Localization of orphanin FQ (nociceptin) peptide and messenger RNA in the central nervous system of the rat

Journal of Comparative Neurology

Volumn 406, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 503-547

  Neal Jr , Charles R ^a,b   Mansour, Alfred ^c   Reinscheid, Rainer ^d   Nothacker, Hans Peter ^e   Civelli, Olivier ^e   Watson Jr , Stanley J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^c Pharmaco Genesis   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunohistochemistry; In situ hybridization; Mapping; mRNA; Polyclonal antibody

Indexed keywords

DELTA OPIATE RECEPTOR; KAPPA OPIATE RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; MU OPIATE RECEPTOR; NOCICEPTIN; PRODYNORPHIN; PROENKEPHALIN; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN;

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BODY EQUILIBRIUM; BRAIN STEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; FOREBRAIN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; MOTIVATION; MOTOR CONTROL; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REWARD; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SPINAL CORD; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

ANIMALS; AUTORADIOGRAPHY; BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COLCHICINE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MALE; OPIOID PEPTIDES; PROSENCEPHALON; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; RECEPTORS, OPIOID; RNA, MESSENGER; SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 0345040171     PISSN: 00219967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990419)406:4<503::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-P     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. 2+ channel current in rat sensory neurons by G-protein-independent mechanisms. J Neurosci 17:8721-8728.
2. Aitkin LM, Irving DRK, Webster WR. 1984. Central neural mechanisms of hearing. In: Smith ID, editor. Handbook of physiology. New York: American Physiological Society. p 675-737.
3. Alheid GF, de Olmos JS, Beltramino CA. 1995. The amygdala and extended amygdala. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press, Inc. p 495-578.
4. Altschuler SM, Bao X, Bieger D, Hopkins DA, Miselis RR. 1989. Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary tract and spinal trigeminal tracts. J Comp Neurol 283:248-268.
5. Anton B, Fein J, To T, Li X, Silberstein L, Evans CJ. 1996. Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol 368:229-251.
6. 14-orphanin FQ with the orphanin FQ receptor: kinetics and modulation by calions and guanine nucleotides. Mol Pharmacol 51:816-824.
7. Borisova NA, Proshlyakova EV, Sapronova AY, Ugrumov MF. 1996. Androgen-dependent sex differences in the hypothalamic serotoninergic system. Eur J Endocrinol 134:232-235.
8. Bunzow JR, Saez C, Mortrud M, Bouvier C, Williams JT, Low M, Grandy DK. 1994. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a putative member of the rat opioid receptor gene family that is not a mu, delta or kappa opioid receptor type. FEBS Lett 347:284-288.
9. Butour JL, Moisand C, Mazarguil H, Mollereau C, Meunier JC. 1997. Recognition and activation of the opioid receptor-like ORL 1 receptor by nociceptin, nociceptin analogs and opioids. Eur J Pharmacol 321:97-103.
10. Byrum CE, Guyenet PG. 1987. Afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group in the rat. J Comp Neurol 261:529-542.
11. Cabeza de Vaca S, Carr KD. 1998. Food restriction enhances the central rewarding effect of abused drugs. J Neurosci 18:7502-7510.
12. Ceccatelli S, Cortes R, Hökfelt T. 1991. Effect of reserpine and colchicine on neuropeptide mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 9:57-69.
13. Champion HC, Kadowitz PJ. 1997a. Nociceptin, an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, has novel hypotensive activity in the rat. Life Sci 60:PL241-PL245.
14. Champion HC, Kadowitz PJ. 1997b. [Tyr 1]-nociceptin, a novel nociceptin analog, decreases systemic arterial pressure by a naloxone-insensitive mechanism in the rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 234:309-312.
15. Champion HC, Czapla MA, Kadowitz PJ. 1997. Nociceptin, an endogenous ligand for the ORL 1 receptor, decreases cardiac output and total peripheral resistance in the rat. Peptides 18:729-732.
16. Chen Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Mestek A, Tian M, Kozak CA, Yu L. 1994. Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and chromosomal localization of a novel member of the opioid receptor gene family. FEBS Lett 347:279-283.
17. Civelli O, Nothacker H-P, Bourson A, Ardati A, Monsma F, Reinscheid R. 1997. Orphan receptors and their natural ligands. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 17:545-550.
18. Connor M, Vaughan CW, Chieng B, Christie MJ. 1996. Nociceptin receptor coupling to potassium conductance in locus coeruleus neurons in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 119:1614-1618.
19. 2+ in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol 118:205-207.
20. Cortes R, Ceccatelli S, Schalling M, Hökfelt T. 1990. Differential effects of intracerebroventricular colchicine administration on the expression of mRNAs for neuropeptides and neurotransmitter enzymes, with special emphasis on galanin: an in situ hybridization study. Synapse 6:369-391.
21. Davis EC, Popper P, Gorski RA. 1996. The role of apoptosis in sexual differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Brain Res 734:10-18.
22. Dawson-Basoa M, Gintzler A. 1997. Nociceptin torphanin FQ) abolishes gestational and ovarian sex steroid-induced antinociception and induces hyperalgesia, Brain Res 750:48-52.
23. Devine DP, Taylor L, Reinscheid RK, Monsma FJ, Civelli O, Akil H. 1996a. Rats rapidly develop tolerance to the locomotor-inhibiting effects of the novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ, Neurochem Res 21:1387-1396.
24. Devine DP, Reinscheid RK, Monsma FJ, Civelli O, Akil H. 1996b. The novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ fails to produce conditioned place preference or aversion. Brain Res 727:225-229.
25. Doi N, Dutia MB, Russell JA. 1998. Inhibition of rat oxytocin and vasopressin supraoptic nucleus neurons by nociceptin in vitro. Neuroscience 84:913-921.
26. Dooley CT, Houghten RA. 1996. Orphanin FQ: receptor binding and analog structure activity relationships in rat brain. Life Sci 59:PL23-PL29.
27. Dooley CT, Spaeth CG, Berzetei-Gurske IP, Craymer K. Adapa ID, Brandt SR, Houghten RA, Toll L. 1997. Binding and in vitro activities of peptides with high affinity for the nociceptin / orphanin FQ receptor, ORL 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 283:735-741.
28. Faber ES, Chambers JP, Evans RH, Henderson G. 1996. Depression of glutamatergic transmission by nociceptin in the neonatal rat hemisected spinal cord preparation in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 119:189-190.
29. Florin S. Suaudeau C, Meunier JC, Costentin J. 1996. Nociceptin stimulates locomotion and exploratory behaviour in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 317:9-13.
30. Florin S, Suaudeau C, Meunier JC, Costentin J. 1997a. Orphan neuropeptide NocII, a putative pronociceptin maturation product, stimulates locomotion in mice. Neuroreport 8:705-707.
31. 3H]nociceptin binding sites from telencephalon to mesencephalic regions in the mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 230:33-36.
32. Fukuda K, Kato S, Mori K, Nishi M, Takeshima H, Iwabe N, Miyata T, Houtani T, Sugimotto T. 1994. cDNA cloning and regional distribution of a novel member of the opioid receptor family. FEBS Lett 343:42-46.
33. Gintzler AR, Adapa ID, Toll L, Medina VM, Wang L. 1997. Modulation of enkephalin release by nociceptin. Eur J Pharmacol 325:29-34.
34. Giuliani S, Maggi CA. 1996. Inhibition of tachykinin release from peripheral endings of sensory nerves by nociceptin, a novel opioid peptide. Br J Pharmacol 118:1567-1569.
35. Gonzales S, Diaz F, Vallejo G, Arias JL. 1996. Functional sexual dimorphism of the nucleolar organizer regions in the tubomammillary nucleus. Brain Res 736:1-6.
36. Gorski RA, Harlan RE, Jacobson CC, Shryne JE, Southam AM. 1980. Evidence for the existence of a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the preoptic area of the rat. J Comp Neurol 193:529-539.
37. Grisel JE, Mogil JS, Belknap JK, Grandy DK. 1996. Orphanin FQ acts as a supraspinal, but not a spinal, anti-opioid peptide. Neuroreport 7:2125-2129.
38. Guerrini R, Calo G, Rizzi A, Bianchi C, Lazarus LH, Salvadori S, Temussi PA, Regoli D. 1997. Address and message sequences for the nociceptin receptor: a structure-activity study of nociceptin-(1-13 )-peptide amide. J Med Chem 40:1789-1793.
39. Guillamon A, Segovia S, del Abril A. 1988. Early effects of gonadal steroids on the neuron number in the medial posterior region of the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the rat. Brain Res Dcv Brain Res 44:281-290.
40. Gumusel B, Hao Q. Hyman A, Chang JK, Kapusta DR, Lippton H. 1997. Nociceptin: an endogenous agonist for central opioid like 1 (ORL 1) receptors possesses systemic vasorelaxant properties. Life Sci 60:PL141-PL145.
41. Halford WP, Gebhardt BM, Carr DJ. 1995. Functional role and sequence analysis of a lymphocyte orphan opioid receptor. J Neuroimmunol 59:91-101.
42. Hao JX, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ. 1997. Lack of cross-tolerance between the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal orphanin FQ and morphine in the rat. Neurosci Lett 223:49-52.
43. Hara N, Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Sugimoto T, Sakai M, Onaka M, Mori H, Imanishi T, Shingu K, Ito S. 1997. Characterization of nociceptin hyperalgesia and allodynia in conscious mice. Br J Pharmacol 121:401-408.
44. Heinricher MM, McGaraughty S, Grandy DK. 1997. Circuitry underlying antiopioid actions of orphanin FQ in the rostral ventromedial medulla. J Neurophysiol 78:3351-3358.
45. Henderson G, McKnight AT. 1997. The orphan opioid receptor and its endogenous ligand nociceptin/orphanin FQ. TIPS 18:293-300.
46. Herman JP, Chantal MF, Cullinan WE. 1996. Neuronal circuit regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical stress axis. Crit Rev Neurobiol 10:371-394.
47. Herman JP, Cullinan WE. 1997. Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. TINS 20:78-84.
48. Houtani T, Nishi M, Takeshima H, Nukada T, Sugimoto T. 1996. Structure and regional distribution of nociceptin/orphanin FQ precursor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219:714-719.
49. Ikeda K. Kobayashi K, Kobayashi T, Ichikawa T, Kumanishi T, Kishida H, Yano R, Manabe T. 1997. Functional coupling of the nociceptin/ orphanin FQ receptor with the G-protein-activated K (GIRK) channel. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 45:117-126.
50. Jacobson CD, Gorski RA. 1981. Neurogenesis of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the rat. J Comp Neurol 196:519-529.
51. Jakab RL, Leranth C. 1995. The septum. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press, Inc. p 405-442.
52. Jenck F, Moreau JL, Martin JR, Kilpatrick GJ, Reinscheid RK, Monsma FJ, Nothacker H-P, Civelli O. 1997. Orphanin FQ acts as an anxiolytic to attenuate behavioral responses to stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:14854-14858.
53. Jhamandas KH, Sutak M, Henderson G. 1998. Antinociceptive and morphine modulatory actions of spinal orphanin FQ. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76:314-324.
54. Kachaturian H, Lewis ME, Schafer MK-H, Watson SJ. 1985. Anatomy of the CNS opioid systems. TINS 8:111-119.
55. Kalkman HO, Fozard JR. 1991. 5HT receptor types and their role in disease. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 4:560-565.
56. Kapusta DR, Sezen SF, Chang JK, Lippton H, Kenigs VA. 1997. Diuretic and antinatriuretic responses produced by the endogenous opioid-like peptide, nociceptin (orphanin FQ). Life Sci 60:PL15-PL21.
57. King MA, Rossi GC, Chang AH, Williams L, Pasternak GW. 1997. Spinal analgesic activity of orphanin FQ/nociceptin and its fragments. Neurosci Lett 223:113-116.
58. King TR, Nance DM. 1986. Neuroestrogenic control of feeding behavior and body weight in rats with kainic acid lesions of the lateral septal area. Physiol Behav 37:475-481.
59. Kiyama H, Emson PC. 1991. Colchicine-induced expression of proneurotensin mRNA in rat striatum and hypothalamus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 9:353-358.
60. Knoflach F, Reinscheid RK, Civelli O, Kemp JA. 1996. Modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels by orphanin FQ in freshly dissociated hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 16:6657-6664.
61. Koob GF, Swerdlow NR, Vaccarino F, Hubner C, Pulvirenti L, Weiss F. 1991. Functional output of the basal forebrain. In: Napier TC, Kalivas PW, Hanin I, editors. The basal forebrain: anatomy to function. New York: Plenum Press, p 291-305.
62. Lachowicz JE, Shen Y, Monsma FJ, Sibley DR. 1994. Molecular cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor related to the opiate receptor family. J Neurochem 64:34-40.
63. Lai CC, Wu SY, Dun SL, Dun NJ. 1997. Nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn and inhibition of substantia gelatinosa neurons. Neuroscience 81:887-891.
64. Leventhal L, Mathis JP, Rossi GC, Pasternak GW, Bodnar RJ. 1998. Orphanin opioid receptor antisense probes block orphanin FQ-induced hyperphagia. Eur J Pharmacol 349:R1-R3.
65. Liebel JT, Swandulla D, Zeilhofer HU. 1997. Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by nociceptin in superficial dorsal horn neurons of the neonatal rat spinal cord. Br J Pharmacol 121:425-432.
66. 2+ pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 240:304-308.
67. Ma L, Cheng ZL, Fan GH, Cai YC, Jiang LZ, Pei G. 1997. Functional expression, activation and desensitization of opioid receptor-like receptor ORL 1 in neuroblastoma x glioma NG 108-15 hybrid cells. FEBS Lett 403:91-94.
68. Madeira MD, Sousa N, Paula-Barbosa MM. 1991. Sexual dimorphism in the mossy fiber synapses of the rat hippocampus. Exp Brain Res 87:537-545.
69. Makman MH, Lyman WD, Dvorkin B. 1997. Presence and characterization of nociceptin (orphanin FQ) receptor binding in adult rat and human fetal hypothalamus. Brain Res 762:247-250.
70. Mamiya T, Noda M, Takeshima H, Nabeshima T. 1998. Enhancement of spatial attention in nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor-knockout mice. Brain Res 783:236-240.
71. Manabe T, Noda Y, Mamiya T, Katagirl H, Houtani T, Nishi M, Noda T, Takahashi T, Sugimoto T, Nabeshima T, Takeshima H. 1998. Facilitation of long-term potentiation and memory in mice lacking nociceptin receptors. Nature 394:577-581.
72. Mansour A, Thompson RC, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1993. Delta opioid receptor mRNA distribution in the brain: comparison to delta receptor binding and proenkephalin mRNA. J Chem Neuroanat 6:351-362.
73. Mansour A, Fox CA, Burke S, Meng F, Thompson RC, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1994. Mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol 350:412-438.
74. Mansour A, Fox CA, Burke S, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1995a. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned μ opioid receptor in the rat CNS. J Chem Neuroanat 8:283-305.
75. Mansour A, Fox CA, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1995b. Opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: anatomical and functional implications. TINS 18:22-29.
76. Mansour A, Burke S, Pavlic RJ, Akil H, Watson SJ. 1996. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned kappa 1 receptor in the rat CNS. Neuroscience 71:671-690.
77. Marchese A, Docherty JM, Nguyen T, Heiber M, Cheng R, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Shi X, George SR, O'Dowd BF. 1994. Cloning of human genes encoding novel G protein-coupled receptors. Genomics 23:609-618.
78. Mathis JP, Ryan-Moro J, Chang A, Hom JS, Scheinberg DA, Pasternak GW. 1997. Biochemical evidence for orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor heterogeneity in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 230:462-465.
79. Meng F, Taylor LP, Hoversten MT, Ueda Y, Ardati A, Reinscheid RK, Monsma FJ, Watson SJ, Civelli O, Akil H 1996. Moving from the orphanin FQ receptor to an opioid receptor using four point mutations. J Biol Chem 271:32016-32020.
80. Meunier JC, Mollereau C, Toll L, Suaudeau C, Moisand C, Alvinerie P, Butour JL, Guillemot JC, Ferrara P, Monsarrat B, Mazarguil H, Vassart G, Parmentier M, Costentin J. 1995. Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL 1 receptor. Nature 377:532-535.
81. Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Nishizawa M, Mori H, Ito S. 1997. Inhibition of nociceptin-induced allodynia in conscious mice by prostaglandin D2. Br J Pharmacol. 122:605-610.
82. Mogil JS, Grisel JE, Zhangs G, Belknap JK, Grandy DK. 1996a. Functional antagonism of mu-, delta-and kappa-opioid antinociception by orphanin FQ. Neurosci Lett 214:131-134.
83. Mogil JS, Grisel JE, Reinscheid RK, Civelli O, Belknap JK, Grandy DK. 1996b. Orphanin FQ is a functional anti-opioid peptide. Neuroscience 75:333-337.
84. Mollereau C, Parmentier M, Mailleux P, Butour JL, Moisand C, Chalon P, Caput D, Vassart G, Meunier JC. 1994. ORL 1, a novel member of the opioid receptor family. Cloning, functional expression and localization. FEBS Lett 341:33-38.
85. 280 by His in TM6 of the human ORL 1 receptor increases affinity but reduces intrinsic activity of opioids. FEBS Lett 395:17-21.
86. Mollereau C, Simons MJ, Soularue P, Liners F, Vassart G, Meunier JC, Parmentier M. 1996b. Structure, tissue distribution, and chromosomal localization of the prepronociceptin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8666-8670.
87. Montes R, Johnson AK. 1990. Efferent mechanisms mediating renal sodium and water excretion induced by centrally administered serotonin. Am J Physiol 259:R1267-R1273.
88. Montiel JL, Cornille F, Roques BP, Noble F. 1997. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ metabolism: role of aminopeptidase and endopeptidase 24.15. J Neurochem 68:354-361.
89. Monteillet-Agius G, Fein J, Anton B, Evans C. 1998. ORL-1 and mu opioid receptor antisera label different fibers in areas involved in pain processing. J Comp Neurol 399:373-383.
90. Morgan MM, Grisel JE, Robbins CS, Grandy DK. 1997. Antinociception mediated by the periaqueductal gray is attenuated by orphanin FQ. Neuroreport 8:3431-3434.
91. Murphy NP, Ly HT, Maidment NT. 1996. Intracerebroventricular orphanin FQ/nociceptin suppresses dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of anaesthetized rats. Neuroscience 75:1-4.
92. Neal CR, Newman SW. 1989. Prodynorphin peptide distribution in the forebrain of the Syrian hamster and rat: a comparative study with antisera against dynorphin A, dynorphin B and the C-terminus of the prodynorphin precursor molecule. J Comp Neurol 288:353-386.
93. Neil JJ, Loewy AD. 1982. Decreases in blood pressure in response to L-glutamate microinjections into the A5 catecholamine cell group. Brain Res 241:271-278.
94. Nicol B, Lambert DG, Rowbotham DJ, Smart D, McKnight AT. 1996. Nociceptin induced inhibition of K evoked glutamate release from rat cortical slices. Br J Pharmacol 119:1081-1083.
95. Nishi M, Houtani T, Noda Y, Mamiya T, Sato K, Doi T, Kuno J, Takeshima H, Nukada T, Nabeshima T, Yamashita T, Noda T, Sugimoto T. 1997. Unrestrained nociceptive response and disregulation of hearing ability in mice lacking the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor. EMBO J 16:1858-1864.
96. Nishizuka M, Arai Y. 1983. Male-female differences in the intra-amygdaloid input to the medial amygdala. Exp Brain Res 52:328-332.
97. Noble F, Roques BP. 1997. Association of aminopeptidase N and endopeptidase 24.15 inhibitors potentiate behavioral effects mediated by nociceptin/orphanin FQ in mice. FEBS Lett 401:227-229.
98. Nothacker H-P, Reinscheid RK, Mansour A, Henningsen RA, Ardati A, Monsma FJ, Watson SJ, Civelli O. 1996. Primary structure and tissue distribution of the orphanin FQ precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:8677-8682.
99. Okuda-Ashitaka E, Tachibana S, Houtani T, Minami T, Masu Y, Nishi M, Hiroshi T, Sugimoto T, Ito S. 1996. Identification and characterization of an endogenous ligand for opioid receptor homologue ROR-C: its involvement in llodynic response to innocuous stimuli. Mol Brain Res 43:96-104.
100. Pan YX, Xu J, Pasternak GW. 1996. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a mouse brain orphanin FQ/nociceptin precursor. Biochem J 315:11-13.
101. Paxinos G, Watson C. 1986. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press. Inc.
102. Plotsky PM, Cunningham ET, Widmaier EP. 1989. Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin. Endocrine Rev 10:437-451.
103. Pomonis JD, Billington CJ, Levine AS. 1996. Orphanin FQ, agonist of orphan opioid receptor ORL 1, stimulates feeding in rats. Neuroreport 8:369-371.
104. Quigley DI, McDougall J, Darland T, Zhang G, Ronnekliev O, Grandy DK, Allen RG. 1998. Orphanin FQ is the major OFQ 1-17-containing peptide produced in the rodent and monkey hypothalamus. Peptides 19:133-139.
105. Reinscheid RK, Nothacker H-P, Bourson A, Ardati A, Henningsen RA, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK, Langen H, Monsma FJ, Civelli O. 1995. Orphanin FQ: a neuropeptide that activates an opioid-like G protein-coupled receptor. Science 270:792-794.
106. Reinscheid RK, Ardati A, Monsma FJ, Civelli O. 1996. Structure-activity relationship studies on the novel neuropeptide orphanin FQ, J Biol Chem 271:14163-14168.
107. Reinscheid RK, Higelin J, Henningsen RA, Monsma FJ, Civelli O. 1998. Structures that delineate orphanin FQ and dynorphin A pharmacologic selectivities. J Biol Chem 273:1490-1495.
108. Ribeiro-da-Silva A. 1995. The substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press, Inc. p 47-59.
109. Riedl M. ShusterS, Vulchanova L, Wang J, Loh HH, Elde R. 1996. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin-immunoreactive nerve fibers parallel those containing endogenous opioids in rat spinal cord. Neuroreport 7:1369-1372.
110. Rossi GC, Leventhal L, Pasternak GW. 1996. Naloxone sensitive orphanin FQ-induced analgesia in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 311:R7-R8.
111. Rossi GC, Leventhal L, Bolan E, Pasternak GW. 1997. Pharmacological characterization of orphanin FQ/nociceptin and its fragments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282:858-865.
112. Saito Y, Maruyama K, Saido TC, Kawashima S. 1995. N23K, a gene transiently up-regulated during neural differentiation, encodes a precursor protein for a newly identified neuropeptide nociceptin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217:539-545.
113. Saito Y, Maruyama K, Kawano H, Hagino-Yamagishi K, Kawamura K, Saido TC, Kawashima S. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel form of neuropeptide gene as a developmentally regulated molecule. J Biol Chem 271:15615-15622.
114. Saito Y, Maruyama K, Saido TC, Kawashima S. 1997. Overexpression of a neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ precursor gene, N23K/N27K, induces neurite outgrowth in mouse NS20Y cells. J Neurosci Res 48:397-406.
115. Sandin J, Georgieva J, Schott PA, Ogren SO, Terenius L. 1987. Nociceptin/ orphanin microinjected into hippocampus impairs spatial learning in rats. Eur J Neurosci 9:194-197.
116. Saper CB. 1995. The central autonomic system. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press, Inc. p 107-135.
117. Schuligoi R, Amann R, Angelberger P, Peskar BA. 1997. Determination of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 224:136-138.
118. Schulz S, Schreff M, Nuss D, Gramsch C, Hollt V. 1996. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid peptides show overlapping distribution but not co-localization in pain-modulatory brain regions. Neuroreport 7:3021-3025.
119. Schwerdtfeger WK, Buhl EH, Germroth P. 1990. Disynaptic olfactory input to the hippocampus mediated by stellate cells in entorhinal cortex. J Comp Neurol 292:163-177.
120. Shimohigashi Y, Hatano R, Fujita T, Nakashima R, Nose T, Sujaku T, Saigo A, Shinjo A, Nagahisa A. 1996. Sensitivity of opioid receptor-like receptor ORL 1 for chemical modification on nociceptin, a naturally occurring nociceptive peptide. J Biol Chem 271:23642-23645.
121. 35S]Guanylyl-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate binding in guinea pig brain. J Comp Neurol 386:562-572.
122. 35S]GTP gamma S binding in rat brain. Neuroreport 7:729-733.
123. Simerly RB. 1995. Anatomical substrates of hypothalamic integration. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system. Sydney, Australia: Academic Press, Inc. p 353-376.
124. Simerly RB, McCall LD, Watson SJ. 1988. Distribution of opioid peptides in the preoptic region: immunohistochemical evidence for a steroid-sensitive enkephalin sexual dimorphism. J Comp Neurol 276:442-459.
125. Sinchak K, Hendricks DG, Baroudi R, Micevych PE. 1997. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin in the ventromedial nucleus facilitates lordosis in female rats. Neuroreport 8:3857-3860.
126. Spencer SE, Sawyer WB, Loewy AD. 1988. L-Glutamate stimulation of the zona incerta in the rat decreases heart rate and blood pressure. Brain Res 458:72-81.
127. Standifer KM, Cheng J, Brooks AI, Honrado CP, Su W, Visconti LM, Biedler JL, Pasternak GW. 1994. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of mu, delta and kappa 3 opioid receptors expressed in BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:1246-1255.
128. Stanfa LC, Chapman V, Kerr N, Dickenson AH. 1996. Inhibitory action of nociceptin on spinal dorsal horn neurons of the rat, in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 118:1875-1877.
129. Stratford TR, Holahan MR, Kelly AE. 1997. Injections of nociceptin into nucleus accumbens shell or ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus increase food intake. Neuroreport 8:423-426.
130. Swanson LW. 1992. Brain maps: structure of the rat brain. New York: Elsevier.
131. Tian JH, Xu W, Fang Y, Mogil JS, Grisel JE, Grandy DK, Han JS. 1997a. Bi-directional modulatory effect of orphanin FQ on morphine-induced analgesia: antagonism in brain and potentiation in spinal cord of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 120:676-680.
132. Tian JH, Xu W, Zhang W, Fang Y, Grisel JE, Mogil JS, Grandy DK, Han JS. 1997b. Involvement of endogenous orphanin FQ in electroacupuncture-induced analgesia. Neuroreport 8:497-500.
133. Ueda H, Yamaguchi T, Tokuyama S, Inoue M, Nishi M, Takeshima H. 1997. Partial loss of tolerance liability to morphine analgesia in mice lacking the nociceptin receptor gene. Neurosci Lett 237:136-138.
134. Urban JH, Bauer-Dantoin AC, Levine JE. 1993. Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus: sexual dimorphism and modulation by testosterone. Endocrinology 132:139-145.
135. Vaughan CW, Christie MJ. 1996. Increase by the ORL 1 receptor (opioid receptor-like 1) ligand, nociceptin, of inwardly rectifying K conductance in dorsal raphe nucleus neurons. Br J Pharmacol 117:1609-1611.
136. Vaughan CW, Ingram SL, Christie MJ. 1997. Actions of the ORL 1 receptor ligand nociceptin on membrane properties of rat periaqueductal gray neurons in vitro. J Neurosci 17:996-1003.
137. + conductance. Neuroendocrinology 67:73-82.
138. Wang JB, Johnson PS, Imai Y, Persico AM, Ozenberger BA, Eppler CM, Uhl GR. 1994. cDNA cloning of an orphan opiate receptor gene family member and its splice variant. FEBS Lett 348:75-79.
139. Wang XM, Zhang KM, Mokha SS. 1996. Nociceptin (orphanin FQ), an endogenous ligand for the QRL 1 (opioid-receptor-like 1) receptor; modulates responses of trigeminal neurons evoked by excitatory amino acids and somatosensory stimuli. J Neurophysiol 76:3568-3572.
140. Watson RE, Hoffmann GE, Wiegand SJ. 1986, Sexually dimorphic opioid distribution in the preoptic area: manipulation by gonadal steroids. Brain Res 398:157-163.
141. Wick MJ, Minnerath SR, Liana X, Elde R, Law PY, Loh HH. 1994. Isolation of a novel cDNA encoding a putative membrane receptor with high homology to the cloned mu, delta, and kappa receptors opioid. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 27:37-44.
142. Wu YL, Pu L, Ling K, Zhao J, Cheng ZJ, Ma L, Pei G. 1997. Molecular characterization and functional expression of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor. Cell Res 7:69-77.
143. Xu XJ, Hao JX, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. 1996. Nociceptin or antinociceptin: potent spinal antinociceptive effect of orphanin FQ/nociceptin in the rat. Neuroreport 7:2092-2094.
144. Yamamoto T, Nozaki-Taguchi N, Kimura S. 1997. Analgesic effect of intrathecally administered nociceptin (orphanin FQ), an opioid receptor-like 1 receptor agonist, in the rat formalin test. Neuroscience 81:249-254.
145. Yu TP, Xie CW. 1998. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat dentate gyrus through postsynaptic mechanisms. J Neurophysiol 80:1277-1284.
146. Yu TP, Fein J, Phan T, Evans CJ, Xie CW. 1997. Orphanin FQ inhibits synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 7:88-94.
147. Zamboni L, DeMartino C. 1967. Buffered picric acid formaldehyde, a rapid new fixative for electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 35:148A.
148. Zhu CB, Cao XD, Xu SF, Wu GC. 1997. Orphanin FQ potentiates formalin-induced pain behavior and antagonizes morphine analgesia in rats. Neurosci Lett 235:37-40.