Metabolism and drug interactions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in transplant patients: Are the statins mechanistically similar?

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 1-34

  Christians, Uwe ^a   Jacobsen, Wolfgang ^b   Floren, Leslie C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Drug interactions; Drug metabolism; HMG CoA reductase inhibitors; Hypercholesterolemia; Muscle toxicity; Transplant patients

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; AZATHIOPRINE; CERIVASTATIN; CHOLESTEROL; COLESTYRAMINE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOCHROME P450; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; FUSIDIC ACID; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PRAVASTATIN; PREDNISOLONE; RAPAMYCIN; SIMVASTATIN; STATIN; TACROLIMUS;

AREA UNDER THE CURVE; CATARACT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; DYSPEPSIA; ECZEMA; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER;

DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LOVASTATIN; NAPHTHALENES; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0031736655     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(98)00016-3     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Aakhus, S., Dahl, K. and Wideroe, T. E. (1996) Hyperlipidaemia in renal transplant patients. J. Intern. Med. 239: 407-415.
2. Abouljoud, M. S., Levy, M. E., Klintmalm, G. B. and The US Multicenter Study Group (1995) Hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation: long-term results of the FK506-cyclosporine. A US multicenter trial. Transplant. Proc. 27: 1121-1123.
3. Ahnadi, C.-E., Berthezène, F. and Ponsin, G. (1993) Simvastatin- induced increase in the transfer of cholesterol esters from high density to very low and low density lipoproteins in normolipidemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 99: 219-228.
4. Alberts, A. W., Chen, J., Kuron, G., Hunt, V., Huff, J., Hoffman, C., Rothrock, J., Lopez, M., Joshua, H., Harris, E., Patchett, A., Monaghan, R., Currie, S., Stapley, E., Albers-Schonberg, G., Hensens, O., Hirshfield, J., Hoogsteen, K., Liesch, J. and Springer, J. (1980) Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and a cholesterol lowering agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 3957-3961.
5. Alejandro, D. S. and Petersen, J. (1994) Myoglobinuric acute renal failure in a cardiac transplant recipient taking lovastatin and cyclosporine. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5: 153-160.
6. Al'halawani, M. H., Larsen, J. L., Miller, S., Frisbie, K., Taylor, R. J. and Stratta, R. J. (1994) Pravastatin reduces serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein concentrations following pancreas transplantation. Transplantation 58: 1204-1209.
7. Amorosa, L. (1994) Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in special patient groups. Clin. Cardiol. 17 (Suppl. 4): IV21-IV27.
8. Anderson, K. M., Castelli, W. P. and Levy, D. (1987) Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years follow-up from the Framingham study. JAMA 257: 2176-2180.
9. Anderson, T. J., Meredith, I. T., Yeung, A. C., Frei, B., Selwyn, A. P. and Ganz, P. (1995) The effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 488-493.
10. Anguita, M., Alonso-Pulpon, L., Arizon, J. M., Cavero, M. A., Valles, F., Segovia, J., Perez-Jimenez, F., Crespo, M. and Concha, M. (1994) Comparison of the effectiveness of lovastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemia after heart transplantation between patients with and without pretransplant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 74: 776-779.
11. Apanay, D. C., Neylan, J. F., Ragab, M. S. and Sgoutas, D. S. (1994) Cyclosporine increases the oxidizability of low-density lipoproteins in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 58: 663-669.
12. Arai, M., Serizawa, N., Terahahra, A., Tsujita, Y., Tanaka, M., Masuda, H. and Ishikawa, S. (1988) Pravastatin sodium (CS-514), a novel cholesterol-lowering agent which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. Annu. Rept. Sankyo Res. Lab. 40: 1-38.
13. Arnadottir, M., Eriksson, L.-O., Thysell, H. and Karkas, J. D. (1993) Plasma concentration profiles of simvastatin 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity in kidney transplant recipients with and without ciclosporin. Nephron 65: 410-413.
14. Arnadottir, M., Eriksson, L. O., Germershausen, J. I. and Thysell, H. (1994) Low-dose simvastatin is a well-tolerated and efficacious cholesterol-lowering agent in ciclosporin-treated kidney transplant recipients: double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study in 40 patients. Nephron 68: 57-62.
15. Austen, J. L., Shifrin, F. A., Bartucci, M. R., Knauss, T. C., Schulak, J. A. and Hricik, D. E. (1996) Effects of fluvastatin on hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation: influence of steroid therapy. Ann. Pharmacother. 30: 1386-1389.
16. Ayanian, J. Z., Fuchs, C. S. and Stone, R. M. (1988) Lovastatin and rhabdomyolysis [letter]. Ann. Intern. Med. 109: 682-683.
17. Ballantyne, C. M., Radovancevic, B., Farmer, J. A., Frazier, O. H., Chandler, L., Payton-Ross, C., Cocanougher, B., Jones, P. H., Young, J. B. and Gotto, A. M., Jr. (1992) Hyperlipidemia after heart transplantation: report of a 6-year experience, with treatment recommendations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 19: 1315-1321.
18. Becker, D. M., Chamberlain, B., Swank, R., Hegewald, M. G., Girardet, R., Baughman, K. L., Kwiterovich, P. O., Pearson, T. A., Ettinger, W. H. and Renlund, D. (1988) Relationship between corticosteroid exposure and plasma lipid levels in heart transplant recipients. Am. J. Med. 85: 632-638.
19. Benet, L. Z., Wu, C.-Y., Hebert, M. F. and Wacher, V. J. (1996) Intestinal drug metabolism and antitransport processes: a potential paradigm shift in oral drug delivery. J. Controlled Release 39: 139-143.
20. Berens, K. L., Vadiei, K., Brunner, L. J., Wasan, K. M. and Luke, D. R. (1990) Influence of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics, toxicity and immunologic response of cyclosporine in the obese Zucker rat. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 11: 197-206.
21. Berland, Y., Vacher-Coponat, H., Durand, C., Baz, M., Laugier, R. and Musso, J. L. (1991) Rhabdomyolysis with simvastatin use. Nephron 57: 365-366.
22. Bettoni, G., Loiodice, F., Tortorella, V., Conte-Camerino, D., Mambrini, M., Ferrannini, E. and Bryant, S. H. (1987) Stereospecificity of the chloride ion channel: the action of chiral clofibric analogues. J. Med. Chem. 30: 1267-1270.
23. Bhuiyan, J. and Seccombe, D. W. (1996) The effects of 3-hydroxy- 3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibition on tissue levels of carnitine and carnitine acyltransferase activity in the rabbit. Lipids 31: 867-870.
24. Biesenbach, G., Janko, O., Stuby, U. and Zazgornik, J. (1996) Terminal myoglobinuric renal failure in lovastatin therapy with pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 108: 334-337.
25. Bilheimer, D. W., Grundy, S. M., Brown, D. and Goldstein, J. L. (1983) Mevinolin and colestipol stimulate receptor-mediated clearance of low density lipoprotein from plasma in familial hypercholesterolemia heterocygotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4124-4128.
26. Bischoff, H., Angerbauer, R., Boberg, M. and Schmidt, D. (1997) Cerivastatin: high enzyme affinity and active metabolites contribute to its high pharmacological activity. Atherosclerosis 130 (Suppl): S25.
27. Bittar, A. E., Ratcliffe, P. J., Richardson, A. J., Raine, A. E. G., Jones, L., Yudkin, P. L., Carter, R., Mann, J. I. and Morris, P. J. (1990) The prevalence of hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients: associations with immunosuppressive and antihypertensive therapy. Transplantation 50: 987-992.
28. Bizzaro, N., Bagolin, E., Milani, L., Cereser, C. and Finco, B. (1992) Massive rhabdomyolysis and simvastatin. Clin. Chem. 38: 1504.
29. Blaison, G., Weber, J. C., Sachs, D., Korganow, A. S., Martin, T., Kretz, J. G. and Pasquali, J. L. (1992) Simvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a heart-transplant recipient receiving cyclosporine. Rev. Med. Interne 13: 61-63.
30. Bleck, J. S., Thiesemann, C., Kliem, V., Christians, U., Repp, H., Frei, U., Westhoff-Bleck, M., Manns, M. and Sewing, K. F. (1996) Diltiazem increases blood concentrations of cyclised cyclosporine metabolites resulting in different cyclosporine metabolite patterns in male and female kidney graft recipients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41: 551-556.
31. Blum, C. B. (1994) Comparison of properties of four inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Am. J. Cardiol. 73: 3D-11D.
32. Boberg, M., Angerbauer, R., Fey, P., Kanhai, W. K., Karl, W., Kern, A., Ploschke, J. and Radtke, M. (1997) Metabolism of cerivastatin by human liver microsomes in vitro: characterization of primary metabolic pathways and of cytochrome P450 isozymes involved. Drug Metab. Dispos. 25: 321-331.
33. Botti, R. E., Triscari, J., Pan, H. Y. and Zayat, J. (1991) Concentrations of pravastatin and lovastatin in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy subjects. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 14: 256-261.
34. Bradford, R. H., Shear, C. L., Chremos, A. N., Dujovne, C., Downton, M., Franklin, F. A., Gould, A. I., Hesney, M., Higgins, J., Hurley, D. P., Langendörfer, A., Nash, D. T., Pool, J. L. and Schnaper, H. (1991) Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. Arch. Intern. Med. 141: 43-49.
35. Braun, W. E. (1990) Long-term complications of renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 37: 1363-1378.
36. Brown, J. H., Murphy, B. G., Douglas, A. F., Short, C. D., Bhatnagar, D., Mackness, M. I., Hunt, L. P., Doherty, C. C. and Durrington, P. N. (1997) Influence of immunosuppressive therapy on lipoprotein(a) and other lipoproteins following renal transplantation. Nephron 75: 277-282.
37. Brown, M. S. and Goldstein, J. L. (1980) Multivalent feedback regulation of HMG CoA reductase, a control mechanism coordinating isoprenoid synthesis and cell growth. J. Lipid Res. 21: 505-517.
38. Brown, M. S. and Goldstein, J. L. (1986) A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 232: 34-47.
39. Bumgardner, G. L., Wilson, G. A., Tso, P. L., Henry, M. L., Elkammas, E. A., Davis, E. A., Qiu, W. and Ferguson, R. M. (1995) Impact of serum lipids on long-term graft and patient survival after renal transplantation. Transplantation 60: 1418-1421.
40. Campana, C., Iacona, I., Regazzi, M. B., Gavazzi, A., Perani, G., Raddato, V., Montemartini, C. and Vigano, M. (1995) Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of simvastatin in heart transplant recipients. Ann. Pharmacother. 29: 235-239.
41. Canzanello, V. J., Schwartz, L., Taler, S. J., Textor, S. C., Wiesner, R. H., Porayko, M. K. and Krom, R. A. (1994) Evolution of cardiovascular risk after liver transplantation: comparison of cyclosporine A and FK506. Hepatology 20 (Part 2): 123A.
42. Cassem, J. D., Hamilton, M. A., Albanese, E., Sabad, A. and Kobashigawa, J. A. (1997) Does pravastatin affect cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in cardiac transplant recipients? J. Invest. Med. 45: 139A.
43. Castelao, A. M., Grino, J. M., Andrés, E., Seron, D., Castineiras, M. J., Roca, M., Calceran, J. M., Gonzalez, M. T. and Alsina, J. (1993a) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia after renal transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 25: 1043-1046.
44. Castelao, A. M., Grino, J. M., Gilvernet, S., Seron, D., Fiol, C., Castineiras, M. J., Torras, J., Garcia, R. and Alsina, J. (1993b) Effect of pravastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia after renal transplantation under cyclosporin immunosuppression. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 9: 1037-1038.
45. Castelli, W. P., Garrison, R. J., Wilson, P. W. F., Abbott, R. D., Kalousdian, S. and Kannel, W. B. (1986) Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels: the Framingham study. JAMA 256: 2835-2838.
46. Chang, T., Gonzalez, F. J. and Waxman, D. J. (1994) Evaluation of triacetyloleandomycin, α-naphthoflavone and diethyldithiocarbamate as selective chemical probes for inhibition of human cytochrome P450. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 311: 437-442.
47. Cheng, H., Schwartz, M. S., Vickers, S., Gilbert, J. D., Amin, R. D., Depuy, B., Liu, L., Rogers, J. D., Pond, S. M., Duncan, C. A., Olah, T. V. and Bayne, W. I. (1994) Metabolic disposition of simvastatin in patients with T-tube drainage. Drug Metab. Dispos. 22: 139-142.
48. Cheung, A. K., De Vault, G. A. and Gregory, M. C. (1993) A prospective study on treatment of hypercholesterolemia with lovastatin in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 3: 1884-1891.
49. Christians, U., Kohlhaw, K., Budniak, J., Bleck, J. S., Schottmann, R., Schlitt, H. J., Almeida, V. M. F., Deters, M., Wonigeit, K., Pichlmayr, R. and Sewing, K. F. (1991) Ciclosporin metabolite patterns in blood and urine of liver graft recipients: II. Influence of cholestasis and rejection. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41: 291-296.
50. Christians, U., Spiekermann, K., Schottmann, R., Linck, A., Wonigeit, K. and Sewing, K. F. (1993) Ciclosporin metabolite patterns in blood from patients with acute graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 12: 27-33.
51. Christians, U., Schmidt, G., Bader, A., Lampen, A., Schottmann, R., Linck, A. and Sewing, K. F. (1996) Identification of drugs inhibiting the in vitro metabolism of tacrolimus by human liver microsomes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41: 187-190.
52. Christians, U., Floren, L. C., Kirchner, G. and Sewing, K. F. (1997) The clinical pharmacokinetics of macrolide immunosuppressants and its impact on the clinical management of organ transplantation. Transplantationsmedizin 9: 75-81.
53. Chrysanthopoulos, C. and Kounis, N. (1992) Rhabdomyolysis due to combined treatment with lovastatin and cholestyramine. Br. Med. J. 304: 1225.
54. Clark, S. (1992) Protein isoprenylation and methylation at carboxy-terminal cystein residues. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61: 355-386.
55. Combalbert, J., Fabre, I., Fabre, G., Daleti, I., Derancourt, J., Cano, J. P. and Maurel, P. (1989) Metabolism of cyclosporin A. IV. Purification and identification of the rifampicin inducible human liver cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) as a product of P450IIIA gene subfamily. Drug Metab. Dispos. 17: 197-207.
56. Corpier, C. L., Jones, P. H., Suki, W. N., Lederer, E. D., Quinones, M. A., Schmidt, S. W. and Young, J. B. (1988) Rhabdomyolysis and renal injury with lovastatin use. Report of two cases in cardiac transplant recipients. JAMA 260: 239-241.
57. Corsini, A., Raiteri, M., Soma, M. R., Gabbiani, G. and Paoletti, R (1992) Simvastatin but not pravastatin has a direct inhibitory effect on rat and human myocyte proliferation. Clin. Biochem. 25: 399-400.
58. Couderc, M., Blanc, P., Rouillon, J.-M., Bauret, P., Larrey, D. and Michel, H. (1991) A new case of simvastatin-induced acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 15: 987.
59. Dain, J. G., Fu, E., Gorski, J., Nicoletti, J. and Scallen, T. J. (1993) Biotransformation of fluvastatin sodium in humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 21: 567-572.
60. Dart, A., Jerums, G., Nicholson, G., d'Emden, M., Hamilton-Craig, I., Tallis, G., Best, J. D., West, M., Sullivan, D., Bracs, P. and Black, D. (1997) A multicenter, double-blind, one year study comparing safety and efficacy of atorvastatin versus simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 80: 39-44.
61. Davidson, M. H., Stein, E. A., Dujovne, C. A., Hunnunghake, D. B., Weiss, S. R., Knopp, R. H., Illingworth, D. R., Mitchel, Y. B., Melino, M. R., Zupkis, R. V., Dobrinska, M. R., Amin, R. D. and Tobert, J. A. (1997) The efficacy and six-week tolerability of simvastatin 80 and 160 mg/day. Am. J. Cardiol. 79: 38-42.
62. Davies, M. J., Krikler, D. M. and Katz, D. (1991) Atherosclerosis: inhibition or regression as therapeutic possibilities. Br. Heart J. 65: 302-310.
63. Dayer, P., Leemann, T. and Striberni, R. (1989) Dextromethorphan O-demethylation in liver microsomes as a prototype reaction to monitor cytochrome P-450 db1 activity. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 45: 34-40.
64. de Alava, E., Sola, J. J., Lozano, M. D. and Pardo-Mindan, F. J. (1994) Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a heart transplant patient treated with hypolipemiants. Nephron 66: 242-243.
65. Deslypere, J.-P. (1995) The role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the treatment of hyperlipidemia: a review of fluvastatin. Curr. Ther. Res. 56: 111-128.
66. Deslypere, J. P. and Vermeulen, A. (1991) Rhabdomyolysis and simvastatin. Ann. Intern. Med. 114: 342.
67. DeWaziers, I., Cugnenc, P. H., Yang, C. S., Leroux, J.-P. and Beaune, P. H. (1990) Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione transferase in rat and human hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253: 387-394.
68. Dietschy, J. M. and Wilson, J. D. (1970a) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. 1. N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 1128-1138.
69. Dietschy, J. M. and Wilson, J. D. (1970b) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. 2. N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 1179-1183.
70. Dietschy, J. M. and Wilson, J. D. (1970c) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. 3. N. Engl. J. Med. 282: 1241-1249.
71. Dimitroulakos, J. and Yeger, H. (1996) HMG-CoA reductase mediates the biologic effects of retinoic acid on human neuroblastoma cells: lovastatin specifically targets p-glycoprotein expressing cells. Nature Med. 2: 326-333.
72. Dromer, C., Vedrenne, C., Billey, T., Pages, M., Fournie, B. and Fournie, A. (1992) Rhabdomyolysis due to simvastatin. Apropos of a case with review of the literature. Rev. Rhum. Mal. Osteo-Artic. 59: 281-283.
73. Dujovne, C. A., Chremos, A. N., Pool, J. L., Schnaper, H., Bradford, R. H., Shear, C. L., Higgins, J., Downton, M., Franklin, F. A., Nash, D. T., Gould, A. L. and Langendörfer, A. (1991) Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results: IV. Additional perspectives on the tolerability of lovastatin. Am. J. Med. 91: 25S-30S.
74. East, C., Alivizatos, P. A., Grundy, S. M., Jones, P. H. and Farmer, J. A. (1988) Rhabdomyolysis in patients receiving lovastatin after cardiac transplantation [letter]. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 47-48.
75. Eich, D., Thompson, J. A., Ko, D. J., Hastillo, A., Lower, R., Katz, S., Katz, M. and Hess, M. L. (1991) Hypercholesterolemia in long-term survivors of heart transplantation: an early marker of accelerated coronary artery disease. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 10: 45-49.
76. Endo, A., Kuroda, M. and Tsujita, Y. (1976) ML-236A, ML-236B and ML236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillum citrium. J. Antibiot. 29: 1376-1378.
77. Engel, G., Hofmann, U., Heidemann, H., Cosme, J. and Eichelbaum, M. (1996) Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine and norantipyrine formation. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 59: 613-623.
78. England, J. D. F., Walsh, J. C., Stewart, P., Boyd, I., Rohan, A. and Halmagyi, G. M. (1995) Mitochondrial myopathy developing on treatment with the HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: simvastatin and pravastatin. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 25: 374-375.
79. Escobales, N., Crespo, M. J., Altieri, P. I. and Furilla, R. A. (1996) Inhibition of smooth muscle cell calcium mobilization and aortic ring contraction by lactone vastatins. J. Hypertens. 14: 115-121.
80. Everett, D. W., Chando, T. J., Didonato, G. C., Singhvi, S. M., Pan, H. Y. and Weinstein, S. H. (1991) Biotransformation of pravastatin sodium in humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19: 740-748.
81. Farmer, J. A., Ballantyne, C. M., Frazier, O. H., Radovancevic, B., Payton-Ross, C., Patsch, W., Morrisett, J. D., Gotto, A. M., Jr. and Young, J. B. (1991) Lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein changes after cardiac transplantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 18: 926-930.
82. Feldmann, R., Mainetti, C. and Saurat, J. H. (1993) Skin lesions due to treatment with simvastatin (Zocor). Dermatology 186: 272.
83. Fernandez-Zatarin, G., Navarro, V., Garcia, H., Villatoro, J. and Calvo, C. (1994) Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with lovastatin. Nephron 66: 483-484.
84. Flint, O. P., Masters, B. A., Gregg, R. E. and Durham, S. K. (1997a) Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by squalene synthase inhibitors does not induce myotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 145: 91-98.
85. Flint, O. P., Masters, B. A., Gregg, R. E. and Durham, S. K. (1997b) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-induced myotoxicity: pravastatin and lovastatin inhibit the geranylgeranylation of low-molecular weight proteins in neonatal rat muscle cell cultures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 145: 99-110.
86. Floren, L. C., Bekersky, I., Benet, L. Z., Mekki, Q., Dressler, D., Lee, J. W., Roberts, J. P. and Hebert, M. F. (1997) Tacrolimus oral bioavailability doubles with coadministration of ketoconazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 62: 41-49.
87. Florijn, K. W., Chang, P. C., Van der Woude, F. J., Van Bockel, J. H. and Van Saase, J. L. C. M. (1994) Long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients after renal transplantation. Transplantation 57: 73-81.
88. Folkers, K., Langsjoen, P., Willis, R., Richardson, P., Xia, L. J., Ye, C. Q. and Tamagawa, H. (1990) Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8931-8934.
89. Frey, R., Ritter, W., Unger, S., Ochmann, K. and Wingender, W. (1997) Phase I study to investigate the effects of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin - a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Atherosclerosis 130 (Suppl.): S27.
90. Fujita, M., Russel, M. E., Masek, M. A., Rowan, R. A., Nagashima, K. and Billingham, M. E. (1993) Grafts vascular disease in the great vessels and vasa vasorum. Hum. Pathol. 24: 1067-1072.
91. Fukami, M., Maeda, N., Fukushige, J., Kogure, Y., Shimada, Y., Ogawa, T. and Tsujita, Y. (1993) Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on skeletal muscles of rabbits. Res. Exp. Med. 193: 263-273.
92. Gadbut, A. P., Caruso, A. P. and Galper, J. B. (1995) Differential sensitivity of C-2-C-12 striated muscle cells to lovastatin and pravastatin. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 27: 2397-2402.
93. Gaddi, A., Area, M., Ciarrocchi, A., Frazio, S., D'Alo, G., Trozzo, R., Descovich, G. C. and Calandra, S. (1991) Pravastatin on heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-lowering effect and LDL receptor activity on skin fibroblasts. Metabolism 40: 1074-1078.
94. Garnett, W. R. (1994) The pharmacology of fluvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Clin. Cardiol. 17 (Suppl. 4): IV3-IV10.
95. Garnett, W. R. (1995) Interactions with hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Am. J. Health-Systems Pharm. 52: 1639-1645.
96. Gascon, M.-P. and Dayer, P. (1991) In vitro forecasting of drugs which may interfere with the biotransformation of midazolam. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41: 573-578.
97. Gaw, A., Packard, C. J., Murray, E. F., Lindsay, G. M., Griffin, B. A., Caslake, M. J., Vallance, B. D., Lorimer, A. R. and Shepherd, J. (1993) Effects of simvastatin on ApoB metabolism and LDL subfraction distribution. Arterioscler. Thromb. 13: 170-189.
98. Gibson, D. M., Yang, B. B., Abel, R. B., Blum, R. A., Horton, M., Stern, R. H., Sedman, A. J. and Whitfield, L. R. (1996) Effects of hepatic and renal impairment on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of atorvastatin. Pharm. Res. 13 (Suppl. 9): S428.
99. Goldberg, R. B. and Roth, D. (1995) A preliminary report of the safety and efficacy of fluvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Am. J. Cardiol. 76: 107A-109A.
100. Goldberg, R. and Roth, D. (1996) Evaluation of fluvastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant recipients taking cyclosporine. Transplantation 62: 1559-1564.
101. Goldman, J. A., Fishman, A. B., Lee, J. E. and Johnson, R. J. (1989) The role of cholesterol-lowering agents in drug-induced rhabdomyolysis and polymyositis [letter]. Arthritis Rheum. 32: 358-359.
102. Gomez, D. Y., Wacher, V. J., Tomlanovich, S. J., Hebert, M. F. and Benet, L. Z. (1995) The effect of ketoconazole on the intestinal metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 58: 15-19.
103. Gottesman, M. M. and Pastan, I. (1993) Biochemistry of multidrug resistance mediated by the multidrug transporter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 385-427.
104. Greenspan, M. D., Yudkovitz, J. B., Alberts, A. W., Argenbright, L. S., Arison, B. H. and Smith, J. L. (1988) Metabolism of lovastatin by rat and human liver microsomes in vitro. Drug Metab. Dispos. 16: 768-782.
105. Grundy, S. M. (1988) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 319: 24-33.
106. Grundy, S. M. and Vega, G. L. (1985) Influence of mevinolin on metabolism of low density lipoproteins in primary moderate hypercholesterolemia. J. Lipid Res. 26: 1464-1475.
107. Guengerich, F. P. (1995) Human cytochrome P450 enzymes. In: Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry, 2nd edn., pp. 473-535, Ortiz de Montellano, P. R. (ed.) Plenum Press, New York.
108. Guillot, F., Misslin, P. and Lemaire, M. (1993) Comparison of fluvastatin and lovastatin blood-brain barrier transfer using in vitro and in vivo methods. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 21: 339-346.
109. Gupta, S., Kim, J. and Gollapudi, S. (1991) Reversal of daunorubicin resistance in P388/ADR cells by itraconazole. J. Clin. Invest. 87: 1467-1469.
110. Gupta, S. K., Bakran, A., Johnson, R. W. and Rowland, M. (1988) Erythromycin enhances the absorption of cyclosporine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25: 401-402.
111. Gupta, S. K., Bakran, A., Johnson, R. W. G. and Rowland, M. (1989) Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in renal transplant patients. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 27: 475-481.
112. Halpin, R. A., Ulm, E. H., Till, A. E., Kari, P. H., Vyas, K. P., Hunninghake, D. B. and Duggan, D. E. (1993) Biotransformation of lovastatin. V. Species differences in in vivo metabolite profiles of mouse, rat, dog, and human. Drug Metab. Dispos. 21: 1003-1011.
113. Halstenson, C. E., Triscari, J., DeVault, A. R., Shapiro, B., Keane, W. and Pan, H. (1992) Single dose pharmacokinetics of pravastatin and metabolites in patients with renal impairment. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32: 124-132.
114. Haria, M. and McTavish, D. (1997) Pravastatin: a reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the management of coronary heart disease. Drugs 53: 299-336.
115. Harris, A. L. and Hochhauser, D. (1992) Mechanism of multidrug resistance in cancer treatment. Acta Oncol. 31: 205-213.
116. Harris, M. L., Bron, A. J., Brown, N. A. P., Keech, A. C., Wallendszus, K. R., Armitage, J. M., MacMahon, S., Snibson, G. and Collins, R. (1995) Absence of effect of simvastatin on the progression of lens opacities in a randomised placebo controlled study. Oxford Cholesterol Study Group. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79: 996-1002.
117. Hebert, M. F., Roberts, J. P., Prueksaritanont, T. and Benet, L. Z. (1992) Bioavailability of cyclosporin with concomitant rifampin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 52: 453-457.
118. Henwood, J. M. and Heel, R. C. (1988) Lovastatin, a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic use in hyperlipidemia. Drugs 36: 429-454.
119. Hilbrands, L. B., Demacker, P. N. M., Hoitsma, A. J., Stalenhoef, A. F. H. and Koene, R. A. P. (1995) The effects of cyclosporine and prednisone on serum lipid and (Apo)lipoprotein levels in renal transplant recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5: 2073-2081.
120. Hino, I., Akama, H., Furuya, T., Ueda, H., Taniguchi, A., Hara, M. and Kashiwazaki, S. (1996) Pravastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. Arthritis Rheum. 39: 1259-1260.
121. Hoeg, J. M. and Brewer, H. B. (1987) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. JAMA 258: 3532-3536.
122. Hoffman, W. F., Alberts, A. W., Anderson, P. S., Chen, J. S., Smith, R. L. and Willard, A. K. (1986) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors: 4. Side chain ester derivatives of mevinolin. J. Med. Chem. 29: 849-852.
123. Hohage, H., Brueckner, D., Arlt, A., Buchholz, B. and Spieker, C. (1995) Comparison of risk factors in FK 506 and cyclosporine A treated transplant recipients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6: 1091.
124. Holdaas, H., Hartman, A., Stenstrom, J., Dahl, K. J., Borge, M. and Pfister, P. (1995) Effect of fluvastatin for safely lowering artherogenic lipids in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Am. J. Cardiol. 76: 102A-106A.
125. Holmberg, M., Sandberg, C., Nygren, P. and Larsson, R. (1994) Effects of lovastatin on a human myeloma cell line: increased sensitivity of a multidrug-resistant subline that expresses the 170 dDa P-glycoprotein. Anticancer Drugs 5: 598-600.
126. Hoof, T., Demmer, A., Christians, U. and Tümmler, B. (1993) Reversal of multidrug resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells by the immunosuppressive agent rapamycin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 246: 53-58.
127. Hosenpud, J. D., Shipley, G. D. and Wagner, C. R. (1992) Cardiac allograft vasculopathy: current concepts, recent developments, and future directions. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11: 9-23.
128. Hricik, D. E., Mayes, J. T. and Schulak, J. A. (1991) Independent effects of cyclosporine and prednisone on posttransplant hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 18: 353-358.
129. Hricik, D. E., Bartucci, M. R., Mayes, J. T. and Schulak, J. A. (1992) The effects of steroid withdrawal on the lipoprotein profiles of cyclosporine-treated kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. Transplantation 54: 868-871.
130. Hsu, I., Spinler, S. A. and Johnson, N. E. (1995) Comparative evaluation of the safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor monotherapy in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Ann. Pharmacother. 29: 743-759.
131. Hume, A. L. (1992) Comment: lovastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis in the absence of concomitant drugs. Ann. Pharmacother. 26: 1303.
132. Hunter, J. and Hirst, B. H. (1997) Intestinal secretion of drugs. The role of p-glycoprotein and related drug efflux systems in limiting oral absorption. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 25: 129-157.
133. Illingworth, D. R. and Tobert, J. A. (1994) A review of clinical trials comparing HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin. Ther. 16: 366-385.
134. Imagawa, D. K., Dawson, S., III, Holt, C. D., Kirk, P. S., Kaldas, F. M., Shackleton, C. R., Seu, P., Rudich, S. M., Kinkhabwala, M. M., Martin, P., Goldstein, L. I., Murray, N. G. B., Terasaki, P. I. and Busuttil, R. W. (1996) Hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation: natural history and treatment with the hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin. Transplantation 62: 934-942.
135. Insull, W., Stein, E., Whalen, E. and Ripa, S. (1997) Cerivastatin, a new potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: efficacy and tolerability in primary hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29 (Suppl. A): 46A.
136. Jacobson, T. A., Chin, M. M., Frommell, G. J., Jokubaitis, L. A. and Amorosa, L. F. (1994) Fluvastatin with and without niacin for hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 74: 149-154.
137. Jokubaitis, L. A. (1994) Updated clinical safety experience with fluvastatin. Am. J. Cardiol. 73: 18D-24D.
138. Jones, C. D. (1996) Lipitor™ (Atorvastatin calcium tablets). Clinical and biopharmaceutics review. FDA document NDA20-702: 1-39.
139. Jukema, J. W., Bruschke, A. V. G., van Boven, Ad. J., Reiber, J. H. C., Bal, E. T., Zwinderman, A. H., Jansen, H., Boerma, G. J. M., van Rappard, F. M. and Lie, K. I. (1995) Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The regression growth evaluation statin study (REGRESS). Circulation 91: 2528-2540.
140. Jungnickel, P. W., Cantral, K. A. and Maloley, P. A. (1992) Pravastatin: a new drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Clin. Pharmacol. 11: 677-689.
141. Kaminski, L. S. and Fasco, M. J. (1992) Small intestinal cytochromes P450. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 21: 407-422.
142. Kandus, A., Kovac, D., Bren, A. J., Koselj, M., Kveder, R. and Ivanovich, P. (1995) Therapy of hyperlipidemia with lovastatin (Lo) in patients (pts) with kidney graft on cyclosporine (Cy): 2-year follow-up. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6: 1097.
143. Kannel, W. B., Castelli, W., Gordon, T. and McNamara, P. M. (1971) Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and risk of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med. 74: 1-12.
144. Kasiske, B. L. (1988) Risk factors for accelerated atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients. Am. J. Med. 84: 985-992.
145. Kathalawa, F. G. (1991) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: an exciting development in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia. Med. Res. Rev. 11: 121-146.
146. Katznelson, S., Wilkinson, A. H., Kobashigawa, J. A., Wang, X.-M., Chia, D., Ozawa, M., Zhong, H.-P., Hirata, M., Cohen, A. H., Terasaki, P. I. and Danovitch, G. (1996) The effect of pravastatin on acute rejection after kidney transplantation. A pilot study. Transplantation 61: 1469-1474.
147. Kirk, J. K. and Dupuis, R. E. (1995) Approaches to the treatment of hyperlipidemia in the solid organ transplant recipient. Ann. Pharmacother. 29: 879-891.
148. Kitazawa, E., Tamura, N., Iwabuchi, H., Uchiyama, M., Muramatsu, S., Tkahagi, H. and Tanaka, M. (1993) Biotransformation of pravastatin sodium (I). Mechanism of enzymic transformation of epimerization of an allylic hydroxy group of pravastatin sodium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192: 597-602.
149. Knodell, R. G., Browne, D. G., Gwozdz, G. P., Brian, W. R. and Guengerich, F. P. (1991) Differential inhibition of individual human liver cyctochromes P450 by cimetidine. Gastroenterology 101: 1680-1691.
150. Knoll, R. W., Ciafone, R. and Galen, M. (1993) Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to combination therapy of hyperlipidemia with lovastatin and gemfibrozil. Conn. Med. 57: 593-594.
151. Kobashigawa, J. A., Murphy, F. L., Stevenson, L. W., Moriguchi, J. D., Kawata, N., Kamjoo, P., Brownfield, E., Wilmarth, J., Leonard, L., Chuck, C., Drinkwater, D. C. and Laks, H. (1990) Low-dose lovastatin safely lowers cholesterol after cardiac transplantation. Circulation 82: IV281-IV283.
152. Kobashigawa, J. A., Katznelson, S., Laks, H., Johnson, J. A., Yeatman, L., Wang, X. M., Chia, D., Terasaki, P. I., Sabad, A., Cogert, G., Trosian, K., Hamilton, M. A., Moriguchi, J. D., Kawata, N., Hage, A., Drinkwater, D. C. and Stevenson, L. W. (1995) Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 621-627.
153. Kocarek, T. A. and Reddy, A. B. (1996) Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression by inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in primary cultured rat hepatocytes and in rat liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 24: 1197-1204.
154. Kogan, A. D. and Orenstein, S. (1990) Lovastatin-induced acute rhabdomyolysis. Postgrad. Med. J. 1 B66: 294-296.
155. Kolars, J. C., Awni, W. M., Merion, R. M. and Watkins, P. B. (1991) First-pass metabolism of cyclosporin by the gut. Lancet 338: 1488-1490.
156. Kolars, J. C., Stetson, P. L., Rush, B. D., Ruwart, M. J., Schmiedlin-Ren, P., Duell, E. A., Voorhees, J. J. and Watkins, P. B. (1992) Cyclosporin A metabolism by P450IIIA in rat enterocytes - another determinant of oral bioavailability? Transplantation 53: 596-602.
157. Kolars, J. C., Lown, K. S., Schmiedlin-Ren, P., Ghosh, M., Fang, C., Wrighton, S. A., Merion, R. M. and Watkins, P. B. (1994) CYP3A gene expression in the human gut epithelium. Pharmacogenetics 4: 247-259.
158. Koppensteiner, R., Minar, E. and Ehringer, H. (1990) Effect of lovastatin on hemorheology in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 83: 53-58.
159. Kornbrust, D. J., MacDonald, J. S., Peter, C. P., Duchai, D. M., Stubbs, R. J., Germershausen, J. L. and Alberts, J. W. (1989) Toxicity of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin to rabbits. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Toxicol. 248: 498-505.
160. Kuo, P. C., Kirshenbaum, J. M., Gordon, J., Laffel, G., Young, P., Disesa, V. J., Mudge, G. H., Jr. and Vaughan, D. E. (1989) Lovastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemia in cardiac transplant recipients. Am. J. Cardiol. 64: 631-635.
161. Kuster, G. M., Drexel, H., Bleisch, J. A., Rentsch, K., Pei, P., Binswanger, U. and Amann, F. W. (1994) Relation of cyclosporine blood levels to adverse effects on lipoproteins. Transplantation 57: 1479-1483.
162. Lampen, A., Christians, U., Guengerich, F. P., Watkins, P., Kolars, J. C., Bader, A., Dralle, H., Hackbarth, I. and Sewing, K. F. (1995) Metabolism of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in the small intestine: cytochrome P450, drug interactions and interindividual variability. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23: 1315-1324.
163. Lampen, A., Christians, U., Bader, A., Hackbarth, I. and Sewing, K. F. (1996a) Drug interactions and interindividual variability of ciclosporin metabolism in the small intestine. Pharmacology 52: 159-168.
164. Lampen, A., Christians, U., Gonschior, A. K., Bader, A., Hackbarth, I., von Engelhardt, W. and Sewing, K. F. (1996b) Metabolism of the macrolide immunosuppressant tacrolimus by the pig mucosa in the Ussing chamber. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117: 1730-1734.
165. Lea, A. P. and McTavish, D. (1997) Atorvastatin: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of hyperlipidemias. Drugs 53: 828-847.
166. Leemann, T., Transon, C. and Dayer, P. (1993) Cytochrome P450tb Cyp2c. A major monooxygenase catalyzing diclofenac 4′-hydroxylation in human liver. Life Sci. 52: 29-34.
167. Lees, R. S. and Lees, A. M. (1995) Rhabdomyolysis from the coadministration of lovastatin and the antifungal agent itraconazole. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 664-665.
168. Lennernäs, H. and Fager, G. (1997) Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32: 403-425.
169. Lettieri, J., Kral, G., Mazzu, A., Fiebach, M. Z. and Heller, A. H. (1997) Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between cerivastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and digoxin. Atherosclerosis 130 (SuppL): S29.
170. Li, P. K. T., Mak, T. W. L., Chan, T. H., Wang, A., Lam, C. W. K. and Lai, K. N. (1995) Effect of fluvastatin on lipoprotein profiles in treating renal transplant recipients with dyslipoproteinemia. Transplantation 60: 652-656.
171. Luke, D. R., Beck, J. E., Vadiei, K., Yousefpour, M., Lemaistre, C. F. and Yau, J. C. (1990) Longitudinal study of cyclosporine and lipids in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 30: 163-169.
172. MAAS Investigators (1994) Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Ann. Intern. Med. 344: 633-638.
173. Madill, J., Mori, M., Gutierrez, C. and Kesten, S. (1996) The effect of serum lipid levels of lung transplant patients after changing from CsA to tacrolimus (FK506). Clin. Invest. Med. 19 (Suppl. 4): S99.
174. Mahony, J. F. (1989) Long-term results and complications of transplantation: the kidney. Transplant. Proc. 21: 1433-1434.
175. Manoukian, A. A., Bhagavan, N. V., Hayashi, T., Nestor, T. A., Rios, C. and Scottolini, A. G. (1990) Rhabdomyolysis secondary to lovastatin therapy. Clin. Chem. 36: 2145-2147.
176. Marais, G. E. and Larson, K. K. (1990) Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure induced by combination lovastatin and gemfibrozil therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 112: 228-230.
177. Marinella, M. A. (1995) More on lovastatin. West. J. Med. 162: 176-177.
178. Markell, M. S., Armenti, V., Danovitch, G. and Sumrani, N. (1994) Hyperlipidemia and glucose intolerance in the post-renal transplant patient. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 (Suppl. 1): S37-S47.
179. Martinez, M., Vaya, A., Marti, R., Gil, L., Lluch, I., Carmena, R. and Aznar, J. (1996) Erythrocyte membrane cholesterol-phospholipid changes and hemorheological modifications in familial hypercholesterolemia treated with lovastatin. Thromb. Res. 83: 373-388.
180. Martinez-Hernandez, B. E., Persaud, J. W., Varghese, Z. and Moorhead, J. F. (1993) Low-dose simvastatin is safe in hyperlipidemic renal transplant patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 8: 637-641.
181. Masters, B. A., Palmoski, M. J., Flint, O. P., Gregg, R. E., Wang-Iverson, D. and Durham, S. K. (1995) In vitro myotoxicity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, pravastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, using neonatal rat skeletal myocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 131: 163-174.
182. Mauro, V. F. and MacDonald, J. L. (1991) Simvastatin: a review of its pharmacology and clinical use. Ann. Pharmacother. 25: 257-264.
183. Mayer, J., Eller, T., Brauer, P., Solleder, E. M., Schaefer, R. M., Keller, F. and Kochsiek, K. (1992) Effects of long-term treatment with lovastatin on the clotting system and blood platelets. Ann. Hematol. 64: 196-201.
184. Mazzu, A., Lettieri, J., Hogan, C., Kaiser, L. and Heller, A. H. (1997) A multiple dose study on the safety and pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin in young and elderly male volunteers. Atherosclerosis 130 (Suppl.): S29.
185. McAllister, H. A., Radovancevic, B. and Frazier, O. H. (1996) Sudden cardiac death in a cardiac transplant recipient. Circulation 94 (Suppl.): II273-II277.
186. McTavish, D. and Sorkin, E. M. (1992) Pravastatin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 42: 65-89.
187. Meier, C., Stey, C., Brack, T., Maggiorini, M., Risti, B. and Krahenbuhl, S. (1995) Rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with simvastatin and ciclosporin: role of hepatic cytochrome P450 system activity. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 125: 1342-1346.
188. Merck Press Release (1997) Merck update on trials of high dose 'statins'. Filing date for 80 mg tablet announced; high dose arm discontinued. PR News Wire via Dow Jones, May 19.
189. Mitchel, Y. B. (1991) The long-term tolerability profile of lovastatin and simvastatin. Atherosclerosis 97 (Suppl.): S33-S39.
190. Mor, E., Atillasoy, E., Kreizman, I., Kolesnikov, V., Moran, V., Schwartz, B., Sheiner, P. A., Schwartz, M. E., Miller, C. M. and Berk, P. (1994) Late effects of cyclosporine and FK506 on lipid metabolism in liver transplant recipients. Hepatology 20 (Part 2): 123A.
191. Motomura, N., Saito, S. and Foegh, M. L. (1997) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in organ transplantation. J. Nephrol. 10: 68-76.
192. 2-antagonist cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35: 261-264.
193. Muck, W., Ritter, W., Frey, R., Wetzelsberger, N., Lücker, P. W. and Kuhlmann, J. (1997b) Influence of colestyramine on the pharmacokinetics of cerivastatin. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35: 250-254.
194. Muhlmeister, H. F., Hamilton, M. A., Cogert, G. A., Cassem, J. D., Sabad, A. and Kobashigawa, J. A. (1997) Long-term HMG-CoA reductase inhibition appears safe and effective after cardiac transplantation. J. Invest. Med. 45: 139A.
195. Muramatsu, S., Miyaguchi, K., Iwabuchi, H., Matsushita, Y., Nakamura, T., Kinoshita, T., Tanaka, M. and Takahagi, H. (1992) Metabolism of pravastatin sodium in isolated rat hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 22: 487-498.
196. Murgia, M. G., Jordan, S. and Kahan, B. D. (1996) The side effect profile of sirolimus: a phase I study in quiescent cyclosporine-prednisone treated renal transplant patients. Kidney Int. 49: 209-216.
197. 2+ increase and cell damage in L6 rat myoblasts by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202: 1579-1585.
198. Negre-Aminou, P., Van Vliet, A. K., Van Erck, M., Van Thiel, G. C. F., Van Leeuwen, R. E. W. and Cohen, L. H. (1997) Inhibition of proliferation of human smooth muscle cells by various HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; comparison with other human cell types. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1345: 259-268.
199. Neuvonen, P. J. and Jalava, M. D. (1996) Itraconazole drastically increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 60: 54-61.
200. Neuvonen, P. J., Kantola, T. and Krivistö, K. T. (1998) Simvastatin, but not pravastatin, is very susceptible to interact with the CYP3A inhibitor itraconazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 63: 332-341.
201. Newman, T. J., Kassler-Taub, K. B., Gelarden, R. T., Korzin, E. G., Devault, A. R., Mcgovern, M. E. and Pan, H. Y. (1990) Clinical safety of pravastatin in long-term clinical trials in the United States. J. Drug Dev. 3 (Suppl. 2): 275-281.
202. Norman, D. J., Illingworth, D. R., Muson, J. and Hosenpud, J. (1988) Myolysis and acute renal failure in a heart transplant patient receiving lovastatin. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 46-47.
203. Olbricht, C., Wanner, C., Eisenhauer, T., Kliem, V., Doll, R., Boddaert, M., O'Graidy, P., Krekler, M., Mangold, B. and Christians, U. (1997) Accumulation of lovastatin, but not pravastatin, in the blood of cyclosporine-treated kidney graft patients after multiple doses. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 62: 311-321.
204. Olkkola, P. T., Aranko, K., Luurila, H., Hiller, A., Saarnivaara, L., Himberg, J.-J. and Neuvonen, P. J. (1993) A potentially hazardous interaction between erythromycin and midazolam. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 53: 298-305.
205. Olkkola, P. T., Backman, J. T. and Neuvonen, P. J. (1994) Midazolam should be avoided in patients receiving systemic antimycotics ketoconazole and itraconazole. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 55: 481-485.
206. Pan, H. Y., Willard, D. A. and Funke, P. T. (1987) The clinical pharmacology of SQ31,000 (CS514) in healthy subjects. In: Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism, pp. 255-259, Paoletti, R., Kritchevsky, D. and Holmes, W. L. (eds.) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
207. Pan, H. Y., Swanson, B. N., DeVault, A. R., Willard, D. A. and Brescia, D. (1988) Antipyrine elimination is not affected by chronic administration of pravastatin (SQ 31,000), a tissue selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Clin. Res. 36: 368A.
208. Pan, H. Y., Triscari, J., DeVault, A. R., Smith, S. A., Wang-Iverson, D., Swanson, B. N. and Willard, D. A. (1991) Pharmacokinetic interaction between propranolol and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors pravastatin and lovastatin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31: 665-670.
209. Pedersen, T. R. and Tobert, J. A. (1996) Benefits and risks of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the prevention of coronary heart disease: a reappraisal. Drug Saf. 11: 11-24.
210. Pflugfelder, P. W., Huff, M., Oskalns, R., Rudas, L. and Kostuk, W. J. (1995) Cholesterol-lowering therapy after heart transplantation: a 12-month randomized trial. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 14: 613-622.
211. Phan, T., McLeod, S. J. G., Pollard, J. D., Peiris, O., Rohan, A. and Halpern, J. P. (1995) Peripheral neuropathy associated with simvastatin. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 58: 625-628.
212. Pichard, L., Fabre, I., Fabre, G., Domerque, J., Saint Aubert, B., Mourad, G. and Maurel, P. (1990) Cyclosporin A drug interactions. Screening for inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and in liver microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 18: 595-606.
213. Pierce, L. R., Wysowski, D. K. and Gross, T. P. (1990) Myopathy and rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy. JAMA 264: 71-75.
214. Pierno, S., De Luca, A., Tricarico, D., Roselli, A., Natuzzi, F., Ferrannini, E., Laico, M. and Camerino, D. C. (1995) Potential risk of myopathy by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a comparison of pravastatin and simvastatin effects on membrane electrical properties of rat skeletal muscle fibers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 275: 1490-1496.
215. Pirsch, J. D., D'Alessandro, A. M., Sollinger, H. W., Knechtle, S. J., Reed, A., Kalayoglu, M. and Belzer, F. O. (1992) Hyperlipemia and transplantation: etiologic factors and therapy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2: S238-S242.
216. Plosker, G. L. and McTavish, D. (1995) Simvastatin: a reappraisal of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 50: 334-363.
217. Plosker, G. L. and Wagstaff, A. J. (1996) Fluvastatin: a review of its pharmacology and use in the management of hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 51: 433-459.
218. Quion, J. A. V. and Jones, P. H. (1994) Clinical pharmacokinetics of pravastatin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 27: 94-103.
219. Raimondeau, J., Le Marec, H., Chevallier, J. C. and Bouhour, J. B. (1992) Biological myolysis during combined fenofibrate-pravastatin therapy. Presse Med. 21: 663-664.
220. Raine, A. E. G., MacMahon, S. H., Selwood, N. H., Wing, A. J. and Brunner, F. P. (1991) Mortality from myocardial infarction in patients on renal replacement therapy in the UK. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 6: 902.
221. Ramdani, M., Schmitt, A.-M., Liautard, J., Duhamel, O., Legroux, P., Gislon, J., Pariente, E.-A., Agay, D. and Faure, D. (1991) Simvastatin-induced acute pancreatitis: two new cases. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 15: 986.
222. Rayyes, O. A., Wallmark, A. and Floren, C.-H. (1996) Cyclosporine inhibits catabolism of low-density lipoproteins in HepG2 cells by about 25 percent. Hepatology 24: 613-619.
223. Reaven, P. and Witztum, J. L. (1988) Lovastatin, nicotinic acid, and rhabdomyolysis [letter]. Ann. Intern. Med. 109: 597-598.
224. Regazzi, M. B., Iacona, I., Campana, C., Raddato, V., Lesi, C., Perani, G., Gavazzi, A. and Vigano, M. (1993) Altered disposition of pravastatin following concomitant drug therapy with cyclosporin A in transplant recipients. Transplant. Proc. 25: 2732-2734.
225. Rehman, M. A., Al-Sulaiman, M. H., Mousa, D. H., Al-Hawas, F. A., Abdalla, A. H., Rassoul, Z. and Al-Khader, A. A. (1995) Effects of simvastatin in hyperlipidemic renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Transplantation 27: 397-399.
226. Reijneveld, J. C., Koot, R. W., Bredman, J. J., Joles, J. A. and Bar, P. R. (1996) Differential effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on the development of myopathy in young rats. Pediatr. Res. 39: 1028-1035.
227. Rendic, S. and DiCarlo, F. J. (1997) Human cytochrome P450 enzymes: a status report summarizing their reactions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors. Drug Metab. Rev. 29: 413-580.
228. Rimon, D., Ludatscher, R. and Cohen, L. (1984) Clofibrate-induced muscular syndrome. Isr. J. Med. Sci. 20: 1082-1086.
229. Ritter, W., Oehmann, K., Mück, W. and Kuhlmann, J. (1997) Absolute and relative bioavailability of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor cerivastatin. Arch. Pharmacol. 355 (Suppl.): R127.
230. Rosenberg, A. D., Neuwirth, M. G., Kagen, L. J., Singh, K., Fischer, H. D. and Bernstein, R. L. (1995) Intraoperative rhabdomyolysis in a patient receiving pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor. Anesth. Analg. 81: 1089-1091.
231. Rothwell, W. S., Charlton, M. R., Porayko, M. K., Hay, J. E., Gores, G. J., Poterucha, J. J., Steers, J. L., Krom, R. A. F. and Wiesner, R. H. (1995) Conversion to FK506 immunosuppression regimen is associated with a decrease in serum cholesterol levels. Hepatology 22 (Part 2): 143A.
232. Rowland, M. and Gupta, S. K. (1987) Cyclosporin-phenytoin interaction: re-evaluation using metabolite data. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 24: 329-344.
233. Sacks, F. M., Pfeffer, M. A., Moye, L. A., Rouleau, J. L., Rutherford, J. D., Cole, T. G., Brown, L., Warnica, J. W., Arnold, J. M. O., Wun, C.-C., Davis, B. R. and Braunwald, E. (1996) The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 1001-1009.
234. Saeki, T., Ueda, K., Tanigawara, Y., Hori, R. and Komano, T. (1993) Human p-glycoprotein transports cyclosporin A and FK506. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 6077-6080.
235. Sattler, M., Guengerich, F. P., Yun, C. H., Christians, U. and Sewing, K. F. (1992) Cytochrome P4503A enzymes are responsible for biotransformation of FK506 and rapamycin in man and rat. Drug Metab. Dispos. 20: 753-761.
236. Schinkel, A. H., Smit, J. J. M., Van Tellingen, O., Beijnen, J. H., Wagenaar, E., Van Deemter, L., Mol, C. A. A. M., Van Der Valk, M. A., Robanus-Maandag, E. C., Te Riele, H. P. J., Berns, A. J. M. and Borst, P. (1994) Disruption of mouse mdr la-P-glycoprotein gene leads to deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell 77: 491-502.
237. Schinkel, A. H., Wagenaar, E., Van Deemter, L., Mol, C. A. A. M. and Borst, P. (1995) Mdr 1A p-glycoprotein in mice affects tissue distribution and pharmacology of cyclosporin A, digoxin and dexamethasone. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1698-1705.
238. Schinkel, A. H., Mayer, U., Wagenaar, E., Mol, C. A. A. M., Van Deemter, L., Smit, J. J. M., Van Der Valk, M. A., Voordouw, A. C., Spits, H. and Van Tellingen, O. (1997) Normal viability and altered pharmacokinetics in mice lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4028-4033.
239. Schmidt, J., Schmidt, C., Hockwin, O., Paulus, U. and von Bergmann, K.-V. (1994) Ocular drug safety and HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors. Ophthalmol. Res. 26: 352-360.
240. Schweitzer, E. J., Matas, A. J., Gillingham, K. J., Payne, W. D., Gores, P. F., Dunn, D. L., Sutherland, D. E. R. and Najarian, J. S. (1991) Causes of renal allograft loss: progress in the 1980s, challenges for the 1990s. Ann. Surg. 214: 679-688.
241. Sehayek, E., Butbul, E., Avner, R., Levkovitz, H. and Eisenberg, S. (1994) Enhanced cellular metabolism of very low density lipoprotein by simvastatin. A novel mechanism of action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 24: 173-178.
242. Seiler, C., Hess, O. M., Buechi, M., Suter, T. M. and Krayenbuehl, H. P. (1993) Influence of serum cholesterol-lowering therapy and other coronary risk factors on vasomotion of angiographically normal coronary arteries. Circulation 88: 2139-2148.
243. Serajuddin, A. T. M., Ranadive, S. A. and Mahoney, E. M. (1991) Relative lipophilicities, solubilities, and structure pharmacological considerations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors pravastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin. J. Pharm. Sci. 80: 830-834.
244. Serizawa, N., Nakagawa, K., Tsujita, Y., Terahara, A., Kuwano, H. and Tanaka, M. (1983) 6-Alpha-hydroxy-iso-ML-236B (6-alpha-hydroxy-iso-compactin) and ML-236A, microbial transformation products of ML-236B. J. Antibiot. 36: 918-920.
245. Sharples, L. D., Caine, D., Mullins, P., Scott, J. P., Solis, E., English, T. A. H., Large, S. R., Schofield, P. M. and Wallwork, J. (1991) Risk factor analysis for the major hazards following heart transplantation: rejection, infection, and coronary heart disease. Transplantation 52: 244-252.
246. Shviro, I. and Leitersdorf, E. (1996) Targeted prevention of coronary artery disease: pharmacological considerations in multimodality treatment. Cardiology 87: 469-475.
247. Singh, A. and Tejani, A. (1996) Hyperlipidemia in children: the role of uremia, steroids and cyclosporine therapy. Nephron 74: 529-535.
248. Singhvi, S. M., Pan, H. Y., Morrison, R. A. and Willard, D. A. (1990) Disposition of pravastatin sodium, a tissue-selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29: 239-243.
249. Sirtori, C. R. (1993) Tissue selectivity of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. Pharmacol. Ther. 60: 431-459.
250. Slater, E. E. and MacDonald, J. S. (1988) Mechanism of action and biological profile of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: a new therapeutic alternative. Drugs 36 (Suppl. 3): 72-82.
251. Smith, H. T., Jokubaitis, L. A., Troendle, A. J., Hwang, D. S. and Robinson, W. T. (1993) Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin and specific drug interactions. Am. J. Hypertens. 6: 375S-382S.
252. Smith, P. F., Eydelloth, R. S., Grossman, S. J., Stubbs, R. J., Schwartz, M. S., Germershausen, J. I., Vyas, K. P., Kari, P. H. and MacDonald, J. S. (1991) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-induced myopathy in the rat: cyclosporine A interaction and mechanism studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257: 1225-1235.
253. Soucek, P. and Gut, I. (1992) Cytochromes P-450 in rats: structures, functions, properties and relevant human forms. Xenobiotica 22: 83-103.
254. Spach, D. H., Bauwens, J. E., Clark, C. D. and Burke, W. G. (1991) Rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin and erythromycin use. West. J. Med. 154: 213-215.
255. Stegall, M. D., Everson, G. T., Schroter, G., Karrer, F., Bilir, B., Sternberg, T., Shrestha, R., Wachs, M. and Kam, I. (1997) Prednisone withdrawal late after adult liver transplantation reduces diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia without causing graft loss. Hepatology 25: 173-177.
256. Steinberg, D., Parthasarathy, S., Carew, T. E., Khoo, J. C. and Witztum, J. L. (1989) Beyond cholesterol, modification of low density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 915-924.
257. Steinbrecher, U. P., Zhang, H. and Lougheed, M. (1990) Role of oxidatively modified LDL in atherosclerosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9: 155-168.
258. Steiner, A., Weisser, B. and Vetter, W. A. (1991) Comparative review of the adverse effects of treatments for hyperlipidemia. Drug Saf. 6: 118-130.
259. Steinmüller, T. M., Gräf, K.-J., Schleicher, J., Leder, K., Bechstein, W. O., Müller, A. R., Dette, K., Schulz, E. and Neuhaus, P. (1994) The effect of FK506 versus cyclosporine on glucose and lipid metabolism: a randomized trial. Transplantation 58: 669-674.
260. Stiller, M. J., Pak, G. H., Kenny, C., Jondreau, L., Davis, I., Wachsman, S. and Shupack, J. L. (1992) Elevation of fasting serum lipids in patients treated with low-dose cyclosporine for severe plaque-type psoriasis: an assessment of clinical significance when viewed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 27: 434-438.
261. Superko, H. R., Haskell, W. L. and Di Ricco, C. D. (1990) Lipoprotein and hepatic lipase activity and high-density lipoprotein subclasses after cardiac transplantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 66: 1131-1134.
262. Sylvain-Moore, H. and Worden, J. P., Jr. (1991) Lovastatin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Heart Lung 20: 464-466.
263. Tang, B.-K. and Kalow, W. (1995) Variable activation of lovastatin by hydrolytic enzymes in human plasma and liver. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 47: 449-451.
264. The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group (1994) Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344: 1383-1389.
265. The Simvastatin Pravastatin Study Group (1993) Comparison of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of simvastatin and pravastatin for hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol. 71: 1408-1414.
266. Thiebaut, F., Tsuro, T., Hamada, H., Gottesman, M. M., Pastan, I. and Willingham, M. C. (1987) Cellular localization of the multidrug resistance gene product p-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 7735-7738.
267. Thompson, G. R., Naoumova, R. P. and Watts, G. F. (1996) Role of cholesterol in regulating apolipoprotein B secretion by the liver. J. Lipid Res. 37: 439-447.
268. Tobert, J. A. (1988a) Efficacy and long-term adverse effect pattern of lovastatin. Am. J. Cardiol. 62: 28J-34J.
269. Tobert, J. A. (1988b) Rhabdomyolysis in patients receiving lovastatin after cardiac transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 48.
270. Tobert, J. A., Shear, C. L., Chremos, A. N. and Mantell, G. E. (1990) Clinical experience with lovastatin. Am. J. Cardiol. 65: 23F-26F.
271. Todd, P. A. and Goa, K. L. (1990) Simvastatin: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in primary hypercholesterolemia. Drugs 40: 583-607.
272. Transon, C., Leemann, T., Vogt, N. and Dayer, P. (1995) In vivo inhibition profile of cytochrome P450TB (CYP2C9) by (+/-) fluvastatin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 58: 412-417.
273. Transon, C., Leemann, T. and Dayer, P. (1996) In vitro comparative inhibition profiles of major human drug metabolising cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP 2C9, CYP 2D6, and CYP 3A4) by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 50: 209-215.
274. Treasure, C. B., Klein, J. L., Weintraub, W. S., Talley, J. D., Stillabower, M. E., Kosinski, A. S., Zhang, J., Boccuzzi, S. J., Cedarholm, J. C. and Alexander, R. W. (1995) Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 332: 481-487.
275. Triscari, J., O'Donnell, D., Zinny, M. and Pan, H. Y. (1995) Gastrointestinal absorption of pravastatin in healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 35: 142-144.
276. Troendle, A. J. (1994) Clinical reviews of fluvastatin: short-term and long-term data. Clin. Cardiol. 17 (Suppl. 4): IV11-IV15.
277. Tse, F. L. S., Smith, H. T., Ballard, F. H. and Nicoletti, J. (1990) Disposition of fluvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 11: 519-531.
278. Tse, F. L. S., Jaffe, J. M. and Troendle, A. (1992) Pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin after single and multiple doses in normal volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32: 630-638.
279. Van den Dorpel, M. A., Ghanem, H., Rischen-Vos, J., Veld, A. J. M. I., Jansen, H. and Weimar, W. (1997) Conversion from cyclosporine A to azathioprine treatment improves LDL oxidation in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 51: 1608-1612.
280. Vanhaecke, J., Van Cleemput, J., Van Lierde, J., Daenen, W. and De Geest, H. (1994) Safety and efficacy of low dose simvastatin in cardiac transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine. Transplantation 58: 42-45.
281. Vaughan, C. J., Murphy, M. B. and Buckley, B. M. (1996) Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 348: 1079-1082.
282. Veerkamp, J. H., Smit, J. W. A., Benders, A. A. G. M. and Oosterhof, A. (1996) Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on growth and differentiation of cultured rat skeletal muscle cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1315: 217-222.
283. Velosa, J. A., LaBelle, P., Ronca, P. D., Stubbs, R. J., Carreiro, L. H., Goldberg, R. L., Schwartz, F. L. and Brinker, K. R. (1992) Pharmacokinetics of lovastatin in renal transplant patients on azathioprine or cyclosporine. Clin. Nephrol. 37: 325.
284. Vickers, S. and Duncan, C. A. (1991) Studies on the metabolic inversion of the 6′ chiral center of simvastatin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181: 1508-1515.
285. Vickers, S., Duncan, C. A., Chen, I.-W, Rosegay, A. and Duggan, D. E. (1990a) Metabolic disposition studies on simvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering pro-drug. Drug Metab. Dispos. 18: 138-145.
286. Vickers, S., Duncan, C. A., Yyas, K. P., Kari, P. H., Arison, B., Prakash, S. R., Ramjit, H. G., Pitzenberger, S. M., Stokker, G. and Duggan, D. E. (1990b) In vitro and in vivo biotransformation of simvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Drug Metab. Dispos. 18: 476-483.
287. Vita, J. A., Treasure, C. B. and Nabel, E. G. (1990) Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation 81: 491-497.
288. Vormfelde, S. V., Gleiter, C. M., Freudenthaler, S., Mück, W., Schmage, N., Kuhlmann, J. and Gundert-Remy, U. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of single dose cerivastatin in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Atherosclerosis 130 (Suppl.): S33.
289. Vos, J., deFeyter, J., Simoons, M. L., Tijssen, J. G. P. and Deckers, J. W. (1993) Retardation and arrest of progression or regression of coronary artery disease: a review. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 35: 435-454.
290. Vyas, K. P., Kari, P. H., Pitzenberger, S. M., Halpin, R. A., Ramjit, H. G., Arison, B., Murphy, J. S., Hoffman, W. F., Schwartz, M. S., Ulm, E. H. and Duggan, D. E. (1990a) Biotransformation of lovastatin. I. Structure elucidation of in vitro and in vivo metabolites in rat and mouse. Drug Metab. Dispos. 18: 203-211.
291. Vyas, K. P., Kari, P. H., Prakash, S. R. and Duggan, S. R. (1990b) Biotransformation of lovastatin. II. In vitro metabolism by rat and mouse liver microsomes and involvement of cytochrome P-450 in dehydrogenation. Drug Metab. Dispos. 18: 218-222.
292. Vyas, K. P., Kari, P. H., Wang, R. W. and Lu, A. Y. H. (1990c) Biotransformation of lovastatin- III. Effect of cimetidine and famotidine on in vitro metabolism by rat and human liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 39: 67-73.
293. Wacher, V. J., Wu, C. Y. and Benet, L. Z. (1995) Overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distribution of cytochrome P-450 3A and p-glycoprotein: implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy. Mol. Carcinog. 13: 129-134.
294. Wacher, V. J., Salphati, L. and Benet, L. Z. (1996) Active secretion and drug metabolism barriers to drug absorption. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 20: 99-112.
295. Wallace, C. S. and Mueller, B. A. (1992) Lovastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis in the absence of concomitant drugs. Ann. Pharmacother. 26: 190-192.
296. Walravens, P., Kari, P. H., Greene, C. and Freeman, F. E. (1989) Lovastatin, isoprenes and myopathy. Lancet ii: 1097.
297. Wang, R. W., Kari, P. H., Lu, A. Y. H., Thomas, P. E., Guenger-ich, F. P. and Vyas, K. P. (1991) Biotransformation of lovastatin IV. Identification of cytochrome P450 3A proteins as the major enzymes responsible for oxidative metabolism of lovastatin in rat and human liver microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 290: 355-361.
298. Wanner, C., Frommherz, K. and Horl, W. H. (1991) Hyperlipoproteinemia in chronic renal failure: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Cardiology 78: 202-217.
299. Wanner, C., Bartens, W. and Galle, J. (1995) Clinical utility of antilipidemic therapies in chronic renal allograft failure. Kidney Int. 52: S60-S62.
300. Watkins, P. B., Wrighton, S. A., Schuetz, E. G. and Guzelian, P. S. (1987) Identification of glucocorticoid-inducible cytochromes P-450 in the intestinal mucosa of rats and man. J. Clin. Invest. 80: 1029-1036.
301. Weissberg, P. L., Clesham, G. J. and Benett, M. R. (1996) Is vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation beneficial? Lancet 347: 305-307.
302. West, M., Sutherland, D. E. R. and Matas, A. J. (1996) Kidney transplant recipients who die with functioning grafts: serum creatinine level and cause of death. Transplantation 62: 1029-1030.
303. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group (1995) Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1301-1307.
304. Wiklund, O., Angelin, B., Bergman, M., Berglund, L., Bondjers, G., Carlsson, A., Linden, T., Miettinen, T., Odman, B., Olofsson, S.-O., Saarinen, I., Lipilä, R., Sjöström, P., Keon, B., Vannanen, H. and Wright, I. (1993) Pravastatin and gemfibrozil alone and in combination for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Med. 94: 13-20.
305. Wrighton, S. A., VandenBranden, M., Steven, J. C., Shipley, L. A. and Ring, B. J. (1993) In vitro methods for assessing human hepatic drug metabolism: their use in drug development. Drug Metab. Rev. 25: 453-484.
306. Wu, C.-Y., Benet, L. Z., Hebert, M. F., Gupta, S. K., Rowland, M., Gomez, D. Y. and Wacher, V. J. (1995) Differentiation of absorption, first pass gut and hepatic metabolism in man. Studies with cyclosporine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 58: 492-497.
307. Yamazaki, M., Akiyama, S., Nishigaki, R. and Sugiyama, Y. (1996a) Uptake is the rate-limiting step in the overall hepatic elimination of pravastatin at steady-state in rats. Pharm. Res. 13: 1559-1564.
308. Yamazaki, M., Suzuki, H. and Sugiyama, Y. (1996b) Recent advances in carrier-mediated hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of xenobiotics. Pharm. Res. 13: 497-513.
309. Yamazaki, M., Tokui, T., Ishigami, M. and Sugiyama Y. (1996c) Tissue-selective uptake of pravastatin in rats: contribution of a specific carrier-mediated uptake system. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 17: 775-789.
310. Yang, B. B., Hounslow, N. J., Sedman, A. J. and Forgue, S. T. (1996a) Effects of atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on hepatic oxidative metabolism of antipyrine. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36: 356-360.
311. Yang, B. B., Smithers, J. A., Siedlik, P. H., Sedman, A. J. and Stern, R. H. (1996b) Atorvastatin pharmacokinetic interactions with other CYP3A4 substrates: erythromycin and ethinyl estradiol. Pharm. Res. 13 (Suppl. 1): S437.
312. Yang, B. B., Smithers, J. A., Stern, H. R., Sedman, A. J. and Olson, S. C. (1996c) Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of atorvastatin and its active metabolites. Pharm. Res. 13 (Suppl. 1): S437.
313. Yoshimura, N., Oka, T., Okamoto, M. and Ohmori, Y. (1992) The effects of pravastatin on hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 53: 94-99.
314. Yoshimura, N., Ohmori, Y., Tsuji, T. and Oka, T. (1994) Effect of pravastatin on renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine - 4 year follow-up. Transplant. Proc. 26: 2632-2633.
315. Ziegler, K., Blumrich, M. and Hummelsiep, S. (1994) The transporter for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin is not present in HEP G2 cells. Evidence for the nonidentity of the carrier for pravastatin and certain transport systems for BSP. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1223: 195-201.
316. Zimmerman, J. J. and Kahan, B. D. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of sirolimus in stable renal transplant patients after multiple oral dose administration. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37: 405-415.