메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 114, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 599-611

Working memory impairments in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Author keywords

Frontal lobe; Schizophrenia; Spatial; Verbal; Working memory

Indexed keywords

DATA ANALYSIS; DEPTH PERCEPTION; DISTRACTIBILITY; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; MEDLINE; MEMORY DISORDER; META ANALYSIS; PERSEVERATION; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCINFO; RESPONSE TIME; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; VERBAL MEMORY; WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 28544436939     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.599     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (627)

References (161)
  • 6
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1986) Working Memory
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 7
    • 0037393615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language comprehension and working memory language comprehension and working memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia
    • Bagner, D. M., Melinder, M. R., & Barch, D. M. (2003). Language comprehension and working memory language comprehension and working memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 299-309.
    • (2003) Schizophrenia Research , vol.60 , pp. 299-309
    • Bagner, D.M.1    Melinder, M.R.2    Barch, D.M.3
  • 9
    • 0037327562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationship to clinical symptoms
    • Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., III, Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity, 4-week course, and relationship to clinical symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 132-143.
    • (2003) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.112 , pp. 132-143
    • Barch, D.M.1    Carter, C.S.2    MacDonald III, A.W.3    Braver, T.S.4    Cohen, J.D.5
  • 10
    • 0036074201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working and long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: Is there a common prefrontal mechanism?
    • Barch, D. M., Csernansky, J. G., Conturo, T., & Snyder, A. Z. (2002). Working and long-term memory deficits in schizophrenia: Is there a common prefrontal mechanism? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 478-494.
    • (2002) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.111 , pp. 478-494
    • Barch, D.M.1    Csernansky, J.G.2    Conturo, T.3    Snyder, A.Z.4
  • 11
    • 0037374038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and prefrontal cortex dysfunction: Specificity to schizophrenia compared with major depression
    • Barch, D. M., Sheline, Y. I., Csernansky, J. G., & Snyder, A. Z. (2003). Working memory and prefrontal cortex dysfunction: Specificity to schizophrenia compared with major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 376-384.
    • (2003) Biological Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 376-384
    • Barch, D.M.1    Sheline, Y.I.2    Csernansky, J.G.3    Snyder, A.Z.4
  • 14
    • 0034730801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test-retest reliability of the dot test of visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia and controls
    • Bollini, A. M., Arnold, M. C., & Keefe, R. S. (2000). Test-retest reliability of the dot test of visuospatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Schizophrenia Research, 45, 169-173.
    • (2000) Schizophrenia Research , vol.45 , pp. 169-173
    • Bollini, A.M.1    Arnold, M.C.2    Keefe, R.S.3
  • 15
    • 0032765150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function
    • Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., & Cohen, J. D. (1999). Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 312-328.
    • (1999) Biological Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 312-328
    • Braver, T.S.1    Barch, D.M.2    Cohen, J.D.3
  • 16
    • 0032570761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory impairment and schizophrenia: The role of processing speed
    • Brebion, G., Amador, X., Smith, M. J., & Gorman, J. M. (1998). Memory impairment and schizophrenia: The role of processing speed. Schizophrenia Research, 30, 31-39.
    • (1998) Schizophrenia Research , vol.30 , pp. 31-39
    • Brebion, G.1    Amador, X.2    Smith, M.J.3    Gorman, J.M.4
  • 17
    • 1942473004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal memory in schizophrenia: Additional evidence of subtypes having different cognitive deficits
    • Bruder, G. E., Wexler, B. E., Sage, M. M., Gil, R. B., & Gorman, J. M. (2004). Verbal memory in schizophrenia: Additional evidence of subtypes having different cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 137-147.
    • (2004) Schizophrenia Research , vol.68 , pp. 137-147
    • Bruder, G.E.1    Wexler, B.E.2    Sage, M.M.3    Gil, R.B.4    Gorman, J.M.5
  • 23
  • 24
    • 0030298506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients
    • Carter, C., Robertson, L., Nordahl, T., Chaderjian, M., Kraft, L., & O'Shora-Celaya, L. (1996). Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Biological Psychiatry, 40, 930-932.
    • (1996) Biological Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 930-932
    • Carter, C.1    Robertson, L.2    Nordahl, T.3    Chaderjian, M.4    Kraft, L.5    O'Shora-Celaya, L.6
  • 25
    • 0034856839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anterior cingulated cortex activity and impaired self-monitoring of performance in patients with schizophrenia: An event-related fMRI study
    • Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., III, Ross, L. L., & Stenger, V. A. (2001). Anterior cingulated cortex activity and impaired self-monitoring of performance in patients with schizophrenia: An event-related fMRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1423-1428.
    • (2001) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1423-1428
    • Carter, C.S.1    MacDonald III, A.W.2    Ross, L.L.3    Stenger, V.A.4
  • 27
    • 0343007392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semantic verbal fluency deficit as a familial trait marker in schizophrenia
    • Chen, Y. L., Chen, Y. H., & Lieh-Mak, F. (2000). Semantic verbal fluency deficit as a familial trait marker in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 95, 133-148.
    • (2000) Psychiatry Research , vol.95 , pp. 133-148
    • Chen, Y.L.1    Chen, Y.H.2    Lieh-Mak, F.3
  • 28
    • 0037205777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory span, delayed response and executive function in schizophrenia
    • Chey, J., Lee, J., Kim, Y. S., Kwon, S. M., & Shin, Y. M. (2002). Spatial working memory span, delayed response and executive function in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 110, 259-271.
    • (2002) Psychiatry Research , vol.110 , pp. 259-271
    • Chey, J.1    Lee, J.2    Kim, Y.S.3    Kwon, S.M.4    Shin, Y.M.5
  • 29
    • 0033046702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks
    • Cohen, J. D., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1999). Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: Converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 120-133.
    • (1999) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.108 , pp. 120-133
    • Cohen, J.D.1    Barch, D.M.2    Carter, C.S.3    Servan-Schreiber, D.4
  • 30
    • 0026436695 scopus 로고
    • Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia
    • Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 45-77.
    • (1992) Psychological Review , vol.99 , pp. 45-77
    • Cohen, J.D.1    Servan-Schreiber, D.2
  • 32
    • 0030152607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory capacity predicts language comprehension in schizophrenic patients
    • *Condray, R., Steinhauer, S. R., van Kämmen, D. P., & Kasparek, A. (1996). Working memory capacity predicts language comprehension in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research, 20, 1-13.
    • (1996) Schizophrenia Research , vol.20 , pp. 1-13
    • Condray, R.1    Steinhauer, S.R.2    Van Kämmen, D.P.3    Kasparek, A.4
  • 33
    • 0033961936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: Evidence from the digit span task
    • Conklin, H. M., Curtis, C. E., Katsanis, J., & Iacono, W. G. (2000). Verbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives: Evidence from the digit span task. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 275-277.
    • (2000) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 275-277
    • Conklin, H.M.1    Curtis, C.E.2    Katsanis, J.3    Iacono, W.G.4
  • 35
    • 0024078314 scopus 로고
    • Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system
    • Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163-191.
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 163-191
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 41
    • 0002515808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia patients with preserved intellectual function
    • Elliott, R., McKenna, P. J., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. I. (1998). Specific neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia patients with preserved intellectual function. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 3, 45-70.
    • (1998) Cognitive Neuropsychiatry , vol.3 , pp. 45-70
    • Elliott, R.1    McKenna, P.J.2    Robbins, T.W.3    Sahakian, B.I.4
  • 42
    • 0001280128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex
    • A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., & Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control
    • Engle, R.W.1    Kane, M.J.2    Tuholski, S.W.3
  • 44
    • 0002607366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term working memory as an alternative to capacity models of working memory in everyday skilled performance
    • A. Miyake, & P. Shah (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Ericsson, K. A., & Delaney, P. F. (1999). Long-term working memory as an alternative to capacity models of working memory in everyday skilled performance. In A. Miyake, & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control
    • Ericsson, K.A.1    Delaney, P.F.2
  • 45
    • 0141651833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain electrical dysfunction of the anterior cingulate in schizophrenic patients
    • Fallgatter, A. J., Bartsch, A. J., Zielasek, J., & Herrmann, M. J. (2003). Brain electrical dysfunction of the anterior cingulate in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 124, 37-48.
    • (2003) Psychiatry Research , vol.124 , pp. 37-48
    • Fallgatter, A.J.1    Bartsch, A.J.2    Zielasek, J.3    Herrmann, M.J.4
  • 47
    • 0029059369 scopus 로고
    • Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Use of a Brown-Peterson paradigm
    • Fleming, K., Goldberg, T. E., Gold, J. M., & Weinberger, D. R. (1995). Verbal working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia: Use of a Brown-Peterson paradigm. Psychiatry Research, 56, 155-161.
    • (1995) Psychiatry Research , vol.56 , pp. 155-161
    • Fleming, K.1    Goldberg, T.E.2    Gold, J.M.3    Weinberger, D.R.4
  • 48
    • 0033392479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia
    • Fossati, P., Amar, G., Raoux, N., Ergis, A. M., & Allilaire, J. F. (1999). Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 89, 171-187.
    • (1999) Psychiatry Research , vol.89 , pp. 171-187
    • Fossati, P.1    Amar, G.2    Raoux, N.3    Ergis, A.M.4    Allilaire, J.F.5
  • 53
    • 0001466251 scopus 로고
    • Stochastically dependent effect sizes
    • H. Cooper & L.-V. Hedges (Eds.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Gleser, L. J., & Olkin, I. (1994). Stochastically dependent effect sizes. In H. Cooper & L.-V. Hedges (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 339-356). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1994) The Handbook of Research Synthesis , pp. 339-356
    • Gleser, L.J.1    Olkin, I.2
  • 58
    • 0031745707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: Tests of competing hypotheses
    • Goldberg, T. E., Patterson, K. J., Taqqu, Y., & Wilder, K. (1998). Capacity limitations in short-term memory in schizophrenia: Tests of competing hypotheses. Psychological Medicine, 28, 665-673.
    • (1998) Psychological Medicine , vol.28 , pp. 665-673
    • Goldberg, T.E.1    Patterson, K.J.2    Taqqu, Y.3    Wilder, K.4
  • 59
    • 0002477679 scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: The relevance of working memory
    • In B. Carroll (Ed.). New York: Raven Press
    • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1991). Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: The relevance of working memory. In B. Carroll (Ed.), Psychopathology and the brain (pp. 1-23). New York: Raven Press.
    • (1991) Psychopathology and the Brain , pp. 1-23
    • Goldman-Rakic, P.S.1
  • 61
    • 0032802830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia
    • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999). The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 650-661.
    • (1999) Biological Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 650-661
    • Goldman-Rakic, P.S.1
  • 62
    • 0035156086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between antisaccade task and working memory task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
    • Gooding, D. C., & Tallent, K. A. (2001). The association between antisaccade task and working memory task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 189, 8-16.
    • (2001) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , vol.189 , pp. 8-16
    • Gooding, D.C.1    Tallent, K.A.2
  • 63
    • 0037079828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: A tale of two disorders?
    • Gooding, D. C., & Tallent, K. A. (2002). Spatial working memory performance in patients with schizoaffective psychosis versus schizophrenia: A tale of two disorders? Schizophrenia Research, 53, 209-218.
    • (2002) Schizophrenia Research , vol.53 , pp. 209-218
    • Gooding, D.C.1    Tallent, K.A.2
  • 64
    • 1942536992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: Evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit
    • Gooding, D. C., & Tallent, K. A. (2004). Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: Evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 189-201.
    • (2004) Schizophrenia Research , vol.68 , pp. 189-201
    • Gooding, D.C.1    Tallent, K.A.2
  • 66
    • 0029918481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
    • Green, M. F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 321-330.
    • (1996) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.153 , pp. 321-330
    • Green, M.F.1
  • 71
    • 0036132693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De-coupling of cognitive performance and cerebral functional response during working memory in schizophrenia
    • Honey, G. D., Bullmore, E. T., & Sharma, T. (2002). De-coupling of cognitive performance and cerebral functional response during working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 45-56.
    • (2002) Schizophrenia Research , vol.53 , pp. 45-56
    • Honey, G.D.1    Bullmore, E.T.2    Sharma, T.3
  • 72
    • 0033539488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia
    • Honey, G. D., Bullmore, E. T., Soni, W., Varatheesan, M., Williams, S. C., & Sharma, T. (1999). Differences in frontal cortical activation by a working memory task after substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Proceedings of National Academic Sciences, USA, 96, 13432-13437.
    • (1999) Proceedings of National Academic Sciences, USA , vol.96 , pp. 13432-13437
    • Honey, G.D.1    Bullmore, E.T.2    Soni, W.3    Varatheesan, M.4    Williams, S.C.5    Sharma, T.6
  • 74
    • 0034109711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of visual and auditory verbal working memory in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects
    • Huguelet, P., Zanello, A., & Nicastro, R. (2000). A study of visual and auditory verbal working memory in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 250, 79-85.
    • (2000) European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , vol.250 , pp. 79-85
    • Huguelet, P.1    Zanello, A.2    Nicastro, R.3
  • 75
    • 5044228265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between antisaccades, smooth pursuit, and executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia
    • Hutton, S. B., Huddy, V., Barnes, T. R., Robbins, T. W., Crawford, T. J., Kennard, C., & Joyce, E. M. (2004). The relationship between antisaccades, smooth pursuit, and executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 553-559.
    • (2004) Biological Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 553-559
    • Hutton, S.B.1    Huddy, V.2    Barnes, T.R.3    Robbins, T.W.4    Crawford, T.J.5    Kennard, C.6    Joyce, E.M.7
  • 79
    • 0030936208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired precision, but normal retention, of auditory sensory ("echoic") memory information in schizophrenia
    • Javitt, D. C., Strous, R. D., Grochowski, S., Ritter, W., & Cowan, N. (1997). Impaired precision, but normal retention, of auditory sensory ("echoic") memory information in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 315-324.
    • (1997) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.106 , pp. 315-324
    • Javitt, D.C.1    Strous, R.D.2    Grochowski, S.3    Ritter, W.4    Cowan, N.5
  • 80
    • 0036731598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia and relationship to duration of untreated psychosis: The West London study
    • Joyce, E., Hutton, S., Mutsatsa, S., Gibbins, H., Webb, E., Paul, S., Robbins, T., & Barnes, T. (2002). Executive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia and relationship to duration of untreated psychosis: The West London study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 43(Suppl.), S38-S44.
    • (2002) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.43 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Joyce, E.1    Hutton, S.2    Mutsatsa, S.3    Gibbins, H.4    Webb, E.5    Paul, S.6    Robbins, T.7    Barnes, T.8
  • 81
    • 0030800888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay
    • Keefe, R. S., Lees-Roitman, S. E., & Dupre, R. L. (1997). Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay. Schizophrenia Research, 26, 9-14.
    • (1997) Schizophrenia Research , vol.26 , pp. 9-14
    • Keefe, R.S.1    Lees-Roitman, S.E.2    Dupre, R.L.3
  • 82
    • 0029131746 scopus 로고
    • A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: Spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia
    • Keefe, R. S., Roitman, S. E., Harvey, P. D., Blum, C. S., DuPre, R. L., Prieto, D. M., Davidson, M., & Davis, K. L. (1995). A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: Spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17, 25-33.
    • (1995) Schizophrenia Research , vol.17 , pp. 25-33
    • Keefe, R.S.1    Roitman, S.E.2    Harvey, P.D.3    Blum, C.S.4    DuPre, R.L.5    Prieto, D.M.6    Davidson, M.7    Davis, K.L.8
  • 83
    • 0037079830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arithmetic fact retrieval and working memory in schizophrenia
    • Kiefer, M., Apel, A., & Weisbrod, M. (2002). Arithmetic fact retrieval and working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 219-227.
    • (2002) Schizophrenia Research , vol.53 , pp. 219-227
    • Kiefer, M.1    Apel, A.2    Weisbrod, M.3
  • 84
    • 0001827113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into working memory from the perspective of the EPIC architecture for modeling skilled perceptual-motor and cognitive human performance
    • A. Miyake, & P. Shah (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Kieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E., Mueller, S., & Seymour, T. (1999). Insights into working memory from the perspective of the EPIC architecture for modeling skilled perceptual-motor and cognitive human performance. In A. Miyake, & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 183-223). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1999) Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control , pp. 183-223
    • Kieras, D.E.1    Meyer, D.E.2    Mueller, S.3    Seymour, T.4
  • 85
    • 1942440846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance and manipulation of information in schizophrenia: Further evidence for impairment in the central executive component of working memory
    • Kim, J., Glahn, D. C., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Cannon, T. D. (2004). Maintenance and manipulation of information in schizophrenia: Further evidence for impairment in the central executive component of working memory. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 173-187.
    • (2004) Schizophrenia Research , vol.68 , pp. 173-187
    • Kim, J.1    Glahn, D.C.2    Nuechterlein, K.H.3    Cannon, T.D.4
  • 86
    • 0037844798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during working memory processing in schizophrenia: A [-sup-1-sup-5O]H-sub-2O PET study
    • Kim, J. J., Kwon, J. S., Park, H. J., Youn, T., Rang, D. H., Kim, M. S., Lee, D. S., & Lee, M. C. (2003). Functional disconnection between the prefrontal and parietal cortices during working memory processing in schizophrenia: A [-sup-1-sup-5O]H-sub-2O PET study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 919-923.
    • (2003) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 919-923
    • Kim, J.J.1    Kwon, J.S.2    Park, H.J.3    Youn, T.4    Rang, D.H.5    Kim, M.S.6    Lee, D.S.7    Lee, M.C.8
  • 87
    • 1942440828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and volunteers using fMRI
    • Kindermann, S. S., Brown, G. G., Zorrilla, L. E., Olsen, R. K., & Jeste, D. V. (2004). Spatial working memory among middle-aged and older patients with schizophrenia and volunteers using fMRI. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 203-216.
    • (2004) Schizophrenia Research , vol.68 , pp. 203-216
    • Kindermann, S.S.1    Brown, G.G.2    Zorrilla, L.E.3    Olsen, R.K.4    Jeste, D.V.5
  • 88
    • 0242575290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Maudsley Early-Onset Schizophrenia Study: Cognitive function in adolescent-onset schizophrenia
    • Kravariti, E., Morris, R. G., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Murray, R. M., & Frangou, S. (2003). The Maudsley Early-Onset Schizophrenia Study: Cognitive function in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 65, 95-103.
    • (2003) Schizophrenia Research , vol.65 , pp. 95-103
    • Kravariti, E.1    Morris, R.G.2    Rabe-Hesketh, S.3    Murray, R.M.4    Frangou, S.5
  • 90
    • 0142012742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of stimulus-driven attention in spatial working memory in schizophrenia
    • Lee, J., & Park, S. (2002). The role of stimulus-driven attention in spatial working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 55(Suppl. 1), 131.
    • (2002) Schizophrenia Research , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 131
    • Lee, J.1    Park, S.2
  • 91
    • 1942505173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visuospatial deficits in schizophrenia: Central executive and memory subsystems impairments
    • Leiderman, E. A., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2004). Visuospatial deficits in schizophrenia: Central executive and memory subsystems impairments. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 217-223.
    • (2004) Schizophrenia Research , vol.68 , pp. 217-223
    • Leiderman, E.A.1    Strejilevich, S.A.2
  • 92
    • 0037337065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairments in perceptual competency and maintenance on a visual delayed match-to-sample test in first-episode schizophrenia
    • Lencz, T., Bilder, R. M., Turkel, E., Goldman, R. S., Robinson, D., Kane, J. M., Lieberman, J. A. (2003). Impairments in perceptual competency and maintenance on a visual delayed match-to-sample test in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 238-243.
    • (2003) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.60 , pp. 238-243
    • Lencz, T.1    Bilder, R.M.2    Turkel, E.3    Goldman, R.S.4    Robinson, D.5    Kane, J.M.6    Lieberman, J.A.7
  • 93
    • 0026474949 scopus 로고
    • Self-repair in dialogues of schizophrenics: Effects of hallucinations and negative symptoms
    • Leudar, I., Thomas, P., & Johnston, M. (1992). Self-repair in dialogues of schizophrenics: Effects of hallucinations and negative symptoms. Brain and Language, 43, 487-511.
    • (1992) Brain and Language , vol.43 , pp. 487-511
    • Leudar, I.1    Thomas, P.2    Johnston, M.3
  • 94
    • 0034670574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Event-related potentials in a working-memory task in schizophrenics and controls
    • Low, A., Rockstroh, B., Harsch, S., Berg, P., & Cohen, R. (2000). Event-related potentials in a working-memory task in schizophrenics and controls. Schizophrenia Research, 46, 175-186.
    • (2000) Schizophrenia Research , vol.46 , pp. 175-186
    • Low, A.1    Rockstroh, B.2    Harsch, S.3    Berg, P.4    Cohen, R.5
  • 95
    • 0034661160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance
    • Manoach, D. S., Gollub, R. L., Benson, E. S., Searl, M. M., Goff, D. C., Halpern, E., Saper, C. B., & Rauch, S. L. (2000). Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 99-109.
    • (2000) Biological Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 99-109
    • Manoach, D.S.1    Gollub, R.L.2    Benson, E.S.3    Searl, M.M.4    Goff, D.C.5    Halpern, E.6    Saper, C.B.7    Rauch, S.L.8
  • 97
    • 0035124896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory in schizophrenia and mania: Correlation with symptoms during the acute and subacute phases
    • McGrath, J., Chapple, B., & Wright, M. (2001). Working memory in schizophrenia and mania: Correlation with symptoms during the acute and subacute phases. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinaviaca, 103, 181-188.
    • (2001) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinaviaca , vol.103 , pp. 181-188
    • McGrath, J.1    Chapple, B.2    Wright, M.3
  • 99
    • 0035719749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional neuroanatomy of auditory working memory in schizophrenia: Relation to positive and negative symptoms
    • Menon, V., Anagnoson, R. T., Mathalon, D. H., Glover, G. H., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2001). Functional neuroanatomy of auditory working memory in schizophrenia: Relation to positive and negative symptoms. Neuroimage, 13, 433-446.
    • (2001) Neuroimage , vol.13 , pp. 433-446
    • Menon, V.1    Anagnoson, R.T.2    Mathalon, D.H.3    Glover, G.H.4    Pfefferbaum, A.5
  • 102
    • 0029964375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal/executive impairments in schizophrenia
    • Morice, R., & Delahunty, A. (1996). Frontal/executive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 125-137.
    • (1996) Schizophrenia Bulletin , vol.22 , pp. 125-137
    • Morice, R.1    Delahunty, A.2
  • 104
    • 0030731579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of schizophrenia and aging on pupillographic measures of working memory
    • Morris, S. K., Granholm, E., Sarkin, A. J., & Jeste, D. V. (1997). Effects of schizophrenia and aging on pupillographic measures of working memory. Schizophrenia Research, 27, 119-128.
    • (1997) Schizophrenia Research , vol.27 , pp. 119-128
    • Morris, S.K.1    Granholm, E.2    Sarkin, A.J.3    Jeste, D.V.4
  • 105
    • 0037044009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients and their first degree relatives from Palau, Micronesia
    • Myles-Worsley, M., & Park, ,S. (2002). Spatial working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients and their first degree relatives from Palau, Micronesia. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 114, 609-615.
    • (2002) American Journal of Medical Genetics , vol.114 , pp. 609-615
    • Myles-Worsley, M.1    Park, S.2
  • 106
    • 5444241092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internal source monitoring and thought disorder in schizophrenia
    • Nienow, T. M., & Docherty, N. M. (2004). Internal source monitoring and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 696-700.
    • (2004) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.192 , pp. 696-700
    • Nienow, T.M.1    Docherty, N.M.2
  • 107
    • 0032871650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contrasts in memory functions between adolescents with schizophrenia or ADHD
    • Oie, M., Sunde, K., & Rund, B. R. (1999). Contrasts in memory functions between adolescents with schizophrenia or ADHD. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1351-1358.
    • (1999) Neuropsychologia , vol.37 , pp. 1351-1358
    • Oie, M.1    Sunde, K.2    Rund, B.R.3
  • 108
    • 0036132688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficits of spatial working memory in chronic schizophrenia
    • Okada, A. (2002). Deficits of spatial working memory in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 75-82.
    • (2002) Schizophrenia Research , vol.53 , pp. 75-82
    • Okada, A.1
  • 109
    • 0030750352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia
    • Pantelis, C., Barnes, T. R., Nelson, H. E., Tanner, S., Weatherley, L., Owen, A. M., & Robbins, T. W. (1997). Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain, 120(Pt. 10), 1823-1843.
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , Issue.PART 10 , pp. 1823-1843
    • Pantelis, C.1    Barnes, T.R.2    Nelson, H.E.3    Tanner, S.4    Weatherley, L.5    Owen, A.M.6    Robbins, T.W.7
  • 110
    • 0030770479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of an oculomotor delayed response task and the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizophrenic patients
    • Park, S. (1997). Association of an oculomotor delayed response task and the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizophrenic patients. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27, 147-151.
    • (1997) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.27 , pp. 147-151
    • Park, S.1
  • 111
    • 0032719502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemispheric asymmetry of spatial working memory deficit in schizophrenia
    • Park, S. (1999). Hemispheric asymmetry of spatial working memory deficit in schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 34, 313-322.
    • (1999) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 313-322
    • Park, S.1
  • 112
    • 0026485577 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits
    • Park, S., & Holzman, P. S. (1992). Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 975-982.
    • (1992) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.49 , pp. 975-982
    • Park, S.1    Holzman, P.S.2
  • 113
    • 0027522174 scopus 로고
    • Association of working memory deficit and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia
    • Park, S., & Holzman, P. S. (1993). Association of working memory deficit and eye tracking dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 11, 55-61,
    • (1993) Schizophrenia Research , vol.11 , pp. 55-61
    • Park, S.1    Holzman, P.S.2
  • 114
    • 0028884187 scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients
    • Park, S., Holzman, P. S., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995). Spatial working memory deficits in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 821-828.
    • (1995) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 821-828
    • Park, S.1    Holzman, P.S.2    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.3
  • 115
    • 85034920450 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in spatial working memory in relation to schizotypy
    • Park, S., Holzman, P. S., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (1995). Individual differences in spatial working memory in relation to schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 355-363.
    • (1995) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 355-363
    • Park, S.1    Holzman, P.S.2    Lenzenweger, M.F.3
  • 116
    • 30844453867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory function in schizophrenia
    • M. F. Lenzenweger & J. M. Hooley (Eds.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Park, S., & Lee, J. (2002). Spatial working memory function in schizophrenia. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), Principles of experimental psychopathology: Essays in honor of Brendan A. Maher (pp. 83-106). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2002) Principles of Experimental Psychopathology: Essays in Honor of Brendan A. Maher , pp. 83-106
    • Park, S.1    Lee, J.2
  • 117
    • 0030816357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and the syndromes of schizotypal personality
    • Park, S., & McTigue, K. (1997). Working memory and the syndromes of schizotypal personality. Schizophrenia Research, 26, 213-220.
    • (1997) Schizophrenia Research , vol.26 , pp. 213-220
    • Park, S.1    McTigue, K.2
  • 118
    • 0345104435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory deficits and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: A 4-month follow-up study
    • Park, S., Puschel, J., Sauter, B. H., Rentsch, M., & Hell, D. (1999). Spatial working memory deficits and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: A 4-month follow-up study. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 392-400.
    • (1999) Biological Psychiatry , vol.46 , pp. 392-400
    • Park, S.1    Puschel, J.2    Sauter, B.H.3    Rentsch, M.4    Hell, D.5
  • 119
    • 0037290112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual object working memory function and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia
    • Park, S., Puschel, J., Sauter, B. H., Rentsch, M., & Hell, D. (2003). Visual object working memory function and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 59, 261-268.
    • (2003) Schizophrenia Research , vol.59 , pp. 261-268
    • Park, S.1    Puschel, J.2    Sauter, B.H.3    Rentsch, M.4    Hell, D.5
  • 120
    • 28544432484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affect facilitates prefrontal function in schizophrenia: "What" modulates working memory for "where."
    • Park, S., Swisher, T., & Knurek, E. (2001). Affect facilitates prefrontal function in schizophrenia: "What" modulates working memory for "where." Schizophrenia Research, 49, 118.
    • (2001) Schizophrenia Research , vol.49 , pp. 118
    • Park, S.1    Swisher, T.2    Knurek, E.3
  • 121
    • 0034946144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia
    • Perlstein, W. M., Carter, C. S., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, I. D. (2001). Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1105-1113.
    • (2001) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1105-1113
    • Perlstein, W.M.1    Carter, C.S.2    Noll, D.C.3    Cohen, I.D.4
  • 122
    • 0037219327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia
    • Perlstein, W. M., Dixit, N. K., Carter, C. S., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). Prefrontal cortex dysfunction mediates deficits in working memory and prepotent responding in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 25-38.
    • (2003) Biological Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 25-38
    • Perlstein, W.M.1    Dixit, N.K.2    Carter, C.S.3    Noll, D.C.4    Cohen, J.D.5
  • 125
    • 0035673014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A compensatory mirror cortical mechanism for facial affect processing in schizophrenia
    • Quintana, J., Davidson, T., Kovalik, E., Marder, S. R., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2001). A compensatory mirror cortical mechanism for facial affect processing in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 915-924.
    • (2001) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.25 , pp. 915-924
    • Quintana, J.1    Davidson, T.2    Kovalik, E.3    Marder, S.R.4    Mazziotta, J.C.5
  • 128
    • 3543040900 scopus 로고
    • Writing meta-analytic reviews
    • Rosenthal, R. (1995). Writing meta-analytic reviews. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 183-192.
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.118 , pp. 183-192
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 129
    • 0033921986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye movement task measures inhibition and spatial working memory in adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group
    • Ross, R. G., Harris, J. G., Olincy, A., & Radant, A. (2000). Eye movement task measures inhibition and spatial working memory in adults with schizophrenia, ADHD, and a normal comparison group. Psychiatry Research, 95, 35-42.
    • (2000) Psychiatry Research , vol.95 , pp. 35-42
    • Ross, R.G.1    Harris, J.G.2    Olincy, A.3    Radant, A.4
  • 130
    • 0038282729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A truly simultaneous combination of functional transcranial Doppler sonography and H(2)(15)O PET adds fundamental new information on differences in cognitive activation between schizophrenics and healthy control subjects
    • Sabri, O., Owega, A., Schreckenberger, M., Sturz, L., Fimm, B., Kunert, P., Meyer, P. T., Sander, D., & Klingelhofer, J. (2003). A truly simultaneous combination of functional transcranial Doppler sonography and H(2)(15)O PET adds fundamental new information on differences in cognitive activation between schizophrenics and healthy control subjects. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 44, 671-681.
    • (2003) Journal of Nuclear Medicine , vol.44 , pp. 671-681
    • Sabri, O.1    Owega, A.2    Schreckenberger, M.3    Sturz, L.4    Fimm, B.5    Kunert, P.6    Meyer, P.T.7    Sander, D.8    Klingelhofer, J.9
  • 131
    • 0026741418 scopus 로고
    • Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: Discussion paper
    • Sahakian, B. J., & Owen, A. M. (1992). Computerized assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85, 399-402.
    • (1992) Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , vol.85 , pp. 399-402
    • Sahakian, B.J.1    Owen, A.M.2
  • 132
    • 1542316171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cerebral activation during CPT performance; Structural and functional deficits in schizophrenic patients
    • Salgado-Pineda, P., Junque, C., Vendrell, P., Baeza, I., Bargallo, N., Falcon, C., & Bernardo, M. (2004). Decreased cerebral activation during CPT performance; Structural and functional deficits in schizophrenic patients. Neuroimage, 21, 840-847.
    • (2004) Neuroimage , vol.21 , pp. 840-847
    • Salgado-Pineda, P.1    Junque, C.2    Vendrell, P.3    Baeza, I.4    Bargallo, N.5    Falcon, C.6    Bernardo, M.7
  • 133
    • 0041669399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered effective connectivity during working memory performance in schizophrenia: A study with fMRI and structural equation modeling
    • Schlösser, R., Gesierich, T., Kaufmann, B., Vucurevic, G., Hunsche, S., Gawehn, J., & Stoeter, P. (2003). Altered effective connectivity during working memory performance in schizophrenia: A study with fMRI and structural equation modeling. Neuroimage, 19, 751-763.
    • (2003) Neuroimage , vol.19 , pp. 751-763
    • Schlösser, R.1    Gesierich, T.2    Kaufmann, B.3    Vucurevic, G.4    Hunsche, S.5    Gawehn, J.6    Stoeter, P.7
  • 134
  • 136
    • 0029778520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic deficits in the processing, of context: A test of a theoretical model
    • Servan-Schreiber, D., Cohen, J. D., & Steingard, S. (1996). Schizophrenic deficits in the processing, of context: A test of a theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1105-1112.
    • (1996) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 1105-1112
    • Servan-Schreiber, D.1    Cohen, J.D.2    Steingard, S.3
  • 137
    • 0001424765 scopus 로고
    • Combining estimates of effect size
    • H. Cooper & L. V. Hedger (Eds.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Shadish, W. S., & Haddock, C. K. (1994). Combining estimates of effect size. In H. Cooper & L. V. Hedger (Eds.), The handbook of research synthesis (pp. 261-281). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1994) The Handbook of Research Synthesis , pp. 261-281
    • Shadish, W.S.1    Haddock, C.K.2
  • 139
    • 0642340753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia
    • Silver, H., Feldman, P., Bilker, W., & Gur, R. C. (2003). Working memory deficit as a core neuropsychological dysfunction in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1809-1816.
    • (2003) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 1809-1816
    • Silver, H.1    Feldman, P.2    Bilker, W.3    Gur, R.C.4
  • 140
    • 0033548638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes
    • March 12
    • Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999, March 12). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657-1661.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1657-1661
    • Smith, E.E.1    Jonides, J.2
  • 141
    • 0033609551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological and oculomotor correlates of spatial working memory performance in schizophrenia patients and controls
    • Snitz, B. E., Curtis, C. E., Zald, D. H., Katsanis, J., & Iacono, W. G. (1999). Neuropsychological and oculomotor correlates of spatial working memory performance in schizophrenia patients and controls. Schizophrenia Research, 38, 37-50.
    • (1999) Schizophrenia Research , vol.38 , pp. 37-50
    • Snitz, B.E.1    Curtis, C.E.2    Zald, D.H.3    Katsanis, J.4    Iacono, W.G.5
  • 143
    • 0027368201 scopus 로고
    • The psychopathology, neuropsychology, and neurobiology of associative and working memory in schizophrenia
    • Spitzer, M. (1993). The psychopathology, neuropsychology, and neurobiology of associative and working memory in schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 243, 57-70.
    • (1993) European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience , vol.243 , pp. 57-70
    • Spitzer, M.1
  • 144
    • 0031789949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Stevens, A. A., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Gore, J. C., Fulbright, R. K., & Wexler, B. E. (1998). Cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia during auditory word and tone working memory demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 1097-1103.
    • (1998) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 1097-1103
    • Stevens, A.A.1    Goldman-Rakic, P.S.2    Gore, J.C.3    Fulbright, R.K.4    Wexler, B.E.5
  • 146
    • 0032846831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory assessment by a visual-manual delayed response task: A controlled study in schizophrenia
    • Stratta, P., Daneluzzo, E., Prosperini, P., Bustini, M., Marinangeli, M. G., & Rossi, A. (1999). Spatial working memory assessment by a visual-manual delayed response task: A controlled study in schizophrenia. Neuroscience Letter, 275, 9-12.
    • (1999) Neuroscience Letter , vol.275 , pp. 9-12
    • Stratta, P.1    Daneluzzo, E.2    Prosperini, P.3    Bustini, M.4    Marinangeli, M.G.5    Rossi, A.6
  • 148
    • 0035837330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational level and age influence spatial working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance differently: A controlled study in schizophrenic patients
    • Stratta, P., Prosperini, P., Daneluzzo, E., Bustini, M., & Rossi, A. (2001). Educational level and age influence spatial working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance differently: A controlled study in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 102, 39-48.
    • (2001) Psychiatry Research , vol.102 , pp. 39-48
    • Stratta, P.1    Prosperini, P.2    Daneluzzo, E.3    Bustini, M.4    Rossi, A.5
  • 150
    • 0035095004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstrating specific cognitive deficits: A psychometric perspective
    • Strauss, M. E. (2001). Demonstrating specific cognitive deficits: A psychometric perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 6-14.
    • (2001) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.110 , pp. 6-14
    • Strauss, M.E.1
  • 152
    • 0033369585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizotypic individuals: A replication and extension
    • Tallent, K. A., & Gooding, D. C. (1999). Working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizotypic individuals: A replication and extension. Psychiatry Research, 89, 161-170.
    • (1999) Psychiatry Research , vol.89 , pp. 161-170
    • Tallent, K.A.1    Gooding, D.C.2
  • 156
    • 2442474248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive functioning in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
    • Ueland, T., Oie, M., Inge Landro, N., & Rund, B. R. (2004). Cognitive functioning in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Research, 126, 229-239.
    • (2004) Psychiatry Research , vol.126 , pp. 229-239
    • Ueland, T.1    Oie, M.2    Inge Landro, N.3    Rund, B.R.4
  • 161
    • 0035977481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory deficits in schizophrenia are not necessarily specific or associated with MRI-based estimates of area 46 volumes
    • Zuffante, P., Leonard, C. M., Kuldau, J. M., Bauer, R. M., Doty, E. G., & Bilder, R. M. (2001). Working memory deficits in schizophrenia are not necessarily specific or associated with MRI-based estimates of area 46 volumes. Psychiatry Research, 108, 187-209.
    • (2001) Psychiatry Research , vol.108 , pp. 187-209
    • Zuffante, P.1    Leonard, C.M.2    Kuldau, J.M.3    Bauer, R.M.4    Doty, E.G.5    Bilder, R.M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.