. L.; Southwick, S. M. and Gawin, F. H. (1991) Clinical Features of Cocaine Induced Paranoia. NIDA Res. Monogr. 105, 371.
128. Schmitt, A.; Mossner, R.; Gossmann, A.; Fischer, I. G.; Gorboulev, V.; Murphy, D. L.; Koepsell, H. and Lesch, K. P. (2003) OrganicCation Transporter Capable of Transporting Serotonin Is up- Regulated in Serotonin Transporter-Deficient Mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 71, 701-709.
129. 2-Like Dopamine Receptor Agonists. Science 271, 1586-1589.
130. Shen, H.-W.; Hagino, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Shinohara-Tanaka, K.; Ikeda, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Lesch, K.-P.; Murphy, D. L.; Hall, F. S.; Uhl, G. R. and Sora, I. (in press) Associations between Extracellular Monoamines and Cocaine Reward in Mice Lacking Dopamine and/orSerotoninTransporters. Neuropsychopharmacology
131. Shi, W.-X.; Pun, C.-L.; Zhang, X.-X; Jones, M. D. and Bunney, B. S. (2000) Dual Effects of D-Amphetamine on Dopmaine Neurons Mediated by Dopamine and Nondopamine Receptors. J. Neurosci. 20, 3504-3511.
132. Shimada, S.; Kitayama, S.; Lin, C. L., Patel, A.; Nanthakumar, E.; Gregor, P.; Kuhar, M. and Uhl, G. (1991) Cloning andExpression of a Cocaine-Sensitive Dopamine Transporter Complementary DNA. Science 254, 576-578.
133. Shippenberg, T. S.; Hen, R. and He, M. (2000) Region-Specific Enhancement of Basal Extracellular and Cocaine-Evoked Dopamine Levels Following Constitutive Deletion of the Serotonin(1b) Receptor. J. Neurochem. 75, 258-265.
134. Siuciak, J. A.; Boylan, C.; Fritsche, M.; Altar, C. A. and Lindsay, R. M. (1996) Bdnf Increases Monoaminergic Activity in Rat Brain Following Intracerebroventricular or Intraparenchymal Administration. Brain Res. 710, 11-20.
135. Siuciak, J. A.; Clark, M. S.; Rind, H. B.; Whittemore, S. R. and Russo, A. F. (1998) Bdnf Induction of Tryptophan Hydroxylase Mrna Levels in the Rat Brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 52, 149-158.
136. Smith, D. R.; Striplin, C. D.; Geller, A. M.; Mailman, R. B.; Drago, J.; Lawler, C. P. and Gallagher, M. (1998) Behavioural Assessment of Mice Lacking D1a Dopamine Receptors. Neuroscience 86, 135-146.
137. Sora, I.; Wichems, C.; Takahashi, N.; Li, X. F.; Zeng, Z.; Revay, R.; Lesch, K. P.; Murphy, D. L. and Uhl, G. R. (1998) Cocaine Reward Models: Conditioned Place Preference can be Established in Dopamine- and in Serotonin-Transporter Knockout Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 7699-7704.
138. Sora, I.; Elmer, G.; Funada, M.; Pieper, J.; Li, X. F.; Hall, F. S. and Uhl, G. R. (2001a) mu Opiate Receptor Gene Dose Effects on Different Morphine Actions: Evidence for Differential In Vivo Mu Receptor Reserve. Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 41-54.
139. Sora, I.; Hall, F. S.; Andrews, A. M.; Itokawa, M.; Li, X. F.; Wei, H. B.; Wichems, C.; Lesch, K. P.; Murphy, D. L. and Uhl, G. R. (2001b) Molecular Mechanisms of Cocaine Reward: Combined Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Knockouts Eliminate Cocaine Place Preference. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 5300-5305.
140. Spielewoy, C.; Gonon, F.; Roubert, C.; Fauchey, V.; Jaber, M.; Caron, M. G.; Roques, B. P.; Hamon, M.; Betancur, C.; Maldonado, R. and Giros, B. (2000) Increased Rewarding Properties of Morphine in Dopamine-Transporter Knockout Mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 1827-1837.
141. Stamford, J. A.; Kruk, Z. L. and Millar, J. (1990) Striatal Dopamine Terminals Release Serotonin after 5-Htp Pretreatment: In Vivo Voltammetric Data. Brain Res. 515, 173-180.
142. Svenningsson, P.; Fienberg, A. A.; Allen, P. B.; Le Moine, C.; Lindskog, M.; Fisone, G.; Greengard, P. and Fredholm, B. B. (2000) Dopamine D1 Receptor-Induced Gene Transcription Is Modulated by Darpp-32. J. Neurochem. 758, 248-257.
143. Svenningsson, P.; Tzavara, E.; Witkin, J. M.; Fienberg, A. A.; Nomikos, G. G. and Greengard, P. (2002a) Involvement of Striatal and Extrastriatal Darpp-32 in Biochemical and Behavioral Effects of Fluoxetine (Prozac). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 3182-3187.
144. Svenningsson, P.; Tzavara, E. T.; Liu, F.; Fienberg, A. A.; Nomikos, G. G. and Greengard, P. (2002b) Darpp-32 Mediates Serotonergic Neurotransmission in the Forebrain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 3188-3193.
145. Tallaksen-Greene, S. J.; Kaatz, K. W.; Romano, C. and Albin, R. L. (1998) Localization of Mglur1a-Like Immunoreactivity and
146. Tzschentke, T. M. and Schmidt, W. J. (2000) Functional Relationship among Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area in Locomotion and Reward. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 14, 131-142.
147. Uhl, G. R.; Hall, F. S. and Sora, I. (2002a) Cocaine, Reward, Movement and Monoamine Transporters. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 21-26.
148. Uhl, G. R.; Liu, Q. R. and Naiman, D. (2002b) Substance Abuse Vulnerability Loci: Converging Genome Scanning Data. Trends Genet. 18, 420-425.
149. Usiello, A.; Baik, J. H.; Rouge-Pont, F.; Picetti, R.; Dierich, A.; LeMeur, M.; Piazza, P. V. and Borrelli, E. (2000) Distinct Functions of the Two Isoforms of Dopamine D2 Receptors. Nature 408, 199-203.
150. Vanderschuren, L. J. and Kalivas, P. W. (2000) Alterations in Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Transmission in the Induction and Expression of Behavioral Sensitization: A Critical Review of Preclinical Studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 151, 99-120.
151. Vanhatalo, S. and Soinila, S. (1995) Release of False Transmitter Serotonin from the Dopaminergic Nerve Terminals of the Rat Pituitary Intermediate Lobe. Neurosci. Res. 22, 367-374.
152. Walsh, S. L. and Cunningham, K. A. (1997) Serotonergic Mechanisms Involved in the Discriminative Stimulus, Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of Cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 130, 41-58.
153. Wang, X. B.; Funada, M.; Imai, Y.; Revay, R. S.; Ujike, H.; Vandenbergh, D. J. and Uhl, G. R. (1997) Rgbeta1: A Psychostimulant-Regulated Gene Essential for Establishing Cocaine Sensitization. J. Neurosci. 17, 5993-6000.
154. Wang, Y.; Xu, R.; Sasaoka, T.; Tonegawa, S.; Kung, M. P. and Sankoorikal, E. B. (2000) Dopamine D2 Long Receptor-Deficient Mice Display Alterations in Striatum-Dependent Functions. J. Neurosci. 20, 8305-8314.
155. White, N. M. and McDonald, R. J. (2002) Multiple Parallel Memory Systems in the Brain of the Rat. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 77, 125-184.
156. Wong, J. Y. F.; Clifford, J. J.; Massalas, J. S.; Finkelstein, D. I.; Horne, M. K.; Waddington, J. L. and Drago, J. (2003) Neurochemical Changes in Dopamine D1, D3 and D1/D3 Receptor Knockout Mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 471, 39-47.
157. Wu, X.; Kekuda, R.; Huang, W.; Fei, Y. J.; Leibach, F. H.; Chen, J.; Conway, S. J. and Ganapathy, V. (1998) Identity of the Organic Cation Transporter Oct3 as the Extraneuronal Monoamine Transporter (Uptake2) and Evidence for the Expression of the Transporter in the Brain. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32776-32786.
158. Xu, F.; Gainetdinov, R. R.; Wetsel, W. C.; Jones, S. R.; Bohn, L. M.; Miller, G. W.; Wang, Y. M. and Caron, M. G. (2000a) Mice Lacking the Norepinephrine Transporter are Supersensitive to Psychostimulants. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 465-471.
159. Xu, M.; Hu, X. T.; Cooper, D. C.; Moratalla, R.; Graybiel, A. M.; White, F. J. and Tonegawa, S. (1994a) Elimination of Cocaine-Induced Hyperactivity and Dopamine-Mediated Neurophysiological Effects in Dopamine D1 Receptor Mutant Mice. Cell 79, 945-955.
160. Xu, M.; Moratalla, R.; Gold, L. H.; Hiroi, N.; Koob, G. F.; Graybiel, A. M. and Tonegawa, S. (1994b)Dopamine D1 Receptor Mutant Mice Are Deficient in Striatal Expression of Dynorphin and in Dopamine-Mediated Behavioral Responses. Cell 79, 729-742.
161. Xu, M.; Koeltzow, T. E.; Santiago, G. T.; Moratalla, R.; Cooper, D. C.; Hu, X. T.; White, N. M.; Graybiel, A. M.; White, F. J. and Tonegawa, S. (1997) Dopamine D3 Receptor Mutant Mice Exhibit Increased Behavioral Sensitivity to Concurrent Stimulation of D1 and D2 Receptors. Neuron 19, 837-848.
162. Xu, M.; Guo, Y.; Vorhees, C. V. and Zhang, J. (2000b) Behavioral Responses to Cocaine and Amphetamine Administration in Mice Lacking the Dopamine D1 Receptor. Brain Res. 852, 198-207.
163. Yang, J.; Wu, J.; Kowalska, M. A.; Dalvi, A.; Prevost, N.; O'Brien, P. J.; Manning, D.; Poncz, M.; Lucki, I.; Blendy, J. A. and Brass, L. F. (2000) Loss of Signaling through the G Protein, Gz, Results in Abnormal Platelet Activation and Altered Responses to Psychoactive Drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U S. A. 97, 9984-9989.
164. Yang, S. N. (1999) Presynaptic Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Dopamine D1/D5 Receptor- Induced Sustained Enhancement of Synaptic Currents Mediated by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 270, 87-90.
165. Yoo, J. H.; Yang, E. M.; Lee, S. Y.; Loh, H. H.; Ho, I. K. and Jang, C. G. (2003) Differential Effects of Morphine and Cocaine on Locomotor Activity and Sensitization in M-Opioid Receptor Knockout Mice. Neurosci. Lett. 344, 37-40.
166. Zachariou, V.; Caldarone, B. J.; Weathers-Lowin, A.; George, T. P.; Elsworth, J. D.; Roth, R. H.; Changeux, J. P. and Picciotto, M. R. (2001) Nicotine Receptor Inactivation Decreases Sensitivity to Cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology 24, 576-589.
167. Zachariou, V.; Benoit-Marand, M.; Allen, P. B.; Ingrassia, P.; Fienberg, A. A.; Gonon, F.; Greengard, P. and Picciotto, M. R. (2002) Reduction of Coaine Place Preference in Mice Lacking the Protein Phosphatase 1 Inhibitors Darpp 32 or Inhibitor 1. Biol. Psychiatry 51,
168. Zhou, F. C.; Lesch, K. P. and Murphy, D. L. (2002) Serotonin Uptake into Dopamine Neurons Via Dopamine Transporters: A Compensatory Alternative. Brain Res. 942, 109-119.