Implicit learning of visuospatial sequences in schizophrenia

Neuropsychology

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 517-533

  Schwartz, Barbara L ^a   Howard Jr , James H ^b   Howard, Darlene V ^b   Hovaguimian, Alexandra ^a   Deutsch, Stephen I ^a  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBABILITY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TIME; VISUAL STIMULATION; WORKING MEMORY;

ADULT; BRAIN; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SERIAL LEARNING;

EID: 0041467501     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.517     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abrams, M., & Reber, A. S. (1988). Implicit learning: Robustness in the face of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 17, 425-439.
2. Aleman, A., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H. F., & Kahn, R. S. (1999). Memory impairment in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1358-1366.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Baldessarini, R. J., Cole, J. O., Davis, J. M., Simpson, M. D., Tarsy, D., Gordos, G., & Preskorn, S. H. (1980). Tardive dyskinesia: Summary of a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1163-1172.
5. Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., & Mintun, M. A. (1997, May 23). Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness. Science, 276, 1272-1275.
6. Blair, J. R., & Spreen, O. (1989). Predicting premorbid I.Q.: A revision of the National Adult Reading Test. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 43, 129-136.
7. Braff, D. L. (1993). Information processing and attention dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 233-259.
8. Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., & Cohen, J. D. (1999). Cognition and control in schizophrenia: A computational model of dopamine and prefrontal function. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 312-328.
9. Calev, A. (1984). Recall and recognition in chronic nondemented schizophrenics: Use of matched tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychiatry, 93, 172-177.
10. Clare, L., McKenna, P. J., Mortimer, A. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Memory in schizophrenia: What is impaired and what is preserved? Neuropsychologia, 31, 1225-1241.
11. Cohen, A., Ivry, R. I., & Keele, S. W. (1990). Attention and structure in sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 17-30.
12. Curran, T., & Keele, S. W. (1993). Attentional and nonattentional forms of sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 189-202.
13. Danion, J. M., Meulemans, T., Kauffmann-Muller, F., & Vermaat, H. (2001). Intact implicit learning in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 944-948.
14. Destrebecqz, A., & Cleeremans, A. (2001). Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 343-350.
15. Doyon, J., Gaudreau, D., Laforce, R., Jr., Castonguay, M., Bédard, P. J., Bédard, F., & Bouchard, J.-P. (1997). Role of striatum, cerebellum, and frontal lobes in the learning of a visuomotor sequence. Brain & Cognition, 34, 218-245.
16. Doyon, J., Laforce, R., Jr., Bouchard, G., Gaudreau, D., Roy, J., Poirier, M., et al. (1998). Role of the striatum, cerebellum and frontal lobes in the automatization of a repeated visuomotor sequence of movements. Neuropsychologia, 36, 625-641.
17. Doyon, J., Song, A. W., Karni, A., Lalonde, F., Adams, M. M., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2002). Experience-dependent changes in cerebellar contributions to motor sequence learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99, 1017-1022.
18. Elvevag, B., Weinberger, D. R., & Goldberg, T. E. (2001). Short-term memory for serial order in schizophrenia: A detailed examination of error types. Neuropsychology, 15, 128-135.
19. Feeney, J. J., Howard, J. H., Jr., & Howard, D. V. (2002). Implicit learning of higher-order sequences in middle age. Psychology and Aging, 17, 351-355.
20. Ferraro, F. R., Balota, D. A., & Connor, L. T. (1993). Implicit memory and the formation of new associations in nondemented Parkinson's disease individuals and individuals with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: A serial reaction time (SRT) investigation. Brain & Cognition, 21, 163-180.
21. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). User's guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis 1 Disorders - Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
22. Frensch, P. A. (1998). One concept, multiple meanings: On how to define the concept of implicit learning. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 47-104). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Frensch, P. A., Lin, J., & Buchner, A. (1998). Learning versus behavioral expression of the learned: The effects of a secondary tone-counting task on implicit learning in the serial reaction time task. Psychological Research, 61, 83-98.
24. Frensch, P. A., & Miner, C. S. (1994). Effects of presentation rate and individual differences in short-term memory capacity on an indirect measure of serial learning. Memory & Cognition, 22, 95-110.
25. Gold, J. M., Carpenter, C., Randolph, C., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (1997). Auditory working memory and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 159-165.
26. Gómez-Beldarrain, M., Garcia-Monco, J. C., Rubio, B., & Pascual-Leone, A. (1998). Effect of focal cerebellar lesions on procedural learning in the serial reaction time task. Experimental Brain Research, 120, 25-30.
27. Gómez-Beldarrain, M., Grafman, J., Ruiz de Velasco, I., Pascual-Leone, A., & Garcia-Monco, J. C. (2002). Prefrontal lesions impair the implicit and explicit learning of sequences on visuomotor tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 142, 529-538.
28. Goschke, T. (1998). Implicit learning of perceptual and motor sequences: Evidence for independent learning systems. In M. A. Stadler & P. A. Frensch (Eds.), Handbook of implicit learning (pp. 401-444). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Gras-Vincendon, A., Danion, J. M., Grangé, D., Bilik, M., Willard-Schroeder, D., Sichel, J. P., & Singer, L. (1994). Explicit memory, repetition priming and cognitive skill learning in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1737-1742.
30. Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Williams, O., McGurk, S., & Kee, K. (1997). Procedural learning in schizophrenia: Evidence from the serial reaction time task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 123-134.
31. Hazeltine, E., Grafton, S. T., & Ivry, R. (1997). Attention and stimulus characteristics determine the locus of motor-sequence encoding. A PET study. Brain, 120, 123-140.
32. Heinrichs, W. R., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426-445.
33. Hemsley, D. R. (1994). Perceptual and cognitive abnormalities as the bases for schizophrenic symptoms. In A. S. David & J. Cutting (Eds.), The neuropsychology of schizophrenia (pp. 97-116). Hove, United Kingdom: Psychology Press.
34. Honda, M., Deiber, M., Ibanez, V., Pascual-Leone, A., Zhuang, P., & Hallett, M. (1998). Dynamic cortical involvement in implicit and explicit motor sequence learning. A PET study. Brain, 121, 2159-2173.
35. Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (2001). When it does hurt to try: Adult age differences in the effects of instructions on sequential pattern learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 798-805.
36. Howard, D. V., Howard, J. H., Jr., Japikse, K., DiYanni, C., Thompson, A., & Somberg, R. (in press). Sequence learning: Effects of level of structure, adult age, and extended practice. Psychology and Aging.
37. Howard, J. H., Jr., & Howard, D. V. (1997). Age differences in implicit learning of higher order dependencies in serial patterns. Psychology and Aging, 12, 634-656.
38. Howard, J. H., Jr., Mutter, S. A., & Howard, D. V. (1992). Serial pattern learning by event observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1029-1039.
39. Jackson, G. M., Jackson, S. R., Harrison, J., Henderson, L., & Kennard, C. (1995). Serial reaction time learning and Parkinson's disease: evidence for a procedural learning deficit. Neuropsychologia, 33, 577-593.
40. Japikse, K., Howard, D. V., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (2001). Evaluation of a direct nonverbal measure of declarative sequence knowledge [Abstract]. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Supplement, 12, 62.
41. Jiménez, L., & Méndez, C. (1999). Which attention is needed for implicit sequence learning? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 236-259.
42. Jiménez, L., Méndez, C., & Cleeremans, A. (1996). Comparing direct and indirect measures of sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 948-969.
43. Jueptner, M., & Weiller, C. (1998, August). A review of differences between basal ganglia and cerebellar control of movements as revealed by functional imaging studies. Brain, 121, 1437-1449.
44. Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Fiszbein, A. (1992). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) manual. New York: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
45. Kéri, S., Kelemen, O., Szekeres, G., Bagóczky, N., Erdélyi, R., Antal, A., et al. (2000). Schizophrenics know more than they can tell: Probabilistic classification learning in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 30, 149-155.
46. Kern, R. S., Green, M. F., & Wallace, C. J. (1997). Declarative and procedural learning in schizophrenia: A test of the integrity of divergent memory systems. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 39-50.
47. Knopman, D., & Nissen, M. J. (1991). Procedural learning is impaired in Huntington's disease: Evidence from the serial reaction time task. Neuropsychologia, 29, 245-254.
48. Kumari, V., Gray, J. A., Honey, G. D., Soni, W., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., et al. (2002). Procedural learning in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Schizophrenia Research, 57, 97-107.
49. Lewicki, P., & Hill, T. (1987). Unconscious processes as explanations of behavior in cognitive, personality, and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 355-362.
50. Lewicki, P., Hill, T., & Czyzewska, M. (1992). Nonconscious acquisition of information. American Psychologist, 47, 796-801.
51. Manschreck, T. C. (1986). Motor abnormalities in schizophrenia. In H. A. Nasrallah & D. R. Weinberger (Eds.), Handbook of schizophrenia (pp. 65-96). New York: Elsevier.
52. Manschreck, T. C., Maher, B. A., Rucklos, M. E., Vereen, D. R., & Ader, D. N. (1981). Deficient motor synchrony in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 321-328.
53. Marvel, C. L., Hovaguimian, A. E., & Schwartz, B. L. (2001). Implicit learning of spatial and non-spatial sequences in schizophrenia. Centenary Annual Conference Final Programme & Abstracts, 585, 147-148.
54. Mayr, U. (1996). Spatial attention and implicit sequence learning: Evidence for independent learning of spatial and nonspatial sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 350-364.
55. McKenna, P. J., Tamlyn, D., Lund, A., Mortimer, A. M., Hammond, S., & Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Amnesic syndrome in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 20, 967-972.
56. National Institute of Mental Health. (1976). Abnormal involuntary movement scale. In W. Guy (Ed.), ECDEU assessment manual. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
57. Negash, S., Howard, D. V., Japikse, K. C., & Howard, J. H., Jr. (2003). Age-related differences in implicit learning of non-spatial sequential patterns. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 10, 108-121.
58. Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: Evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 1-32.
59. Nixon, P. D., & Passingham, R. E. (2000). The cerebellum and cognition: Cerebellar lesions impair sequence learning but not conditional visuomotor learning in monkeys. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1054-1072.
60. Park, S., & Holzman, P. S. (1992). Schizophrenics show spatial working memory deficits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 975-982.
61. Peigneux, P., Maquet, P., Meulemans, T., Destrebecqz, A., Laureys, S., Degueldre, C., et al. (2000). Striatum forever, despite sequence learning variability: A random effect analysis of PET data. Human Brain Mapping, 10, 179-194.
62. Perruchet, P., & Amorim, M.-A. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning: Evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 785-800.
63. Rauch, S. L., Savage, C. R., Brown, H. D., Curran, T., Alpert, N. M., Kendrick, A., et al. (1995). A PET investigation of implicit and explicit sequence learning. Human Brain Mapping, 3, 271-286.
64. Rauch, S. L., Whalen, P. J., Savage, C. R., Curran, T., Kendrick, A., Brown, H. D., et al. (1997). Striatal recruitment during an implicit sequence learning task as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 124-132.
65. Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., & Acker, J. D. (1998). Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: Evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychology, 12, 95-114.
66. Reber, A. S. (1989). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 219-235.
67. Reber, P. J., & Squire, L. R. (1999). Intact learning of artificial grammars and intact category learning by patients with Parkinson's disease. Behavioral Neuroscience, 113, 235-242.
68. Remillard, G., & Clark, J. M. (2001). Implicit learning of first-, second-, and third-order transition probabilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 483-498.
69. Rizzo, L., Danion, J.-M., Van Der Linden, M., Grangé, D., & Rohmer, J. G. (1996). Impairment of memory for spatial context in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 10, 376-384.
70. Salthouse, T. A., & Babcock, R. L. (1991). Decomposing adult age differences in working memory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 763-776.
71. Saykin, A. J., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Mozley, D., Mozley, L. H., Resnick, S. M., et al. (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: Selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 618-624.
72. Schwartz, B. L., Deutsch, L. H., Cohen, C., Warden, D., & Deutsch, S. I. (1991). Memory for temporal order in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 329-339.
73. Schwartz, B. L., Rosse, R. B., & Deutsch, S. I. (1993). Limits of the processing view in accounting for dissociations between memory measures in a clinical population. Memory & Cognition, 21, 63-72.
74. Schwartz, B. L., Rosse, R. B., Veazey, K., & Deutsch, S. I. (1996). Impaired motor skill learning in schizophrenia: Implications for corticostriatal dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry, 39, 241-248.
75. Shanks, D. R., & St. John, M. F. (1994). Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 367-395.
76. Spindler, K. A., Sullivan, E. V., Menon, V., Lim, K. O., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1997). Deficits in multiple systems of working memory in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 27, 1-10.
77. Sullivan, E. V., Fama, R., Shear, P. K., Cahn-Weiner, D. A., Stein, M., Zipursky, R. B., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2001). Motor sequencing deficits in schizophrenia: A comparison with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology, 15, 342-350.
78. Sullivan, E. V., Shear, P. K., Zipursky, R. B., Sagar, H. J., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1997). Patterns of content, contextual, and working memory impairments in schizophrenia and nonamnesic alcoholism. Neuropsychology, 11, 195-206.
79. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
80. Willingham, D. B. (1998). A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 105, 558-584.
81. Willingham, D. B. (1999). Implicit motor sequence learning is not purely perceptual. Memory & Cognition, 27, 561-572.
82. Willingham, D. B., & Koroshetz, W. J. (1993). Evidence for dissociable motor skills in Huntington's disease patients. Psychobiology, 21, 173-182.
83. Willingham, D. B., Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1989). On the development of procedural knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1047-1060.
84. Willingham, D. B., Salidis, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Direct comparison of neural systems mediating conscious and unconscious skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 1451-1460.
85. Willingham, D. B., Wells, L. A., Farrell, J. M., & Stemwedel, M. E. (2000). Implicit motor sequence learning is represented in response locations. Memory & Cognition, 28, 366-375.
86. Witt, K., Nuhsman, A., & Deuschl, G. (2002). Intact artificial grammar learning in patients with cerebellar degeneration and advanced Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1534-1540.