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A. Papadimitriou et al., Neurology 51, 1086 (1998). Depletion of mtDNA was first described in patients with infantile mitochondrial myopathy and hepatopathy by C. T. Moraes et al. [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48, 492 (1991)].
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Papadimitriou, A.1
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8
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0026015896
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A. Papadimitriou et al., Neurology 51, 1086 (1998). Depletion of mtDNA was first described in patients with infantile mitochondrial myopathy and hepatopathy by C. T. Moraes et al. [Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48, 492 (1991)].
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Moraes, C.T.1
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9
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0026757071
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The diagnosis of MNGIE was based on criteria described previously (3, 4). We genotyped families 5 to 7 and confirmed linkage to the MNGIE locus that we reported earlier with families 1 to 4 (3). Patient 10 was previously described by A. B. Threlkeld et al. [Am. J. Ophthalmol 114,322 (1992)] and D. R. Johns, A. B. Threlkeld, N. R. Miller, and O. Hurko [ibid. 115, 108 (1993)].
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Threlkeld, A.B.1
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10
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0027498499
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The diagnosis of MNGIE was based on criteria described previously (3, 4). We genotyped families 5 to 7 and confirmed linkage to the MNGIE locus that we reported earlier with families 1 to 4 (3). Patient 10 was previously described by A. B. Threlkeld et al. [Am. J. Ophthalmol 114,322 (1992)] and D. R. Johns, A. B. Threlkeld, N. R. Miller, and O. Hurko [ibid. 115, 108 (1993)].
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Johns, D.R.1
Threlkeld, A.B.2
Miller, N.R.3
Hurko, O.4
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11
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15844426696
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The Human Chromosome 22 Sequencing Group, Sanger Centre, Cambridge. UK (www.sanger.ac.uk/ HGP/Chr22) and the Advanced Center for Genome Technology at the University of Oklahoma, Norman (www.genome.ou.edu/maps/ch22.html). Clone bK384D8 (GenBank accession U62317), which contains TP, was mapped, identified, and characterized by U.-G. Kim et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 6297 (1996)].
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(1996)
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Kim, U.-G.1
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12
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0032529047
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N. S. Brown and R. Bicknell, Biochem. J. 334, 1 (1998); L. Griffiths and I. J. Stratford, Br. J. Cancer 76, 689 (1997).
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Brown, N.S.1
Bicknell, R.2
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14
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0345365837
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note
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Informed consent for blood samples was obtained from each study participant under a Columbia University Institutional Review Board approval protocol. TP has 10 exons and an open reading frame spanning from exons 2 to 10 (12). We amplified four fragments from genomic DNA, which encom-passed exons 2 and 3, 4, S and 6, and 7 to 10. All primers were 20 nucleotides in length. Their 5′ positions and direction (F indicates forward, and R reverse) are: 267F and 952R for exons 2 and 3; 1283F and 1540R for exon 4; 2258F and 2959R for exons 5 and 6; and 3197F and 4254R for exons 7 to 10. We sequenced the fragments directly, using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA), and then electrophoresed the samples using an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Perkin-Elmer).
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15
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0025967112
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We used the sequence and numbering system of K. Hagiwara et al. [Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 2125 (1991)]. However, we found that exon 3 ended at nt 878, as illustrated in their figure 1, rather than at nt 833, as in their figure 2.
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(1991)
Mol. Cell. Biol.
, vol.11
, pp. 2125
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Hagiwara, K.1
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16
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0345365836
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note
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G. Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; and Y, Tyr.
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17
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0345365835
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note
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PROSITE at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Accession numbers are PS 00647 (thymidine/pyrimidine-nucleoside phosphorylase consensus) and PS 00029 (leucine zipper pattern). We used the "MOTIF" search program (www.motif.genome.ad.jp/).
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18
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0032516763
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M. J. Pugmire, W. J. Cook, A. Jasanoff, M. R. Walter, S. E. Ealick, J. Mol. Biol. 281, 285 (1998).
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(1998)
J. Mol. Biol.
, vol.281
, pp. 285
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Pugmire, M.J.1
Cook, W.J.2
Jasanoff, A.3
Walter, M.R.4
Ealick, S.E.5
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19
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0344934419
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note
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To screen for the mutations G1419A, G1443A, and A3371C, we used mismatch primers that would create new recognition sites for restriction enzymes when the template DNA contained the mutations. For G1419A. we first performed PCR with the mismatch primer, 5′-TGACCACCAGGTGCCAATGAT-CTGC-3′ (mismatch sites are underlined), corresponding to nts 1394-1418, and the reverse primer corresponding to nts 1540-1521. The amplified fragments were then digested overnight with Pst I. The products were subjected to electrophoresis in a 4% agarose gel. Similarly, fragments were amplified with the mismatch primers 5′-TAGACTCCAGCTTATC-CAAGAAGC-3′ corresponding to nts 1467-1444 and a primer corresponding to nts 1283-1302 for G1443A and the mismatch primer 5′-TGCGCCGTC-CATGCAGAGCAGCGGC-3′ corresponding to nts 3396-3372 and a primer corresponding to nts 3197-3216 for A3371C. The PCR products were digested with Hind III and Nar I, respectively, and subjected to electrophoresis in a 4% agarose gel. The A2744G mutation creates a new recognition site for Hinf III. The flanking region was amplified with primers corresponding to rts 2666-2685 and 2950-2831, digested with Hinf III, and subjected to electrophoresis in a 2% agarose gel.
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20
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0344503625
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note
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12-18 primer using the SuperScript Preamplification System (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD). Using PCR, we amplified the cDNA fragments with primers corresponding to nts 473-492 in exon 2 and nts 3291-3272 in exon 7, for the T1504C mutation; and nts 3405-3424 in exon 7 and nts 4254-4235 in exon 10, for the G3867C mutation. Amplified fragments were gel purified and sequenced (9) RNA from one healthy individual was simultaneously amplified and sequenced to verify all of the exon junctions and confirm that no exon was skipped.
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A. Yoshimura et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 107 (1990); J. Waltenberger, K. Usuki, B. Fellström, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, FEBS Lett. 313, 129 (1992); S. B. Fox et al., J. Pathol. 176, 183 (1995); P. A. Eccleston, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, Neurosci. Lett. 192, 137 (1995); K. Matsukawa, A. Moriyama, Y. Kawai, K. Asai, T. Kato, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1314, 71 (1996).
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A. Yoshimura et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 107 (1990); J. Waltenberger, K. Usuki, B. Fellström, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, FEBS Lett. 313, 129 (1992); S. B. Fox et al., J. Pathol. 176, 183 (1995); P. A. Eccleston, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, Neurosci. Lett. 192, 137 (1995); K. Matsukawa, A. Moriyama, Y. Kawai, K. Asai, T. Kato, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1314, 71 (1996).
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Waltenberger, J.1
Usuki, K.2
Fellström, B.3
Funa, K.4
Heldin, C.-H.5
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24
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0029006332
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A. Yoshimura et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 107 (1990); J. Waltenberger, K. Usuki, B. Fellström, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, FEBS Lett. 313, 129 (1992); S. B. Fox et al., J. Pathol. 176, 183 (1995); P. A. Eccleston, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, Neurosci. Lett. 192, 137 (1995); K. Matsukawa, A. Moriyama, Y. Kawai, K. Asai, T. Kato, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1314, 71 (1996).
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J. Pathol.
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Fox, S.B.1
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25
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A. Yoshimura et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 107 (1990); J. Waltenberger, K. Usuki, B. Fellström, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, FEBS Lett. 313, 129 (1992); S. B. Fox et al., J. Pathol. 176, 183 (1995); P. A. Eccleston, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, Neurosci. Lett. 192, 137 (1995); K. Matsukawa, A. Moriyama, Y. Kawai, K. Asai, T. Kato, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1314, 71 (1996).
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, pp. 137
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Eccleston, P.A.1
Funa, K.2
Heldin, C.-H.3
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26
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0039575829
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A. Yoshimura et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 107 (1990); J. Waltenberger, K. Usuki, B. Fellström, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, FEBS Lett. 313, 129 (1992); S. B. Fox et al., J. Pathol. 176, 183 (1995); P. A. Eccleston, K. Funa, C.-H. Heldin, Neurosci. Lett. 192, 137 (1995); K. Matsukawa, A. Moriyama, Y. Kawai, K. Asai, T. Kato, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1314, 71 (1996).
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(1996)
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
, vol.1314
, pp. 71
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Matsukawa, K.1
Moriyama, A.2
Kawai, Y.3
Asai, K.4
Kato, T.5
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27
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0026719635
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K. Asai et al., J. Neurochem. 59, 307 (1992); K. Asai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20311 (1992); T. Ueki et al., Brain Res. 622, 299 (1993).
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28
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K. Asai et al., J. Neurochem. 59, 307 (1992); K. Asai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20311 (1992); T. Ueki et al., Brain Res. 622, 299 (1993).
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29
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K. Asai et al., J. Neurochem. 59, 307 (1992); K. Asai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20311 (1992); T. Ueki et al., Brain Res. 622, 299 (1993).
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Ueki, T.1
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30
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0344934393
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note
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Using RT-PCR, we amplified TP cDNA from skeletal muscle, which indicates that TP is expressed at low levels in this tissue.
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31
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0345365795
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personal communication
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Preliminary high-performance liquid chromatography experiments have demonstrated markedly elevated thymidine levels with normal thymine levels in the plasma of four patients (about sevenfold) relative to plasma of five controls (A. L Andreu and A. Naini, personal communication).
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Andreu, A.L.1
Naini, A.2
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32
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D. Bogenhagen and D. A. Clayton, J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2938 (1976); R. K. Bestwick, G. L. Moffett, C. K. Mathews, ibid. 257, 9300 (1982); R. K. Bestwick and C. K. Mathews, ibid., p. 9305.
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Bestwick, R.K.1
Moffett, G.L.2
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D. Bogenhagen and D. A. Clayton, J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2938 (1976); R. K. Bestwick, G. L. Moffett, C. K. Mathews, ibid. 257, 9300 (1982); R. K. Bestwick and C. K. Mathews, ibid., p. 9305.
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Bestwick, R.K.1
Mathews, C.K.2
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37
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Elevation of thymidine levels have been shown to alter dNTP pools [N. R. Morris, P. Reichard, G. A. Fischer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 68, 93 (1963); J. G. Julias and V. K. Pathak, J. Virol. 72, 7941 (1998)].
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Morris, N.R.1
Reichard, P.2
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38
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0031717603
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Elevation of thymidine levels have been shown to alter dNTP pools [N. R. Morris, P. Reichard, G. A. Fischer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 68, 93 (1963); J. G. Julias and V. K. Pathak, J. Virol. 72, 7941 (1998)].
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Julias, J.G.1
Pathak, V.K.2
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M. Friedkin and D. Roberts, J. Biol. Chem. 207, 245 (1954); J. C. Marsh and S. Perry, J. Clin. Invest. 43, 267 (1964); R. C. Gallo, S. Perry, T. R. Breitman, J. Biol. Chem. 242, 5059 (1967).
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Gallo, R.C.1
Perry, S.2
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45
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0344934391
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note
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We thank the families for their cooperation; L. P. Rowland, J. R. Carlo, A. F. Hahn, Y. Shapira, I. Butler, A. N. Bender, L. M. Salberg, and S. Hammans for clinical samples; S. DiMauro, E. A. Schon, A. L. Andreu, and T. G. Nygaard for critical advice; and S. Tadesse for excellent technical assistance. Supported by the Columbia-Presbyterian Irving Scholars Program (M.H.); the Uehara Memorial Foundation, Tokyo (I.N.); the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome (A.S.); NIH grant RO1-HL59657 (M.H.); and a Muscular Dystrophy Association grant (S. DiMauro).
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