메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 305-318

Mitochondrial DNA replication, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and AIDS cardiomyopathy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE GAMMA; FIALURIDINE; LAMIVUDINE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

EID: 0037217858     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/pcad.2003.3b     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (35)

References (149)
  • 1
    • 0025004442 scopus 로고
    • Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases
    • Wright GE, Brown NC: Deoxyribonucleotide analogs as inhibitors and substrates of DNA polymerases. Pharmacol Ther 47:447-497, 1990
    • (1990) Pharmacol Ther , vol.47 , pp. 447-497
    • Wright, G.E.1    Brown, N.C.2
  • 2
    • 0028990381 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs
    • Lewis W, Dalakas MC: Mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. Nat Med 1:417-422, 1995
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 417-422
    • Lewis, W.1    Dalakas, M.C.2
  • 3
    • 0028783393 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity - New adverse drug effects
    • Swartz MN: Mitochondrial toxicity - new adverse drug effects [editorial;comment]. N Engl J Med 333:1099-1105, 1995
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1099-1105
    • Swartz, M.N.1
  • 4
    • 0033604038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy
    • Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijn JA, et al: Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy [comment]. Lancet 354:1112-1115, 1999
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Brinkman, K.1    Smeitink, J.A.2    Romijn, J.A.3
  • 5
    • 0033935975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity
    • Kakuda TN: Pharmacology of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity [in process citationl. Clin Ther 22:685-708, 2000
    • (2000) Clin Ther , vol.22 , pp. 685-708
    • Kakuda, T.N.1
  • 6
    • 0032710215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy
    • Kakuda TN, Brundage RC, Anderson PL, et al: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial toxicity as an etiology for lipodystrophy [letter]. AIDS 13:2311-2312, 1999
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 2311-2312
    • Kakuda, T.N.1    Brundage, R.C.2    Anderson, P.L.3
  • 7
    • 0034979438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA depletion, oxidative stress and mutation: Mechanisms of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity
    • Lewis W, Copeland WC, Day B: Mitochondrial DNA depletion, oxidative stress and mutation: Mechanisms of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor toxicity. Lab Invest 81:777-790, 2001
    • (2001) Lab Invest , vol.81 , pp. 777-790
    • Lewis, W.1    Copeland, W.C.2    Day, B.3
  • 9
    • 0034456943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial response: Hyperlactatemia and hepatic steatosis as features of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors
    • Brinkman K: Editorial response: Hyperlactatemia and hepatic steatosis as features of mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 31:167-169, 2000
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 167-169
    • Brinkman, K.1
  • 10
    • 0003266761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-fatal metabolic acidosis, liver failure in mitochondrial (mt) DNA depletion in an HIV-infected child treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)
    • San Francisco, CA
    • Church J, Mitchell W, Gonzalez-Gomez I, et al: Near-fatal metabolic acidosis, liver failure in mitochondrial (mt) DNA depletion in an HIV-infected child treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, 2000
    • (2000) 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Church, J.1    Mitchell, W.2    Gonzalez-Gomez, I.3
  • 11
    • 0034493575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: An emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy
    • Gerard Y, Maulin L, Yazdanpanah Y, et al: Symptomatic hyperlactataemia: An emerging complication of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 14:2723-2730, 2000
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 2723-2730
    • Gerard, Y.1    Maulin, L.2    Yazdanpanah, Y.3
  • 12
    • 0035853430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy
    • John M, Moore CB, James IR, et al: Chronic hyperlactatemia in HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 15:717-723, 2001
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 717-723
    • John, M.1    Moore, C.B.2    James, I.R.3
  • 14
    • 0033985675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administration: A report of five cases
    • Mokrzycki MH, Harris C, May H, et al: Lactic acidosis associated with stavudine administration: A report of five cases. Clin Infect Dis 30:198-200, 2000
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 198-200
    • Mokrzycki, M.H.1    Harris, C.2    May, H.3
  • 15
    • 0028805297 scopus 로고
    • Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine
    • Olano JP, Borucki MJ, Wen JW, et al: Massive hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis in a patient with AIDS who was receiving zidovudine. Clin Infect Dis 21:973-976, 1995
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 973-976
    • Olano, J.P.1    Borucki, M.J.2    Wen, J.W.3
  • 16
    • 0033824325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis in the setting of antiretroviral therapy for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A case report and review of the literature
    • Shaer AJ, Rastegar A: Lactic acidosis in the setting of antiretroviral therapy for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A case report and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 20:332-338, 2000
    • (2000) Am J Nephrol , vol.20 , pp. 332-338
    • Shaer, A.J.1    Rastegar, A.2
  • 17
    • 0035835498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated lactate levels in hospitalized persons with HIV infection
    • Tantisiriwat W, Tebas P, Polish LB, et al: Elevated lactate levels in hospitalized persons with HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17:195-201, 2001
    • (2001) AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses , vol.17 , pp. 195-201
    • Tantisiriwat, W.1    Tebas, P.2    Polish, L.B.3
  • 18
    • 0035288860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity
    • Walker UA: Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial toxicity. J HIV Ther 6:17-21, 2001
    • (2001) J HIV Ther , vol.6 , pp. 17-21
    • Walker, U.A.1
  • 19
    • 0026046254 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial ultrastructural and molecular changes induced by zidovudine in rat hearts
    • Lewis W, Papoian T, Gonzalez B, et al: Mitochondrial ultrastructural and molecular changes induced by zidovudine in rat hearts. Lab Invest 65:228-236, 1991
    • (1991) Lab Invest , vol.65 , pp. 228-236
    • Lewis, W.1    Papoian, T.2    Gonzalez, B.3
  • 20
    • 0026681374 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine induces molecular, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria
    • Lewis W, Gonzalez B, Chomyn A, et al: Zidovudine induces molecular, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. J Clin Invest 89:1354-1360, 1992
    • (1992) J Clin Invest , vol.89 , pp. 1354-1360
    • Lewis, W.1    Gonzalez, B.2    Chomyn, A.3
  • 21
    • 0001995913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathologic changes in the hearts of patients with AIDS
    • Lipshultz SE, ed. New York: Chapman and Hall
    • Lewis W: Pathologic changes in the hearts of patients with AIDS, in Lipshultz SE, ed. Cardiology in AIDS. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1998, pp 233-254
    • (1998) Cardiology in AIDS , pp. 233-254
    • Lewis, W.1
  • 22
    • 0032189850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway
    • Brinkman K, ter Hofstede HJ, Burger DM, et al: Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Mitochondrial toxicity as common pathway [editorial]. AIDS 12:1735-1744, 1998
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 1735-1744
    • Brinkman, K.1    Ter Hofstede, H.J.2    Burger, D.M.3
  • 23
    • 0031025313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depletion of mitochondrial DNA, destruction of mitochondria, and accumulation of lipid droplets result from fialuridine treatment in woodchucks (Marmota monax)
    • Lewis W, Griniuviene B, Tankersley KO, et al: Depletion of mitochondrial DNA, destruction of mitochondria, and accumulation of lipid droplets result from fialuridine treatment in woodchucks (Marmota monax). Lab Invest 76:77-87, 1997
    • (1997) Lab Invest , vol.76 , pp. 77-87
    • Lewis, W.1    Griniuviene, B.2    Tankersley, K.O.3
  • 24
    • 0037076029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients
    • Cote HC, Brumme ZL, Craib KJ, et al: Changes in mitochondrial DNA as a marker of nucleoside toxicity in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 346:811-820, 2002
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 811-820
    • Cote, H.C.1    Brumme, Z.L.2    Craib, K.J.3
  • 25
    • 0035171192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined antiretroviral therapy causes cardiomyopathy and elevates plasma lactate in transgenic AIDS mice
    • Lewis W, Haase CP, Raidel SM, et al: Combined antiretroviral therapy causes cardiomyopathy and elevates plasma lactate in transgenic AIDS mice. Lab Invest 81:1527-1536, 2001
    • (2001) Lab Invest , vol.81 , pp. 1527-1536
    • Lewis, W.1    Haase, C.P.2    Raidel, S.M.3
  • 26
    • 0025274663 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy
    • Dalakas MC, Illa I, Pezeshkpour GH, et al: Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy [see comments]. N Engl J Med 322:1098-1105, 1990
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 1098-1105
    • Dalakas, M.C.1    Illa, I.2    Pezeshkpour, G.H.3
  • 27
    • 0026356201 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle mitochondria induced by zidovudine (AZT) in human muscle in vitro and in an animal model
    • Lamperth L, Dalakas MC, Dagani F, et al: Abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle mitochondria induced by zidovudine (AZT) in human muscle in vitro and in an animal model. Lab Invest 65:742-751, 1991
    • (1991) Lab Invest , vol.65 , pp. 742-751
    • Lamperth, L.1    Dalakas, M.C.2    Dagani, F.3
  • 28
    • 0028158398 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma is inhibited competitively and noncompetitively by phosphorylated zidovudine
    • Lewis W, Simpson JF, Meyer RR: Cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma is inhibited competitively and noncompetitively by phosphorylated zidovudine. Circ Res 74:344-38, 1994
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.74 , pp. 344-438
    • Lewis, W.1    Simpson, J.F.2    Meyer, R.R.3
  • 29
    • 0024406638 scopus 로고
    • Azidothymidine triphosphate is an inhibitor of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase gamma
    • Konig H, Behr E, Lower J, et al: Azidothymidine triphosphate is an inhibitor of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase gamma. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33:2109-2114, 1989
    • (1989) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 2109-2114
    • Konig, H.1    Behr, E.2    Lower, J.3
  • 30
    • 1842570096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins
    • de la Asuncion JG, del Olmo ML, Sastre J, et al: AZT treatment induces molecular and ultrastructural oxidative damage to muscle mitochondria. Prevention by antioxidant vitamins. J Clin Invest 102:4-9, 1998
    • (1998) J Clin Invest , vol.102 , pp. 4-9
    • De la Asuncion, J.G.1    Del Olmo, M.L.2    Sastre, J.3
  • 31
    • 0034064371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative DNA damage in fetal tissues after transplacental exposure to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)
    • Bialkowska A, Bialkowski K, Gerschenson M, et al: Oxidative DNA damage in fetal tissues after transplacental exposure to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT). Carcinogenesis 21:1059-1062, 2000
    • (2000) Carcinogenesis , vol.21 , pp. 1059-1062
    • Bialkowska, A.1    Bialkowski, K.2    Gerschenson, M.3
  • 32
    • 0034162611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of glutathione synthetic enzymes by acidic fibroblast growth factor
    • Choi J, Opalenik SR, Wu W, et al: Modulation of glutathione synthetic enzymes by acidic fibroblast growth factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 375:201-209, 2000
    • (2000) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.375 , pp. 201-209
    • Choi, J.1    Opalenik, S.R.2    Wu, W.3
  • 33
    • 0034603123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-transgenic mice
    • Choi J, Liu RM, Kundu RK, et al: Molecular mechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 275:3693-3698, 2000
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 3693-3698
    • Choi, J.1    Liu, R.M.2    Kundu, R.K.3
  • 34
    • 0036087347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted myocardial transgenic expression of HIV Tat causes cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial damage
    • Raidel SM, Haase C, Jansen NR, et al: Targeted myocardial transgenic expression of HIV Tat causes cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial damage. Am J Physiol 282:H1672-H1678, 2002
    • (2002) Am J Physiol , vol.282
    • Raidel, S.M.1    Haase, C.2    Jansen, N.R.3
  • 35
    • 0026782893 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration and ageing
    • Schapira AH, Cooper JM: Mitochondrial function in neurodegeneration and ageing. Mutat Res 275:133-143, 1992
    • (1992) Mutat Res , vol.275 , pp. 133-143
    • Schapira, A.H.1    Cooper, J.M.2
  • 36
    • 0026624980 scopus 로고
    • Diseases of the mitochondrial DNA
    • Wallace DC: Diseases of the mitochondrial DNA. Annu Rev Biochem 61:1175-1212, 1992
    • (1992) Annu Rev Biochem , vol.61 , pp. 1175-1212
    • Wallace, D.C.1
  • 37
    • 0022840351 scopus 로고
    • A mitochondrial DNA polymerase from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Purification, subunit structure, and partial characterization
    • Wernette CM, Kaguni LS: A mitochondrial DNA polymerase from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Purification, subunit structure, and partial characterization. J Biol Chem 261:14764-14770, 1986
    • (1986) J Biol Chem , vol.261 , pp. 14764-14770
    • Wernette, C.M.1    Kaguni, L.S.2
  • 38
    • 0024849684 scopus 로고
    • DNA polymerase gamma from Xenopus laevis. I. The identification of a high molecular weight catalytic subunit by a novel DNA polymerase photolabeling procedure
    • Insdorf NF, Bogenhagen DF: DNA polymerase gamma from Xenopus laevis . I. The identification of a high molecular weight catalytic subunit by a novel DNA polymerase photolabeling procedure. J Biol Chem 264:21491-21497, 1989
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 21491-21497
    • Insdorf, N.F.1    Bogenhagen, D.F.2
  • 39
    • 0026672705 scopus 로고
    • Purification and identification of subunit structure of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase
    • Gray H, Wong TW: Purification and identification of subunit structure of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 267:5835-5841, 1992
    • (1992) J Biol Chem , vol.267 , pp. 5835-5841
    • Gray, H.1    Wong, T.W.2
  • 40
    • 0030991961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessory subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos. Cloning, molecular analysis, and association in the native enzyme
    • Wang Y, Farr CL, Kaguni LS: Accessory subunit of mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila embryos. Cloning, molecular analysis, and association in the native enzyme. J Biol Chem 272:13640-13646, 1997
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 13640-13646
    • Wang, Y.1    Farr, C.L.2    Kaguni, L.S.3
  • 41
    • 0033010856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accessory subunit of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma increases processivity of the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma and is related to class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
    • Carrodeguas JA, Kobayashi R, Lim SE, et al: The accessory subunit of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma increases processivity of the catalytic subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma and is related to class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Mol Cell Biol 19:4039-4046, 1999
    • (1999) Mol Cell Biol , vol.19 , pp. 4039-4046
    • Carrodeguas, J.A.1    Kobayashi, R.2    Lim, S.E.3
  • 42
    • 0033621374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial p55 accessory subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma enhances DNA binding, promotes processive DNA synthesis, and confers N-ethylmaleimide resistance
    • Lim SE, Longley MJ, Copeland WC: The mitochondrial p55 accessory subunit of human DNA polymerase gamma enhances DNA binding, promotes processive DNA synthesis, and confers N-ethylmaleimide resistance. J Biol Chem 274:38197-38203, 1999
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 38197-38203
    • Lim, S.E.1    Longley, M.J.2    Copeland, W.C.3
  • 43
    • 0012279445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active site mutation in DNA polymerase gamma associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia causes error-prone DNA synthesis
    • Ponamarev MV, Longley MJ, Nguyen D, et al: Active site mutation in DNA polymerase gamma associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia causes error-prone DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 15:15, 2002
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.15 , pp. 15
    • Ponamarev, M.V.1    Longley, M.J.2    Nguyen, D.3
  • 44
    • 0037007114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The accessory subunit of DNA polymerase gamma is essential for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and development in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Iyengar B, Luo N, Farr CL, et al: The accessory subunit of DNA polymerase gamma is essential for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and development in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:4483-4488, 2002
    • (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.99 , pp. 4483-4488
    • Iyengar, B.1    Luo, N.2    Farr, C.L.3
  • 45
    • 0033362107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repair of mtDNA in vertebrates
    • Bogenhagen DF: Repair of mtDNA in vertebrates. Am J Hum Genet 64:1276-1281, 1999
    • (1999) Am J Hum Genet , vol.64 , pp. 1276-1281
    • Bogenhagen, D.F.1
  • 46
    • 0026015896 scopus 로고
    • mtDNA depletion with variable tissue expression: A novel genetic abnormality in mitochondrial diseases
    • Moraes CT, Shanske S, Tritschler HJ, et al: mtDNA depletion with variable tissue expression: A novel genetic abnormality in mitochondrial diseases. Am J Hum Genet 48:492-501, 1991
    • (1991) Am J Hum Genet , vol.48 , pp. 492-501
    • Moraes, C.T.1    Shanske, S.2    Tritschler, H.J.3
  • 47
    • 0026587335 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial genetics: A paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases?
    • Wallace DC: Mitochondrial genetics: A paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? Science 256:628-632, 1992
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 628-632
    • Wallace, D.C.1
  • 48
    • 0023912295 scopus 로고
    • Exonucleolytic proofreading enhances the fidelity of DNA synthesis by chick embryo DNA polymerase-gamma
    • Kunkel TA, Soni A: Exonucleolytic proofreading enhances the fidelity of DNA synthesis by chick embryo DNA polymerase-gamma. J Biol Chem 263:4450-4459, 1988
    • (1988) J Biol Chem , vol.263 , pp. 4450-4459
    • Kunkel, T.A.1    Soni, A.2
  • 49
    • 0024535480 scopus 로고
    • Exonucleolytic proof-reading by a mammalian DNA polymerase
    • Kunkel TA, Mosbaugh DW: Exonucleolytic proof-reading by a mammalian DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 28:988-995, 1989
    • (1989) Biochemistry , vol.28 , pp. 988-995
    • Kunkel, T.A.1    Mosbaugh, D.W.2
  • 50
    • 0002787372 scopus 로고
    • Structural and catalytic features of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos
    • Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories
    • Kaguni LS, Wernette CM, Conway MC, et al: Structural and catalytic features of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster embryos, in Eukaryotic DNA Replication. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1988, pp 425-432
    • (1988) Eukaryotic DNA Replication , pp. 425-432
    • Kaguni, L.S.1    Wernette, C.M.2    Conway, M.C.3
  • 51
    • 0026028226 scopus 로고
    • Depletion of muscle mitochondrial DNA in AIDS patients with zidovudine-induced myopathy
    • Arnaudo E, Dalakas M, Shanske S, et al: Depletion of muscle mitochondrial DNA in AIDS patients with zidovudine-induced myopathy. Lancet 337:508-510, 1991
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 508-510
    • Arnaudo, E.1    Dalakas, M.2    Shanske, S.3
  • 52
    • 0029162556 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian deoxyribonucleoside kinases
    • Arner ES, Eriksson S: Mammalian deoxyribonucleoside kinases. Pharmacol Ther 67:155-186, 1995
    • (1995) Pharmacol Ther , vol.67 , pp. 155-186
    • Arner, E.S.1    Eriksson, S.2
  • 53
    • 0033613865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thymidine phosphorylase gene mutations in MNGIE, a human mitochondrial disorder
    • Nishino I, Spinazzola A, Hirano M: Thymidine phosphorylase gene mutations in MNGIE, a human mitochondrial disorder. Science 283:689-692, 1999
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 689-692
    • Nishino, I.1    Spinazzola, A.2    Hirano, M.3
  • 54
    • 0035179561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutant mitochondrial thymidine kinase in mitochondrial DNA depletion myopathy
    • Saada A, Shaag A, Mandel H, et al: Mutant mitochondrial thymidine kinase in mitochondrial DNA depletion myopathy. Nat Genet 29:342-344, 2001
    • (2001) Nat Genet , vol.29 , pp. 342-344
    • Saada, A.1    Shaag, A.2    Mandel, H.3
  • 55
    • 0031770320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the failing heart energy depleted?
    • Katz AM: Is the failing heart energy depleted? Cardiol Clin 16:viii, 633-644, 1998
    • (1998) Cardiol Clin , vol.16
    • Katz, A.M.1
  • 56
    • 0033525773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse
    • Wallace DC: Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse. Science 283:1482-1488, 1999
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1482-1488
    • Wallace, D.C.1
  • 57
    • 0028606525 scopus 로고
    • Mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon incorporate fialuridine (FIAU) monophosphate into DNA and are inhibited competitively by FIAU triphosphate
    • Lewis W, Meyer RR, Simpson JF, et al: Mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon incorporate fialuridine (FIAU) monophosphate into DNA and are inhibited competitively by FIAU triphosphate. Biochemistry 33:14620-14624, 1994
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 14620-14624
    • Lewis, W.1    Meyer, R.R.2    Simpson, J.F.3
  • 58
    • 0029978235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts
    • Lewis W, Levine ES, Griniuviene B, et al: Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incorporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:3592-3597, 1996
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 3592-3597
    • Lewis, W.1    Levine, E.S.2    Griniuviene, B.3
  • 59
    • 0034007233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine
    • Lewis W, Grupp IL, Grupp G, et al: Cardiac dysfunction occurs in the HIV-1 transgenic mouse treated with zidovudine. Lab Invest 80:187-197, 2000
    • (2000) Lab Invest , vol.80 , pp. 187-197
    • Lewis, W.1    Grupp, I.L.2    Grupp, G.3
  • 60
    • 0036271671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azidothymidine causes functional and structural destruction of mitochondria, glutathione deficiency and HIV-1 promoter sensitization
    • Yamaguchi T, Katoh I, Kurata S: Azidothymidine causes functional and structural destruction of mitochondria, glutathione deficiency and HIV-1 promoter sensitization. Eur J Biochem 269:2782-2788, 2002
    • (2002) Eur J Biochem , vol.269 , pp. 2782-2788
    • Yamaguchi, T.1    Katoh, I.2    Kurata, S.3
  • 61
    • 0033951258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is oxidative stress?
    • Betteridge DJ: What is oxidative stress? Metabolism 49:3-8, 2000
    • (2000) Metabolism , vol.49 , pp. 3-8
    • Betteridge, D.J.1
  • 62
    • 0019848340 scopus 로고
    • Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria
    • Freeman BA, Crapo JD: Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. J Biol Chem 256:10986-10992, 1981
    • (1981) J Biol Chem , vol.256 , pp. 10986-10992
    • Freeman, B.A.1    Crapo, J.D.2
  • 63
    • 0015882341 scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. General properties and effect of hyperbaric oxygen
    • Boveris A, Chance B: The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. General properties and effect of hyperbaric oxygen. Biochem J 134:707-716, 1973
    • (1973) Biochem J , vol.134 , pp. 707-716
    • Boveris, A.1    Chance, B.2
  • 65
    • 0020150246 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial formation of OH radicals by an ubisemiquinone-dependent reaction an alternative pathway to the iron-catalysed Haber-Weiss cycle
    • Nohl H, Jordan W, Hegner D: Mitochondrial formation of OH radicals by an ubisemiquinone-dependent reaction an alternative pathway to the iron-catalysed Haber-Weiss cycle. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 363:599-607, 1982
    • (1982) Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem , vol.363 , pp. 599-607
    • Nohl, H.1    Jordan, W.2    Hegner, D.3
  • 66
    • 0028870087 scopus 로고
    • Reactive oxygen species produced by liver mitochondria of rats in sepsis
    • Taylor DE, Ghio AJ, Piantadosi CA: Reactive oxygen species produced by liver mitochondria of rats in sepsis. Arch Biochem Biophys 316:70-76, 1995
    • (1995) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.316 , pp. 70-76
    • Taylor, D.E.1    Ghio, A.J.2    Piantadosi, C.A.3
  • 67
    • 0019319179 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial iron not bound in heme and iron-sulfur centers. Estimation, compartmentation and redox state
    • Tangeras A, Flatmark T, Backstrom D, et al: Mitochondrial iron not bound in heme and iron-sulfur centers. Estimation, compartmentation and redox state. Biochim Biophys Acta 589:162-175, 1980
    • (1980) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.589 , pp. 162-175
    • Tangeras, A.1    Flatmark, T.2    Backstrom, D.3
  • 68
    • 0027491617 scopus 로고
    • The inactivation of Fe-S cluster containing hydro-lyases by superoxide
    • Flint DH, Tuminello JF, Emptage MH: The inactivation of Fe-S cluster containing hydro-lyases by superoxide. J Biol Chem 268:22369-22376, 1993
    • (1993) J Biol Chem , vol.268 , pp. 22369-22376
    • Flint, D.H.1    Tuminello, J.F.2    Emptage, M.H.3
  • 69
    • 0035968164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential incorporation and removal of antiviral deoxynucleotides by human DNA polymerase gamma
    • Lim SE, Copeland WC: Differential incorporation and removal of antiviral deoxynucleotides by human DNA polymerase gamma. J Biol Chem 276:23616-23623, 2001
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 23616-23623
    • Lim, S.E.1    Copeland, W.C.2
  • 70
    • 0034036986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide as a competitive inhibitor of oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain
    • Brown GC: Nitric oxide as a competitive inhibitor of oxygen consumption in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Acta Physiol Scand 168:667-674, 2000
    • (2000) Acta Physiol Scand , vol.168 , pp. 667-674
    • Brown, G.C.1
  • 71
    • 0029805172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and ugly
    • Beckman JS, Koppenol WH: Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol 271:C1424-C1437, 1996
    • (1996) Am J Physiol , vol.271
    • Beckman, J.S.1    Koppenol, W.H.2
  • 72
    • 0025874048 scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide
    • Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, et al: Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 288:481-487, 1991
    • (1991) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.288 , pp. 481-487
    • Radi, R.1    Beckman, J.S.2    Bush, K.M.3
  • 74
    • 0029928984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunolocalization of cellular glutathione peroxidase in adult rat lungs and quantitative analysis after postembedding immunogold labeling
    • Asayama K, Yokota S, Dobashi K, et al: Immunolocalization of cellular glutathione peroxidase in adult rat lungs and quantitative analysis after postembedding immunogold labeling. Histochem Cell Biol 105:383-389, 1996
    • (1996) Histochem Cell Biol , vol.105 , pp. 383-389
    • Asayama, K.1    Yokota, S.2    Dobashi, K.3
  • 75
    • 0031018005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in the reduction of lysophospholipid hydroperoxides
    • Marinho HS, Antunes F, Pinto RE: Role of glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in the reduction of lysophospholipid hydroperoxides. Free Radic Biol Med 22:871-883, 1997
    • (1997) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.22 , pp. 871-883
    • Marinho, H.S.1    Antunes, F.2    Pinto, R.E.3
  • 76
    • 0022394280 scopus 로고
    • The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases
    • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM: The importance of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human diseases. Mol Aspects Med 8:89-193, 1985
    • (1985) Mol Aspects Med , vol.8 , pp. 89-193
    • Halliwell, B.1    Gutteridge, J.M.2
  • 77
    • 0033637571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal patas monkeys sustain mitochondrial toxicity as a result of in utero zidovudine exposure
    • Gerschenson M, Poirier MC: Fetal patas monkeys sustain mitochondrial toxicity as a result of in utero zidovudine exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 918:269-281, 2000
    • (2000) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.918 , pp. 269-281
    • Gerschenson, M.1    Poirier, M.C.2
  • 79
    • 0024541837 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases
    • Linnane AW, Marzuki S, Ozawa T, et al: Mitochondrial DNA mutations as an important contributor to ageing and degenerative diseases. Lancet 1:642-645, 1989
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 642-645
    • Linnane, A.W.1    Marzuki, S.2    Ozawa, T.3
  • 80
    • 0014127831 scopus 로고
    • Inactivating DNA alterations induced by peroxides and peroxide-producing agents
    • Freese EB, Gerson J, Taber H, et al: Inactivating DNA alterations induced by peroxides and peroxide-producing agents. Mutat Res 4:517-531, 1967
    • (1967) Mutat Res , vol.4 , pp. 517-531
    • Freese, E.B.1    Gerson, J.2    Taber, H.3
  • 81
    • 0019532613 scopus 로고
    • DNA strand scission by enzymically generated oxygen radicals
    • Brawn K, Fridovich I: DNA strand scission by enzymically generated oxygen radicals. Arch Biochem Biophys 206:414-419, 1981
    • (1981) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.206 , pp. 414-419
    • Brawn, K.1    Fridovich, I.2
  • 82
    • 0029922989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the relative contribution of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in immunostimulated macrophages using a manganese mesoporphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger
    • Szabo C, Day BJ, Salzman AL: Evaluation of the relative contribution of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite to the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in immunostimulated macrophages using a manganese mesoporphyrin superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger. FEBS Lett 381:82-86, 1996
    • (1996) FEBS Lett , vol.381 , pp. 82-86
    • Szabo, C.1    Day, B.J.2    Salzman, A.L.3
  • 83
    • 0029979758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Base modification and strand breakage in isolated calf thymus DNA and in DNA from human skin epidermal keratinocytes exposed to peroxynitrite or 3-morpholinosydnonimine
    • Spencer JP, Wong J, Jenner A, et al: Base modification and strand breakage in isolated calf thymus DNA and in DNA from human skin epidermal keratinocytes exposed to peroxynitrite or 3-morpholinosydnonimine. Chem Res Toxicol 9:1152-1158, 1996
    • (1996) Chem Res Toxicol , vol.9 , pp. 1152-1158
    • Spencer, J.P.1    Wong, J.2    Jenner, A.3
  • 84
    • 0029924533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degeneration of human oncogenes and mitochondrial genes occurs in cells that exhibit age-related pathology
    • Cortopassi G, Liu Y, Hutchin T: Degeneration of human oncogenes and mitochondrial genes occurs in cells that exhibit age-related pathology. Exp Gerontol 31:253-265, 1996
    • (1996) Exp Gerontol , vol.31 , pp. 253-265
    • Cortopassi, G.1    Liu, Y.2    Hutchin, T.3
  • 85
    • 0024266283 scopus 로고
    • Do mitochondrial DNA fragments promote cancer and aging?
    • Richter C: Do mitochondrial DNA fragments promote cancer and aging? [see comments]. FEBS Lett 241:1-5, 1988
    • (1988) FEBS Lett , vol.241 , pp. 1-5
    • Richter, C.1
  • 86
    • 0023811053 scopus 로고
    • Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive
    • Richter C, Park JW, Ames BN: Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:6465-6467, 1988
    • (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.85 , pp. 6465-6467
    • Richter, C.1    Park, J.W.2    Ames, B.N.3
  • 87
    • 0027055332 scopus 로고
    • Age-associated oxygen damage and mutations in mitochondrial DNA in human hearts
    • Hayakawa M, Hattori K, Sugiyama S, et al: Age-associated oxygen damage and mutations in mitochondrial DNA in human hearts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189:979-985, 1992
    • (1992) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.189 , pp. 979-985
    • Hayakawa, M.1    Hattori, K.2    Sugiyama, S.3
  • 88
    • 0028266940 scopus 로고
    • DNA replication fidelity with 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate
    • Pavlov YI, Minnick DT, Izuta S, et al: DNA replication fidelity with 8-oxodeoxyguanosine triphosphate. Biochemistry 33:4695-4701, 1994
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 4695-4701
    • Pavlov, Y.I.1    Minnick, D.T.2    Izuta, S.3
  • 89
    • 0031032817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress
    • Yakes FM, Van Houten B: Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:514-519, 1997
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.94 , pp. 514-519
    • Yakes, F.M.1    Van Houten, B.2
  • 90
    • 0027171266 scopus 로고
    • Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging
    • Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM: Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:7915-7922, 1993
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.90 , pp. 7915-7922
    • Ames, B.N.1    Shigenaga, M.K.2    Hagen, T.M.3
  • 91
    • 0031952184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficient repair of abasic sites in DNA by mitochondrial enzymes
    • Pinz KG, Bogenhagen DF: Efficient repair of abasic sites in DNA by mitochondrial enzymes. Mol Cell Biol 18:1257-1265, 1998
    • (1998) Mol Cell Biol , vol.18 , pp. 1257-1265
    • Pinz, K.G.1    Bogenhagen, D.F.2
  • 92
    • 0020066839 scopus 로고
    • Is cell aging caused by respiration-dependent injury to the mitochondrial genome?
    • Fleming JE, Miquel J, Cottrell SF, et al: Is cell aging caused by respiration-dependent injury to the mitochondrial genome? Gerontology 28:44-53, 1982
    • (1982) Gerontology , vol.28 , pp. 44-53
    • Fleming, J.E.1    Miquel, J.2    Cottrell, S.F.3
  • 93
    • 0023647116 scopus 로고
    • Misreading of DNA templates containing 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine at the modified base and at adjacent residues
    • Kuchino Y, Mori F, Kasai H, et al: Misreading of DNA templates containing 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine at the modified base and at adjacent residues. Nature 327:77-79, 1987
    • (1987) Nature , vol.327 , pp. 77-79
    • Kuchino, Y.1    Mori, F.2    Kasai, H.3
  • 94
    • 0025758425 scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent increase in deleted mitochondrial DNA in the human heart: Possible contributory factor to presbycardia
    • Hattori K, Tanaka M, Sugiyama S, et al: Age-dependent increase in deleted mitochondrial DNA in the human heart: Possible contributory factor to presbycardia. Am Heart J 121:1735-1742, 1991
    • (1991) Am Heart J , vol.121 , pp. 1735-1742
    • Hattori, K.1    Tanaka, M.2    Sugiyama, S.3
  • 95
    • 0026737692 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA mutation and the ageing process: Bioenergy and pharmacological intervention
    • Linnane AW, Zhang C, Baumer A, et al: Mitochondrial DNA mutation and the ageing process: Bioenergy and pharmacological intervention. Mutat Res 275:195-208, 1992
    • (1992) Mutat Res , vol.275 , pp. 195-208
    • Linnane, A.W.1    Zhang, C.2    Baumer, A.3
  • 96
    • 0024366601 scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome-c-oxidase deficient cardiomyocytes in the human heart - An age-related phenomenon. A histochemical ultracytochemical study
    • Muller-Hocker J: Cytochrome-c-oxidase deficient cardiomyocytes in the human heart - an age-related phenomenon. A histochemical ultracytochemical study. Am J Pathol 134:1167-1173, 1989
    • (1989) Am J Pathol , vol.134 , pp. 1167-1173
    • Muller-Hocker, J.1
  • 97
    • 0000226527 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI analogs
    • Parker WB, Cheng YC: Mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI analogs. J NIH Res 6:57-61, 1994
    • (1994) J NIH Res , vol.6 , pp. 57-61
    • Parker, W.B.1    Cheng, Y.C.2
  • 98
    • 0035968250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity by AIDS drugs
    • Feng JY, Johnson AA, Johnson KA, et al: Insights into the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity by AIDS drugs. J Biol Chem 276:23832-23837, 2001
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 23832-23837
    • Feng, J.Y.1    Johnson, A.A.2    Johnson, K.A.3
  • 99
    • 0025139031 scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory effects of 2′-fluorinated arabinosyl-pyrimidine nucleosides on woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronically infected woodchucks
    • Fourel I, Hantz O, Watanabe KA, et al: Inhibitory effects of 2′-fluorinated arabinosyl-pyrimidine nucleosides on woodchuck hepatitis virus replication in chronically infected woodchucks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:473-475, 1990
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 473-475
    • Fourel, I.1    Hantz, O.2    Watanabe, K.A.3
  • 100
    • 0029077056 scopus 로고
    • Efficient incorporation of anti-HIV deoxynucleotides by recombinant yeast mitochondrial DNA polymerase
    • Eriksson S, Xu B, Clayton DA: Efficient incorporation of anti-HIV deoxynucleotides by recombinant yeast mitochondrial DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 270:18929-18934, 1995
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 18929-18934
    • Eriksson, S.1    Xu, B.2    Clayton, D.A.3
  • 101
    • 0026355725 scopus 로고
    • Properties of the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease associated with porcine liver DNA polymerase gamma. Substrate specificity, product analysis, inhibition, and kinetics of terminal excision
    • Longley MJ, Mosbaugh DW: Properties of the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease associated with porcine liver DNA polymerase gamma. Substrate specificity, product analysis, inhibition, and kinetics of terminal excision. J Biol Chem 266:24702-24711, 1991
    • (1991) J Biol Chem , vol.266 , pp. 24702-24711
    • Longley, M.J.1    Mosbaugh, D.W.2
  • 102
    • 0012316858 scopus 로고
    • Triphosphorylated fialuridine and metabolites inhibit cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (DNA polymerase-gamma): Alternative substrates for thymidine triphosphate (dTTP)
    • Lewis W, Tankersley KO: Triphosphorylated fialuridine and metabolites inhibit cardiac mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (DNA polymerase-gamma): Alternative substrates for thymidine triphosphate (dTTP). Circulation 92:1186, 1995
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 1186
    • Lewis, W.1    Tankersley, K.O.2
  • 103
    • 0028865886 scopus 로고
    • The intracellular phosphorylation of (-)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and the incorporation of 3TC 5′-monophosphate into DNA by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerase gamma
    • Gray NM, Marr CL, Penn CR, et al: The intracellular phosphorylation of (-)-2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and the incorporation of 3TC 5′-monophosphate into DNA by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and human DNA polymerase gamma. Biochem Pharmacol 50:1043-1051, 1995
    • (1995) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 1043-1051
    • Gray, N.M.1    Marr, C.L.2    Penn, C.R.3
  • 104
    • 0028148674 scopus 로고
    • Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis
    • Martin JL, Brown CE, Matthews-Davis N, et al: Effects of antiviral nucleoside analogs on human DNA polymerases and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:2743-2749, 1994
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2743-2749
    • Martin, J.L.1    Brown, C.E.2    Matthews-Davis, N.3
  • 105
    • 0025366021 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine intolerance
    • Groopman JE: Zidovudine intolerance. Rev Infect Dis 12:S500-S506, 1990 (suppl 5)
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.SUPPL. 5
    • Groopman, J.E.1
  • 106
    • 0025165388 scopus 로고
    • Myopathy with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: HIV-1 or zidovudine?
    • Till M, MacDonell KB: Myopathy with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection: HIV-1 or zidovudine? Ann Intern Med 113:492-494, 1990
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.113 , pp. 492-494
    • Till, M.1    MacDonell, K.B.2
  • 107
    • 0028229152 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA diseases: Histological and cellular studies
    • Shoubridge EA: Mitochondrial DNA diseases: Histological and cellular studies. J Bioenerg Biomembr 26:301-310, 1994
    • (1994) J Bioenerg Biomembr , vol.26 , pp. 301-310
    • Shoubridge, E.A.1
  • 108
    • 0026332740 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural characteristics and DNA immunocytochemistry in human immunodeficiency virus and zidovudine-associated myopathies
    • Pezeshkpour G, Illa I, Dalakas MC: Ultrastructural characteristics and DNA immunocytochemistry in human immunodeficiency virus and zidovudine-associated myopathies. Hum Pathol 22:1281-1288, 1991
    • (1991) Hum Pathol , vol.22 , pp. 1281-1288
    • Pezeshkpour, G.1    Illa, I.2    Dalakas, M.C.3
  • 109
    • 0028221762 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial myopathy is associated with muscle carnitine deficiency and lipid storage
    • Dalakas MC, Leon-Monzon ME, Bernardini I, et al: Zidovudine-induced mitochondrial myopathy is associated with muscle carnitine deficiency and lipid storage [see comments]. Ann Neurol 35:482-487, 1994
    • (1994) Ann Neurol , vol.35 , pp. 482-487
    • Dalakas, M.C.1    Leon-Monzon, M.E.2    Bernardini, I.3
  • 110
    • 0027417551 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial myopathy associated with chronic zidovudine therapy in AIDS
    • Peters BS, Winer J, Landon DN, et al: Mitochondrial myopathy associated with chronic zidovudine therapy in AIDS. QJM 86:5-15, 1993
    • (1993) QJM , vol.86 , pp. 5-15
    • Peters, B.S.1    Winer, J.2    Landon, D.N.3
  • 111
    • 0002063598 scopus 로고
    • Myopathies and neuropathies in HIV-infected adults and children
    • Pizzo P, Wilfert CM, eds. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins
    • Jay C, Dalakas MC: Myopathies and neuropathies in HIV-infected adults and children, in Pizzo P, Wilfert CM, eds. Pediatric AIDS. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1994, pp 559-573
    • (1994) Pediatric AIDS , pp. 559-573
    • Jay, C.1    Dalakas, M.C.2
  • 112
    • 0023857703 scopus 로고
    • Severe polymyositis-like syndrome associated with zidovudine therapy of AIDS and ARC
    • Bessen LJ, Greene JB, Louie E, et al: Severe polymyositis-like syndrome associated with zidovudine therapy of AIDS and ARC [letter]. N Engl J Med 318:708, 1988
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.318 , pp. 708
    • Bessen, L.J.1    Greene, J.B.2    Louie, E.3
  • 113
    • 0029159782 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle of patients receiving zidovudine therapy observed by 31P in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Sinnwell TM, Sivakumar K, Soueidan S, et al: Metabolic abnormalities in skeletal muscle of patients receiving zidovudine therapy observed by 31P in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Clin Invest 96:126-131, 1995
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.96 , pp. 126-131
    • Sinnwell, T.M.1    Sivakumar, K.2    Soueidan, S.3
  • 114
    • 0026326871 scopus 로고
    • Partial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and cytoplasmic bodies in patients with zidovudine myopathy
    • Chariot P, Gherardi R: Partial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency and cytoplasmic bodies in patients with zidovudine myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 1:357-363, 1991
    • (1991) Neuromuscul Disord , vol.1 , pp. 357-363
    • Chariot, P.1    Gherardi, R.2
  • 115
    • 0028204434 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the blood lactate: Pyruvate ratio as a noninvasive test for the diagnosis of zidovudine myopathy
    • Chariot P, Monnet I, Mouchet M, et al: Determination of the blood lactate: pyruvate ratio as a noninvasive test for the diagnosis of zidovudine myopathy. Arthritis Rheum 37:583-586, 1994
    • (1994) Arthritis Rheum , vol.37 , pp. 583-586
    • Chariot, P.1    Monnet, I.2    Mouchet, M.3
  • 116
    • 0026564682 scopus 로고
    • Cardiomyopathy associated with antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: A report of six cases
    • Herskowitz A, Willoughby SB, Baughman KL, et al: Cardiomyopathy associated with antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection: A report of six cases. Ann Intern Med 116:311-313, 1992
    • (1992) Ann Intern Med , vol.116 , pp. 311-313
    • Herskowitz, A.1    Willoughby, S.B.2    Baughman, K.L.3
  • 117
    • 0034643399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy
    • Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, et al: Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy [see comments]. N Engl J Med 342:1077-1084, 2000
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1077-1084
    • Felker, G.M.1    Thompson, R.E.2    Hare, J.M.3
  • 118
    • 38249013430 scopus 로고
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy in a zidovudine-treated AIDS patient
    • d'Amati G, Kwan W, Lewis W: Dilated cardiomyopathy in a zidovudine-treated AIDS patient. Cardiovasc Pathol 1:317-320, 1992
    • (1992) Cardiovasc Pathol , vol.1 , pp. 317-320
    • D'Amati, G.1    Kwan, W.2    Lewis, W.3
  • 119
    • 0026774360 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine
    • Lipshultz SE, Orav EJ, Sanders SP, et al: Cardiac structure and function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine [see comments]. N Engl J Med 327:1260-1265, 1992
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 1260-1265
    • Lipshultz, S.E.1    Orav, E.J.2    Sanders, S.P.3
  • 120
    • 0034648743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Absence of cardiac toxicity of zidovudine in infants. Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection Study Group
    • Lipshultz SE, Easley KA, Orav EJ, et al: Absence of cardiac toxicity of zidovudine in infants. Pediatric Pulmonary and Cardiac Complications of Vertically Transmitted HIV Infection Study Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 343:759-766, 2000
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 759-766
    • Lipshultz, S.E.1    Easley, K.A.2    Orav, E.J.3
  • 121
    • 0029161929 scopus 로고
    • Effect of zidovudine and didanosine treatment on heart function in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Domanski MJ, Sloas MM, Follmann DA, et al: Effect of zidovudine and didanosine treatment on heart function in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus [see comments]. J Pediatr 127:137-146, 1995
    • (1995) J Pediatr , vol.127 , pp. 137-146
    • Domanski, M.J.1    Sloas, M.M.2    Follmann, D.A.3
  • 122
    • 0034192228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine
    • Gerschenson M, Erhart SW, Paik CY, et al: Fetal mitochondrial heart and skeletal muscle damage in Erythrocebus patas monkeys exposed in utero to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. AIDS Res Hum Retro-viruses 16:635-644, 2000
    • (2000) AIDS Res Hum Retro-viruses , vol.16 , pp. 635-644
    • Gerschenson, M.1    Erhart, S.W.2    Paik, C.Y.3
  • 123
    • 0025729392 scopus 로고
    • Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity
    • Chen CH, Vazquez-Padua M, Cheng YC: Effect of anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analogs on mitochondrial DNA and its implication for delayed toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 39:625-628, 1991
    • (1991) Mol Pharmacol , vol.39 , pp. 625-628
    • Chen, C.H.1    Vazquez-Padua, M.2    Cheng, Y.C.3
  • 124
    • 0024521381 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication by 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and other dideoxynucleoside analogs which inhibit HIV-1 replication
    • Simpson MV, Chin CD, Keilbaugh SA, et al: Studies on the inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication by 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and other dideoxynucleoside analogs which inhibit HIV-1 replication. Biochem Pharmacol 38:1033-1036, 1989
    • (1989) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.38 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Simpson, M.V.1    Chin, C.D.2    Keilbaugh, S.A.3
  • 125
    • 0024381627 scopus 로고
    • Delayed cytotoxicity and selective loss of mitochondrial DNA in cells treated with the anti-human immunodeficiency virus compound 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine
    • Chen CH, Cheng YC: Delayed cytotoxicity and selective loss of mitochondrial DNA in cells treated with the anti-human immunodeficiency virus compound 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine. J Biol Chem 264:11934-11937, 1989
    • (1989) J Biol Chem , vol.264 , pp. 11934-11937
    • Chen, C.H.1    Cheng, Y.C.2
  • 126
    • 0028609053 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine causes early increases in mitochondrial ribonucleic acid abundance and induces ultrastructural changes in cultured mouse muscle cells
    • d'Amati G, Lewis W: Zidovudine causes early increases in mitochondrial ribonucleic acid abundance and induces ultrastructural changes in cultured mouse muscle cells. Lab Invest 71:879-884, 1994
    • (1994) Lab Invest , vol.71 , pp. 879-884
    • D'Amati, G.1    Lewis, W.2
  • 127
    • 0028104333 scopus 로고
    • The effect of L-carnitine on the AZT-induced destruction of human myotubes. Part II: Treatment with L-carnitine improves the AZT-induced changes and prevents further destruction
    • Semino-Mora MC, Leon-Monzon ME, Dalakas MC: The effect of L-carnitine on the AZT-induced destruction of human myotubes. Part II: Treatment with L-carnitine improves the AZT-induced changes and prevents further destruction. Lab Invest 71:773-781, 1994
    • (1994) Lab Invest , vol.71 , pp. 773-781
    • Semino-Mora, M.C.1    Leon-Monzon, M.E.2    Dalakas, M.C.3
  • 128
    • 0028719493 scopus 로고
    • Histochemical and ultrastructural changes induced by zidovudine in mitochondria of rat cardiac muscle
    • Corcuera Pindado MT, Lopez Bravo A, Martinez-Rodriguez R, et al: Histochemical and ultrastructural changes induced by zidovudine in mitochondria of rat cardiac muscle. Eur J Histochem 38:311-318, 1994
    • (1994) Eur J Histochem , vol.38 , pp. 311-318
    • Corcuera Pindado, M.T.1    Lopez Bravo, A.2    Martinez-Rodriguez, R.3
  • 129
    • 4244001403 scopus 로고
    • Zidovudine mitochondriopathy of hamster quadriceps muscle
    • abstr
    • Reyes MG, Casanova J, Varricchio F: Zidovudine mitochondriopathy of hamster quadriceps muscle. Lab Invest 64:89A, 1991 (abstr)
    • (1991) Lab Invest , vol.64
    • Reyes, M.G.1    Casanova, J.2    Varricchio, F.3
  • 130
    • 0028771094 scopus 로고
    • Deaths in US fialuridine trial
    • Brahams D: Deaths in US fialuridine trial [news]. Lancet 343:1494-1495, 1994
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.343 , pp. 1494-1495
    • Brahams, D.1
  • 131
    • 0028306103 scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis study. Drug trial deaths deemed unavoidable
    • Marshall E: Hepatitis study. Drug trial deaths deemed unavoidable [news]. Science 264:1530, 1994
    • (1994) Science , vol.264 , pp. 1530
    • Marshall, E.1
  • 132
    • 0028258919 scopus 로고
    • US agencies split over inquiry into effects of radiation experiments
    • Macilwain C: US agencies split over inquiry into effects of radiation experiments [news]. Nature 368:781, 1994
    • (1994) Nature , vol.368 , pp. 781
    • Macilwain, C.1
  • 133
    • 0028861575 scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular events leading to mitochondrial toxicity of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil in human liver cells
    • Cui L, Yoon S, Schinazi RF, et al: Cellular and molecular events leading to mitochondrial toxicity of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil in human liver cells. J Clin Invest 95:555-563, 1995
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 555-563
    • Cui, L.1    Yoon, S.2    Schinazi, R.F.3
  • 134
    • 4243962744 scopus 로고
    • The thymidine analogs fialuridine and zidovidine inhibit mitochondrial energy metabolism in cultured hepatoblasts
    • abstr
    • Levine ES, Lewis W: The thymidine analogs fialuridine and zidovidine inhibit mitochondrial energy metabolism in cultured hepatoblasts. FASEB J 9:A1398, 1995 (abstr)
    • (1995) FASEB J , vol.9
    • Levine, E.S.1    Lewis, W.2
  • 135
    • 0028567822 scopus 로고
    • Toxicity, metabolism, DNA incorporation with lack of repair, and lactate production for 1-(2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil in U-937 and MOLT-4 cells
    • Klecker RW, Katki AG, Collins JM: Toxicity, metabolism, DNA incorporation with lack of repair, and lactate production for 1-(2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil in U-937 and MOLT-4 cells. Mol Pharmacol 46:1204-1209, 1994
    • (1994) Mol Pharmacol , vol.46 , pp. 1204-1209
    • Klecker, R.W.1    Katki, A.G.2    Collins, J.M.3
  • 136
    • 17344366353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral activity and toxicity of fialuridine in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection
    • Tennant BC, Baldwin BH, Graham LA, et al: Antiviral activity and toxicity of fialuridine in the woodchuck model of hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 28:179-191, 1998
    • (1998) Hepatology , vol.28 , pp. 179-191
    • Tennant, B.C.1    Baldwin, B.H.2    Graham, L.A.3
  • 137
    • 0027510616 scopus 로고
    • Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients
    • Freiman JP, Helfert KE, Hamrell MR, et al: Hepatomegaly with severe steatosis in HIV-seropositive patients. AIDS 7:379-385, 1993
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 379-385
    • Freiman, J.P.1    Helfert, K.E.2    Hamrell, M.R.3
  • 138
    • 0027388795 scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis complicating the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Chattha G, Arieff AI, Cummings C, et al: Lactic acidosis complicating the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 118:37-39, 1993
    • (1993) Ann Intern Med , vol.118 , pp. 37-39
    • Chattha, G.1    Arieff, A.I.2    Cummings, C.3
  • 139
    • 0025280828 scopus 로고
    • Reye's syndrome in adult with AIDS
    • Jolliet P, Widmann JJ: Reye's syndrome in adult with AIDS [letter]. Lancet 335:1457, 1990
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 1457
    • Jolliet, P.1    Widmann, J.J.2
  • 141
    • 0003232851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four cases of fatal lactic acidosis due to mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI treatment: Analysis of clinical features and risk factors
    • San Francisco, CA
    • Ter Hofstede H, De Marie S, Foudraine N, et al: Four cases of fatal lactic acidosis due to mitochondrial toxicity of NRTI treatment: Analysis of clinical features and risk factors. In the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, 2000
    • (2000) 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Ter Hofstede, H.1    De Marie, S.2    Foudraine, N.3
  • 142
    • 0033391005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy
    • Saint-Marc T, Partisani M, Poizot-Martin I, et al: A syndrome of peripheral fat wasting (lipodystrophy) in patients receiving long-term nucleoside analogue therapy. AIDS 13:1659-1667, 1999
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 1659-1667
    • Saint-Marc, T.1    Partisani, M.2    Poizot-Martin, I.3
  • 143
    • 0030711684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction
    • Harrison DG: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction. J Clin Invest 100:2153-2157, 1997
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.100 , pp. 2153-2157
    • Harrison, D.G.1
  • 144
    • 0036889521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors impair endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing superoxide
    • Sutliff RL, Diakalov S, Parker J, et al: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors impair endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing superoxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H2363-H2370, 2002
    • (2002) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.283
    • Sutliff, R.L.1    Diakalov, S.2    Parker, J.3
  • 146
    • 0029037416 scopus 로고
    • Combination antiretroviral therapy. Back to the future
    • Lange J: Combination antiretroviral therapy. Back to the future. Drugs 49:32-40, 1995
    • (1995) Drugs , vol.49 , pp. 32-40
    • Lange, J.1
  • 147
    • 0030708683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In search of a selective antiviral chemotherapy
    • De Clercq E: In search of a selective antiviral chemotherapy. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:674-693, 1997
    • (1997) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.10 , pp. 674-693
    • De Clercq, E.1
  • 148
    • 0034966673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiviral drugs: Current state of the art
    • De Clercq E: Antiviral drugs: Current state of the art. J Clin Virol 22:73-89, 2001
    • (2001) J Clin Virol , vol.22 , pp. 73-89
    • De Clercq, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.