Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 1278-1295

  Ballinger, Scott W ^a  

^a Department of Pathology   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular; Mitochondria; mtDNA; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ARSENIC; DOXORUBICIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; NITRIC OXIDE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; OXIDIZING AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TOBACCO SMOKE; ZIDOVUDINE;

AGE; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DNA DAMAGE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ESTROGEN THERAPY; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HEART MITOCHONDRION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE;

EID: 18044383110     PISSN: 08915849     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.014     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. American Heart Association Heart disease and stroke statistics-2005 update 2005 American Heart Association Dallas, TX 1a 60
2. R. Ross The Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s Nature 362 1993 801 809
3. R. Ross Cell biololgy of atherosclerosis Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57 1995 791 804
4. R. Ross Growth regulatory mechanisms and formation of the lesions of atherosclerosis Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 748 1995 1 6
5. R. Ross Mechanisms of disease: atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease N. Engl. J. Med. 340 1999 115 126
6. R.W. Alexander Hypertension and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: Oxidative stress and the mediation of arterial inflammatory response: a new perspective Hypertension 25 1995 155 161
7. G. Rubanyi The role of endothelium in cardiovascular homeostasis and diseases J. Cardiovasc. Pharm. 22 1993 S1 S14
8. K.L. Carpenter, S.E. Taylor, C. van der Veen, and M.J. Mitchinson Evidence of lipid oxidation in pulmonary artery atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis 118 1995 169 172
9. B. Halliwell Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: a critical evaluation with special reference to atherosclerosis Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 70 1989 737 757
10. J.A. Berliner, and J.W. Heinecke The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis Free Radic. Biol. Med. 20 1996 707 727
11. H. Massaeli, and G.N. Pierce Involvement of lipoproteins, free radicals, and calcium in cardiovascular disease processes Cardiovasc. Res. 29 1995 597 603
12. B.A. Freeman, C.R. White, H. Gutierrez, A. Paler-Martinez, M.M. Tarpey, and H. Rubbo Oxygen radical-nitric oxide reactions in vascular diseases Adv. Pharmacol. 34 1995 45 69
13. D. Steinberg, S. Parthasarathy, T.E. Carew, J.C. Khoo, and J.L. Witztum Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity N. Engl. J. Med. 321 1989 1196 1197
14. J.L. Witztum, and D. Steinberg Role of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherogenesis J. Clin. Invest. 88 1991 1785 1792
15. V. Reid, M.J. Mitchinson, and J. Skepper Cytotoxicity of oxidised low density lipoprotein to mouse peritoneal macrophages: an ultrastructural study J. Pathol. 171 1993 321 328
16. J.A. Holland, L.M. Ziegler, and J.W. Meyer Atherogenic levels of low-density lipoprotein increase hydrogen peroxide generation in cultured human endothelial cells: possible mechanism of heightened endocytosis J. Cell. Physiol. 166 1996 144 151
17. Y. Ohara, T.E. Peterson, and D.G. Harrison Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production J. Clin. Invest. 91 1993 2546 2551
18. S.A. Jones, V.B. O'Donnell, J.D. Wood, J.P. Broughton, E.J. Hughes, and O.T. Jones Expression of phagocyte NADPH oxidase components in human endothelial cells Am. J. Physiol. 271 1996 H1626 H1634
19. R.M. Touyz, X. Chen, F. Tabet, G. Yao, G. He, M.T. Quinn, P.J. Pagano, and E.L. Schiffrin Expression of a functionally active gp91phox-containing neutrophil-type NAD(P)H oxidase in smooth muscle cells from human resistance arteries: regulation by angiotensin II Circ. Res. 90 2002 1205 1213
20. J.S. McNally, M.E. Davis, D. Giddens, A. Saha, J. Hwang, S. Dikalov, H. Jo, and D.G. Harrison Role of xanthine oxidoreductase and NAD(P)H oxidase in endothelial superoxide production in response to oscillatory shear stress Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285 2003 H2290 H2297
21. U. Landmesser, S. Dikalov, S.R. Price, L. McCann, T. Fukai, S.M. Holland, W.E. Mitch, and D.G. Harrison Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase in hypertension J. Clin. Invest. 111 2003 1201 1209
22. S. Tan, S. Gelman, J.K. Wheat, and D.A. Parks Circulating xanthoine oxidase in human ischemia reperfusion South Med. J. 88 1995 479 482
23. C.R. White, V. Darley-Usmar, W.R. Berrington, M. McAdams, J.Z. Gore, J.A. Thompson, D.A. Parks, M.M. Tarpey, and B.A. Freeman Circulating plasma xanthine oxidase contributes to vascular dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 8745 8749
24. Z. Zhang, D.R. Blake, C.R. Stevens, J.M. Kanczler, P.G. Winyard, and M.C. Symons A reappraisal of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in hypoxic reperfusion injury: the role of NADH as an electron donor Free Radic. Res. 28 1998 151 164
25. J.F. Turrens Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species J. Physiol. 552 2003 335 344
26. E.A. Podrez, H.M. Abu-Soud, and S.L. Hazen Myeloperoxidase-generated oxidants and atherosclerosis Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28 2000 1717 1725
27. S.L. Hazen, and J.W. Heinecke 3-chlorotyrosine, a specific marker of myeloperosidase-catalyzed oxidation, is markedly elevated in low density lipoprotein siolated from human atherosclerotic intima J. Clin. Invest. 99 1997 2075 2081
28. T.J. Guzik, E.J. Nick, N.E. West, R. Pillai, D.P. Taggart, and K.M. Channon Nitric oxide modulates superoxide release and peroxynitrite formation in human blood vessels Hypertension 39 2002 1088 1094
29. J.S. Luoma, and S. Ylä-Herttuala Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages and smooth muscle cells in various types of human atherosclerotic lesions Virchows Arch. 434 1999 561 568
30. D. Behr, A. Rupin, J.N. Fabiani, and T.J. Verbeuren Distribution and prevalence of inducible nitric oxide synthase in atherosclerotic vessels of long-term cholesterol-fed rabbits Atherosclerosis 142 1999 335 344
31. D.A. Parks, K.A. Skinner, S. Tan, and H.B. Skinner Xanthine oxidase in biology and medicine, reactive oxygen species in biological systems 1999 397 420
32. A. Cassina, and R. Radi Differential inhibitory action of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on mitochondrial electron transport Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 328 1996 309 316
33. L.-J. Yan, and R.S. Sohal Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase is modified oxidatively during aging Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 12896 12901
34. F.M. Yakes, and B. Van Houten Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 514 519
35. L.A. MacMillan-Crow, J.P. Crow, and J.A. Thompson Peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase involves nitration and oxidation of critical gyrosine residues Biochemistry 37 1998 1613 1622
36. J. Duan, and M. Karmazyn Relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and adenine nucleotide translocase activity in two populations of cardiac mitochondria and mechanical recovery of ischemic hearts following reperfusion Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 67 1989 704 709
37. S.W. Ballinger, W.C. Patterson, C.-N. Yan, R. Doan, D.L. Burow, C.G. Young, F.M. Yakes, B. Van Houten, C.A. Ballinger, B.A. Freeman, and M.S. Runge Hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite induced mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells Circ. Res. 86 2000 960 966
38. D. Wallace Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse Science 283 1999 1482 1488
39. D.C. Wallace, G. Singh, M.T. Lott, J.A. Hodge, T.G. Schurr, A.M. Lezza, L.J. Elsas, and E.K. Nikoskelainen Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Science 242 1988 1427 1430
40. E. Nikoskelainen, O. Wanne, and M. Dahl Pre-excitation syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuroretinopathy Lancet 1 1985 696
41. Y. Mashima, K. Kigasawa, H. Hasegawa, M. Tani, and Y. Oguchi High incidence of pre-excitation syndrome in Japanese families with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Clin. Genet. 50 1996 535 537
42. I.J. Holt, A.E. Harding, R.K. Petty, and J.A. Morgan-Hughes A new mitochondrial disease associated with mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46 1990 428 433
43. J.M. Shoffner, P.M. Fernhoff, N.S. Krawiecki, D.B. Caplan, P.J. Holt, D.A. Koontz, Y. Takei, N.J. Newman, R.G. Ortiz, and M. Polak Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy: oxidative phosphorylation defects and the ATPase 6 point mutation Neurology 42 1992 2168 2174
44. Y. Tatuch, J. Christodoulou, A. Feigenbaum, J.T. Clarke, J. Wherret, C. Smith, N. Rudd, R. Petrova-Benedict, and B.H. Robinson Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation (T-G) at 8993 can cause Leigh disease when the percentage of abnormal mtDNA is high Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50 1992 852 858
45. J.M. Shoffner, M.T. Lott, A.M. Lezza, P. Seibel, S.W. Ballinger, and D.C. Wallace Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber disease (MERRF) is associated with a mitochondrial DNA tRNA(Lys) mutation Cell 61 1990 931 937
46. Y. Goto, I. Nonaka, and S. Horai A mutation in the tRNA(Leu)(UUR) gene associated with the MELAS subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies Nature 348 1990 651 653
47. M. Ozawa, I. Nishino, S. Horai, I. Nonaka, and Y.I. Goto Myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers: a G-to-A mutation at nucleotide pair 8363 in mitochondrial tRNA(Lys) in two families Muscle Nerve 20 1997 271 278
48. G. Silvestri, C.T. Moraes, S. Shanske, S.J. Oh, and S. DiMauro A new mtDNA mutation in the tRNA(Lys) gene associated with myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 1992 1213 1217
49. G.A. Cortopassi, and N. Arnheim Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans Nucleic Acids Res. 18 1990 6927 6933
50. G.A. Cortopassi, D. Shibata, N.W. Soong, and N. Arnheim A pattern of accumulation of a somatic deletion of mitochondrial DNA in aging human tissues Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 1992 7370 7374
51. M. Corral-Debrinski, J.M. Shoffner, M.T. Lott, and D.C. Wallace Association of mitochondrial DNA damage with aging and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease Mutat. Res. 275 1992 169 180
52. M. Corral-Debrinski, T. Horton, M.T. Lott, J.M. Shoffner, M.F. Beal, and D.C. Wallace Mitochondrial DNA deletions in human brain: regional variability and increase with advanced age Nat. Genet. 2 1992 324 329
53. M. Corral-Debrinski, G. Stepien, J.M. Shoffner, M.T. Lott, K. Kanter, and D.C. Wallace Hypoxemia is associated with mitochondrial DNA damage and gene induction: Implications for cardiac disease JAMA 266 1991 1812 1816
54. K. Adachi, Y. Fujiura, F. Mayumi, A. Nozuhara, Y. Sugiu, T. Sakanashi, T. Hidaka, and H. Toshima A deletion of mitochondrial DNA in murine doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 1993 945 951
55. E. Arnaudo, M. Dalakas, S. Shanske, C.T. Moraes, S. DiMauro, and E.A. Schon Depletion of muscle mitochondrial DNA in AIDS patients with zidovudine-induced myopathy Lancet 337 1991 508 510
56. D.C. Wallace Mitochondrial genetics: A paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? Science 256 1992 628 632
57. D.C. Wallace A mitochondrial paradigm for degenerative diseases and ageing Novartis Found. Symp. 235 2001 247 263
58. Y. Zhang, O. Marcillat, C. Giulivi, L. Ernster, and K.J. Davies The oxidative inactivation of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and ATPase J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 16330 16336
59. A. Lambert, and M. Brand Superoxide production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) depends on the pH gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane Biochem. J. 2004
60. Y. Liu, G. Fiskum, and D. Schubert Generation of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondrial electron transport chain J. Neurochem. 80 2002 780 787
61. D. Han, R. Canali, D. Rettori, and N. Kaplowitz Effect of glutathione depletion on sites and topology of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in mitochondria Mol. Pharmacol. 64 2003 1136 1144
62. H.J. Forman, and A. Boveris W.A. Prior Free Radicals in Biology 1982 Academic Press Orlando 65 90
63. H.J. Forman, and A. Boveris Superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria W.A. Prior Free Radicals in Biology 1982 Academic Press Orlando 65 90
64. A. Boveris, and J.F. Turrens Production of superoxide anion by the NADH dehydrogenase of mammalian mitochondria J. Bannister H. Hill Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutase 1980 Elsevier Amsterdam 84 91
65. J.F. Turrens, and A. Boveris Generation of superoxide anion by the NADH dehydrogenase of bovine heart mitochondria Biochem. J. 191 1980 421 427
66. B. Chance, H. Sies, and A. Boveris Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs Physiol. Rev. 59 1979 527 605
67. A.S. Baas, and B.C. Berk Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by H2O2 and O2- in vascular smooth muscle cells Circ. Res. 77 1995 29 36
68. K. Chen, J.A. Vita, B.C. Berk, and J.F. Keaney Jr. c-Jun-N-terminal Kinase Activation by hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells involves Src-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 16045 16050
69. K.Z. Guyton, Y. Liu, M. Gorospe, Q. Xu, and N.J. Holbrook Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by by H2O2 J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 4138 4142
70. S.M. Kim, J.S. Byun, and Y.D. Jung The effects of oxygen radicals on the activity of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase E. Exp. Mol. Med. 30 1998 221 226
71. M. Sundaresan, Z.X. Yu, V.J. Fererans, K. Irani, and T. Finkel Requirement for generation of H202 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction Science 270 1995 296 299
72. T. Ide, H. Tsutsui, S. Kinugawa, N. Suematsu, S. Hayashidani, K. Ichikawa, H. Utsumi, Y. Machida, K. Egashira, and A. Takeshita Direct evidence for increased hydroxyl radicals orginating from superoxide in the failing myocardium Circ. Res. 86 2000 152 157
73. R. Kissner, T. Nauser, P. Bugnon, P.G. Lye, and W.H. Loppenol Formation and properties of peroxynitrite as studied by laser flash photolysis, high-pressure stopped-flow technique, and pulse radiolysis Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10 1997 1285 1292
74. C. Leeuwenburgh, M.M. Hardy, S.L. Hazen, P. Wagner, S. Oh-ishi, U.P. Steinbrecher, and J.W. Heinecke Reactive nitrogen intermediates promote low density lipoprotein oxidation in human atherosclerotic intima J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 1433 1436
75. A.L. Levonen, R.P. Patel, P. Brookes, Y.M. Go, H. Jo, S. Parthasarathy, P.G. Anderson, and V.M. Darley-Usmar Mechanisms of cell signaling by nitric oxide and peroxynitrite: from mitochondria to MAP kinases Antioxid. Redox Signal. 3 2001 215 229
76. H. Ischiropoulos Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 356 1998 1 11
77. J.S. Beckman Oxidative damage and tyrosine nitration from peroxynitrite Chem. Res. Toxicol. 9 1996 836 844
78. W. Wu, Y. Chen, and S. Hazen Eosinophil peroxidase nitrates protein tyrosyl residues J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 25933 25944
79. C. van Dalen, C. Winterbourn, R. Senthilmohan, and A. Kettle Nitrite as a substrate and inhibitor of myeloperoxidase J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 11638 11644
80. L. Castro, J.P. Eiserich, S. Sweeney, R. Radi, and B.A. Freeman Cytochrome c: a catalyst and target of nitrite-hydrogen peroxide-dependent protein nitration Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 421 2004 99 107
81. A. Ramachandran, A.L. Levonen, P.S. Brookes, E. Ceaser, S. Shiva, M.C. Barone, and V.M. Darley-Usmar Mitochondria, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular dysfunction Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33 2002 1465 1474
82. A. Ramachandran, D.R. Moellering, E. Ceaser, S. Shiva, J. Xu, and V.M. Darley-Usmar Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis results in increased endothelial cell susceptibility to nitric oxide-induced apoptosis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 6643 6648
83. A. Ramachandran, E. Ceaser, and V.M. Darley-Usmar Chronic exposure to nitric oxide alters the free iron pool in endothelial cells: role of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and heat shock proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 384 389
84. K.D. Garlid, M. Jaburek, and P. Jezek Mechanism of uncoupling proteins action Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29 2001 803 806
85. M. Jaburek, M. Varecha, R.E. Gimeno, M. Dembski, P. Jezek, M. Zhang, P. Burn, L.A. Tartaglia, and K.D. Garlid Transport function and regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 26003 26007
86. M. Klingenberg, E. Winkler, and K. Echtay Uncoupling protein, H+ transport and regulation Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29 2001 806 811
87. J. Nedergaard, V. Golozoubova, A. Matthias, I. Shabalina, K. Ohba, K. Ohlson, A. Jacobsson, and B. Cannon Life without UCP1: mitochondrial, cellular, and organismal characteristics of the UCP1-ablated mice Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29 2001 756 763
88. J.A. Stuart, S. Cadenas, M.B. Jacobsons, D. Roussel, and M.D. Brand Mitochondrial proton leak and the uncoupling protein 1 homologues Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1504 2001 144 158
89. A.G. Dulloo, S. Samec, and J. Seydoux Uncoupling protein 3 and fatty acid metabolism Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29 2001 785 791
90. J. Nedergaard, and B. Cannon The "novel" "uncoupling" proteins UCP2 and UCP3: what do they really do? Pros and cons for suggested functions Exp. Physiol. 88 2003 65 84
91. D.A. Talbot, A.J. Lambert, and M.D. Brand Production of endogenous matrix superoxide from mitochondrial complex I leads to activation of uncoupling protein 3 FEBS Lett. 556 2004 111 115
92. S.K. Manna Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and activated protein-1 J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 13245 13254
93. K. Schulze-Osthoff, A.C. Bakker, B. Vanhaesebroeck, R. Beyaert, W.A. Jacob, and W. Fiers Cytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor is mediated by early damage of mitochondrial functions. Evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial radical generation J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 5317 5323
94. K. Maehara, K. Oh-Hashi, and K.-I. Isobe Early growth-responsive-1- dependent manganese superoxide dismutase gene transcription mediated by platelet-derived growth factor FASEB J. 15 2001 2025 2026
95. S.W. Ballinger, J.M. Shoffner, E.V. Hedaya, I. Trounce, M.A. Polak, D.A. Koontz, and D.C. Wallace Maternally trasnmitted diabetes and deafness associated with a 10.4 kb mitochondrial DNA deletion Nat. Genet. 1 1992 11 15
96. S.W. Ballinger, B. Van Houten, G.F. Jin, C.A. Conklin, and B.F. Godley Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells Exp. Eye Res. 68 1999 765 772
97. L.-J. Yan, and R.S. Sohal Prevention of flight activity prolongs the life span of the housefly, Musca Domestica, and attenuates the age-associated oxidative damage to specific mitochondrial proteins Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29 2000 1143 1150
98. L.A. MacMillan-Crow, J.P. Crow, J.D. Kerby, J.S. Beckman, and J.A. Thompson Nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in chronic rejection of human renal allografts Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 11853 11858
99. L. Flohe, and F. Otting Superoxide dismutase assays Methods Enzymol. 105 1984 93 104
100. A. Hausladen, and I. Fridovich Measuring nitric oxide and superoxide: rate constants for aconitase reactivity Methods Enzymol. 269 1996 37 41
101. M.M. Tarpey, D. Wink, and M. Grisham Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 286 2004 R431 R444
102. C.A. Knight-Lozano, C.G. Young, D.L. Burow, Z. Hu, D. Uyeminami, K. Pinkerton, H. Ischiropoulos, and S.W. Ballinger Cigarette smoke exposure and hypercholesterolemia increase mitochondrial damage in cardiovascular tissues Circulation 105 2002 849 854
103. A.M. Cassina, R. Hodara, J.M. Souza, L. Thomson, L. Castro, H. Ischiropoulos, B.A. Freeman, and R. Radi Cytochrome c nitration by peroxynitrite J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 21409 21415
104. Y.-R. Chen, L.J. Deterding, B.E. Sturgeon, K.B. Tomer, and R.P. Mason Protein oxidation of cytochrome c by reactive halogen species enhances its peroxidase activity J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 29781 29791
105. P.S. Brookes, J. Zhang, L. Dai, F. Zhou, D.A. Parks, V.M. Darley-Usmar, P.G. Anderson, P.S. Brookes, J. Zhang, L. Dai, F. Zhou, D.A. Parks, V.M. Darley-Usmar, and P.G. Anderson Increased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to inhibition by nitric oxide in cardiac hypertrophy J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 33 2001 69 82
106. K. Schulze-Osthoff, M. Los, and P.A. Baeuerle Redox signaling by transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 in lymphocytes Biochem. Pharmacol. 50 1995 735 741
107. Y. Devary, C. Rosette, J.A. DiDonato, and M. Karin NF-kappa B activation by ultraviolet light not dependent on a nuclear signal Science 261 1993 1442 1445
108. N. Mohan, and M.M. Meltz Induction of nuclear factor kB after low-dose ionizing radiation involves a reactive oxygen intermediate signaling pathway Radiat. Res. 140 1994 97 104
109. K. Schulze-Osthoff, R. Beyaert, V. Vandervoorde, G. Haegeman, and W. Fiers Depletion of the mitochondrial electron transport abrogates the cytotoxic and gene-inductive effects of TNF EMBO J. 12 1993 3095 3104
110. K. Chen, S.R. Thomas, A. Albano, M.P. Murphy, and J.F. Keaney Mitochondrial function is required for hydrogen peroxide-induced growth factor receptor transactivation and downstream signaling J. Biol. Chem. 2004
111. S.W. Ballinger, C. Patterson, C.A. Knight-Lozano, D.L. Burow, C.A. Conklin, Z. Hu, J. Reuf, C. Horaist, R.M. Lebovitz, G. Hunter, K. McIntyre, and M.S. Runge Mitochondrial integrity and function in atherogenesis Circulation 106 2002 544 549
112. G. Aliev, D. Seyidova, M.L. Neal, J. Shi, B.T. Lamb, S.L. Siedlak, H.V. Vinters, E. Head, G. Perry, J.C. Lamanna, R.P. Friedland, and C. Cotman Atherosclerotic lesions and mitochondria DNA deletions in brain microvessels as a central target for the development of human AD and AD-like pathology in aged transgenic mice Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 977 2002 45 64
113. T. Ide, H. Tsutsui, S. Hayashidani, D. Kang, N. Suematsu, K. Nakamura, H. Utsumi, N. Hamasaki, and A. Takeshita Mitochondrial DNA damage and dysfunction associated with oxidative stress in failing hearts after myocardial infarction Circ. Res. 88 2001 529 535
114. Z. Chen, B. Siu, Y.-S. Ho, R. Vincent, C.C. Chua, R.C. Hamdy, and B.H.L. Chua Overexpression of MnSOD protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in transgenic mice J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30 1998 2281 2289
115. G. Asimakis, S. Lick, and W. Patterson Postischemic recovery of contractile function is impaired in SOD2 (+/-) but not SOD1 (+/-) mouse hearts Circulation 105 2002 981 986
116. J. Blanc, M.C. Alves-Guerra, B. Esposito, S. Rousset, P. Gourdy, D. Ricquier, A. Tedgui, B. Miroux, and Z. Mallat Protective role of uncoupling protein 2 in atherosclerosis Circulation 107 2003 388 390
117. Y. Teshima, M. Akao, S.P. Jones, and E. Marban Uncoupling protein-2 overexpression inhibits mitochondrial death pathway in cardiomyocytes Circ. Res. 93 2003 192 200
118. M. Bienengraeber, C. Ozcan, and A. Terzic Stable transfection of UCP1 confers resistance to hypoxia/reoxygenation in a heart-derived cell line J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 35 2003 861 865
119. M. Reilly, N. Delanty, J.A. Lawson, and G.A. Fitzgerald Modulation of oxidant stress in vivo in chronic cigarette smokers Circulation 94 1996 19 25
120. 2 isoprostanes in hypercholesterolemia Circulation 98 1998 2822 2828
121. D. Pratico, R.K. Tangirala, D.J. Rader, J. Rokach, and G.A. FitzGerald Vitamin E suppresses isoprostane generation in vivo and reduces atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice Nat. Med. 4 1998 1189 1192
122. 2α-I: An index of lipid peroxidation in humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 3449 3454
123. H. Ito, M. Torii, and T. Suzuki Decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased superoxide anion production in cardiac hypertrophy of spontaneously hypertensive rats Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 17 1995 803 816
124. G.F. Watts, and D.A. Playford Dyslipoproteinaemia and hyperoxidative stress in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in a non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: an hypothesis Atherosclerosis 141 1998 17 30
125. D.B. Rousselot, J.P. Bastard, and M.C. Jaudon Consequences of the diabetic status on the oxidant/antioxidant balance Diabetes Metab. 26 2000 163 176
126. M. Li, M. Absher, P. Liang, J.C. Russell, B.E. Sobel, and N.K. Fukagawa High glucose concentrations induce oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in explanted vascular smooth muscle cells Exp. Biol. Med. 226 2001 450 457
127. P.M. Yao, and I. Tabas Free cholesterol loading of macrophages is associated with widespread mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 42468 42476
128. R. Asmis, and J.G. Begley Oxidized LDL promotes peroxide mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in human macrophages Circ. Res. 92 2003 e20 e29
129. H. van Jaarsveld, J.M. Kuyl, and D.W. Alberts Exposure of rats to low concentrations of cigarette smoke increases myocardial sensitivity to ischaemia/reperfusion Basic Res. Cardiol. 87 1992 393 399
130. A. Gvozdjakova, V. Bada, L. Sany, J. Kucharska, F. Kruty, P. Bozek, L. Trstanski, and J. Gvozdjak Smoke cardiomyopathy: disturbance of oxidative processes in myocardial mitochondria Cardiovasc. Res. 18 1984 229 232
131. M.G. Andreassi, and N. Botto DNA damage as a emerging risk factor in atherosclerosis Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13 2003 270 275
132. B. Binkova, Z. Smerhovsky, P. Strejc, O. Boubelik, Z. Stavkova, I. Chvatalova, and R.J. Sram DNA-adducts and atherosclerosis: a study of accidental and sudden death males in the Czech Republic Mutat. Res. 501 2002 115 128
133. W. Martinet, M.W.M. Knaapen, G.R.Y. DeMeyer, A.G. Herman, and M.M. Kockx Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair enzymes in human atherosclerotic plaques Circulation 106 2002 927 932
134. E. Ceaser, A. Ramachandran, A.L. Levonen, and V.M. Darley-Usmar Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and 15-deoxy-delta12,14-PGJ2 increase mitochondrial complex I activity in endothelial cells Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285 2003 H2298 H2308
135. R. Kinscherf, H.-P. Deigner, C. Usinger, J. Pill, M. Wagner, H. Kamencic, D. Hou, M. Chen, W. Schmiedt, M. Schrader, G. Kovacs, K. Kato, and J. Metz Induction of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase in macrophages by oxidized LDL: its relevance in atherosclerosis of humans and heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits FASEB J. 11 1997 1317 1328
136. L. Mabile, O. Meilhac, I. Escargueil-Blanc, M. Troly, M.-T. Pieraggi, R. Salvayre, and R. Negre-Salvayre Mitochondrial function is involved in LDL oxidation mediated by human cultured endothelial cells Arterioscler. Thromb.Vasc. Biol. 17 1997 1575 1582
137. N.P. Mikaelian, E.M. Khalilov, A.S. Ivanov, E.S. Fortinskaia, and I.M. Lopukhin Mitochondrial enzymes in circulating lymphocytes during hemosorption for experimental hypercholesterolemia Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 96 1983 35 37
138. W. Martinet, M.W.M. Knaapen, G.R.Y. DeMeyer, A.G. Herman, and M.M. Kockx Oxidative DNA damage and repair in experimental atherosclerosis are reversed by dietary lipid lowering Circ. Res. 88 2001 733 739
139. R. Sreekumar, J. Unnikrishnan, A. Fu, K. Nygren, K.R. Short, J. Schimke, R. Barazzoni, and K. Sreekumaran Nair Impact of high-fat diet and antioxidant supplement on mitochondrial functions and gene transcripts in rat muscle Am.J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab 282 2002 E1055 E1061
140. R. Sreekumar, J. Unnikrishnan, A. Fu, J. Nygren, K.R. Short, J. Schimke, R. Barazzoni, and K. Sreekumaran Nair Effects of caloric restriction on mitochondrial function and gene transcripts in rat muscle Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283 2002 E38 E43
141. H. Negishi, K. Ikeda, S. Kuga, T. Noguchi, T. Kanda, M. Njelekela, L. Liu, T. Miki, Y. Nara, T. Sato, Y. Mashalla, J. Mtabaji, and Y. Yamori The relation of oxidative DNA damage to hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania J. Hypertens. 19 2001 529 533
142. T. Nishikawa, D. Edelstein, X.L. Du, S. Yamagishi, T. Matsumura, Y. Kaneda, M.A. Yorek, D. Beebe, P.J. Oates, H.P. Hammes, I. Giardino, and M. Brownlee Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage Nature 404 2000 787 790
143. T. Nishikawa, D. Edelstein, and M. Brownlee The missing link: a single unifying mechanism for diabetic complications Kidney Int. 58 2000 26 30
144. S. Vega-Lopez, S. Devaraj, and I. Jialal Oxidative stress and antioxidant supplementation in the management of diabetic cardiovascular disease J. Invest. Med. 52 2004 24 32
145. S.K. Venugopal, S. Devaraj, T. Yang, and I. Jialal Alpha-tocopherol decreases superoxide anion release in human monocytes under hyperglycemic conditions via inhibition of protein kinase C-alpha Diabetes 51 2002 3049 3054
146. S.K. Venugopal, S. Devaraj, and T.T.C. Yang Alpha tocopherol decreases superoxide anion release in THP-1 cells under hyperglycemic conditions through inhibition of PKC-α Diabetes 51 2002 3049 3054
147. A.K. Azevedo-Martins, S. Lortz, S. Lenzen, R. Curi, D.L. Eizirik, and M. Tiedge Improvement of the mitochondrial antioxidant defense status prevents cytokine-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in insulin-producing cells Diabetes 52 2003 93 101
148. M.E. Pueyo, W. Gonzales, A. Nicoletti, F. Savoie, J.-F. Arnal, and J.-B. Michel Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear transcription factor-κB activation induced by intracellular oxidative stress Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 2000 645 651
149. B. Nyholm, S. Fisker, S. Lund, N. Moller, and O. Schmitz Increased circulating leptin concentrations in insulin-resistant first-degree relatives of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Relationship to body composition and insulin sensitivity but not to family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Eur. J. Endocrinol. 136 1997 173 179
150. S. Rudberg, and B. Persson Serum leptin levels in young females with insulin-dependent diabetes and the relationship to hyperandrogenicity and microalbuminuria Horm. Res. 50 1998 297
151. M. Maffei, J. Halaas, E. Ravussin, R.E. Pratley, G.H. Lee, Y. Zhang, H. Fei, S. Kim, R. Lallone, S. Ranganathan, P.A. Kern, and J.M. Friedman Leptin Levels in human and rodent -measurement of plasma leptin and ob Rna in obese and weight-reduced subjects Nat. Med. 1 1995 1155 1161
152. J.L. Halaas, K.S. Gajiwala, M. Maffei, S.L. Cohen, B.T. Chait, D. Rabinowitz, R.L. Lallone, S.K. Burley, and J.M. Friedman Weight-reducing effects of the plasma-protein encoded by the obese gene Science 269 1995 543 546
153. M.A. Pelleymounter, M.J. Cullen, M.B. Baker, R. Hecht, D. Winters, T. Boone, and F. Collins Effects of the obese gene-product on body-weight regulation in Ob/Ob mice Science 269 1995 540 543
154. S. Yamagishi, D. Edelstein, X.L. Du, Y. Kaneda, M. Guzman, and M. Brownlee Leptin induces mitochondrial superoxide production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells by increasing fatty acid oxidation via protein kinase A J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 25096 25100
155. M.R. Sierra-Honigmann, A.K. Nath, C. Murakami, G. Garcia-Cardena, A. Papapetropoulos, W.C. Sessa, L.A. Madge, J.S. Schechner, M.B. Schwabb, P.J. Polverini, and J.R. Flores-Riveros Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor Science 281 1998 1683 1686
156. A. Bouloumie, T. Marumo, M. Lafontan, and R. Busse Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells FASEB J. 13 1999 1231 1238
157. J. Gvozdjak, A. Gvozdjakova, J. Kucharska, and V. Bada The effect of smoking on myocardial metabolism Czech. Med. 10 1987 47 53
158. A. Gvozdjakova, J. Kucharska, and J. Gvozdjak Effect of smoking on the oxidative processes of cardiomyocytes Cardiology 1992 1992 81 84
159. H. van Jaarsveld, J.M. Kuyl, and D.W. Alberts Antioxidant vitamin supplementation of smoke exposed rats partially protects against myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury Free Radic. Res. Commun. 17 1992 263 269
160. J. Davis, L. Shelton, I. Watnabe, and J. Arnold Passive smoking affects endothelium and platelets Arch. Intern. Med. 149 1989 386 389
161. 10 Blevel, improved respiratory chain function and energy production in the left ventricle in rabbits with smoke mitochondrial cardiomyopathy BioFactors 10 1999 61 65
162. Z. Yang, C.A. Knight, M. Mamerow, K. Vickers, A. Penn, E. Postlethwait, and S.W. Ballinger Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure promotes adult atherogenesis and mitochondrial damage in apoE-/- mice fed a chow diet Circulation 110 2004 3715 3720
163. M. Vayssier-Taussat, T. Camilli, Y. Aron, C. Meplan, P. Hainaut, B.S. Polla, and B. Weksler Effects of tobacco smoke and benzo[a]pyrene on human endothelial cell and monocyte stress responses Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280 2001 H1293 H1300
164. D.K. St Clair, J.A. Jordan, X.S. Wan, and C.G. Gairola Protective role of manganese superoxide dismutase against cigarette smoke-induced cytotoxicity J. Toxicol. Environ Health 43 1994 239 249
165. A. Penn, L.C. Chen, and C.A. Synder Inhalation of steady-state sidestream smoke from one cigarette promotes atherosclerotic plaque development Circulation 90 1994 1363 1367
166. K.P. Lu, N.F. Alejandro, K.M. Taylor, M.M. Joyce, T.E. Spencer, and K.S. Ramos Differential expression of ribosomal L31, Zis, gas-5 and mitochondrial mRNAs following oxidant induction of proliferative vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypes Atherosclerosis 160 2002 273 280
167. G.A. Cortopassi, and N. Arnheim Detection of a specific mitochondrial DNA deletion in tissues of older humans Nucleic Acids Res. 18 1990 6927 6933
168. I. Trounce, E. Byrne, and S. Marzuki Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain function: possible factor in ageing Lancet 1 1989 44 45
169. C. Napoli, F. De Nigris, J.S. Welch, F.B. Calara, R.O. Stuart, C.K. Glass, and W. Palinski Maternal hypercholesterolemia during pregnancy promotes early atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice and alters aortic gene expression determined by microarray Circulation 105 2002 1360 1367
170. J.D. Wagner, J.R. Kaplan, and R.T. Burkman Reproductive hormones and cardiovascular disease mechanism of action and clinical implications Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 29 2002 475 493
171. K.A. Hanash, W.F. Taylor, L.F. Greene, B.A. Kottke, and J.L. Titus Relationship of estrogen therapy for carcinoma of the prostate to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a clinicopathologic study J. Urol. 103 1970 467 470
172. F. Grodstein, and M.J. Stampfer Estrogen for women at varying risk of coronary disease Maturitas 30 1998 19 26
173. F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, J.E. Manson, M. Joffe, B. Rosner, C. Fuchs, S.E. Hankinson, D.J. Hunter, C.H. Hennekens, and F.E. Speizer Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality N. Engl. J. Med. 336 1997 1769 1775
174. F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer, J.E. Manson, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, B. Rosner, F.E. Speizer, and C.H. Hennekens Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease N. Engl. J. Med. 335 1996 453 461
175. F. Grodstein, and M. Stampfer The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 38 1995 199 210
176. M.J. Stampfer, and G.A. Colditz Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence Prev. Med. 20 1991 47 63
177. M. Falkeborn, I. Persson, H.O. Adami, R. Bergstrom, E. Eaker, H. Lithell, R. Mohsen, and T. Naessen The risk of acute myocardial infarction after oestrogen and oestrogen-progestogen replacement Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 99 1992 821 828
178. L.L. Humphrey, B.K. Chan, and H.C. Sox Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease Ann. Intern. Med. 137 2002 273 284
179. H.D. Nelson, L.L. Humphrey, P. Nygren, S.M. Teutsch, and J.D. Allan Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review JAMA 288 2002 872 881
180. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 2002 321 333
181. N.A. McHugh, S.M. Cook, J.L. Schairer, M.M. Bidgoli, and G.F. Merrill Ischemia- and reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias in dogs: effects of estrogen Am. J. Physiol. 268 1995 H2569 H2573
182. Y.D. Kim, B. Chen, J. Beauregard, P. Kouretas, G. Thomas, M.Y. Farhat, A.K. Myers, and D.E. Lees 17 beta-Estradiol prevents dysfunction of canine coronary endothelium and myocardium and reperfusion arrhythmias after brief ischemia/reperfusion Circulation 94 1996 2901 2908
183. K. Node, M. Kitakaze, H. Kosaka, T. Minamino, H. Funaya, and M. Hori Amelioration of ischemia- and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury by 17beta-estradiol: role of nitric oxide and calcium-activated potassium channels Circulation 96 1997 1953 1963
184. A. Nadal, A.B. Ropero, O. Laribi, M. Maillet, E. Fuentes, and B. Soria Nongenomic actions of estrogens and xenoestrogens by binding at a plasma membrane receptor unrelated to estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 11603 11608
185. E.A. Booth, M. Marchesi, E.J. Kilbourne, and B.R. Lucchesi 17Beta-estradiol as a receptor-mediated cardioprotective agent J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 2003 395 401
186. Y. Xu, S.J. Armstrong, I.A. Arenas, D.J. Pehowich, and S.T. Davidge Cardioprotection by chronic estrogen or superoxide dismutase mimetic treatment in the aged female rat Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287 2004 H165 H171
187. T.M. Lee, S.F. Su, C.C. Tsai, Y.T. Lee, and C.H. Tsai Cardioprotective effects of 17 beta-estradiol produced by activation ofmitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+)Channels in canine hearts J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 32 2000 1147 1158
188. C.H. Tsai, S.F. Su, T.F. Chou, and T.M. Lee Differential effects of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels activated by 17 beta-estradiol on reperfusion arrhythmias and infarct sizes in canine hearts J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301 2002 234 240
189. J. Song, Y. Wan, B.E. Rolfe, J.H. Campbell, and G.R. Campbell Effect of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells is dependent upon cellular phenotype Atherosclerosis 140 1998 97 104
190. M.C. Lavigne, P.W. Ramwell, and R. Clarke Inhibition of estrogen receptor function promotes porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation Steroids 64 1999 472 480
191. F.D. Kolodgie, A. Jacob, P.S. Wilson, G.C. Carlson, A. Farb, A. Verma, and R. Virmani Estradiol attenuates directed migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro Am. J. Pathol. 148 1996 969 976
192. R.L. Lantin-Hermoso, C.R. Rosenfeld, I.S. Yuhanna, Z. German, Z. Chen, and P.W. Shaul Estrogen acutely stimulates nitric oxide synthase activity in fetal pulmonary artery endothelium Am. J. Physiol. 273 1997 L119 L126
193. S. Cenci, M.N. Weitzmann, C. Roggia, N. Namba, D. Novack, J. Woodring, and R. Pacifici Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha J. Clin. Invest. 106 2000 1229 1237
194. S. Silbiger, J. Lei, F.N. Ziyadeh, and J. Neugarten Estradiol reverses TGF-beta1-stimulated type IV collagen gene transcription in murine mesangial cells Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 F1113 F1118
195. P. Geraldes, M.G. Sirois, P.N. Bernatchez, and J.F. Tanguay Estrogen regulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation: role of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22 2002 1585 1590
196. C. Borras, J. Sastre, D. Garcia-Sala, A. Lloret, F.V. Pallardo, and J. Vina Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34 2003 546 552
197. J. Vina, J. Sastre, F. Pallardo, and C. Borras Mitochondrial theory of aging: importance to explain why females live longer than males Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 5 2003 549 556
198. R.K. Moats, and V.D. Ramirez Rapid uptake and binding of estradiol-17beta-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime:125I-labeled BSA by female rat liver Biol. Reprod. 58 1998 531 538
199. J. Nilsen, and B.R. Diaz Mechanism of estrogen-mediated neuroprotection: regulation of mitochondrial calcium and Bcl-2 expression Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 2003 2842 2847
200. J.Q. Chen, and J.D. Yager Estrogen's effects on mitochondrial gene expression: mechanisms and potential contributions to estrogen carcinogenesis Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1028 2004 258 272
201. J.Q. Chen, M. Eshete, W.L. Alworth, and J.D. Yager Binding of MCF-7 cell mitochondrial proteins and recombinant human estrogen receptors alpha and beta to human mitochondrial DNA estrogen response elements J. Cell Biochem. 93 2004 358 373
202. J.Q. Chen, M. Delannoy, C. Cooke, and J.D. Yager Mitochondrial localization of ERalpha and ERbeta in human MCF7 cells Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286 2004 E1011 E1022
203. S.N. Schreiber, R. Emter, M.B. Hock, D. Knutti, J. Cardenas, M. Podvinec, E.J. Oakeley, and A. Kralli The estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) functions in PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha)-induced mitochondrial biogenesis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 6472 6477
204. X. Wang, J.W. Simpkins, J.A. Dykens, and P.R. Cammarata Oxidative damage to human lens epithelial cells in culture: estrogen protection of mitochondrial potential, ATP, and cell viability Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 2003 2067 2075
205. P. Monje, and R. Boland Subcellular distribution of native estrogen receptor alpha and beta isoforms in rabbit uterus and ovary J. Cell Biochem. 82 2001 467 479
206. P. Monje, S. Zanello, M. Holick, and R. Boland Differential cellular localization of estrogen receptor alpha in uterine and mammary cells Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 181 2001 117 129
207. S.H. Yang, R. Liu, E.J. Perez, Y. Wen, S.M. Stevens Jr., T. Valencia, A.M. Brun-Zinkernagel, L. Prokai, Y. Will, J. Dykens, P. Koulen, and J.W. Simpkins Mitochondrial localization of estrogen receptor beta Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 4130 4135
208. Q. Felty, and D. Roy Mitochondrial signals to nucleus regulate estrogen-induced cell growth Med. Hypotheses 64 2005 133 141
209. W. Lewis, B. Gonzalez, A. Chomyn, and T. Papoian Zidovudine induces molecular, biochemical and ultrastructural changes in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria J. Clin. Invest. 89 1992 1354 1360
210. W. Lewis, and M.C. Dalakas Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs Nat. Med. 1 1995 417 422
211. W. Lewis Atherosclerosis in AIDS:Potential pathogenic roles of antiviral therapy and HIV J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 32 2000 2115 2129
212. M.N. Swartz Mitochondrial toxicity-new adverse drug effects N. Engl. J. Med. 333 1995 1099 1105
213. K. Brinkman, H.J. ter Hofstede, D.M. Burger, J.A. Smeitink, and P.P. Koopmans Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: mitochondrial toxicity as a common pathway AIDS 12 1998 1735 1744
214. C.H. Wang, J.S. Jeng, P.K. Yip, C.L. Chen, L.I. Hsu, and Y.M. Hsueh Biological gradient between long term arsenic exposure and carotid atherosclerosis Circulation 105 2002 1804 1809
215. Y.M. Hsueh, W.L. Wu, Y.L. Huang, H.Y. Chiou, C.H. Tseng, and C.J. Chen Low serum carotene level and increased risk of ischemic heart disease related to long term arsenic exposure Atherosclerosis 141 1998 249 257
216. T. Samikkannu, C.-H. Chen, L.-H. Yih, A.S.S. Wang, S.-Y. Lin, T.-C. Chen, and K.-Y. Jan Reactive oxygen species are involved in arsenic trioxide inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16 2003 409 414
217. P.P. Simeonova, T. Hulderman, D. Harki, and M.I. Luster Arsenic exposure accelerates atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E -/- mice Environ. Health Perspect. 111 2003 1744 1748
218. S. Lynn, J.R. Gurr, H.T. Lai, and K.Y. Jan NADH oxidase activation is involved in arsenite-induced oxidative DNA damage in human vascular smooth muscle cells Circ. Res. 86 2000 514 519