The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 57, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1397-1409

  Madras, Bertha K ^a   Miller, Gregory M ^a   Fischman, Alan J ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphetamine; Atomoxetine; Brain imaging; Methylphenidate; Monoamine transporters; Norepinephrine transporter

Indexed keywords

AMINE; AMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; CATECHOLAMINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; METHYLPHENIDATE; NORADRENALIN; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER; PLACEBO; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER;

ADAPTATION; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BINDING AFFINITY; BRAIN LEVEL; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORPUS STRIATUM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINE UPTAKE; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LABORATORY TEST; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; HUMANS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; MUTATION; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; VARIATION (GENETICS); VESICULAR BIOGENIC AMINE TRANSPORT PROTEINS;

EID: 20444424891     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. G.B. Baker, R.A. Bornstein, A.C. Rouget, S.E. Ashton, J.C. van Muyden, R.T. Coutts Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder Biol Psychiatry 29 1991 15 22
2. R.A. Barkley The ADHD Report Non-archival Newsletter vol. 9 2001 Guilford Publications New York
3. C.L. Barr, C. Xu, J. Kroft, Y. Feng, K. Wigg, G. Zai Haplotype study of three polymorphisms at the dopamine transporter locus confirm linkage to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biol Psychiatry 49 2001 333 339
4. J. Biederman Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder A life-span perspective J Clin Psychiatry 59 suppl 7 1998 4 16
5. J. Biederman, S.V. Faraone Current concepts on the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder J Atten Disord 6 suppl 1 2002 S7 S16
6. J. Biederman, T. Spencer Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a noradrenergic disorder Biol Psychiatry 46 1999 1234 1242
7. J. Biederman, T. Wilens, E. Mick, S.V. Faraone, W. Weber, S. Curtis Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 1997 21 29
8. C.A. Bolanos, M. Barrot, O. Berton, D. Wallace-Black, E.J. Nestler Methylphenidate treatment during pre- and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood Biol Psychiatry 54 2003 1317 1329
9. B. Borowsky, N. Adham, K.A. Jones, R. Raddatz, R. Artymyshyn, K.L. Ogozalek Trace amines Identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2001 8966 8971
10. T.A. Branchek, T.P. Blackburn Trace amine receptors as targets for novel therapeutics Legend, myth and fact Curr Opin Pharmacol 3 2003 90 97
11. C.L. Brandon, H. Steiner Repeated methylphenidate treatment in adolescent rats alters gene regulation in the striatum Eur J Neurosci 18 2003 1584 1592
12. J.M. Brown, G.R. Hanson, A.E. Fleckenstein Regulation of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 A novel mechanism for cocaine and other psychostimulants J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296 2001 762 767
13. D.J. Brunswick, J.D. Amsterdam, P.D. Mozley, A. Newberg Greater availability of brain dopamine transporters in major depression shown by [99m c]TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging [erratum in Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:384] Am J Psychiatry 160 2003 1836 1841
14. J.R. Bunzow, M.S. Sonders, S. Arttamangkul, L.M. Harrison, G. Zhang, D.I. Quigley Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor Mol Pharmacol 60 2001 1181 1188
15. F.P. Bymaster, J.S. Katner, D.L. Nelson, S.K. Hemrick-Luecke, P.G. Threlkeld, J.H. Heiligenstein Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat A potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 27 2002 699 711
16. 3H]CFT in monkey brain Synapse 5 1990 189 195
17. E. Carboni, G.L. Tanda, R. Frau, G. Di Chiara Blockade of the noradrenaline carrier increases extracellular dopamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex Evidence that dopamine is taken up in vivo by noradrenergic terminals J Neurochem 55 1990 1067 1070
18. W.A. Carlezon Jr, S.D. Mague, S.L. Andersen Enduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats Biol Psychiatry 54 2003 1330 1337
19. F.X. Castellanos, J. Elia, M.J. Kruesi, W.L. Marsh, C.S. Gulotta, W.Z. Potter Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid predicts behavioral response to stimulants in 45 boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 14 1996 125 137
20. T.D. Chase, R.E. Brown, N. Carrey, M. Wilkinson Daily methylphenidate administration attenuates c-fos expression in the striatum of prepubertal rats Neuroreport 14 2003 769 772
21. C.K. Chen, S.L. Chen, J. Mill, Y.S. Huang, S.K. Lin, S. Curran The dopamine transporter gene is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Taiwanese sample Mol Psychiatry 8 2003 393 396
22. K.A. Cheon, Y.H. Ryu, Y.K. Kim, K. Namkoong, C.H. Kim, J.D. Lee Dopamine transporter density in the basal ganglia assessed with [123I]IPT SPET in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30 2003 306 311
23. B.J. Ciliax, C. Heilman, L.L. Demchyshyn, Z.B. Pristupa, E. Ince, S.M. Hersch The dopamine transporter Immunochemical characterization and localization in brain J Neurosci 15 1995 1714 1723
24. C. Clure, K.T. Brady, M.E. Saladin, D. Johnson, R. Waid, M. Rittenbury Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use Symptom pattern and drug choice Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 25 1999 441 448
25. D.E. Comings, S. Wu, C. Chiu, R.H. Ring, R. Gade, C. Ahn Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder The additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes-DRD2, D beta H, and DAT1 Am J Med Genet 67 1996 264 288
26. E.H. Cook Jr, M.A. Stein, M.D. Krasowski, N.J. Cox, D.M. Olkon, J.E. Kieffer, B.L. Leventhal Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene Am J Hum Genet 56 1995 993 998
27. J.A. Court, S. Lloyd, N. Thomas, M.A. Piggott, E.F. Marshall, C.M. Morris Dopamine and nicotinic receptor binding and the levels of dopamine and homovanillic acid in human brain related to tobacco use Neuroscience 87 1998 63 78
28. S.J. Cragg, M.E. Rice DAncing past the DAT at a DA synapse Trends Neurosci 27 2004 270 277
29. S. Curran, J. Mill, E. Tahir, L. Kent, S. Richards, A. Gould Association study of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK and Turkish samples Mol Psychiatry 6 2001 425 428
30. G. Daly, Z. Hawi, M. Fitzgerald, M. Gill Mapping susceptibility loci in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Preferential transmission of parental alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to affected children Mol Psychiatry 4 1999 192 196
31. G.M. Daniels, S.G. Amara Regulated trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Clathrin-mediated internalization and lysosomal degradation in response to phorbol esters J Biol Chem 274 1999 35794 35801
32. L.C. Daws, P.D. Callaghan, J.A. Moron, K.M. Kahlig, T.S. Shippenberg, J.A. Javitch, A. Galli Cocaine increases dopamine uptake and cell surface expression of dopamine transporters Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 2002 1545 1550
33. R. De La Garza II, B.K. Madras [(3)H]PNU-101958, a D(4) dopamine receptor probe, accumulates in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of non-human primate brain Synapse 37 2000 232 244
34. P. Devoto, G. Flore, L. Pira, G. Longu, G.L. Gessa Alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated co-release of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the cerebral cortex J Neurochem 88 2004 1003 1009
35. S. DiMaio, N. Grizenko, R. Joober Dopamine genes and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder A review J Psychiatry Neurosci 28 2003 27 38
36. G.A. Donnan, S.J. Kaczmarczyk, J.S. McKenzie, R.M. Kalnins, P.J. Chilco, F.A. Mendelsohn Catecholamine uptake sites in mouse brain Distribution determined by quantitative [3H]mazindol autoradiography Brain Res 504 1989 64 71
37. D.D. Dougherty, A.A. Bonab, T.J. Spencer, S.L. Rauch, B.K. Madras, A.J. Fischman Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Lancet 354 1999 2132 2133
38. S. Dresel, J. Krause, K.H. Krause, C. LaFougere, K. Brinkbaumer, H.F. Kung Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Binding of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment Eur J Nucl Med 27 2000 1518 1524
39. S. Durston A review of the biological bases of ADHD What have we learned from imaging studies? Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 9 2003 184 195
40. J. Elia, B.G. Borcherding, W.Z. Potter, I.N. Mefford, J.L. Rapoport, C.S. Keysor Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactivity Biochemical correlates Clin Pharmacol Ther 48 1990 57 66
41. J. Elia, B.G. Borcherding, J.L. Rapoport, C.S. Keysor Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity Are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Research 36 1991 141 155
42. A.J. Eshleman, M. Carmolli, M. Cumbay, C.R. Martens, K.A. Neve, A. Janowsky Characteristics of drug interactions with recombinant biogenic amine transporters expressed in the same cell type J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289 1999 877 885
43. B.H. Falkenburger, K.L. Barstow, I.M. Mintz Dendrodendritic inhibition through reversal of dopamine transport Science 293 2001 2465 2470
44. S.V. Faraone, S.R. Pliszka, R.L. Olvera, R. Skolnik, J. Biederman Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder A reanalysis using drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve methodology J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11 2001 171 180
45. A.J. Fischman, A.A. Bonab, J.W. Babich, E. Livni, N.M. Alpert, P.C. Meltzer, B.K. Madras [11C, 127I]Altropane A highly selective ligand for PET imaging of dopamine transporter sites Synapse 39 2001 332 342
46. A.J. Fischman, A.A. Bonab, J.W. Babich, E.P. Palmer, N.M. Alpert, D.R. Elmaleh Rapid detection of Parkinson's disease by SPECT with altropane A selective ligand for dopamine transporters Synapse 29 1998 128 141
47. A.E. Fleckenstein, H.M. Haughey, R.R. Metzger, J.M. Kokoshka, E.L. Riddle, J.E. Hanson Differential effects of psychostimulants and related agents on dopaminergic and serotonergic transporter function Eur J Pharmacol 382 1999 45 49
48. S. Fuke, S. Suo, N. Takahashi, H. Koike, N. Sasagawa, S. Ishiura The VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression Pharmacogenomics J 1 2001 152 156
49. R.R. Gainetdinov, M.G. Caron Monoamine transporters From genes to behavior Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43 2003 261 284
50. E. Galili-Weisstub, R.H. Segman Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder Review of genetic association studies Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 40 2003 57 66
51. D.R. Gehlert, D.A. Schober, S.K. Hemrick-Luecke, J. Krushinski, J.J. Howbert, D.W. Robertson Novel halogenated analogs of tomoxetine that are potent and selective inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake in brain Neurochem Int 26 1995 47 52
52. M. Gill, G. Daly, S. Heron, Z. Hawi, M. Fitzgerald Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism Mol Psychiatry 2 1997 311 313
53. B. Giros, Y.M. Wang, S. Suter, S.B. McLeskey, C. Pifl, M.G. Caron Delineation of discrete domains for substrate, cocaine, and tricyclic antidepressant interactions using chimeric dopamine-norepinephrine transporters J Biol Chem 269 1994 15985 15988
54. M.E. Gnegy, H. Khoshbouei, K.A. Berg, J.A. Javitch, W.P. Clarke, M. Zhang, A. Galli Intracellular Ca2+ regulates amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux and currents mediated by the human dopamine transporter Mol Pharmacol 66 2004 137 143
55. L.S. Goldman, M. Genel, R.J. Bezman, P.J. Slanetz Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association JAMA 279 1998 1100 1107
56. M. Goulet, P. Mathews, B.K. Madras Chronic methylphenidate treatment suppresses activity in more active juvenile monkeys and induces sleep disturbances Soc Neurosci Abstracts 26 2000 2177
57. A.L. Green, M.A. el Hait Inhibition of mouse brain monoamine oxidase by (+)-amphetamine in vivo J Pharm Pharmacol 30 1978 262 263
58. L.L. Greenhill, J.M. Swanson, K. Steinhoff, J. Fried, K. Posner, M. Lerner A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing a single morning dose of Adderall to twice-daily dosing in children with ADHD J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 2003 1234 1241
59. H. Gu, S.C. Wall, G. Rudnick Stable expression of biogenic amine transporters reveals differences in inhibitor sensitivity, kinetics, and ion dependence J Biol Chem 269 1994 7124 7130
60. J.M. Gulley, N.R. Zahniser Rapid regulation of dopamine transporter function by substrates, blockers and presynaptic receptor ligands Eur J Pharmacol 479 2003 139 152
61. R.E. Heikkila, H. Orlansky, G. Cohen Studies on the distinction between uptake inhibition and release of (3H)dopamine in rat brain tissue slices Biochem Pharmacol 24 1975 847 852
62. A. Heinz, D. Goldman, D.W. Jones, R. Palmour, D. Hommer, J.G. Gorey Genotype influences in vivo dopamine transporter availability in human striatum Neuropsychopharmacology 22 2000 133 139
63. S.M. Hersch, H. Yi, C.J. Heilman, R.H. Edwards, A.I. Levey Subcellular localization and molecular topology of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and substantia nigra J Comp Neurol 388 1997 211 227
64. J. Holmes, A. Payton, J.H. Barrett, T. Hever, H. Fitzpatrick, A.L. Trumper A family-based and case-control association study of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Mol Psychiatr 5 2000 523 530
65. A.S. Horn Structure-activity relations for the inhibition of catecholamine uptake into synaptosomes from noradrenaline and dopaminergic neurones in rat brain homogenates Br J Pharmacol 47 1973 332 338
66. J. Hyttel Inhibition of [3H]dopamine accumulation in rat striatal synaptosomes by psychotropic drugs Biochem Pharmacol 27 1978 1063 1078
67. M. Inazu, H. Takeda, T. Matsumiya Functional expression of the norepinephrine transporter in cultured rat astrocytes J Neurochem 84 2003 136 144
68. S.L. Ingram, B.M. Prasad, S.G. Amara Dopamine transporter-mediated conductances increase excitability of midbrain dopamine neurons Nat Neurosci 5 2002 971 978
69. M. Inoue-Murayama, S. Adachi, N. Mishima, H. Mitani, O. Takenaka, K. Terao Variation of variable number of tandem repeat sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of primate dopamine transporter genes that affects reporter gene expression Neurosci Lett 334 2002 206 210
70. S. Izenwasser, A.E. Coy, B. Ladenheim, R.J. Loeloff, J.L. Cadet, D. French Chronic methylphenidate alters locomotor activity and dopamine transporters differently from cocaine Eur J Pharmacol 373 1999 187 193
71. L.K. Jacobsen, J.K. Staley, S.S. Zoghbi, J.P. Seibyl, T.R. Kosten, R.B. Innis, J. Gelernter Prediction of dopamine transporter binding availability by genotype A preliminary report Am J Psychiatry 157 2000 1700 1703
72. K.L. Johnson-Davis, J.G. Truong, A.E. Fleckenstein, D.G. Wilkins Alterations in vesicular dopamine uptake contribute to tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309 2004 578 586
73. R.S. Kahn, J. Khoury, W.C. Nichols, B.P. Lanphear Role of dopamine transporter genotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviors J Pediatr 143 2003 104 110
74. J.E. Kilty, D. Lorang, S.G. Amara Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter Science 254 1991 578 579
75. H.L. Kimmel, F.I. Carroll, M.J. Kuhar Dopamine transporter synthesis and degradation rate in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens using RTI-76 Neuropharmacology 39 2000 578 585
76. A. Kirley, N. Lowe, Z. Hawi, C. Mullins, G. Daly, I. Waldman Association of the 480 bp DAT1 allele with methylphenidate response in a sample of Irish children with ADHD Am J Med Genet 121B 2003 50 54
77. C. Kornetsky Psychoactive drugs in the immature organism Psychopharmacologia 17 1970 105 136
78. K.H. Krause, S.H. Dresel, J. Krause, H.F. Kung, K. Tatsch Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography Neurosci Lett 285 2000 107 110
79. K.H. Krause, S.H. Dresel, J. Krause, C. la Fougere, M. Ackenheil The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 2003 605 613
80. A. Kusaga, Y. Yamashita, T. Koeda, M. Hiratani, M. Kaneko, S. Yamada, T. Matsuishi Increased urine phenylethylamine after methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD Ann Neurol 52 2002 372 374
81. N.M. Lambert, C.S. Hartsough Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependence among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD subjects J Learn Disability 31 1998 533 544
82. D.A. Lewis, D.S. Melchitzky, S.R. Sesack, R.E. Whitehead, S. Auh, A. Sampson Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex Regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization J Comp Neurol 432 2001 119 136
83. L.B. Li, N. Chen, S. Ramamoorthy, L. Chi, X.N. Cui, L.C. Wang, M.E. Reith The role of N-glycosylation in function and surface trafficking of the human dopamine transporter J Biol Chem 279 2004 21012 21020
84. K.Y. Little, L.W. Elmer, H. Zhong, J.O. Scheys, L. Zhang Cocaine induction of dopamine transporter trafficking to the plasma membrane Mol Pharmacol 61 2002 436 445
85. M.K. Loder, H.E. Melikian The dopamine transporter constitutively internalizes and recycles in a protein kinase C-regulated manner in stably transfected PC12 cell lines J Biol Chem 278 2003 22168 22174
86. G. Lonart, K.M. Johnson Inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on the uptake of [3H]dopamine and [3H]glutamate by striatal synaptosomes J Neurochem 63 1994 2108 2117
87. S.K. Loo, E. Specter, A. Smolen, C. Hopfer, P.D. Teale, M.L. Reite Functional effects of the DAT1 polymorphism on EEG measures in ADHD J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42 2003 986 993
88. B.K. Madras Imaging the dopamine transporter A window on dopamine neurons J. Marwah H. Teitelbaum Advances in Neurodegenerative Disorders volume 1 1998 Prominent Press Scottsdale, Arizona 229 253
89. B.K. Madras, G.M. Miller, A.J. Fischman The dopamine transporter Relevance to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Behav Brain Res 130 2002 57 63
90. 3H]2β-carbomethoxy-3β- (4-fluorophenyl)tropane Mol Pharmacol 36 1989 518 524
91. R.T. Malison, C.J. McDougle, C.H. van Dyck, L. Scahill, R.M. Baldwin, J.P. Seibyl [123I]beta-CIT SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine transporter binding in Tourette's disorder Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 1359 1361
92. D. Martinez, J. Gelernter, A. Abi-Dargham, C.H. van Dyck, L. Kegeles, R.B. Innis, M. Laruelle The variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is not associated with significant change in dopamine transporter phenotype in humans Neuropsychopharmacology 24 2001 553 560
93. R.D. Mayfield, R. Maiya, D. Keller, N.R. Zahniser Ethanol potentiates the function of the human dopamine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes J Neurochem 79 2001 1070 1079
94. H.E. Melikian, S. Ramamoorthy, C.G. Tate, R.D. Blakely Inability to N-glycosylate the human norepinephrine transporter reduces protein stability, surface trafficking, and transport activity but not ligand recognition Mol Pharmacol 50 1996 266 276
95. S.K. Michelhaugh, C. Fiskerstrand, E. Lovejoy, M.J. Bannon, J.P. Quinn The dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) variable number of tandem repeats domain enhances transcription in dopamine neurons J Neurochem 79 2001 1033 1038
96. D. Michelson, D. Faries, J. Wernicke, D. Kelsey, K. Kendrick, F.R. Sallee, T. Spencer Atomoxetine ADHD Study Group. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder A randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study Pediatrics 108 2001 E83
97. J. Mill, P. Asherson, C. Browes, U. D'Souza, I. Craig Expression of the dopamine transporter gene is regulated by the 3' UTR VNTR Evidence from brain and lymphocytes using quantitative RT-PCR Am J Med Genet 114 2002 975 979
98. G.M. Miller, R.D. De La Garza, M.A. Novak, B.K. Madras Single nucleotide polymorphisms distinguish multiple dopamine transporter alleles in primates Implications for association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other neuropsychiatric disorders Mol Psychiatry 6 2001 50 58
99. G.M. Miller, B.K. Madras Polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region of human and monkey dopamine transporter genes affect reporter gene expression Mol Psychiatry 7 2002 44 55
100. G.H. Moll, S. Hause, E. Ruther, A. Rothenberger, G. Huether Early methylphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11 2001 15 24
101. J.A. Moron, A. Brockington, R.A. Wise, B.A. Rocha, B.T. Hope Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter Evidence from knock-out mouse lines J Neurosci 22 2002 389 395
102. O.V. Mortensen, S.G. Amara Dynamic regulation of the dopamine transporter Eur J Pharmacol 479 2003 159 170
103. L.H. Mozley, R.C. Gur, P.D. Mozley, R.E. Gur Striatal dopamine transporters and cognitive functioning in healthy men and women Am J Psychiatry 158 2001 1492 1499
104. K.R. Muller-Vahl, G. Berding, T. Brucke, H. Kolb, G.J. Meyer, H. Hundeshagen Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome J Neurol 247 2000 514 520
105. M.J. Nirenberg, R.A. Vaughan, G.R. Uhl, M.J. Kuhar, V.M. Pickel The dopamine transporter is localized to dendritic and axonal plasma membranes of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons J Neurosci 16 1996 436 447
106. K.S. Oh, D.W. Shin, G.T. Oh, K.S. Noh Dopamine transporter genotype influences the attention deficit in Korean boys with ADHD Yonsei Med J 44 2003 787 792
107. C.G. Palmer, J.N. Bailey, C. Ramsey, D. Cantwell, J.S. Sinsheimer, M. Del'Homme No evidence of linkage or linkage disequilibrium between DAT1 and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a large sample Psychiatr Genet 9 1999 157 160
108. S.R. Pliszka, J.T. McCracken, J.W. Maas Catecholamines in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Current perspectives J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 1996 264 272
109. Q. Qian, Y. Wang, J. Li, L. Yang, B. Wang, R. Zhou Association studies of dopamine D4 receptor gene and dopamine transporter gene polymorphisms in Han Chinese patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 35 2003 412 418
110. M. Raiteri, F. Cerrito, A.M. Cervoni, G. Levi Dopamine can be released by two mechanisms differentially affected by the dopamine transport inhibitor nomifensine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 208 1979 195 202
111. T. Roman, M. Schmitz, G. Polanczyk, M. Eizirik, L.A. Rohde, M.H. Hutz Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder A study of association with both the dopamine transporter gene and the dopamine D4 receptor gene Am J Med Genet 105 2001 471 478
112. T. Roman, C. Szobot, S. Martins, J. Biederman, L.A. Rohde, M.H. Hutz Dopamine transporter gene and response to methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Pharmacogenetics 12 2002 497 499
113. D.C. Ross, J. Fischhoff, B. Davenport Treatment of ADHD when tolerance to methylphenidate develops Psychiatric Services 53 2002 102
114. R.B. Rothman, M.H. Bauman Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs Eur J Pharmacol 479 2003 23 30
115. C. Roubert, P.J. Cox, M. Bruss, M. Hamon, H. Bonisch, B. Giros Determination of residues in the norepinephrine transporter that are critical for tricyclic antidepressant affinity J Biol Chem 276 2001 8254 8260
116. C. Rubie, F. Schmidt, M. Knapp, J. Sprandel, C. Wiegand, J. Meyer The human dopamine transporter gene The 5'-flanking region reveals five diallelic polymorphic sites in a Caucasian population sample Neurosci Lett 297 2001 125 128
117. D.N. Ruskin, D.A. Bergstrom, A. Shenker, L.E. Freeman, D. Baek, J.R. Walters Drugs used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affect postsynaptic firing rate and oscillation without preferential dopamine autoreceptor action Biol Psychiatry 49 2001 340 350
118. D.J. Safer, R.P. Allen Absence of tolerance to the behavioral effects of methylphenidate in hyperactive and inattentive children J Pediatr 115 1989 1003 1008
119. V. Sandoval, E.L. Riddle, G.R. Hanson, A.E. Fleckenstein Methylphenidate redistributes vesicular monoamine transporter-2 Role of dopamine receptors J Neurosci 22 2002 8705 8710
120. C. Saunders, J.V. Ferrer, L. Shi, J. Chen, G. Merrill, M.E. Lamb Amphetamine-induced loss of human dopamine transporter activity An internalization-dependent and cocaine-sensitive mechanism Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 2000 6850 6855
121. P. Seeman, B. Madras Methylphenidate elevates resting dopamine which lowers the impulse-triggered release of dopamine A hypothesis Behav Brain Res 130 2002 79 83
122. P. Seeman, B.K. Madras Anti-hyperactivity medication Methylphenidate and amphetamine Mol Psychiatry 3 1998 386 396
123. W.O. Shekim, J. Javaid, H. Dekirmenjian, J.L. Chapel, J.M. Davis Effects of d-amphetamine on urinary metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine in hyperactive boys Am J Psychiatry 139 1982 485 488
124. J.R. Shoblock, I.M. Maisonneuve, S.D. Glick Differences between d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine in rats Working memory, tolerance, and extinction Psychopharmacology (Berl) 170 2003 150 156
125. J.R. Shoblock, I.M. Maisonneuve, S.D. Glick Differential interactions of desipramine with amphetamine and methamphetamine Evidence that amphetamine releases dopamine from noradrenergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex Neurochem Res 29 2004 1437 1442
126. J.R. Shoblock, E.B. Sullivan, I.M. Maisonneuve, S.D. Glick Neurochemical and behavioral differences between d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 165 2003 359 369
127. A. Sidhu, C. Wersinger, P. Vernier alpha-Synuclein regulation of the dopaminergic transporter A possible role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease FEBS Lett 565 2004 1 5
128. H.S. Singer, I.H. Hahn, T.H. Moran Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with Tourette's syndrome Ann Neurol 30 1991 558 562
129. M.V. Solanto, F.T. Arnsten, X. Castellanos Stimulant Drugs and ADHD, Basic and Clinical Neuroscience 2001 Oxford University Press New York
130. M.S. Sonders, S.J. Zhu, N.R. Zahniser, M.P. Kavanaugh, S.G. Amara Multiple ionic conductances of the human dopamine transporter The actions of dopamine and psychostimulants J Neurosci 17 1997 960 974
131. T. Sorkina, S. Doolen, E. Galperin, N.R. Zahniser, A. Sorkin Oligomerization of dopamine transporters visualized in living cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy J Biol Chem 278 2003 28274 28283
132. E.R. Sowell, P.M. Thompson, S.E. Welcome, A.L. Henkenius, A.W. Toga, B.S. Peterson Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Lancet 362 2003 1699 1707
133. T. Spencer, J. Biederman Non-stimulant treatment for Attention-deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder J Atten Disord 6 suppl 1 2002 S109 S119
134. T. Spencer, J. Biederman, T. Wilens Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity Pediatr Clin North Am 46 1999 915 927
135. T. Spencer, J. Biederman, T. Wilens, M. Harding, D. O'Donnell, S. Griffin Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35 1996 409 432
136. T.J. Spencer, J. Biederman, T.E. Wilens, S.V. Faraone Novel treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children J Clin Psychiatry 63 suppl 12 2002 16 22
137. M. Stamenkovic, S.D. Schindler, S. Asenbaum, A. Neumeister, M. Willeit, U. Willinger No change in striatal dopamine re-uptake site density in psychotropic drug naive and in currently treated Tourette's disorder patients A [(123)I]-beta-CIT SPECT study Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11 2001 69 74
138. D. Sulzer, S. Rayport Amphetamine and other psychostimulants reduce pH gradients in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and chromaffin granules A mechanism of action Neuron 5 1990 797 808
139. J. Swanson, S. Gupta, D. Guinta, D. Flynn, D. Alger, M. Lerner Acute tolerance to methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children Clin Pharmacol Ther 66 1999 295 305
140. J. Swanson, S. Gupta, A. Lam, D. Guinta, I. Shoulson, M. Lerner Development of a new once-a-day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Proof-of-concept and proof-of-product Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 2003 204 211
141. J.M. Swanson, N.D. Volkow Serum and brain concentrations of methylphenidate Implications for use and abuse Neurosci Biobehav Reviews 27 2003 615 621
142. R.D. Todd, Y.J. Jong, E.A. Lobos, W. Reich, A.C. Heath, R.J. Neuman No association of the dopamine transporter gene 3' VNTR polymorphism with ADHD subtypes in a population sample of twins Am J Med Genet 105 2001 745 748
143. G.E. Torres, A. Carneiro, K. Seamans, C. Fiorentini, A. Sweeney, W.D. Yao, M.G. Caron Oligomerization and trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Mutational analysis identifies critical domains important for the functional expression of the transporter J Biol Chem 278 2003 2731 2739
144. G.E. Torres, W.D. Yao, A.R. Mohn, H. Quan, K.M. Kim, A.I. Levey Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1 Neuron 30 2001 121 134
145. D.J. Vandenbergh, A.M. Persico, G.R. Uhl A human dopamine transporter cDNA predicts reduced glycosylation, displays a novel repetitive element and provides racially-dimorphic TaqI RFLPs Brain Res Mol Brain Res 15 1992 161 166
146. C.H. van Dyck, D.M. Quinlan, L.M. Cretella, J.K. Staley, R.T. Malison, R.M. Baldwin Unaltered dopamine transporter availability in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Am J Psychiatry 159 2002 309 312
147. J.S. Vles, F.J. Feron, J.G. Hendriksen, J. Jolles, M.J. van Kroonenburgh, W.E. Weber Methylphenidate down-regulates the dopamine receptor and transporter system in children with attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD) Neuropediatrics 34 2003 77 80
148. N.D. Volkow, J.S. Fowler, G. Wang, Y. Ding, S.J. Gatley Mechanism of action of methylphenidate Insights from PET imaging studies J Atten Disord 6 suppl 1 2002 S31 S43
149. N.D. Volkow, G.J. Wang, J.S. Fowler, J. Logan, D. Franceschi, L. Maynard Relationship between blockade of dopamine transporters by oral methylphenidate and the increases in extracellular dopamine Therapeutic implications Synapse 43 2002 181 187
150. I.D. Waldman, D.C. Rowe, A. Abramowitz, S.T. Kozel, J.H. Mohr, S.L. Sherman Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children Heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity Am J Hum Genet 63 1998 1767 1776
151. T.E. Wilens Drug therapy for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Drugs 63 2003 2395 2411
152. T.E. Wilens Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders The nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues Psychiatr Clin North Am 27 2004 283 301
153. T.E. Wilens, S.V. Faraone, J. Biederman, S. Gunawardene Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature Pediatrics 111 2003 179 185
154. B.G. Winsberg, D.E. Comings Association of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) with poor methylphenidate response J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38 1999 1474 1477
155. D.T. Wong, P.G. Threlkeld, K.L. Best, F.P. Bymaster A new inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake devoid of affinity for receptors in rat brain J Pharmacol Exp Ther 222 1982 61 65
156. L. Yang, Y.-U. Wang, J. Li, S.V. Faraone Association of norepinephrine transporter gene with methylphenidate response J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43 2004 1154 1158
157. S.M. Yatin, G.M. Miller, C. Norton, B.K. Madras Dopamine transporter-dependent induction of C-Fos in HEK cells Synapse 45 2002 52 65
158. A.J. Zametkin, G.L. Brown, F. Karoum, J.L. Rapoport, D.H. Langer, L.W. Chuang, R.J. Wyatt Urinary phenethylamine response to d-amphetamine in 12 boys with attention deficit disorder Am J Psychiatry 141 1983 1055 1058
159. A.J. Zametkin, F. Karoum, J.L. Rapoport, G.L. Brown, R.J. Wyatt Phenylethylamine excretion in attention deficit disorder J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23 1984 310 314
160. A.J. Zametkin, J.L. Rapoport Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Where have we come in 50 years? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26 1987 676 686
161. L. Zhang, M.E. Reith Regulation of the functional activity of the human dopamine transporter by the arachidonic acid pathway Eur J Pharmacol 315 1996 345 354