메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 613-622

Statins and their potential targets in multiple sclerosis therapy

Author keywords

3 hydroxy 3 methyglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); Inflammation; Multiple sclerosis (MS); Statins

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; AUTOANTIGEN; BETA INTERFERON; CD4 ANTIGEN; CERIVASTATIN; COMPACTIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; GLATIRAMER; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MEVINOLIN; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

EID: 10744228682     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.7.5.613     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (23)

References (105)
  • 2
    • 0035554898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: A two-stage disease
    • STEINMAN L: Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease. Nat. Immunol. (2001) 2:762-764.
    • (2001) Nat. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 762-764
    • Steinman, L.1
  • 3
    • 0030979128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for clinical trials of new therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis: Relations between study investigators, advisors, and sponsors
    • National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
    • LUBLIN FD, REINGOLD SC: Guidelines for clinical trials of new therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis: relations between study investigators, advisors, and sponsors. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology (1997) 48:572-574.
    • (1997) Neurology , vol.48 , pp. 572-574
    • Lublin, F.D.1    Reingold, S.C.2
  • 4
    • 0020801186 scopus 로고
    • Relevance of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to multiple sclerosis
    • ARNASON BG: Relevance of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Clin. (1983) 1:765-782.
    • (1983) Neurol. Clin. , vol.1 , pp. 765-782
    • Arnason, B.G.1
  • 5
    • 0021592979 scopus 로고
    • Biology of disease. Analysis of autoimmune demyelination: Its impact upon multiple sclerosis
    • RAINE CS: Biology of disease. Analysis of autoimmune demyelination: its impact upon multiple sclerosis. Lab. Invest. (1984) 50:608-635.
    • (1984) Lab. Invest. , vol.50 , pp. 608-635
    • Raine, C.S.1
  • 7
    • 0035554904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in autoimmune disease
    • WHITACRE CC: Sex differences in autoimmune disease. Nat. Immunol. (2001) 2:777-780.
    • (2001) Nat. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 777-780
    • Whitacre, C.C.1
  • 8
    • 0002085474 scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis
    • WB Matthews (Ed.), Churchhill Livingstone, New York
    • MARTYN CN: The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. In: McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis. WB Matthews (Ed.), Churchhill Livingstone, New York (1991).
    • (1991) McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis
    • Martyn, C.N.1
  • 9
    • 0027398162 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: A critical overview
    • SADOVNICK AD, EBERS GC: Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: a critical overview. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. (1993) 20:17-29.
    • (1993) Can. J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 17-29
    • Sadovnick, A.D.1    Ebers, G.C.2
  • 10
    • 0009573338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A complete genomic screen for multiple sclerosis underscores a role for the major histocompatability complex
    • The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group
    • HAINES JL, TER MINASSIAN M, BAZYK A et al.: A complete genomic screen for multiple sclerosis underscores a role for the major histocompatability complex. The Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group. Nat. Genet. (1996) 13:469-471.
    • (1996) Nat. Genet. , vol.13 , pp. 469-471
    • Haines, J.L.1    Ter Minassian, M.2    Bazyk, A.3
  • 11
    • 15844368830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome screen in multiple sclerosis reveals susceptibility loci on chromosome 6p21 and 17q22
    • SAWCER S, JONES HB, FEAKES R et al.: A genome screen in multiple sclerosis reveals susceptibility loci on chromosome 6p21 and 17q22. Nat. Genet. (1996) 13:464-468.
    • (1996) Nat. Genet. , vol.13 , pp. 464-468
    • Sawcer, S.1    Jones, H.B.2    Feakes, R.3
  • 12
    • 0037371325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLA-DR2 dose effect on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and influence on disease course
    • BARCELLOS LF, OKSENBERG JR, BEGOVICH AB et al.: HLA-DR2 dose effect on susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and influence on disease course. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2003) 72:710-716.
    • (2003) Am. J. Hum. Genet. , vol.72 , pp. 710-716
    • Barcellos, L.F.1    Oksenberg, J.R.2    Begovich, A.B.3
  • 13
    • 18544365397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple susceptibility loci for multiple sclerosis
    • HAINES JL, BRADFORD Y, GARCIA ME et al.: Multiple susceptibility loci for multiple sclerosis. Hum. Mol. Genet. (2002) 11:2251-2256.
    • (2002) Hum. Mol. Genet. , vol.11 , pp. 2251-2256
    • Haines, J.L.1    Bradford, Y.2    Garcia, M.E.3
  • 14
    • 0036263896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A whole genome screen for linkage disequilibrium in multiple sclerosis confirms disease associations with regions previously linked to susceptibility
    • SAWCER S, MARANIAN M, SETAKIS E et al.: A whole genome screen for linkage disequilibrium in multiple sclerosis confirms disease associations with regions previously linked to susceptibility. Brain (2002) 125:1337-1347.
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 1337-1347
    • Sawcer, S.1    Maranian, M.2    Setakis, E.3
  • 16
    • 0033596281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • LAROSA JC, HE J, VUPPUTURI S: Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA (1999) 282:2340-2346.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 2340-2346
    • Larosa, J.C.1    He, J.2    Vupputuri, S.3
  • 17
    • 0027987849 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • NO AUTHORS LISTED
    • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet (1994) 344:1383-1389.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1383-1389
  • 18
    • 0029050796 scopus 로고
    • Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS)
    • JUKEMA JW, BRUSCHKE AV, VAN BOVEN AJ et al.: Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation (1995) 91:2528-2540.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.91 , pp. 2528-2540
    • Jukema, J.W.1    Bruschke, A.V.2    Van Boven, A.J.3
  • 19
    • 0028883828 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia
    • West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group
    • SHEPHERD J, COBBE SM, FORD I et al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1301-1307.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.333 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Shepherd, J.1    Cobbe, S.M.2    Ford, I.3
  • 20
    • 0342981862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators
    • SACKS FM, PFEFFER MA, MOYE LA et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 335:1001-1009.
    • (1996) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.335 , pp. 1001-1009
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Moye, L.A.3
  • 21
    • 0030841001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study [LCAS])
    • HERD JA, BALLANTYNE CM, FARMER JA et al.: Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study [LCAS]). Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80:278-286.
    • (1997) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.80 , pp. 278-286
    • Herd, J.A.1    Ballantyne, C.M.2    Farmer, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0032572086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study
    • DOWNS JR, CLEARFIELD M, WEIS S et al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA (1998) 279:1615-1622.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1615-1622
    • Downs, J.R.1    Clearfield, M.2    Weis, S.3
  • 23
    • 0032487931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels
    • NO AUTHORS LISTED The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group
    • NO AUTHORS LISTED: Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1998) 339:1349-1357.
    • (1998) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.339 , pp. 1349-1357
  • 24
    • 0033016149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of fluvastatin on cardiac events in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease during one year of treatment
    • RIEGGER G, ABLETSHAUSER C, LUDWIG M et al.: The effect of fluvastatin on cardiac events in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease during one year of treatment. Atherosclerosis (1999) 144:263-270.
    • (1999) Atherosclerosis , vol.144 , pp. 263-270
    • Riegger, G.1    Abletshauser, C.2    Ludwig, M.3
  • 25
    • 0033536298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease
    • Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators
    • PITT B, WATERS D, BROWN WV et al.: Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:70-76.
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.341 , pp. 70-76
    • Pitt, B.1    Waters, D.2    Brown, W.V.3
  • 26
    • 0035843962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase
    • ISTVAN ES, DEISENHOFER J: Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Science (2001) 292:1160-1164.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 1160-1164
    • Istvan, E.S.1    Deisenhofer, J.2
  • 27
    • 0032568084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of statins on triglyceride metabolism
    • GINSBERG HN: Effects of statins on triglyceride metabolism. Am. J. Cardiol. (1998) 81:B32-B35.
    • (1998) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.81
    • Ginsberg, H.N.1
  • 29
    • 0031736655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in transplant patients: Are the statins mechanistically similar?
    • CHRISTIANS U, JACOBSEN W, FLOREN LC: Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in transplant patients: are the statins mechanistically similar? Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 80:1-34.
    • (1998) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.80 , pp. 1-34
    • Christians, U.1    Jacobsen, W.2    Floren, L.C.3
  • 30
    • 0032559785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of the clinical safety profile of atorvastatin (lipitor), a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
    • BLACK DM, BAKKER-ARKEMA RG, NAWROCKI JW: An overview of the clinical safety profile of atorvastatin (lipitor), a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158:577-584.
    • (1998) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.158 , pp. 577-584
    • Black, D.M.1    Bakker-Arkema, R.G.2    Nawrocki, J.W.3
  • 31
    • 0035093931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety profiles for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: Treatment and trust
    • DAVIDSON MH: Safety profiles for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: treatment and trust. Drugs (2001) 61:197-206.
    • (2001) Drugs , vol.61 , pp. 197-206
    • Davidson, M.H.1
  • 33
    • 0034478254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothyroidism presenting as hypercholesterolaemia and simvastatin-induced myositis
    • HUNG YT, YEUNG VT: Hypothyroidism presenting as hypercholesterolaemia and simvastatin-induced myositis. Hong Kong Med. J. (2000) 6:423-424.
    • (2000) Hong Kong Med. J. , vol.6 , pp. 423-424
    • Hung, Y.T.1    Yeung, V.T.2
  • 34
    • 0037051164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis with lipid-lowering drugs
    • HODEL C: Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis with lipid-lowering drugs. Toxicol, Lett. (2002) 128:159-168.
    • (2002) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.128 , pp. 159-168
    • Hodel, C.1
  • 35
    • 0037075262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerivastatin and reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis
    • STAFFA JA, CHANG J, GREEN L: Cerivastatin and reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346:539-540.
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.346 , pp. 539-540
    • Staffa, J.A.1    Chang, J.2    Green, L.3
  • 38
    • 0036322869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins
    • LIAO JK: Isoprenoids as mediators of the biological effects of statins. J. Clin. Invest. (2002) 110:285-288.
    • (2002) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.110 , pp. 285-288
    • Liao, J.K.1
  • 39
    • 0025277259 scopus 로고
    • Prenyl proteins in eukaryotic cells: A new type of membrane anchor
    • GLOMSET JA, GELB MH, FARNSWORTH CC: Prenyl proteins in eukaryotic cells: a new type of membrane anchor. Trends Biochem. Sci. (1990) 15:139-142.
    • (1990) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 139-142
    • Glomset, J.A.1    Gelb, M.H.2    Farnsworth, C.C.3
  • 40
    • 0025649688 scopus 로고
    • Posttranslational modification of proteins by isoprenoids in mammalian cells
    • MALTESE WA: Posttranslational modification of proteins by isoprenoids in mammalian cells. FASEB J. (1990) 4:3319-3328.
    • (1990) FASEB J. , vol.4 , pp. 3319-3328
    • Maltese, W.A.1
  • 41
    • 0030968580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rho GTPases and signaling networks
    • VAN AELST L, D'SOUZA-SCHOREY C: Rho GTPases and signaling networks. Genes Dev. (1997) 11:2295-2322.
    • (1997) Genes Dev. , vol.11 , pp. 2295-2322
    • Vanaelst, L.1    D'Souza-Schorey, C.2
  • 43
    • 0038322504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lovastatin inhibits brain endothelial cell Rho-mediated lymphocyte migration and attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • GREENWOOD J, WALTERS CE, PRYCE G et al.: Lovastatin inhibits brain endothelial cell Rho-mediated lymphocyte migration and attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J. (2003) 17:905-907.
    • (2003) FASEB J. , vol.17 , pp. 905-907
    • Greenwood, J.1    Walters, C.E.2    Pryce, G.3
  • 45
    • 0034948339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site
    • WEITZ-SCHMIDT G, WELZENBACH K, BRINKMANN V et al.: Statins selectively inhibit leukocyte function antigen-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nat. Med. (2001) 7:687-692.
    • (2001) Nat. Med. , vol.7 , pp. 687-692
    • Weitz-Schmidt, G.1    Welzenbach, K.2    Brinkmann, V.3
  • 46
    • 0029119711 scopus 로고
    • Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation
    • KOBASHIGAWA JA, KATZNELSON S, LAKS H et al.: Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:621-627.
    • (1995) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.333 , pp. 621-627
    • Kobashigawa, J.A.1    Katznelson, S.2    Laks, H.3
  • 47
    • 0036805674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins as anti-inflammatory agents
    • WEITZ-SCHMIDT G: Statins as anti-inflammatory agents. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2002) 23:482-486.
    • (2002) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 482-486
    • Weitz-Schmidt, G.1
  • 48
    • 0038458980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammatory disorders
    • STUVE O, YOUSSEF S, STEINMAN L, ZAMVIL SS: Statins as potential therapeutic agents in neuroinflammatory disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol. (2003) 16:393-401.
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Neurol. , vol.16 , pp. 393-401
    • Stuve, O.1    Youssef, S.2    Steinman, L.3    Zamvil, S.S.4
  • 49
    • 0031438501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages
    • PAHAN K, SHEIKH FG, NAMBOODIRI AM, SINGH I: Lovastatin and phenylacetate inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokines in rat primary astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages. J. Clin. Invest (1997) 100:2671-2679.
    • (1997) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.100 , pp. 2671-2679
    • Pahan, K.1    Sheikh, F.G.2    Namboodiri, A.M.3    Singh, I.4
  • 50
    • 0033538533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amelioration of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by lovastatin
    • STANISLAUS R, PAHAN K, SINGH AK, SINGH I: Amelioration of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by lovastatin. Neurosci. Lett. (1999) 269:71-74.
    • (1999) Neurosci. Lett. , vol.269 , pp. 71-74
    • Stanislaus, R.1    Pahan, K.2    Singh, A.K.3    Singh, I.4
  • 51
    • 0035888090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lovastatin treatment decreases mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • STANISLAUS R, SINGH AK, SINGH I: Lovastatin treatment decreases mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS of Lewis rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neurosci. Res. (2001) 66:155-162.
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.66 , pp. 155-162
    • Stanislaus, R.1    Singh, A.K.2    Singh, I.3
  • 52
    • 0037038402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease
    • H2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature (2002) 420:78-84.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 78-84
    • Youssef, S.1    Stuve, O.2    Patarroyo, J.C.3
  • 54
    • 0025246367 scopus 로고
    • The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
    • ZAMVIL SS, STEINMAN L: The T lymphocyte in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1990) 8:579-621.
    • (1990) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.8 , pp. 579-621
    • Zamvil, S.S.1    Steinman, L.2
  • 56
    • 0025981021 scopus 로고
    • T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system
    • HICKEY WF, HSU BL, KIMURA H: T-lymphocyte entry into the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. (1991) 28:254-260.
    • (1991) J. Neurosci. Res. , vol.28 , pp. 254-260
    • Hickey, W.F.1    Hsu, B.L.2    Kimura, H.3
  • 57
    • 0025717402 scopus 로고
    • Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation
    • HICKEY WF: Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation. Brain Pathol. (1991) 1:97-105.
    • (1991) Brain Pathol. , vol.1 , pp. 97-105
    • Hickey, W.F.1
  • 59
    • 0028924986 scopus 로고
    • Class II transactivator regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in antigen presentation
    • CHANG CH, FLAVELL RA: Class II transactivator regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in antigen presentation. J. Exp. Med. (1995) 181:765-767.
    • (1995) J. Exp. Med. , vol.181 , pp. 765-767
    • Chang, C.H.1    Flavell, R.A.2
  • 60
    • 0030949011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of MHC Class II molecules in different cellular and functional compartments is controlled by differential usage of multiple promoters of the transactivator CIITA
    • MUHLETHALER-MOTTET A, OTTEN LA, STEIMLE V, MACH B: Expression of MHC Class II molecules in different cellular and functional compartments is controlled by differential usage of multiple promoters of the transactivator CIITA. EMBO J. (1997) 16:2851-2860.
    • (1997) EMBO J. , vol.16 , pp. 2851-2860
    • Muhlethaler-Mottet, A.1    Otten, L.A.2    Steimle, V.3    Mach, B.4
  • 61
    • 0031906211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of distinct regions of 5′ flanking DNA that mediate constitutive, IFN-γ, STAT1, and TGF-β-regulated expression of the class II transactivator gene
    • PISKURICH JF, WANG Y, LINHOFF MW, WHITE LC, TING JP: Identification of distinct regions of 5′ flanking DNA that mediate constitutive, IFN-γ, STAT1, and TGF-β-regulated expression of the class II transactivator gene. J. Immunol. (1998) 160:233-240.
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.160 , pp. 233-240
    • Piskurich, J.F.1    Wang, Y.2    Linhoff, M.W.3    White, L.C.4    Ting, J.P.5
  • 62
    • 0032403504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes express elements of the Class II endocytic pathway and process central nervous system autoantigen for presentation to encephalitogenic T cells
    • SOOS JM, MORROW J, ASHLEY TA, SZENTE BE, BIKOFF EK, ZAMVIL SS: Astrocytes express elements of the Class II endocytic pathway and process central nervous system autoantigen for presentation to encephalitogenic T cells. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:5959-5966.
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.161 , pp. 5959-5966
    • Soos, J.M.1    Morrow, J.2    Ashley, T.A.3    Szente, B.E.4    Bikoff, E.K.5    Zamvil, S.S.6
  • 63
    • 0033561768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IFN-γ regulation of the Type IV Class II transactivator promoter in astrocytes
    • DONG Y, ROHN WM, BENVENISTE, EN: IFN-γ regulation of the Type IV Class II transactivator promoter in astrocytes. J. Immunol. (1999) 162:4731-4739.
    • (1999) J. Immunol. , vol.162 , pp. 4731-4739
    • Dong, Y.1    Rohn, W.M.2    Benveniste, E.N.3
  • 64
    • 0032911061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class II transactivator and Class II MHC gene expression in microglia: Modulation by the cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10
    • O'KEEFE GM, NGUYEN VT, BENVENISTE EN: Class II transactivator and Class II MHC gene expression in microglia: modulation by the cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10. Eur. J. Immunol. (1999) 29:1275-1285.
    • (1999) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.29 , pp. 1275-1285
    • O'Keefe, G.M.1    Nguyen, V.T.2    Benveniste, E.N.3
  • 65
    • 0034533147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator
    • KWAK B, MULHAUPT F, MYIT S, MACH F: Statins as a newly recognized type of immunomodulator. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:1399-1402.
    • (2000) Nat. Med. , vol.6 , pp. 1399-1402
    • Kwak, B.1    Mulhaupt, F.2    Myit, S.3    Mach, F.4
  • 66
    • 0033614036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costimulation: Building an immunological synapse
    • DUSTIN ML, SHAW AS: Costimulation: building an immunological synapse. Science (1999) 283:649-650.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 649-650
    • Dustin, M.L.1    Shaw, A.S.2
  • 67
    • 0033538574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunological synapse: A molecular machine controlling T cell activation
    • GRAKOUI A, BROMLEY SK, SUMEN C et al.: The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science (1999) 285:221-227.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 221-227
    • Grakoui, A.1    Bromley, S.K.2    Sumen, C.3
  • 68
    • 0027982876 scopus 로고
    • Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm
    • SPRINGER TA: Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell (1994) 76:301-314.
    • (1994) Cell , vol.76 , pp. 301-314
    • Springer, T.A.1
  • 69
    • 0028935791 scopus 로고
    • Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration
    • SPRINGER TA: Traffic signals on endothelium for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration. Annu. Rev. Physiol (1995) 57:827-872.
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Physiol , vol.57 , pp. 827-872
    • Springer, T.A.1
  • 70
    • 0036734848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of chemokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: Physiopathological implications
    • BAJETTO A, BONAVIA R, BARBERO S, SCHETTINI G: Characterization of chemokines and their receptors in the central nervous system: physiopathological implications. J. Neurochem. (2002) 82:1311-1329.
    • (2002) J. Neurochem. , vol.82 , pp. 1311-1329
    • Bajetto, A.1    Bonavia, R.2    Barbero, S.3    Schettini, G.4
  • 72
    • 0036006723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of β-chemokines and chemokine receptors in human fetal astrocyte and microglial co-cultures: Potential role of chemokines in the developing CNS
    • REZAIE P, TRILLO-PAZOS G, EVERALL IP, MALE DK: Expression of β-chemokines and chemokine receptors in human fetal astrocyte and microglial co-cultures: potential role of chemokines in the developing CNS. Glia (2002) 37:64-75.
    • (2002) Glia , vol.37 , pp. 64-75
    • Rezaie, P.1    Trillo-Pazos, G.2    Everall, I.P.3    Male, D.K.4
  • 73
    • 0036709217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cultured microglia: Implications for disease regulation
    • COLUMBA-CABEZAS S, SERAFINI B, AMBROSINI E et al.: Induction of macrophage-derived chemokine/CCL22 expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cultured microglia: implications for disease regulation. J. Neuroimmunol. (2002) 130:10-21.
    • (2002) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.130 , pp. 10-21
    • Columba-Cabezas, S.1    Serafini, B.2    Ambrosini, E.3
  • 74
    • 0037327907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Astrocytes are the major intracerebral source of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α/CCL20 in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in vitro
    • AMBROSINI E, COLUMBA-CABEZAS S, SERAFINI B, MUSCELLA A, ALOISI F: Astrocytes are the major intracerebral source of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α/CCL20 in relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in vitro. Glia (2003) 41:290-300.
    • (2003) Glia , vol.41 , pp. 290-300
    • Ambrosini, E.1    Columba-Cabezas, S.2    Serafini, B.3    Muscella, A.4    Aloisi, F.5
  • 75
    • 0032415886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1
    • KENNEDY KJ, STRIETER RM, KUNKEL SL, LUKACS NW, KARPUS WJ: Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. J. Neuroimmunol. (1998) 92:98-108.
    • (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.92 , pp. 98-108
    • Kennedy, K.J.1    Strieter, R.M.2    Kunkel, S.L.3    Lukacs, N.W.4    Karpus, W.J.5
  • 76
    • 0033913583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis by statins
    • ROMANO M, DIOMEDE L, SIRONI M et al.: Inhibition of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis by statins. Lab. Invest. (2000) 80:1095-1100.
    • (2000) Lab. Invest. , vol.80 , pp. 1095-1100
    • Romano, M.1    Diomede, L.2    Sironi, M.3
  • 77
    • 0022438545 scopus 로고
    • The importance of the Mac-1, LFA-1 glycoprotein family in monocyte and granulocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and migration into inflammatory sites: Insights from an experiment of nature
    • SPRINGER TA, ANDERSON DC: The importance of the Mac-1, LFA-1 glycoprotein family in monocyte and granulocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and migration into inflammatory sites: insights from an experiment of nature. Ciba Found. Symp. (1986) 118:102-126.
    • (1986) Ciba Found. Symp. , vol.118 , pp. 102-126
    • Springer, T.A.1    Anderson, D.C.2
  • 78
    • 0024474315 scopus 로고
    • The role of the LEA-1/ICAM-1 interaction in human leukocyte homing and adhesion
    • WAWRYK SO, NOVOTNY JR, WICKS IP et al.: The role of the LEA-1/ICAM-1 interaction in human leukocyte homing and adhesion. Immunol. Rev. (1989) 108:135-161.
    • (1989) Immunol. Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 135-161
    • Wawryk, S.O.1    Novotny, J.R.2    Wicks, I.P.3
  • 79
    • 0032981648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adhesion molecule expression and regulation on cells of the central nervous system
    • LEE SJ, BENVENISTE EN: Adhesion molecule expression and regulation on cells of the central nervous system. J. Neuroimmunol. (1999) 98:77-88.
    • (1999) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.98 , pp. 77-88
    • Lee, S.J.1    Benveniste, E.N.2
  • 80
    • 0025301596 scopus 로고
    • Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cellular immune reactions in the human central nervous system
    • SOBEL RA, MITCHELL ME, FONDREN G: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in cellular immune reactions in the human central nervous system. Am. J. Pathol. (1990) 136:1309-1316.
    • (1990) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.136 , pp. 1309-1316
    • Sobel, R.A.1    Mitchell, M.E.2    Fondren, G.3
  • 81
    • 0028053052 scopus 로고
    • Expression of immunologically relevant endothelial cell activation antigens on isolated central nervous system microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis
    • WASHINGTON R, BURTON J, TODD RF et al.: Expression of immunologically relevant endothelial cell activation antigens on isolated central nervous system microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. (1994) 35:89-97.
    • (1994) Ann. Neurol. , vol.35 , pp. 89-97
    • Washington, R.1    Burton, J.2    Todd, R.F.3
  • 82
    • 0029319566 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine localization in multiple sclerosis lesions: Correlation with adhesion molecule expression and reactive nitrogen species
    • BROSNAN CF, CANNELLA B, BATTISTINI L, RAINE CS: Cytokine localization in multiple sclerosis lesions: correlation with adhesion molecule expression and reactive nitrogen species. Neurology (1995) 45:S16-S21.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45
    • Brosnan, C.F.1    Cannella, B.2    Battistini, L.3    Raine, C.S.4
  • 83
    • 0028941871 scopus 로고
    • The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions
    • CANNELLA B, RAINE CS: The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann. Neurol. (1995) 37:424-435.
    • (1995) Ann. Neurol. , vol.37 , pp. 424-435
    • Cannella, B.1    Raine, C.S.2
  • 85
    • 0024409242 scopus 로고
    • The induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor α, lymphotoxin, and interleukin-1: Relevance to intracerebral antigen presentation
    • FROHMAN EM, FROHMAN TC, DUSTIN ML et al.: The induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression on human fetal astrocytes by interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor α, lymphotoxin, and interleukin-1: relevance to intracerebral antigen presentation. J. Neuroimmunol. (1989) 23:117-124.
    • (1989) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.23 , pp. 117-124
    • Frohman, E.M.1    Frohman, T.C.2    Dustin, M.L.3
  • 87
    • 0033543673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis for LFA-1 inhibition upon lovastatin binding to the CD11a I-domain
    • KALLEN J, WELZENBACH K, RAMAGE P et al.: Structural basis for LFA-1 inhibition upon lovastatin binding to the CD11a I-domain. J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 292:1-9.
    • (1999) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.292 , pp. 1-9
    • Kallen, J.1    Welzenbach, K.2    Ramage, P.3
  • 88
    • 0035405886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system
    • YONG VW, POWER C, FORSYTH P, EDWARDS DR: Metalloproteinases in biology and pathology of the nervous system. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. (2001) 2:502-511.
    • (2001) Nat. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 502-511
    • Yong, V.W.1    Power, C.2    Forsyth, P.3    Edwards, D.R.4
  • 89
    • 0029057781 scopus 로고
    • Membrane-associated metalloproteinase recognized by characteristic cleavage of myelin basic protein: Assay and isolation
    • HOWARD L, GLYNN P: Membrane-associated metalloproteinase recognized by characteristic cleavage of myelin basic protein: assay and isolation. Methods Enzymol. (1995) 248:388-395.
    • (1995) Methods Enzymol. , vol.248 , pp. 388-395
    • Howard, L.1    Glynn, P.2
  • 90
    • 0031775709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages
    • BELLOSTA S, VIA D, CANAVESI M et al.: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (1998) 18:1671-1678.
    • (1998) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 1671-1678
    • Bellosta, S.1    Via, D.2    Canavesi, M.3
  • 91
    • 0033793763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits urokinase/urokinase-receptor expression and MMP-9 secretion by peripheral blood monocytes - A possible protective mechanism against atherothrombosis
    • GANNE F, VASSE M, BEAUDEUX JL et al.: Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits urokinase/urokinase-receptor expression and MMP-9 secretion by peripheral blood monocytes - a possible protective mechanism against atherothrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. (2000) 84:680-688.
    • (2000) Thromb. Haemost. , vol.84 , pp. 680-688
    • Ganne, F.1    Vasse, M.2    Beaudeux, J.L.3
  • 92
    • 0029847368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes
    • ABBAS AK, MURPHY KM, SHER A: Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature (1996) 383:787-793.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.383 , pp. 787-793
    • Abbas, A.K.1    Murphy, K.M.2    Sher, A.3
  • 94
    • 0026713026 scopus 로고
    • Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor β, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain
    • KHOURY SJ, HANCOCK WW, WEINER HL: Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor β, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain. J. Exp. Med. (1992) 176:1355-1364.
    • (1992) J. Exp. Med. , vol.176 , pp. 1355-1364
    • Khoury, S.J.1    Hancock, W.W.2    Weiner, H.L.3
  • 95
    • 0032532022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines parallels progression of central nervous system pathology in two clinically distinct models of multiple sclerosis
    • BEGOLKA WS, VANDERLUGT CL, RAHBE SM, MILLER SD: Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines parallels progression of central nervous system pathology in two clinically distinct models of multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. (1998) 161:4437-4446.
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.161 , pp. 4437-4446
    • Begolka, W.S.1    Vanderlugt, C.L.2    Rahbe, S.M.3    Miller, S.D.4
  • 96
    • 0023126661 scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with γ interferon
    • PANITCH HS, HIRSCH RL, HALEY AS, JOHNSON KP: Exacerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with γ interferon. Lancet (1987) 1:893-895.
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 893-895
    • Panitch, H.S.1    Hirsch, R.L.2    Haley, A.S.3    Johnson, K.P.4
  • 97
    • 0034965383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions
    • LIU JS, ZHAO, ML, BROSNAN CF, LEE SC: Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in multiple sclerosis lesions. Am. J. Pathol. (2001) 158:2057-2066.
    • (2001) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.158 , pp. 2057-2066
    • Liu, J.S.1    Zhao, M.L.2    Brosnan, C.F.3    Lee, S.C.4
  • 98
    • 0035919172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-induction of argininosuccinate synthetase, cationic amino acid transporter-2, and nitric oxide synthase in activated murine microglial cells
    • KAWAHARA K, GOTOH T, OYADOMARI S et al.: Co-induction of argininosuccinate synthetase, cationic amino acid transporter-2, and nitric oxide synthase in activated murine microglial cells. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. (2001) 90:165-173.
    • (2001) Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. , vol.90 , pp. 165-173
    • Kawahara, K.1    Gotoh, T.2    Oyadomari, S.3
  • 99
    • 0035793684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NF-κB activation and IκBα dynamism involved in iNOS and chemokine induction in astroglial cells
    • NOMURA Y: NF-κB activation and IκBα dynamism involved in iNOS and chemokine induction in astroglial cells. Life Sci. (2001) 68:1695-1701.
    • (2001) Life Sci. , vol.68 , pp. 1695-1701
    • Nomura, Y.1
  • 100
    • 0037044284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins as immunomodulators: Comparison with interferon-β 1b in MS
    • NEUHAUS O, STRASSER-FUCHS S, FAZEKAS F et al.: Statins as immunomodulators: comparison with interferon-β 1b in MS. Neurology (2002) 59:990-997.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 990-997
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Strasser-Fuchs, S.2    Fazekas, F.3
  • 101
    • 0142009125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open-label, single arm study of simvastatin as a therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS)
    • American Academy of Neurology 55th Annual Meeting Program S11. 004. Abstract
    • VOLLMER T, DURKALSKI V, TYOR W et al.: An open-label, single arm study of simvastatin as a therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). American Academy of Neurology 55th Annual Meeting Program S11.(2003) 004. Abstract.
    • (2003)
    • Vollmer, T.1    Durkalski, V.2    Tyor, W.3
  • 103
    • 0030498666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon β-1b decreases the migration of T lymphocytes in vitro: Effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9
    • STUVE O, DOOLEY NP. UHM JH et al.: Interferon β-1b decreases the migration of T lymphocytes in vitro: effects on matrix metalloproteinase-9. Ann. Neurol. (1996) 40:853-863.
    • (1996) Ann. Neurol. , vol.40 , pp. 853-863
    • Stuve, O.1    Dooley, N.P.2    Uhm, J.H.3
  • 104
    • 0030483220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon β-1b inhibits gelatinase secretion and in vitro migration of human T cells: A possible mechanism for treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis
    • LEPPERT D, WAUBANT E, BURK MR, OKSENBERG JR, HAUSER SL: Interferon β-1b inhibits gelatinase secretion and in vitro migration of human T cells: a possible mechanism for treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. (1996) 40:846-852.
    • (1996) Ann. Neurol. , vol.40 , pp. 846-852
    • Leppert, D.1    Waubant, E.2    Burk, M.R.3    Oksenberg, J.R.4    Hauser, S.L.5
  • 105
    • 0031471371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine-enhanced migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is antagonized by interferon β-1b through an effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9
    • STUVE O, CHABOT S, JUNG SS, WILLIAMS G, YONG VW: Chemokine-enhanced migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells is antagonized by interferon β-1b through an effect on matrix metalloproteinase-9. J. Neuroimmunol. (1997) 80:38-46.
    • (1997) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.80 , pp. 38-46
    • Stuve, O.1    Chabot, S.2    Jung, S.S.3    Williams, G.4    Yong, V.W.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.