New directions in the treatment of anxiety disorders

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 401-423

  Hood, Sean D ^a   Argyropoulos, Spilios V ^a   Nutt, David J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

5 hydroxytryptamine (5 HT); Anxiety; Cannabinoid; Conopeptide; GABA; Glutamate; N acetylated linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase); Neurokinin; Neuropeptide; Novel; Patent; Serotonin; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BROFAROMINE; BUSPIRONE; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONAZEPAM; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR ANTAGONIST; DIAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; GABAPENTIN; HALOPERIDOL; HYPNOTIC AGENT; KAVA EXTRACT; LITHIUM; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PREGABALIN; REBOXETINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VENLAFAXINE; ZOLPIDEM;

ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; NOMENCLATURE; NONHUMAN; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PHOBIA;

EID: 0037398064     PISSN: 13543776     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.4.401     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. HEIMBERG RG, LIEBOWITZ MR, HOPE DA et al.: Cognitive behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1998) 55(12):1133-1141.
2. LIEBOWITZ MR, HEIMBERG RG, SCHNEIER FR et al.: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus phenelzine in social phobia: long-term outcome. Depression & Anxiety (1999) 10:89-98.
3. HOOD SD, NUTT DJ: How I treat St John's Wort. The Practitioner (1999) 243:779-786.
4. HOOD SD, ALDERTON D, CASTLE DJ: OCD: treatment and treatment resistance. Australasian Psychiatry (2001) 19:118-127.
5. PAMPALLONA S, BOLLINI P, TIBALDI G, KUPELNICK B, MUNIZZA C: Patient adherence in the treatment of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry (2002) 180:104-109.
6. BALLENGER JC, DAVIDSON JRT, LECRUBIER Y et al.: Consensus statement on panic disorder from the international consensus group on depression and anxiety. J. Clin. Psy. (1998) 59(Suppl.8):47-54.
7. CROWE RR, NOYES R, PAULS DL, SLYMEN D: A family study of panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1983) 40(10):1065-1069.
8. MAIER W, LICHTERMANN D, MINGES J, OEHRLEIN A, FRANKE P: A controlled family study in panic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. (1993) 27(Suppl.1):79-87.
9. KENDLER KS, NEALE MC, KESSLER RC, HEATH AC, EAVES LJ: Panic disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Psychol. Med. (1993) 23(2):397-406.
10. PERNA G, CALDIROLA D, ARANCIO C, BELLODI L: Panic attacks: a twin study, Psychiatry Res. (1997) 66(1):69-71.
11. MARTINSANTOS R, BULBENA A, PORTA M, GAGO J, MOLINA L, DURO JC: Association between joint hypermobility syndrome and panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1998) 155(11):1578-1583.
12. GRATACOS M, NADAL M, MARTIN-SANTOS R et al.: A polymorphic genomic duplication on human chromosome 15 is a susceptibility factor for panic and phobic disorders. Cell (2001) 106(3):367-379.
13. WEISSMAN MM, GROSS R, FYER A et al.: Interstitial cystitis and panic disorder: a potential genetic syndrome. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) HT19.
14. KLEIN DF: False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. an integrative hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1993) 50(4):306-17.
15. 2 hyperreactivity and short-term treatment outcome. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol (2002) 22(3):300-308.
16. BRANNAN S, LIOTTI M, EGAN G et al.: Neuroimaging of cerebral activations and deactivations associated with hypercapnia and hunger for air. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(4):2029-2034.
17. 2 results in activation of the HPA axis in healthy volunteers. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2002) 27:715-729.
18. SASAKI I, AKIYOSHI J, SAKURAI R et al.: Carbon dioxide induced panic attack in panic disorder in Japan. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry (1996) 20(7):1145-57.
19. SINHA SS, COPLAN JD, PINE DS, MARTINEZ JA, KLEIN DF, GORMAN JM: Panic induced by carbon dioxide inhalation and lack of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Psychiatry Res. (1999) 86(2):93-98.
20. COPLAN JD, MOREAU D, CHAPUT F et al.: Salivary cortisol concentrations before and after carbon-dioxide inhalations in children. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 51(4):326-333,
21. COPLAN JD, MOREAU D, CHAPUT F et al.: Salivary cortisol concentrations before and after carbon-dioxide inhalations in children. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 51(4):326-333.
22. KAYE J, LIGHTMAN S: Monoaminergic systems regulating neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioural responses to acute hypercapnia. Fifth International Congress of Neuroendocrtinology, Bristol (2002).
23. KAYE J, BUCHANAN F, KENDRICK A, LIGHTMAN S: Endocrine, behavioural and physiological responses to acute hypercapnia. A novel means of investigating stress responsivity. The 84th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Francisco (2002).
24. GORMAN JM, LIEBOWITZ MR, FYER AJ, STEIN J: A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1989) 146(2):148-161.
25. GORMAN JM, KENT JM, SULLIVAN GM, COPLAN JD: Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157(4):493-505.
26. BAKKER A, VAN BALKOM AJ, SPINHOVEN P: SSRIs versus TCAs in the treatment of panic disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2002) 106(3):163-167.
27. DANNON PN, IANCU I, GRUNHAUS L: The efficacy of reboxetine in the treatment-refractory patients with panic disorder. an open label study. Hum. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 17(7):329-333.
28. VALENCA AM, NARDI AE, NASCIMENTO I, MEZZASALMA MA, LOPES FL, ZIN W: Double-blind clonazepam versus placebo in panic disorder treatment. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. (2000) 58(4):1025-1029.
29. GODDARD AW, BROUETTE T, ALMAI A, JETTY P, WOODS SW, CHARNEY D: Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2001) 58(7):681-686.
30. GARCIA-TORO M, SALVA CJ, CRESPI FM, ANDRES TJ, AGUIRRE OI, BOSCH CC: Panic disorder and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. (2002) 30(4):221-224.
31. HAZLETT-STEVENS H, CRASKE M, ROY-BYRNE P, SHERBOURNE C, STEIN M, BYSTRITSKY A: Predictors of willingness to consider medication and psychosocial treatment for panic disorder in primary care patients. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry (2002) 24(5):316.
32. ISSAKIDIS C, ANDREWS G: Service utilisation for anxiety in an Australian community sample. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. (2002) 37(4):153-163.
33. KAMPMAN M, KEIJSERS GP, HOOGDUIN CA, HENDRIKS GJ: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled. study of the effects of adjunctive paroxetine in panic disorder patients unsuccessfully treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy alone. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63(9):772-777.
34. ARNTZ A: Cognitive therapy versus interoceptive exposure as treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia. Behav. Res. Ther. (2002) 40(3):325-341.
35. OTTO MW, HONG JJ, SAFREN SA: Benzodiazepine discontinuation difficulties in panic disorder. conceptual model and outcome for cognitive-behaviour therapy. Curr. Pharm. Des. (2002) 8(1):75-80.
36. WESTRA HA, STEWART SH, CONRAD BE: Naturalistic manner of benzodiazepine use and cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in panic disorder with agoraphobia. J. Anxiety Disord. (2002) 16(3):233-246.
37. GODDARD AW, BROUETTE T, ALMAI A, JETTY P, WOODS SW, CHARNEY D: Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2001) 58(7):681-686.
38. DUGAS MJ: Generalized anxiety disorder publications: so where do we stand? J. Anxiety Disord. (2000) 14(1):31-40.
39. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (Third Edition), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, USA (1980).
40. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (Fourth Edition), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, USA (1994).
41. KESSLER RC, WITTCHEN HU: Patterns and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in community samples. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 8(63 Suppl.):4-10.
42. HUNT C, ISSAKIDIS C, ANDREWS G: DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being. Psychol. Med. (2002) 32(4):649-659.
43. TURNER SM, BEIDEL DC, STANLEY MA: Are obsessional thoughts and worry different cognitive phenomena? Clin. Psychology Rev. (1992) 12:257-270.
44. LANGLOIS F, FREESTON MH, LADOUCEUR R: Differences and similarities between obsessive intrusive thoughts and worry in a non-clinical population: study 1. Behav. Res. Ther. (2000) 38(2):157-173.
45. LANGLOIS F, FREESTON MH, LADOUCEUR R: Differences and similarities between obsessive intrusive thoughts and worry in a non-clinical population. study 2. Behav. Res. Ther. (2000) 38(2):175-189.
46. BREITHOLTZ E, JOHANSSON B, OST LG: Cognitions in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder patients. a prospective approach. Behav. Res. Ther. (1999) 37(6):533-544.
47. HAMILTON M: The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br. J. Med. Psychol. (1959) 32:50-55.
48. CULPEPPER L: Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: emerging issues in management and treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 8(63 Suppl.):35-42.
49. GORMAN JM: Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 8(63 Suppl.):17-23.
50. KATZ IR, REYNOLDS CF III, ALEXOPOULOS GS, HACKETT D: Venlafaxine ER as a treatment for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: pooled analysis of five randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (2002) 50(1):18-25.
51. SRAMEK JJ, ZAROTSKY V, CUTLER NR: Generalised anxiety disorder: treatment options. Drugs (2002) 62(11):1635-1648.
52. BORKOVEC TD, NEWMAN MG, PINCUS AL, LYTLE R: A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. (2002) 70(2):288-298.
53. CONNOR KM, DAVIDSON JR: A placebo-controlled study of Kava kava in generalized anxiety disorder Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2002) 17(4):185-188.
54. KESSLER RC, SONNEGA A. BROMET E, HUGHES M, NELSON CB: Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1995) 52(12):1048-1060.
55. BREWIN CR, ANDREWS B, VALENTINE JD: Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. (2000) 68(5):748-766.
56. MAYOU RA, EHLERS A, HOBBS M: Psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Three-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry (2000) 176:589-593.
57. SHAPIRO F: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and the anxiety disorders: clinical and research implications of an integrated psychotherapy, treatment. J. Anxiety Disord. (1999) 13(1-2):35-67.
58. YEHUDA R: Current status of cortisol findings in post-traumatic stress disorder Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. (2002) 25(2):341-368,vii.
59. BREMNER JD, RANDALL P, SCOTT TM et al.: MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry (1995) 152(7):973-981.
60. MARSHALL RD, BEEBE KL, OLDHAM M, ZANINELLI R: Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158(12):1982-1988.
61. DAVIDSON J, PEARLSTEIN T, LONDBORG P et al.: Efficacy of sertraline in preventing relapse of post-traumatic stress disorder: results of a 28-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158(12):1974-1981.
62. TUCKER P, ZANINELLI R, YEHUDA R, RUGGIERO L, DILLINGHAM K, PITTS CD: Paroxetine in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: results of a placebo-controlled, flexible-dosage trial. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2001) 62(11):860-868.
63. RAPAPORT MH, ENDICOTT J, CLARY CM: Post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life: results across 64 weeks of sertraline treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2002) 63(1):59-65.
64. CONNOR KM, SUTHERLAND SM, TUPLER LA, MALIK ML, DAVIDSON JR. Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. randomised, double-blind study. Br. J. Psychiatry (1999) 175:17-22.
65. DAVIDSON JR: Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder: treatment options, long-term follow-up, and predictors of outcome. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 61(Suppl.5):52-56.
66. BRADY KT, BACK SE. PTSD, gender, and pharmacotherapy. In: Gender and PTSD. Guilford Press, New York, USA 335-345.
67. BUTTERFIELD MI, BECKER M, MARX CE: Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: current concepts and treatments. Cur. Psychiatry Reports (2002) 4:474-486.
68. HAGEMAN I, ANDERSEN HS, JORGENSEN MB: Post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2001) 104(6):411-422.
69. HAGEMAN I, ANDERSEN HS, JORGENSEN MB: Post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2001) 104(6):411-422.
70. MAYOU RA, BLACK J, BRYANT B: Unconsciousness, amnesia and psychiatric symptoms following road traffic accident injury. Br. J. Psychiatry (2000) 177:540-545.
71. MURRAY J, EHLERS A, MAYOU RA: Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. Br. J. Psychiatry (2002) 180:363-368.
72. 2 family serotonin receptors reveal novel strategies for therapeutic target development. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets (2001) 5(6):685-695.
73. HANNON J, HOYER D: Serotonin receptors and systems: endless diversity? Acta Biologica Szegediensis (2002) 46:1-12.
74. BAUMGARTEN HG, GROZDANOVIC Z: Role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry (1998) 35(Suppl.):13-20.
75. GREIST JH, JEFFERSON JW, KOBAK KA, KATZELNICK DJ, SERLIN RC: Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1995) 52(1):53-60.
76. PICCINELLI M, PINI S, BELLANTUONO C, WILKINSON G: Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analytic review. Br. J. Psychiatry (1995) 166(4):424-443.
77. STEIN DJ, SPADACCINI E, HOLLANDER E: Meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1995) 10(1):11-18.
78. LOPEZ-IBOR JJJ, SAIZ J, COTTRAUX J et al.: Double-blind comparison of fluoxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol (1996) 6(2):111-118.
79. MUNDO E, MAINA G, USLENGHI C: Multicentre, double-blind, comparison of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (2000) 15(2):69-76.
80. KORAN LM, MCELROY SL, DAVIDSON JR, RASMUSSEN SA, HOLLANDER E, JENIKE MA: Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind comparison. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1996) 16(2):121-129.
81. ZOHAR J, JUDGE R: Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD paroxetine study investigators. Br. J. Psychiatry (1996) 169(4):468-474.
82. WADE D: Perfect people pills: prescriptions for happiness? The new generation of drugs that make you who you want to be. The Sunday Times Magazine (UK) (2003).
83. WILLIAMS K: Embarrassing claim by psychiatrists. The West Australian, Thursday May 4 (2000) p15.
84. DEWAR KM, STRAVYNSKI A: The quest for biological correlates of social phobia: an interim assessment. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2001) 103(4):244-251.
85. ARGYROPOULOS SV, HOOD SD, NUTT DJ: Social phobia: illness or illusion? Acta Psychiatr. Scand. (2001) 103(4):241-243.
86. LIEBOWITZ MR: Social phobia. Mod. Probl. Pharmacopsychiatry (1987) 22:141-173.
87. CONNOR KM, DAVIDSON JR, CHURCHILL LE, SHERWOOD A, FOA E, WEISLER RH: Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Br. J. Psychiatry (2000) 176:379-386.
88. ARGYROPOULOS SV, ADROVER M, HOOD SD et al.: Tryptophan depletion in treated social anxiety disorder: effects of autobiographical scripts and stressful speaking tasks. J. Psychopharmacology (2002) 16(3)A51.
89. ARGYROPOULOS SV, BELL CJ, NUTT DJ: Brain function in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. (2001) 24(4):707-722.
90. SCHNEIER FR, LIEBOWITZ MR, ABIDARGHAM A, ZEA-PONCE Y, LIN SH, LARUELLE M: Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157(3):457-459.
91. TIIHONEN J, KUIKKA J, BERGSTROM K, LEPOLA U, KOPONEN H, LEINONEN E: Dopamine reuptake site densities in patients with social phobia. Am. J. Psychiatry (1997) 154(2):239-242.
92. WALSH K, BENNETT G: Parkinson's disease and anxiety. Postgrad. Med. J. (2001) 77(904):89-93.
93. ROWE DC, STEVER C, GARD JM et al.: The relation of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) to symptoms of internalizing disorders in children. Behav. Genet. (1998) 28(3):215-225.
94. KENNEDY JL, NEVES-PEREIRA M, KING N et al.: Dopamine system genes not linked to social phobia. Psychiatr. Genet. (2001) 11(4):213-217.
95. HIMLE JA, ABELSON JL, HAGHIGHTGOU H, HILL EM, NESSE RM, CURTIS GC: Effect of alcohol on social phobic anxiety. Am. J. Psychiatry (1999) 156(8):1237-1243.
96. SIMPSON HB, SCHNEIER FR, CAMPEAS RB et al.: Imipramine in the treatment of social phobia. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 18(2):132-135.
97. HOOD SD, NUTT DJ: Psychopharmacological treatments - an overview In. International Handbook of Social Anxiety: Research and Interventions relating to the Self and Shyness Crozier WR, Alden LE (Eds), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London (2001) 471-504.
98. PANDE AC, DAVIDSON JRT, JEFFERSON JW et al: Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. (1999) 19(4):341-348.
99. FELTNER DE, PANDE AC, POLLACK MH: A placebo-controlled study of pregabalin treatment of social phobia. 20th National Conference of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Washington DC, USA NR-59.
100. HOOD SD, NUTT DJ: Panic disorder. CNS (2000) 2(4):7-10.
101. BELL C, ABRAMS J, NUTT D: Tryptophan depletion and its implications for psychiatry. Br. J. Psychiatry (2001) 178:399-405.
102. BELL C, FORSHALL S, ADROVER M et al.: Does 5-HT restrain panic? A tryptophan depletion study in panic disorder patients recovered on paroxetine. J. Psychopharmacology (2002) 16(1):5-14.
103. NUTT DJ, GLUE P, LAWSON C, WILSON S: Flumazenil provocation of panic attacks. Evidence for altered benzodiazepine receptor sensitivity in panic disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1990) 47(10):917-925.
104. TILLFORS M, FURMARK T, MARTEINSDOTTIR I et al.: Cerebral blood flow in subjects with social phobia during stressful speaking tasks: a PET study. Am. J. Psychiatry (2001) 158(8):1220-1226.
105. 11C]-WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (2000) 57(2):174-180.
106. NUTT DJ: 5-HT in human anxiety disorders. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) WAM2-4.
107. 1A receptor acts during development to establish normal anxiety-like behaviour in the adult. Nature (2002) 416(6879):396-400.
108. GROSS C, SANTARELLI L, BRUNNER D, ZHUANG X, HEN R: Altered fear circuits in 5-HT(1A) receptor KO mice. Biol. Psychiatry (2000) 48(12):1157-1163.
109. NUTT D, BALLENGER JC: Anxiety disorders: current needs and future prospects. In: Anxiety Disorders. Nutt D, Ballenger JC (Eds), Blackwell, Cambridge (2003) 501-510.
110. A-receptor clustering results in enhanced anxiety and a bias for threat cues. Nat. Neurosci. (1999) 2(9):833-839.
111. A receptor subtypes: dissecting their pharmacological functions. TIPS (2001) 22(4):188-194.
112. LOW K, CRESTANI F, KEIST R et al.: Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science (2000) 290(5489):131-134.
113. CRESTANI F, MARTIN JR, MOHLER H, RUDOLPH U: Mechanism of action of the hypnotic zolpidem in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 131(7):1251-1254.
114. MOHLER H, CRESTANI F, FRITSCHY JM, RUDOLPH U: Diversity of gabaergic inhibition: dissection by point mutations. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) THPM2-1.
115. 1 subtype. Nat. Neurosci. (2000) 3(6):587-592.
116. A subtype-mediated mechanisms in primates. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) THPM2-3.
117. ATOR NA: Differential abuse liability profiles of GABA-A subtype selective compounds. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) THPM2-4.
118. HOOD SD, NUTT DJ: Agents in development for anxiety disorders: current status and future potential. CNS Drugs (2000) 13(6):421-431.
119. 11C]-flumazenil positron emission tomography study? Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacology (2000) 3:S288.
120. SANDFORD JJ, FORSHALL S, BELL C et al.: Crossover trial of pagoclone and placebo in patients with DSM-IV panic disorder. J. Psychopharmacol. (2001) 15(3):205-208.
121. A agonist. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) W-33.
122. ARGYROPOULOS S, NUTT D: Peptide receptors as targets for anxiolytic drugs. In: Milestones in drug therapy - Anxiolytics. Briley M, Nutt D (Eds), Basel (2000) 151-175.
123. HERNANDEZ-GOMEZ AM, AGUILAR-ROBLERO R, PEREZ DLM: Role of cholecystokinin-A and cholecystokinin-B receptors in anxiety. Amino Acids (2002) 23(1-3):283-290.
124. B receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into the lateral ventricle. Pharmacopsychiatry (2001) 34(6):232-237.
125. VAN-MEGEN H-J, WESTENBERG H GM, DEN-BOER J-A, SLAAP B, SCHEEPMAKERS A: Effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine on CCK-4 induced panic attacks. Psychopharmacology (1997) 129(4):357-364.
126. 2 challenge in healthy volunteers. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2000) 24(3):409-418.
127. KATZMAN MA, DUFFIN J, SHLIK J, BRADWEJN J: The ventilatory response to cholecystokinin tetrapeptide in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology (2002) 26(6):824-831.
128. MCDONALD IM: CCK2 receptor antagonists. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11(3):445-462.
129. GUTMAN DA, OWENS MJ, NEMEROFF CB: CRF receptor antagonists: a new approach to the treatment of depression. Pharmaceut. News (2001) 8:18-25.
130. DAUTZENBERG FM, HAUGER RL: The CRF peptide family and their receptors: yet more partners discovered. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2002) 23(2):71-77.
131. MILLAN MJ, BROCCO M, GOBERT A, DOREY G, CASARA P, DEKEYNE A: Anxiolytic properties of the selective, non-peptidergic CRF(1) antagonists, CP154,526 and DMP695: a comparison to other classes of anxiolytic agent. Neuropsychopharmacology (2001) 25(4):585-600.
132. GILLIGAN PJ, BALDAUF C, COCUZZA A et al.: The discovery of 4-(3-pentylamino)-2,7 -dimethyl 8-(2-methyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-pyrazolo-[1,5-a]-pyrimidine: a corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF1) antagonist Bioorg. Med. Chem. (2000) 8(1):181-189.
133. MACIAG CM, DENT G, GILLIGAN P et al.: Effects of a non-peptide CRF antagonist (DMP696) on the behavioral and endocrine sequelae of maternal separation. Neuropsychopharmacology (2002) 26(5):574-582.
134. FERRARA G, SERRA M, ZAMMARETTI F et al.: Increased expression of the neuropeptide Y receptor Y(1) gene in the medial amygdala of transgenic mice induced by long-term treatment with progesterone or allopregnanolone. J. Neurochem. (2001) 79(2):417-425.
135. MATHE A, HUSUM H, JIMINEZ P et al.: Neuropeptide Y is the marker for mood disorders and risk for alcohol dependence. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) W-60.
136. BANNON AW, SEDA J, CARMOUCHE M et al.: Behavioral characterization of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Brain Res. (2000) 868(1):79-87.
137. KASK A, HARRO J, VON HORSTEN S, REDROBE JP, DUMONTY, QUIRION R: The neurocircuitry and receptor subtypes mediating anxiolytic-like effects of neuropeptide Y. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. (2002) 26(3):259-283.
138. THORSELL A. HEILIG M: Diverse functions of neuropeptide Y revealed using genetically modified animals. Neuropeptides (2002) 36(2-3):182.
139. SAJDYK TJ, SCHOBER DA, SMILEY DL, GEHLERT DR: Neuropeptide Y-Y2 receptors mediate anxiety in the amygdala. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (2002) 71(3):419-423.
140. ARGYROPOULOS S, NUTT D: Substance P antagonists: novel agents in the treatment of depression. Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs (2000) 9(8):1-5.
141. MAUBACH KA, MARTIN K, CHICCHI G et al.: Chronic substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist and conventional antidepressant treatment increases burst firing of monoamine neurones in the locus coeruleus. Neuroscience (2002) 109(3):609-617.
142. A receptors in the modulation of experimental anxiety by tachykinin agonists and antagonists in mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 26(5):861-869.
143. GENTSCH C, CUTLER M, VASSOUT A, VEENSTRA S, BRUGGER F: Anxiolytic effect of NKP608, a NK1-receptor antagonist, in the social investigation test in gerbils. Behav. Brain Res. (2002) 133(2):363-368.
144. VARTY G, COHEN-WILLIAMS M, MORGAN C et al.: The gerbil elevated plus-maze II. Anxiolytic-like effects of selective neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists. Neuropsychopharmacology (2002) 27(3):371.
145. GRIEBEL G, PERRAULT G, SOUBRIE P: Effects of SR48968, a selective non-peptide NK2 receptor antagonist on emotional processes in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2001) 158(3):241-251.
146. RIBEIRO SJ, TEIXEIRA RM, CALIXTO JB, DE LIMA TC: Tachykinin NK(3)receptor involvement in anxiety. Neuropeptides (1999) 33(2):181-188.
147. GIARDINA GAM, GRUGNI M, RAVEGLIA LF: Recent advances in neurokinin-3 receptor antagonists. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(6):939-960.
148. 1b receptor knockout reduces aggressive behavior in male mice. Mol. Psychiatry (2002) 7:975-984.
149. 1b receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2002) 300(3):1122-1130.
150. 1b receptor antagonist, SSR149415, suggest an innovative approach for the treatment of stress-related disorders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(9):6370-6375.
151. ROSENBLUM LA, SMITH EL, ALTEMUS M et al.: Differing concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor and oxytocin in the cerebrospinal fluid of bonnet and pigtail macaques. Psychoneuroendocrinology (2002) 27(6):651-660.
152. BALE TL, DAVIS AM, AUGER AP, DORSA DM, MCCARTHY MM: CNS region-specific oxytocin receptor expression: importance in regulation of anxiety and sex behavior. J. Neurosci. (2001) 21(7):2546-2552.
153. ALTEMUS M, SWEDO SE, LEONARD HL et al.: Changes in cerebrospinal fluid neurochemistry during treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder with clomipramine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry (1994) 51(10):794-803.
154. MOLLER C, SOMMER W, THORSELL A. HEILIG M: Anxiogenic-like action of galanin after intra-amygdala administration in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology (1999) 21(4):507-512.
155. WRENN CC, CRAWLEY JN: Pharmacological evidence supporting a role for galanin in cognition and affect. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2001) 25(1):283-299.
156. KHOSHBOUEI H, CECCHI M, DOVE S, JAVORS M, MORILAK DA: Behavioral reactivity to stress: amplification of stress-induced noradrenergic activation elicits a galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in central amygdala. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (2002) 71(3):407-417.
157. KHOSHBOUEI H, CECCHI M, MORILAK DA. Modulatory effects of galanin in the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to acute stress. Neuropsychopharmacology (2002) 27(1):25-34.
158. ADAMEC RE, BURTON P, SHALLOW T, BUDGELL J: Unilateral block of NMDA receptors in the amygdala prevents predator stress-induced lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior and unconditioned startle-effective hemisphere depends on the behavior. Physiol. Behav. (1999) 65(4-5):739-751.
159. ADAMEC RE, BURTON P, SHALLOW T, BUDGELL J: NMDA receptors mediate lasting increases in anxiety-like behavior produced by the stress of predator exposure-implications for anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Physiol. Behav. (1999) 65(4-5):723-737.
160. NUTT DJ: The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry (2000) 5(Suppl.61):24-29.
161. MARTINEZ G, ROPERO C, FUNES A et al.: Effects of selective NMDA and non-NMDA blockade in the nucleus accumbens on the plus-maze test. Physiol. Behav. (2002) 76(2):219-224.
162. CHOJNACKA-WOJCIK E, KLODZINSKA A, PILC A. Glutamate receptor ligands as anxiolytics. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs (2001) 2(8):1112-1119.
163. LEVINE LR, GAYDOS B, POTTER WZ, TOLLEFSON GD: The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY354740, demonstrates anxiolytic activity in GAD. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) T-44.
164. BRODKIN J, BUSSE C, SUKOFF SJ, VARNEY MA: Anxiolytic-like activity of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP. A comparison with diazepam and buspirone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (2002) 73(2):359-366.
165. PILC A, KLODZINSKA A, BRANSKI P et al.: Multiple MPEP administrations evoke anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in rats. Neuropharmacology (2002) 43(2):181-187.
166. PAGE ME, SZELIGA P, GASPARINI F, CRYAN JF: Neurochemical and behavioral assays support an anxiolytic-like profile for 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP), a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) W44.
167. VARNEY MA, ANDERSON J, BRISTOW L et al.: MTEP: a potent and highly selective metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) antagonist with anxiolytic activity. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) MP2-4.
168. LINDEN A, JOHNSON B, PETERS S et al.: Increased anxiety-related behavior in mice deficient for metabotropic glutamate 8 (mGlu8) receptor. Neuropharmacology (2002) 43(2):251.
169. SEGMAN RH, COOPER-KAZAZ R, MACCIARDI F et al.: Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol. Psychiatry (2002) 7(8):903-907.
170. FRISCH A, MICHAELOVSKY E, ROCKAH R et al.: Association between obsessive-compulsive disorder and polymorphisms of genes encoding components of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. (2000) 10(3):205-209.
171. FALZONE TL, GELMAN DM, YOUNG JI, GRANDY DK, LOW MJ, RUBINSTEIN M: Absence of dopamine D4 receptors results in enhanced reactivity to unconditioned, but not conditioned, fear. Eur. J. Neurosci. (2002) 15(1):158-164.
172. DEGENHARDT L, HALL W: Cannabis and psychosis. Current Psychiatry Reports (2002) 4:191-196.
173. SCHNEIER FR, LIEBOWITZ MR, ABIDARGHAM A, ZEA-PONCE Y, LIN SH, LARUELLE M: Low dopamine D(2) receptor binding potential in social phobia. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157(3):457-459.
174. ROBSON P: Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. By. J. Psychiatry (2001) 178:107-115.
175. KATHURIA S, GAETANI S, FEGLEY D et al.: Modulation of anxiety through blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Nat. Med. (2003) 9(1):76-81.
176. 1B antagonists as new therapeutics agents. The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 42nd Annual Meeting, Puerto Rico (2002) WAM2-1.
177. FIELD MJ, OLES RJ, SINGH L: Pregabalin may represent a novel class of anxiolytic agents with a broad spectrum of activity. Br. J. Pharmacol. (2001) 132(1):1-4.
178. HORVATH EJ, HORVATH K, HAMORI T, FEKETE MI, SOLYOM S, PALKOVITS M: Anxiolytic 2,3-benzodiazpines, their specific binding to the basal ganglia. Prog. Neurobiol. (2000) 60(4):309-342.
179. LEWIS K, LI C, PERRIN MH et al.: Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA (2001) 98(13):7570-7575.
180. CAAMANO CA, MORANO MI, AKIL H: Corticosteroid receptors: a dynamic interplay between protein folding and homeostatic control. Possible implications in psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacol. Bull. (2001) 35(1):6-23.
181. DUKE-COHAN JS, GU J, MCLAUGHLIN DF, XUY, FREEMAN GJ, SCHLOSSMAN SF: Attractin (DPPT-L), a member of the CUB family of cell
182. SUEMARU K, ARAKI H, GOMITA Y: Involvement of neuronal nicotinic receptor in psychiatric disorders. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi (2002) 119(5):295-300.
183. 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J. Med. Chem. (2000) 43(22):4045-4050.
184. RONZONI S, PERETTO I, GIARDINA GAM: Lead generation and lead optimisation approaches in the discovery of selective, non-peptide ORL-1 receptor agonists and antagonists. Expert Opin. Ther. Patents (2001) 11(4):525-546.
185. MCINTOSH JM, CORPUZ GO, LAYER RT et al.: Isolation and characterisation of a novel conus peptide with apparent antinociceptive activity. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275(42):32391-32397.
186. FEDOROVA I, HASHIMOTO A, FECIK RA et al.: Behavioral evidence for the interaction of oleamide with multiple neurotransmitter systems. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (2001) 299(1):332-342.