Surviving the acid test: Responses of gram-positive bacteria to low pH

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 67, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 429-453

  Cotter, Paul D ^a   Hill, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACID; ALKALI; PROTON PUMP;

ACIDITY; BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BACTERIAL METABOLISM; BACTERIAL SURVIVAL; CELL DENSITY; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MACROMOLECULE; MYCOBACTERIUM; NONHUMAN; PH; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RHODOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS;

BACILLUS CEREUS; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; LACTOBACILLUS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MYCOBACTERIUM; PROTON PUMPS; RHODOCOCCUS EQUI; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CLOSTRIDIUM; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MYCOBACTERIUM; POSIBACTERIA; RHODOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS;

EID: 0141789637     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.67.3.429-453.2003     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Akbar, S., T. A. Gaidenko, C. M. Kang, M. O'Reilly, K. M. Devine, and C. W. Price. 2001. New family of regulators in the environmental signaling pathway which activates the general stress transcription factor sigma(B) of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 183:1329-1338.
2. Akbar, S., C. M. Kang, T. A. Gaidenko, and C. W. Price. 1997. Modulator protein RsbR regulates environmental signalling in the general stress pathway of Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol. 24:567-578.
3. Alam, S., S. R. Brailsford, S. Adams, C. Allison, E. Sheehy, L. Zoitopoulos, E. A. Kidd, and D. Beighton. 2000. Genotypic heterogeneity of Streptococcus oralis and distinct aciduric subpopulations in human dental plaque. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3330-3336.
4. Alemayehu, D., E. O'Sullivan, and S. Condon. 2000. Changes in acid tolerance of Lactococcus lactis during growth at constant pH. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55:215-221.
5. Amachi, S., K. Ishikawa, S. Toyoda, Y. Kagawa, A. Yokota, and F. Tomita. 1998. Characterization of a mutant of Lactococcus lactis with reduced membrane-bound ATPase activity under acidic conditions. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62:1574-1580.
6. Arikado, E., H. Ishihara, T. Ehara, C. Shibata, H. Saito, T. Kakegawa, K. Igarashi, and H. Kobayashi. 1999. Enzyme level of enterococcal F1Fo-ATPase is regulated by pH at the step of assembly. Eur. J. Biochem. 259:262-268.
7. Audia, J. P., C. C. Webb, and J. W. Foster. 2001. Breaking through the acid barrier: an orchestrated response to proton stress by enteric bacteria. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291:97-106.
8. Baev, D., R. England, and H. K. Kuramitsu. 1999. Stress-induced membrane association of the Streptococcus mutans GTP-binding protein, an essential G protein, and investigation of its physiological role by utilizing an antisense RNA strategy. Infect. Immun. 67:4510-4516.
9. Bakker, E. P., and F. M. Harold. 1980. Energy coupling to potassium transport in Streptococcus faecalis. Interplay of ATP and the protonmotive force. J. Biol. Chem. 255:433-440.
10. Banks, E. R., S. D. Allen, J. A. Siders, and N. A. O'Bryan. 1989. Characterization of anaerobic bacteria by using a commercially available rapid tube test for glutamic acid decarboxylase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:361-363.
11. Barcelona-Andres, B., A. Marina, and V. Rubio. 2002. Gene structure, organization, expression, and potential regulatory mechanisms of arginine catabolism in Enterococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 184:6289-6300.
12. Baumberg, S., and U. Klingel. 1993. Biosynthesis of arginine, proline, and related compounds, p. 299-306. In A. L. Sononshein, R. Losick, and J. A. Hochs (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
13. Bearson, S., B. Bearson, and J. W. Foster. 1997. Acid stress responses in enterobacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 147:173-180.
14. Beauregard, K. E., K. D. Lee, R. J. Collier, and J. A. Swanson. 1997. pH-dependent perforation of macrophage phagosomes by listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes. J. Exp. Med. 186:1159-1163.
15. Becker, L. A., M. S. Cetin, R. W. Hutkins, and A. K. Benson. 1998. Identification of the gene encoding the alternative sigma factor sigmaB from Listeria monocytogenes and its role in osmotolerance. J. Bacteriol. 180:4547-4554.
16. Beighton, D., S. R. Brailsford, E. Lynch, H. Y. Chen, and D. T. Clark. 1999. The influence of specific foods and oral hygiene on the microflora of fissures and smooth surfaces of molar teeth: a 5-day study. Caries Res. 33:349-356.
17. Bender, G. R., S. V. Sutton, and R. E. Marquis. 1986. Acid tolerance, proton permeabilities, and membrane ATPases of oral streptococci. Infect. Immun. 53:331-338.
18. Benoit, S., S. Taouji, A. Benachour, and A. Hartke. 2000. Resistance of Rhodococcus equi to acid pH. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55:295-298.
19. Benson, A. K., and W. G. Haldenwang. 1993. Bacillus subtilis sigma B is regulated by a binding protein (RsbW) that blocks its association with core RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2330-2334.
20. Bodmer, T., E. Miltner, and L. E. Bermudez. 2000. Micobacterium avium resists exposure to the acidic conditions of the stomach. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 182:45-49.
21. Boyd, D. A., D. G. Cvitkovitch, A. S. Bleiweis, M. Y. Kiriukhin, D. V. Debabov, F. C. Neuhaus, and I. R. Hamilton. 2000. Defects in D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid synthesis in Streptococcus mutans results in acid sensitivity. J. Bacteriol. 182:6055-6065.
22. Boylan, S. A., A. Rutherford, S. M. Thomas, and C. W. Price. 1992. Activation of Bacillus subtilis transcription factor sigma B by a regulatory pathway responsive to stationary-phase signals. J. Bacteriol. 174:3695-3706.
23. Brody, M. S., K. Vijay, and C. W. Price. 2001. Catalytic function of an alpha/beta hydrolase is required for energy stress activation of the sigma(B) transcription factor in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 183:6422-6428.
24. Browne, N., and B. C. Dowds. 2002. Acid stress in the food pathogen Bacillus cereus. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:404-414.
25. Buchmeier, N., A. Blanc-Potard, S. Ehrt, D. Piddington, L. Riley, and E. A. Groisman. 2000. A parallel intraphagosomal survival strategy shared by mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella enterica. Mol. Microbiol. 35:1375-1382.
26. Burne, R. A. 1998. Oral streptococci - products of their environment. J. Dent. Res. 77:445-452.
27. Burne, R. A., R. G. Quivey, Jr., and R. E. Marquis. 1999. Physiologic homeostasis and stress responses in oral biofilms. Methods Enzymol. 310:441-460.
28. Campbell, J., III, G. R. Bender, and R. E. Marquis. 1985. Barotolerant variant of Streptococcus faecalis with reduced sensitivity to glucose catabolite repression. Can. J. Microbiol. 31:644-650.
29. Cashel, M., D. R. Gentry, V. J. Hernandez, and D. Vinella. 1996. The stringent response, p. 1458-1496. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Escherichia coli and Sabnonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
30. Casiano-Colon, A., and R. E. Marquis. 1988. Role of the arginine deiminase system in protecting oral bacteria and an enzymatic basis for acid tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1318-1324.
31. Champomier-Verges, M. C., S. Chaillou, M. Comet, and M. Zagorec. 2001. Lactobacillus sakei: recent developments and future prospects. [Research in Microbiology 152 (2001) 839]. Res. Microbiol. 152:839. (Erratum, 153:15-123, 2002.)
32. Chan, P. F., S. J. Foster, E. Ingham, and M. O. Clements. 1998. The Staphylococcus aureus alternative sigma factor sigmaB controls the environmental stress response but not starvation survival or pathogenicity in a mouse abscess model. J. Bacteriol. 180:6082-6089.
33. Chapman, J. S., and J. S. Bernard. 1962. The tolerances of unclassified mycobacteria. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 86:582-583.
34. Charteris, W. P., P. M. Kelly, L. Morelli, and J. K. Collins. 1998. Development and application of an in vitro methodology to determine the transit tolerance of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in the upper human gastrointestinal tract. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:759-768.
35. Chen, Y. Y., M. J. Betzenhauser, and R. A. Burne. 2002. cis-Acting elements that regulate the low-pH-inducible urease operon of Streptococcus salivarius. Microbiology 148:3599-3608.
36. Chen, Y. Y. and R. A. Burne. 1996. Analysis of Streptococcus salivarius urease expression using continuous chemostat culture. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 135:223-229.
37. Chen, Y. Y., K. A. Clancy, and R. A. Burne. 1996. Streptococcus salivarius urease: genetic and biochemical characterization and expression in a dental plaque streptococcus. Infect. Immun. 64:585-592.
38. Chen, Y. Y., T. H. Hall, and R. A. Burne. 1998. Streptococcus salivarius urease expression: involvement of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 165:117-122.
39. Chen, Y. Y., C. A. Weaver, D. R. Mendelsohn, and R. A. Burne. 1998. Transcriptional regulation of the Streptococcus salivarius 57.I urease operon. J. Bacteriol. 180:5769-5775.
40. Chia, J. S., Y. Y. Lee, P. T. Huang, and J. Y. Chen. 2001. Identification of stress-responsive genes in Streptococcus mutans by differential display reverse transcription-PCR. Infect. Immun. 69:2493-2501.
41. Chiodini, R. J. 1989. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2:90-117.
42. Clancy, K. A., S. Pearson, W. H. Bowen, and R. A. Burne. 2000. Characterization of recombinant, ureolytic Streptococcus mutans demonstrates an inverse relationship between dental plaque ureolytic capacity and cariogenicity. Infect. Immun. 68:2621-2629.
43. Clements, M. O., and S. J. Foster. 1999. Stress resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol. 7:458-462.
44. Cobb, C. A., G. D. Curtis, D. S. Bansi, E. Slade, W. Mehal, R. G. Mitchell, and R. W. Chapman. 1996. Increased prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the faeces of patients receiving long-term H2-antagonists. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8:1071-1074.
45. Cole, S. T., R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, T. Garnier, C. Churcher, D. Harris, S. V. Gordon, K. Eiglmeier, S. Gas, C. E. Barry, III, F. Tekaia, K. Badcock, D. Basham, D. Brown, T. Chillingworth, R. Connor, R. Davies, K. Devlin, T. Feltwell, S. Gentles, N. Hamlin, S. Holroyd, T. Hornsby, K. Jagels, A. Krogh, J. McLean, S. Moule, L. Murphy, K. Oliver, J. Osborne, M. A. Quail, M.-A. Rajandream, J. Rogers, S. Rutter, K. Seeger, J. Skelton, R. Squares, S. Squares, J. E. Sulston, K. Taylor, S. Whitehead, and B. G. Barrell. 1998. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 393:537-544.
46. Conte, M. P., G. Petrone, A. M. Di Biase, M. G. Ammendolia, F. Superti, and L. Seganti. 2000. Acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes influences invasiveness of enterocyte-like cells and macrophage-like cells. Microb. Pathog. 29:137-144.
47. Conte, M. P., G. Petrone, A. M. Di Biase, C. Longhi, M. Penta, A. Tinari, F. Superti, G. Fabozzi, P. Visca, and L. Seganti. 2002. Effect of acid adaptation on the fate of Listeria monocytogenes in THP-1 human macrophages activated by gamma interferon. Infect. Immun. 70:4369-4378.
48. Conte, M. P., G. Petrone, C. Longhi, P. Valenti, R. Morelli, F. Superti, and L. Seganti. 1996. The effects of inhibitors of vacuolar acidification on the release of Listeria monocytogenes from phagosomes of Caco-2 cells. J. Med. Microbiol. 44:418-424.
49. Cotter, P. D., N. Emerson, C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 1999. Identification and disruption of lisRK, a genetic locus encoding a two-component signal transduction system involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 181:6840-6843.
50. Cotter, P. D., C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 2000. Analysis of the role of the Listeria monocytogenes F0F1-ATPase operon in the acid tolerance response. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 60:137-146.
51. Cotter, P. D., C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 2001. A glutamate decarboxylase system protects Listeria monocytogenes in gastric fluid. Mol. Microbiol. 40:465-475.
52. Cotter, P. D., C. M. Guinane, and C. Hill. 2002. The LisRK signal transduction system determines the sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to nisin and cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2784-2790.
53. Cotter, P. D., K. O'Reilly, and C. Hill. 2001. Role of the glutamate decarboxylase acid resistance system in the survival of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 in low pH foods. J. Food Prot. 64:1362-1368.
54. Cox, M. M., M. F. Goodman, K. N. Kreuzer, D. J. Sherratt, S. J. Sandler, and K. J. Marians. 2000. The importance of repairing stalled replication forks. Nature 404:37-41.
55. Cozzani, I., R. Barsacchi, G. Dibenedetto, L. Saracchi, and G. Falcone. 1975. Regulation of breakdown and synthesis of L-glutamate decarboxylase in Clostridium perfringens. J. Bacteriol. 123:1115-1123.
56. Cozzani, I., A. Misuri, and C. Santoni. 1970. Purification and general properties of glutamate decarboxylase from Clostridium perfringens. Biochem. J. 118:135-141.
57. Crow, V. L., and T. D. Thomas. 1982. Arginine metabolism in lactic streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 150:1024-1032.
58. Crowle, A. J., R. Dahl, E. Ross, and M. H. May. 1991. Evidence that vesicles containing living, virulent Mycobacterium tutberculosis of Mycobacterium avium in cultured human macrophages are not acidic. Infect. Immun. 59:1823-1831.
59. Cunin, R., N. Glansdorff, A. Pierard, and V. Stalon. 1986. Biosynthesis and metabolism of arginine in bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 50:314-352.
60. Curran, T. M., J. Lieou, and R. E. Marquis. 1995. Arginine deiminase system and acid adaptation of oral streptococci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4494-4496.
61. Curran, T. M., Y. Ma, G. C. Rutherford, and R. E. Marquis. 1998. Turning on and turning off the arginine deiminase system in oral streptococci. Can. J. Microbiol. 44:1078-1085.
62. Curtis, K. J., and M. H. Sleisenger. 1978. Infectious and parasitic diseases, p. 193-224. In M. H. Sleisenger and J. S. Fordtran (ed.), Gastrointestinal disease. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
63. Czuprynski, C. J., and E. Balish. 1981. Killing of Listeria monocytogenes by conventional and germfree rat sera. Infect. Immun. 33:348-354.
64. Czuprynski, C. J., and N. G. Faith. 2002. Sodium bicarbonate enhances the severity of infection in neutropenic mice orally inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes EGD. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 9:477-481.
65. Damsker, B., and E. J. Bottone. 1985. Mycobacterium avuim-Mycobacterium intracellulare from the intestinal tracts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: concepts regarding acquisition and pathogenesis. J. Infect. Dis. 151:179-181.
66. Dashper, S. G., and E. C. Reynolds. 1992. pH regulation by Streptococcus mutans. J. Dent. Res. 71:1159-1165.
67. Datta, A. R., and M. M. Benjamin. 1997. Factors controlling acid tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes: effects of nisin and other ionophores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4123-4126.
68. Datta, A. R., and M. M. Benjamin. 1999. Cell density dependent acid sensitivity in stationary phase cultures of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 181:289-295.
69. Davis, M. J., P. J. Coote, and C. P. O'Byrne. 1996. Acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes: the adaptive acid tolerance response (ATR) and growth-phase-dependent acid resistance. Microbiology 142:2975-2982.
70. De Angelis, M., L. Mariotti, J. Rossi, M. Servili, P. F. Fox, G. Rollan, and M. Gobbetti. 2002. Arginine catabolism by sourdough lactic acid bacteria: purification and characterization of the arginine deiminase pathway enzymes from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:6193-6201.
71. de Chastellier, C., and P. Berche. 1994. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in murine macrophages: evidence for simultaneous killing and survival of intracellular bacteria. Infect. Immun. 62:543-553.
72. Degnan, B. A., M. C. Fontaine, A. H. Doebereiner, J. J. Lee, P. Mastroeni, G. Dougan, J. A. Goodacre, and M. A. Kehoe. 2000. Characterization of an isogenic mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo lacking the ability to make streptococcal acid glycoprotein. Infect. Immun. 68:2441-2448.
73. Degnan, B. A., M. A. Kehoe, and J. A. Goodacre. 1997. Analysis of human T cell responses to group A streptococci using fractionated Streptococcus pyogenes proteins. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 17:161-170.
74. Degnan, B. A., J. M. Palmer, T. Robson, C. E. Jones, M. Fischer, M. Glanville, G. D. Mellor, A. G. Diamond, M. A. Kehoe, and J. A. Goodacre. 1998. Inhibition of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation by Streptococcus pyogenes cell extract is associated with arginine deiminase activity. Infect. Immun. 66:3050-3058.
75. de Soet, J. J., B. Nyvad, and M. Kilian. 2000. Strain-related acid production by oral streptococci. Caries Res. 34:486-490.
76. Diaz-Torres, M. L., and R. R. Russell. 2001. HtrA protease and processing of extracellular proteins of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204:23-28.
77. Dilworth, M. J., and A. R. Glenn. 1999. Problems of adverse pH and bacterial strategies to combat it. Novartis Found. Symp. 221:4-14.
78. Dong, Y., Y. Y. Chen, J. A. Snyder, and R. A. Burne. 2002. Isolation and molecular analysis of the gene cluster for the arginine deiminase system from Streptococcus gordonii DL1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5549-5553.
79. Donisi, A., M. G. Suardi, S. Casari, M. Longo, G. P. Cadeo, and G. Carosi. 1996. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 10:359-362.
80. Drici-Cachon, Z., J. Guzzo, J. F. Cavin, and C. Divies. 1996. Acid tolerance in Leuconostoc oenos. Isolation and characterization of an acid-resistant mutant. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44:785-789.
81. Dufour, A., and W. G. Haldenwang. 1994. Interactions between a Bacillus subtilis anti-sigma factor (RsbW) and its antagonist (RsbV). J. Bacteriol. 176:1813-1820.
82. Dykes, G. A., and S. M. Moorhead. 2000. Survival of osmotic and acid stress by Listeria monocytogenes strains of clinical or meat origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 56:161-166.
83. Ellner, J. J., M. J. Goldberger, and D. M. Parenti. 1991. Mycobacterium avium infection and AIDS: a therapeutic dilemma in rapid evolution. J. Infect. Dis. 163:1326-1335.
84. Even, S., N. D. Lindley, P. Loubiere, and M. Cocaign-Bousquet. 2002. Dynamic response of catabolic pathways to autoacidification in Lactococcus lactis: transcript profiling and stability in relation to metabolic and energetic constraints. Mol. Microbiol. 45:1143-1152.
85. Eymann, C., H. Mach, C. R. Harwood, and M. Hecker. 1996. Phosphatestarvation-inducible proteins in Bacillus subtilis: a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study. Microbiology 142:3163-3170.
86. Ferreira, A., C. P. O'Byme, and K. J. Boor. 2001. Role of sigma(B) in heat, ethanol, acid, and oxidative stress resistance and during carbon starvation in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4454-4457.
87. Fillingame, R. H., and S. Divall. 1999. Proton ATPases in bacteria: comparison to Escherichia coli F1F0 as the prototype. Novartis Found. Symp. 221:218-229.
88. Fisher, M. A., B. B. Plikaytis, and T. M. Shinnick. 2002. Microarray analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptional response to the acidic conditions found in phagosomes. J. Bacteriol. 184:4025-4032.
89. Flynn, J. L., and J. Chan. 2001. Immunology of tuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19:93-129.
90. Fonda, M. L. 1985. L-Glutamate decarboxylase from bacteria. Methods Enzymol. 113:11-16.
91. Gahan, C. G., and C. Hill. 1999. The relationship between acid stress responses and virulence in Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 50:93-100.
92. Gahan, C. G., B. O'Driscoll, and C. Hill. 1996. Acid adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes can enhance survival in acidic foods and during milk fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:3128-3132.
93. Gale, E. F. 1946. The bacterial amino acid decarboxylases. Adv. Enzymol. 6:1-32.
94. Garcia-del Portillo, F., J. W. Foster, M. E. Maguire, and B. B. Finlay. 1992. Characterization of the micro-environment of Salmonella typhimurium-containing vacuoles within MDCK epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 6:3289-3297.
95. Garcia-Quintans, N., C. Magni, D. de Mendoza, and P. Lopez. 1998. The citrate transport system of Lactococcus lactis subsp, lactis biovar diacetylactisis induced by acid stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:850-857.
96. Geoffroy, C., J. L. Gaillard, J. E. Alouf, and P. Berche. 1987. Purification, characterization, and toxicity of the sulfhydryl-activated hemolysin listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 55:1641-1646.
97. Glaser, P., L. Frangeul, C. Buchrieser, C. Rusniok, A. Amend, F. Baquero, P. Berche, H. Bloecker, P. Brandt, T. Chakraborty, A. Charbit, F. Chetouani, E. Couve, A. de Daruvar, P. Dehoux, E. Domann, G. Dominguez-Bernal, E. Duchaud, L. Durant, O. Dussurget, K. D. Entian, H. Fsihi, F. G. Portillo, P. Garrido, L. Gautier, W. Goebel, N. Gomez-Lopez, T. Hain, J. Hauf, D. Jackson, L. M. Jones, U. Kaerst, J. Kreft, M. Kuhn, F. Kunst, G. Kurapkat, E. Madueno, A. Maitournam, J. M. Vicente, E. Ng, H. Nedjari, G. Nordsiek, S. Novella, B. de Pablos, J. C. Perez-Diaz, R. Purcell, B. Remmel, M. Rose, T. Schlueter, N. Simoes, A. Tierrez, J. A. Vazquez-Boland, H. Voss, J. Wehland, and P. Cossart. 2001. Comparative genomics of Listeria species. Science 294:849-852.
98. Glomski, I. J., M. M. Gedde, A. W. Tsang, J. A. Swanson, and D. A. Portnoy. 2002. The Listeria monocytogenes hemolysin has an acidic pH optimum to compartmentalize activity and prevent damage to infected host cells. J. Cell Biol. 156:1029-1038.
99. Goldfine, H., and C. Knob. 1992. Purification and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Infect. Immun. 60:4059-4067.
100. Golub, L. M., S. M. Borden, and I. Kleinberg. 1971. Urea content of gingival crevicular fluid and its relation to periodontal diseases in humans. J. Periodontal Res. 6:243-251.
101. Gomes, M. S., S. Paul, A. L. Moreira, R. Appelberg, M. Rabinovitch, and G. Kaplan. 1999. Survival of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in acidified vacuoles of murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67:3199-3206.
102. Graham, J. E., and J. E. Clark-Curtiss. 1999. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNAs synthesized in response to phagocytosis by human macrophages by selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11554-11559.
103. Graham, M. R., L. M. Smoot, C. A. Migliaccio, K. Virtaneva, D. E. Sturdevant, S. F. Porcella, M. J. Federle, G. J. Adams, J. R. Scott, and J. M. Musser. 2002. Virulence control in group A Streptococcus by a two-component gene regulatory, system: global expression profiling and in vivo infection modeling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:13855-13860.
104. Gutierrez, J. A., P. J. Crowley, D. G. Cvitkovitch, L. J. Brady, I. R. Hamilton, J. D. Hillman, and A. S. Bleiweis. 1999. Streptococcus mutans ffh, a gene encoding a homologue of the 54 kDa subunit of the signal recognition particle, is involved in resistance to acid stress. Microbiology 145:357-366.
105. Guzzo, J., F. Delmas, F. Pierre, M. P. Jobin, B. Samyn, J. Van Beeumen, J. F. Cavin, and C. Divies. 1997. A small heat shock protein from Leuconostoc oenos induced by multiple stresses and during stationary growth phase. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 24:393-396.
106. Hahn, K., R. C. Faustoferri, and R. G. Quivey, Jr. 1999. Induction of an AP endonuclease activity in Streptococcus mutans during growth at low pH. Mol. Microbiol. 31:1489-1498.
107. Haldenwang, W. G., and R. Losick. 1980. Novel RNA polymerase sigma factor from Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:7000-7004.
108. Halgasova, N., G. Bukovska, J. Timko, and J. Kormanec. 2001. Cloning and transcriptional characterization of two sigma factor genes, siga and sigB, from Brevibacterium flavum. Curr. Microbiol. 43:249-254.
109. Halgasova, N., G. Bukovska, J. Ugorcakova, J. Timko, and J. Kormanec. 2002. The Brevibacterium flavum sigma factor SigB has a role in the environmental stress response. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 216:77-84.
110. Hanna, M. N., R. J. Ferguson, Y. H. Li, and D. G. Cvitkovitch. 2001. uvrA is an acid-inducible gene involved in the adaptive response to low pH in Streptococcus mutans. J. Bacteriol. 183:5964-5973.
111. Harold, F. M., E. Pavlasova, and J. R. Baarda. 1970. A transmembrane pH gradient in Streptococcus faecalis: origin, and dissipation by proton conductors and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodimide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 196:235-244.
112. Hartke, A., S. Bouche, J. C. Giard, A. Benachour, P. Boutibonnes, and Y. Auffray. 1996. The lactic acid stress response of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Curr. Microbiol. 33:194-199.
113. Henriksson, A., A. K. D. Khaled, and P. L. Conway. 1999. Lactobacillus colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of mice after removal of the non-secreting stomach region. Microb. Ecol. Health Dis. 11:96-99.
114. Hersh, B. M., F. T. Farooq, D. N. Barstad, D. L. Blankenhorn, and J. L. Slonczewski. 1996. A glutamate-dependent acid resistance gene in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178:3978-3981.
115. Higuchi, T., H. Hayashi, and K. Abe. 1997. Exchange of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyrate in a Lactobacillus strain. J. Bacteriol. 179:3362-3364.
116. Hill, M. J. 2002. Factors controlling the microflora of the healthy upper gastointestinal tract, p. 57-85. In M. J. Hill and P. D. Marsh (ed.), Human microbial ecology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
117. Honer Zu Bentrup, K., A. Miczak, D. L. Swenson, and D. G. Russell. 1999. Characterization of activity and expression of isocitrate lyase in Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 181:7161-7167.
118. Hood, S. K., and E. A. Zottola. 1988. Effect of low pH on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to survive and adhere to human intestinal cells. J. Food Sci. 53:1514-1516.
119. Imfeld, T., and F. Lutz. 1980. Intraplaque acid formation assessed in vivo in children and young adults. Pediatr. Dent. 2:87-93.
120. Institute of Food Technologists Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition. 1987. Monosodium glutamate. Food Technol. 41:143-154.
121. Jayaraman, G. C., J. E. Penders, and R. A. Burne. 1997. Transcriptional analysis of the Streptococcus mutans hrcA, grpE and dnaK genes and regulation of expression in response to heat shock and environmental acidification. Mol. Microbiol. 25:329-341.
122. Jensen, M. E., P. J. Polansky, and C. F. Schachtele. 1982. Plaque sampling and telemetry for monitoring acid production on human buccal tooth surfaces. Arch. Oral Biol. 27:21-31.
123. Johnstone, B. H., A. A. Handler, D. K. Chao, V. Nguyen, M. Smith, S. Y. Ryu, E. L. Simons, P. E. Anderson, and R. W. Simons. 1999. The widely conserved Era G-protein contains an RNA-binding domain required for Era function in vivo. Mol. Microbiol. 33:1118-1131.
124. Kakinuma, Y. 1998. Inorganic cation transport and energy transduction in Enterococcus hirae and other streptococci. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1021-1045.
125. Kallipolitis, B. H. and H. Ingmer. 2001. Listeria monocytogenes response regulators important for stress tolerance and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 204:111-115.
126. Kaneko, T., S. Sato, H. Kotani, A. Tanaka, E. Asamizu, Y. Nakamura, N. Miyajima, M. Hirosawa, M. Sugiura, S. Sasamoto, T. Kimura, T. Hosouchi, A. Matsuno, A. Muraki, N. Nakazaki, K. Naruo, S. Okumura, S. Shimpo, C. Takeuchi, T. Wada, A. Watanabe, M. Yamada, M. Yasuda, and S. Tabata. 1996. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res. 3:109-36.
127. Kang, C. M., M. S. Brody, S. Akbar, X. Yang, and C. W. Price. 1996. Homologous pairs of regulatory proteins control activity of Bacillus subtilis transcription factor sigma(b) in response to environmental stress. J. Bacteriol. 178:3846-3853.
128. Kashket, E. R., and S. L. Barker. 1977. Effects of potassium ions on the electrical and pH gradients across the membrane of Streptococcus lactis cells. J. Bacteriol. 130:1017-1023.
129. Kim, W. S., J. Ren, and N. W. Dunn. 1999. Differentiation of Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis and subspecies cremoris strains by their adaptive response to stresses. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 171:57-65.
130. Kobayashi, H. 1982. Second system for potassium transport in Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 150:506-511.
131. Kobayashi, H. 1987. Regulation of cytoplasmic pH in streptococci, p. 255-269. In J. Reizer and A. Peterofsky (ed.), Sugar transport and metabolism in gram-positive bacteria. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, England.
132. Kobayashi, H., T. Suzuki, N. Kinoshita, and T. Unemoto. 1984. Amplification of the Streptococcus faecalis proton-translocating ATPase by a decrease in cytoplasmic pH. J. Bacteriol. 158:1157-1160.
133. Kobayashi, H., T. Suzuki, and T. Unemoto. 1986. Streptococcal cytoplasmic pH is regulated by changes in amount and activity of a proton-translocating ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 261:627-630.
134. Kremer, B. H., K. M. van der, P. J. Crowley, I. R. Hamilton, L. J. Brady, and A. S. Bleiweis. 2001. Characterization of the sat operon in Streptococcus mutans: evidence for a role of Ffh in acid tolerance. J. Bacteriol. 183:2543-2552.
135. Kroll, R. G., and R. A. Patchett. 1992. Induced acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogcnes. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 14:224-227.
136. Kuehnel, M. P., R. Goethe, A. Habermann, E. Mueller, M. Rohde, G. Griffiths, and P. Valentin-Weigand. 2001. Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria. Cell Microbiol. 3:551-566.
137. Kuhnert, W. L. 1999. PhD. thesis. University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
138. Kullen, M. J., and T. R. Klaenhammer. 1999. Identification of the pH-inducible, proton-translocating F1F0-ATPase (atpBEFHAGDC) operon of Lactobacillus acidophilus by differential display: gene structure, cloning and characterization. Mol. Microbiol. 33:1152-11611.
139. Kullik, I., P. Giachino, and T. Fuchs. 1998. Deletion of the alternative sigma factor sigmaB in Staphylococcus aureus reveals its function as a global regulator of virulence genes. J. Bacteriol. 180:4814-4820.
140. Lee, Y. K., and S. Selminen. 1995. The coming age of probiotics. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 6:241-245.
141. Lemos, J. A., Y. Y. Chen, and R. A. Burne. 2001. Genetic and physiologic analysis of the groE operon and role of the HrcA repressor in stress gene regulation and acid tolerance in Streptococcus mutans. J. Bacteriol. 183:6074-6084.
142. Li, Y., and R. A. Burne. 2001. Regulation of the gtfBC and ftf genes of Streptococcus mutans in biofilms in response to pH and carbohydrate. Microbiology 147:2841-2848.
143. Li, Y. H., M. N. Hanna, G. Svensater, R. P. Ellen, and D. G. Cvitkovitch. 2001. Cell density modulates acid adaptation in Streptococcus mutans: implications for survival in biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 183:6875-6884.
144. Li, Y. H., P. C. Lau, N. Tang, G. Svensater, R. P. Ellen, and D. G. Cvitkovitch. 2002. Novel two-component regulatory system involved in biofilm formation and acid resistance in Streptococcus mutans. J. Bacteriol. 184:6333-6342.
145. Lim, E. M., S. D. Ehrlich, and E. Maguin. 2000. Identification of stress-inducible proteins in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, bulgaricus. Electrophoresis 21:2557-2561.
146. Lindahl, T., and B. Nyberg. 1972. Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 11:3610-3618.
147. Liu, S.-Q., G. C. Pritchard, M. J. Hardman, and G. J. Pilone. 1996. Arginine catabolism in wine lactic acid bacteria: is it via the arginine deiminase pathway or the arginine-urease pathway? J. Appl. Microbiol. 81:486-492.
148. Liu, S. Q., and G. J. Pilone. 1998. A review: arginine metabolism in wine lactic acid bacteria and its practical application. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:315-327.
149. Luirink, J., and B. Dobberstein. 1994. Mammalian and Escherichia coli signal recognition particles. Mol. Microbiol. 11:9-13.
150. Ma, Y., T. M. Curran, and R. E. Marquis. 1997. Rapid procedure for acid adaptation of oral lactic-acid bacteria and further characterization of the response. Can. J. Microbiol. 43:143-148.
151. Magni, C., D. de Mendoza, W. N. Konings, and J. S. Lolkema. 1999. Mechanism of citrate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis: resistance against lactate toxicity at low pH. J. Bacteriol. 181:1451-1457.
152. Margolis, H. C., J. H. Duckworth, and E. C. Moreno. 1988. Composition of pooled resting plaque fluid from caries-free and caries-susceptible individuals. J. Dent. Res. 67:1468-1475.
153. Marquis, R. E., G. R. Bender, D. R. Murray, and A. Wong. 1987. Arginine deiminase system and bacterial adaptation to acid environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:198-200.
154. Marron, L., N. Emerson, C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 1997. A mutant of Listeria monocytogenes LO28 unable to induce an acid tolerance response displays diminished virulence in a murine model. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4945-4947.
155. Martin-Galiano, A. J., M. J. Ferrandiz, and A. G. de la Campa. 2001. The promoter of the operon encoding the FOF1 ATPase of Streptococcus pneumoniae is inducible by pH. Mol. Microbiol. 41:1327-1338.
156. Marty-Teysset, C., C. Posthuma, J. S. Lolkema, P. Schmitt, C. Divies, and W. N. Konings. 1996. Proton motive force generation by citrolactic fermentation in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J. Bacteriol. 178:2178-2185.
157. Mascher, T., D. Zahner, M. Merai, N. Balmelle, A. B. De Saizieu, and R. Hakenbeek. 2003. The Streptococcus pneumoniae cia regulon: CiaR target sites and transcription profile analysis. J. Bacteriol. 185:60-70.
158. McKinney, J. D., B. K. Honer Zu, E. J. Munoz-Elias, A. Miczak, B. Chen, W. T. Chan, D. Swenson, J. C. Sacchettini, W. R. Jacobs, Jr., and D. G. Russell. 2000. Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and mice requires the glyoxylate shunt enzyme isocitrate lyase. Nature 406:735-738.
159. Mitchison, D. A. 1992. The Garrod Lecture. Understanding the chemotherapy of tuberculosis - current problems. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 29:477-493.
160. Miwa, T., H. Esaki, J. Umemori, and T. Hino. 1997. Activity of H-ATPase in ruminal bacteria with special reference to acid tolerance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2155-2158.
161. Mobley, H. L., M. D. Island, and R. P. Hausinger. 1995. Molecular biology of microbial ureases. Microbiol. Rev. 59:451-480.
162. Morel, F., F. Delmas, M. P. Jobin, C. Divies, and J. Guzzo. 2001. Improved acid tolerance of a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli expressing genes from the acidophilic bacterium Oenococcus oeni. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 33:126-130.
163. Nadon, C. A., B. M. Bowen, M. Wiedmann, and K. J. Boor. 2002. Sigma B contributes to PrfA-mediated virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 70:3948-3952.
164. Nomura, M., H. Kimoto, Y. Someya, S. Furukawa, and I. Suzuki, 1998. Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid by cheese starters during cheese ripening. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1486-1491.
165. Nomura, M., M. Kobayashi, S. Ohmomo, and T. Okamoto. 2000. Inactivation of the glutamate decarboxylase gene in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2235-2237.
166. Nomura, M., I. Nakajima, Y. Fujita, M. Kobayashi, H. Kimoto, I. Suzuki, and H. Aso. 1999. Lactococcus lactis contains only one glutamate decarboxylase gene. Microbiology 145:1375-1380.
167. O'Brien, D. K., and S. B. Melville. 2000. The anaerobic pathogen Clostridium perfringens can escape the phagosome of macrophages under aerobic conditions. Cell Microbiol. 2:505-519.
168. O'Brien, L. M., S. V. Gordon, I. S. Roberts, and P. W. Andrew. 1996. Response of Mycobacterium smegmatis to acid stress. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 139:11-17.
169. O'Connell-Motherway, M., D. van Sinderen, F. Morel-Deville, G. F. Fitzgerald, S. D. Ehrlich, and P. Morel. 2000. Six putative two-component regulatory systems isolated from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363. Microbiology 146:935-947.
170. O'Driscoll, B., C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 1996. Adaptive acid tolerance response in Listeria monocytogenes: isolation of an acid-tolerant mutant which demonstrates increased virulence. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1693-1698.
171. O'Driscoll, B., C. G. M. Gahan, and C. Hill. 1997. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the acid tolerance response in Listeria monocytogenes LO28. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2679-2685.
172. Oguiza, J. A., A. T. Marcos, M. Malumbres, and J. F. Martin. 1996. Multiple sigma factor genes in Brevibacterium lactofermentum: characterization of siga and sigB. J. Bacteriol. 178:550-553.
173. Oh, D. H., and D. L. Marshall. 1996. Monolaurin and acetic acid inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes attached to stainless steel. J. Food Prot. 59:249-252.
174. Olsen, E. B., J. B. Russell, and T. Henick-Kling. 1991. Electrogenic L-malate transport by Lactobacillus plantarum: a basis for energy derivation from malolactic fermentation. J. Bacteriol. 173:6199-6206.
175. O'Sullivan, E., and S. Condon. 1997. Intracellular pH is a major factor in the induction of tolerance to acid and other stresses in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4210-4215.
176. Palma, M., and A. L. Cheung. 2001. sigma(B) activity in Staphytococcus aureus is controlled by RsbU and an additional factor(s) during bacterial growth. Infect. Immun. 69:7858-7865.
177. Peterson, S., J. Woodhead, and J. Crall. 1985. Caries resistance in children with chronic renal failure: plaque pH, salivary pH, and salivary composition. Pediatr. Res. 19:796-799.
178. Phan-Thanh, L., and F. Mahouin. 1999. A proteomic approach to study the acid response in Listeria monocytogenes. Electrophoresis 20:2214-2224.
179. Phan-Thanh, L., F. Mahouin, and S. Alige. 2000. Acid responses of Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55:121-126.
180. 2+ levels. Infect. Immun. 68:4518-4522.
181. Pieters, J., and J. Gatfield. 2002. Hijacking the host: survival of pathogenic mycobacteria inside macrophages. Trends Microbiol. 10:142-146.
182. Poolman, B., D. Molenaar, E. J. Smid, T. Ubbink, T. Abee, P. P. Renault, and W. N. Konings. 1991. Malolactic fermentation: electrogenic malate uptake and malate/lactate antiport generate metabolic energy. J. Bacteriol. 173:6030-6037.
183. Poolman, B., R. M. Nijssen, and W. N. Konings. 1987. Dependence of Streptococcus lactis phosphate transport on internal phosphate concentration and internal pH. J. Bacteriol. 169:5373-5378.
184. Prabhakaran, K., E. B. Harris, and W. F. Kirchhcimer. 1983. Glutamic acid decarboxylase in Mycobacterium leprae. Arch. Microbiol. 134:320-323.
185. Prescott, J. F. 1991. Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:20-34.
186. Quivey, R. G., W. L. Kuhnert, and K. Hahn. 2001. Genetics of acid adaptation in oral streptococci. Crit Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 12:301-314.
187. Quivey, R. G., Jr., R. Faustoferri, K. Monahan, and R. Marquis. 2000. Shifts in membrane fatty acid profiles associated with acid adaptation of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189:89-92.
188. Quivey, R. G., Jr., R. C. Faustoferri, K. A. Clancy, and R. E. Marquis. 1995. Acid adaptation in Streptococcus mutans UA159 alleviates sensitization to environmental stress due to RecA deficiency. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 126:257-261.
189. Rallu, F., A. Gruss, S. D. Ehrlich, and E. Maguin. 2000. Acid- and multi-stress-resistant mutants of Lactococcus lactis: identification of intracellular stress signals. Mol. Microbiol. 35:517-528.
190. Rallu, F., A. Gruss, and E. Maguin. 1996. Lactococcus lactis and stress. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 70:243-251.
191. Rao, M., T. L. Streur, F. E. Aldwell, and G. M. Cook. 2001. Intracellular pH regulation by Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Microbiology 147:1017-1024.
192. Renault, P., C. Gaillardin, and H. Heslot. 1988. Role of malolactic fermentation in lactic acid bacteria. Biochimie 70:375-379.
193. Rogers, A. H., P. S. Zilm, N. J. Gully, and A. L. Pfennig. 1988. Response of a Streptococcus sanguis strain to arginine-containing peptides. Infect. Immun. 56:687-692.
194. Roth, R. I., R. L. Owen, D. F. Keren, and P. A. Volberding. 1985. Intestinal infection with Mycobacterium avium in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Histological and clinical comparison with Whipple's disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 30:497-504.
195. Rowbury, R. J. 2000. Killed cultures of Escherichia coli can protect living organisms from acid stress. Microbiology 146:1759-1760.
196. Rowbury, R. J. 2001. Extracellular sensing components and extracellular induction component alarmones give early warning against stress in Escherichia coli. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 44:215-257.
197. Russell, D. G. 2001. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: here today, and here tomorrow. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2:569-577.
198. Saklani-Jusforgues, H., E. Fontan, and P. L. Goossens. 2000. Effect of acid-adaptation on Listeria monocytogenes survival and translocation in a murine intragastric infection model. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 193:155-159.
199. Salema, M., J. S. Lolkema, M. V. San Romao, and M. C. Lourero Dias. 1996. The proton motive force generated in Leuconostoc oenos by L-malate fermentation. J. Bacteriol. 178:3127-3132.
200. Samelis, J., J. N. Sofos, P. A. Kendall, and G. C. Smith. 2001. Influence of the natural microbial flora on the acid tolerance response of Listeria monocytogenes in a model system of fresh meat decontamination fluids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2410-2420.
201. Sancar, A. 1996. DNA excision repair. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65:43-81.
202. Sanders, J. W., K. Leenhouts, J. Burghoorn, J. R. Brands, G. Venema, and J. Kok. 1998. A chloride-inducible acid resistance mechanism in Lactococcus lactis and its regulation. Mol. Microbiol. 27:299-310.
203. Sansone, C., J. Van Houte, K. Joshipura, R. Kent, and H. C. Margolis. 1993. The association of mutans streptococci and non-mutans streptococci capable of acidogenesis at a low pH with dental caries on enamel and root surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 72:508-516.
204. Sato, T., J. Wu, and H. Kuramitsu. 1998. The sgp gene modulates stress responses of Streptococcus mutans: utilization of an antisense RNA strategy to investigate essential gene functions. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 159:241-245.
205. Schlech, W. F., III, D. P. Chase, and A. Badley. 1993. A model of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes infection in the Sprague-Dawley rat using gastric inoculation: development and effect of gastric acidity on infective dose. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 18:15-24.
206. Shabala, L., B. Budde, T. Ross, H. Siegumfeldt, M. Jakobsen, and T. McMeekin. 2002. Responses of Listeria monocytogenes to acid stress and glucose availability revealed by a novel combination of fluorescence microscopy and microelectrode ion-selective techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:1794-1802.
207. Sheng, J. Y., and Z. Liu. 2000. Acidogenicity and acidurance of fluoride-resistant Streptococcus sobrinus in vitro. Chin. J. Dent. Res. 3:7-14.
208. Sibelius, U., E. C. Schulz, F. Rose, K. Hattar, T. Jacobs, S. Weiss, T. Chakraborty, W. Seeger, and F. Grimminger. 1999. Role of Listeria monocytogenes exotoxins listeriolysin and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in activation of human neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 67:1125-1130.
209. Simon, J. P., B. Wargnies, and V. Stalon. 1982. Control of enzyme synthesis in the arginine deiminase pathway of Streptococcus faecalis. J. Bacteriol. 150:1085-1090.
210. Singer, D. L., and I. Kleinberg. 1983. Quantitative assessment of urea, glucose and ammonia changes in human dental plaque and saliva following rinsing with urea and glucose. Arch. Oral Biol. 28:923-929.
211. Sissons, C. H., H. E. Perinpanayagam, E. M. Hancock, and T. W. Cutress. 1990. pH regulation of urease levels in Streptococcus salivarius. J. Dent. Res. 69:1131-1137.
212. Small, P. L., and S. R. Waterman. 1998. Acid stress, anaerobiosis and gadCB: lessons from Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli. Trends Microbiol. 6:214-216.
213. Smith, A. J., R. G. Quivey, Jr., and R. C. Faustoferri. 1996. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the Streptococcus mutans membrane-bound, proton-translocating ATPase operon. Gene 183:87-96.
214. Smith, D. K., T. Kassam, B. Singh, and J. F. Elliott. 1992. Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci. J. Bacteriol. 174:5820-5826.
215. Stingl, K., K. Altendorf, and E. P. Bakker. 2002. Acid survival of Helicobacterpylori: how does urease activity trigger cytoplasmic pH homeostasis? Trends Microbiol. 10:70-74.
216. Sturgill-Koszycki, S., P. H. Schlesinger, P. Chakraborty, P. L. Haddix, H. L. Collins, A. K. Fok, R. D. Allen, S. L. Gluck, J. Heuser, and D. G. Russell. 1994. Lack of acidification in Mycobacterium phagosomes produced by exclusion of the vesicular proton-ATPase. Science 263:678-681.
217. Sturr, M. G., and R. E. Marquis. 1992. Comparative acid tolerances and inhibitor sensitivities of isolated F-ATPases of oral lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:2287-2291.
218. +-ATPase by cloned genes from the same and different species. Mol. Microbiol. 9:111-118.
219. +-ATPase biosynthesis and in F0 complex. J. Biol. Chem. 263:11840-11843.
220. Svensater, G., O. Bjornsson, and I. R. Hamilton. 2001. Effect of carbon starvation and proteolytic activity on stationary-phase acid tolerance of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiology 147:2971-2979.
221. Svensater, G., J. Welin, J. C. Wilkins, D. Beighton, and L. R. Hamilton. 2001. Protein expression by planktonic and biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 205:139-146.
222. Takahashi, N., and T. Yamada. 1999. Acid-induced acid tolerance and acidogenicity of non-mutans streptococci. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 14:43-48.
223. Takai, S., N. Fukunaga, K. Kamisawa, Y. Imai, Y. Sasaki, and S. Tsubaki. 1996. Expression of virulence-associated antigens of Rhodococcus equi is regulated by temperature and pH. Microbiol. Immunol. 40:591-594.
224. Takai, S., M. Iie, Y. Watanabe, S. Tsubaki, and T. Sekizaki. 1992. Virulence-associated 15- to 17-kilodalton antigens in Rhodococcus equi: temperature-dependent expression and location of the antigens. Infect. Immun. 60:2995-2997.
225. Takai, S., K. Koike, S. Ohbushi, C. Izumi, and S. Tsubaki. 1991. Identification of 15- to 17-kilodalton antigens associated with virulent Rhodococcus equi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:439-443.
226. Tan, C., J. F. Prescott, M. C. Patterson, and V. M. Nicholson. 1995. Molecular characterization of a lipid-modified virulence-associated protein of Rhodococcus equi and its potential in protective immunity. Can. J. Vet. Res. 59:51-59.
227. Teng, F., L. Wang, K. V. Singh, B. E. Murray, and G. M. Weinstock. 2002. Involvement of PhoP-PhoS homologs in Enterococcus faecalis virulence. Infect. Immun. 70:1991-1996.
228. Tonon, T., J. P. Bourdineaud, and A. Lonvaud-Funel. 2001. The arcABC gene cluster encoding the arginine deiminase pathway of Oenococcus oeni, and arginine induction of a CRP-like gene. Res. Microbiol. 152:653-661.
229. Tourdot-Marechal, R., L. C. Fortier, J. Guzzo, B. Lee, and C. Divies. 1999. Acid sensitivity of neomycin-resistant mutants of Oenococcus oeni: a relationship between reduction of ATPase activity and lack of malolactic activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 178:319-326.
230. Ueno, Y., K. Hayakawa, S. Takahashi, and K. Oda. 1997. Purification and characterization of glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis IFO 12005. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 61:1168-1171.
231. VanBogelen, R. A., and F. C. Neidhardt. 1990. Ribosomes as sensors of heat and cold shock in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:5589-5593.
232. van de Guchte, M., P. Serror, C. Chervaux, T. Smokvina, S. D. Ehrlich, and E. Maguin. 2002. Stress responses in lactic acid bacteria. Antonic Leeuwenhoek. 82:187-216.
233. Van Houte, J., J. Lopman, and R. Kent. 1996. The final pH of bacteria comprising the predominant flora on sound and carious human root and enamel surfaces. J. Dent. Res. 75:1008-1014.
234. Van Houte, J., C. Sansone, K. Joshipura, and R. Kent. 1991. Mutans streptococci and non-mutans streptococci acidogenic at low pH, and in vitro acidogenic potential of dental plaque in two different areas of the human dentition. J. Dent. Res. 70:1503-1507.
235. van Schaik, W., C. G. Gahan, and C. Hill. 1999. Acid-adapted Listeria monocytogenes displays enhanced tolerance against the lantibiotics nisin and lacticin 3147. J. Food Prot. 62:536-539.
236. Van Wuyckhuyse, B. C., H. E. Perinpanayagam, D. Bevacqua, R. F. Raubertas, R. J. Billings, W. R. Bowen, and L. A. Tabak, 1995. Association of free arginine and lysine concentrations in human parotid saliva with caries experience. J. Dent. Res. 74:686-690.
237. Vijay, K., M. S. Brody, E. Fredlund, and C. W. Price. 2000. A PP2C phosphatase containing a PAS domain is required to convey signals of energy stress to the sigmaB transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis, Mol. Microbiol. 35:180-188.
238. Villarreal, L., N. L. Heredia, and S. Garcia. 2000. Changes in protein synthesis and acid tolerance in Clostridium perpingens type A in response to acid shock. Int. Microbiol. 3:113-116.
239. Voelker, U., T. Luo, N. Smirnova, and W. Haldenwang. 1997. Stress activation of Bacillus subtilis sigma B can occur in the absence of the sigma B negative regulator RsbX. J. Bacteriol. 179:1980-1984.
240. Voelker, U., A. Voelker, B. Maul, M. Hecker, A. Dufour, and W. G. Haldenwang. 1995. Separate mechanisms activate sigma B of Bacillus subtilis in response to environmental and metabolic stresses, J. Bacteriol. 177:3771-3780.
241. Voelker, U., B. Maul, and M. Hecker. 1999. Expression of the sigmaB-dependent general stress regulon confers multiple stress resistance in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 181:3942-3948.
242. Walker, G. C. 1995. SOS-regulated proteins in translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:416-420.
243. Walker, G. C. 1996. The SOS response of Escherichia coli. p. 529-537. In F. C. Neidhardt, R. Curtiss III, J. L. Ingraham, E. C. C. Lin, K. B. Low, B. Magasanik, W. S. Reznikoff, M. Riley, M. Schaechter, and H. E. Umbarger (ed.), Eschenchia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, 2nd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
244. Waterman, S. R., and P. L. Small. 1996. Identification of sigma S-dependent genes associated with the stationary-phase acid-resistance phenotype of Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 21:925-940.
245. Watson, S. P., M. Antonio, and S. J. Foster. 1998. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus starvation-induced, stationary-phase mutants defective in survival or recovery. Microbiology 144:3159-3169.
246. Weber, J., and A. E. Senior. 1997. Catalytic mechanism of F1-ATPase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1319:19-58.
247. Wiedmann, M., T. J. Arvik, R. J. Hurley, and K. J. Boor. 1998. General stress transcription factor sigmaB and its role in acid tolerance and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 180:3650-3656.
248. Wilkins, J. C., K. A. Homer, and D. Beighton. 2001. Altered protein expression of Streptococcus oralis cultured at low pH revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67:3396-3405.
249. Wilkins, J. C., K. A. Homer, and D. Beighton. 2002. Analysis of Streptococcus mutans proteins modulated by culture under acidic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2382-2390.
250. Winterhoff, N., R. Goethe, P. Gruening, M. Rohde, H. Kalisz, H. E. Smith, and P. Valentin-Weigand. 2002. Identification and characterization of two temperature-induced surface-associated proteins of Streptococcus suis with high homologies to members of the arginine deiminase system of Streptococcus pyogenes. J. Bacteriol. 184:6768-6776.
251. Wong, S. L., C. W. Price, D. S. Goldfarb, and R. H. Doi. 1984. The subtilisin E gene of Bacillus subtilis is transcribed from a sigma 37 promoter in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1184-1188.
252. Wu, Q. L., D. Kong, K. Lam, and R. N. Husson. 1997. A mycobacterial extracytoplasmic function sigma factor involved in survival following stress. J. Bacteriol. 179:2922-2929.
253. Wu, S., H. de Lencastre, and A. Tomasz. 1996. Sigma-B, a putative operon encoding alternate sigma factor of Staphylococcus aureus RNA polymerase: molecular cloning and DNA sequencing. J. Bacteriol. 178:6036-6042.
254. Yamamoto, N., Y. Masujima, and T. Takano. 1996. Reduction of membrane-bound ATPase activity in a Lactobacillus helveticus strain with slower growth at low pH. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 138:179-184.
255. Yamashita, Y., T. Takehara, and H. K. Kuramitsu. 1993. Molecular characterization of a Streptococcus mutans mutant altered in environmental stress responses. J. Bacteriol. 175:6220-6228.
256. Yasbin, R. E., D. Cheo, and D. Bol. 1993. DNA repair systems, p. 529-537. In R. E. Yasbin, D. Cheo, and D. Bol (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria: biochemistry, physiology, and molecular genetics. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
257. Yokota, A., S. Amachi, S. Ishii, and F. Tomita. 1995. Acid sensitivity of a mutant of Lactococcus lactis subsp, lactis C2 with reduced membrane-bound activity. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 59:2004-2007.
258. Zachar, Z., and D. C. Savage. 1979. Microbial interference and colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract by Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 23:168-174.
259. Zhu, M., S. Takenaka, M. Sato, and E. Hoshino. 2001. Influence of starvation and biofilm formation on acid resistance of Streptococcus mutans. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 16:24-27.
260. Zink, M. C., J. A. Yager, J. F. Prescott, and M. A. Fernando. 1987. Electron microscopic investigation of intracellular events after ingestion of Rhodococcus equi by foal alveolar macrophages. Vet. Microbiol. 14:295-305.
261. Zou, Y., D. J. Crowley, and B. Van Houten, 1998. Involvement of molecular chaperonins in nueleotide excision repair. DNaK leads to increased thermal stability of UvrA, catalytic UvrB loading, enhanced repair, and increased UV resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 273:12887-12892.
262. Zuniga, M., M. Champomier-Verges, M. Zagorec, and G. Perez-Martinez. 1998. Structural and functional analysis of the gene cluster encoding the enzymes of the arginine deiminase pathway of Lactobacillus sake. J. Bacteriol. 180:4154-4159.
263. Zuniga, M., M. C. Miralles, and G. Perez-Martinez. 2002. The product of arcR, the sixth gene of the arc operon of Lactobacillus sakei, is essential for expression of the arginine deiminase pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:6051-6058.