Camptothecins: A review of their chemotherapeutic potential

Drugs

Volumn 62, Issue 14, 2002, Pages 2039-2057

  Ulukan, Hulya ^a   Swaan, Peter W ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

9 AMINOCAMPTOTHECIN; BN 80927; CAMPTOTHECIN; DIFLOMOTECAN; EXATECAN; IRINOTECAN; LURTOTECAN; RUBITECAN; TOPOTECAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER PATIENT; COLON CARCINOMA; COMPLEX FORMATION; CYTOTOXICITY; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION;

EID: 0036399299     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200262140-00004     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Wall ME, Wani MC, Cook CE, et al. Plant antitumor agents. I: The isolation and structure of camptothecin, a novel alkoloidal leukemia and tumor inhibitor from Camptotheca accuminata. J Am Chem Soc 1966; 88: 3888-90
2. Horwitz SB, Chang CK, Grollman AP. Studies on camptothecin. I. Effects of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Mol Pharmacol 1971; 7: 632-44
3. Kessel D. Effects of camptothecin on RNA synthesis in leukemia L1210 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 246: 225-32
4. Abelson HT, Penman S. Selective interruption of high molecular weight RNA synthesis in HeLa cells by camptothecin. Nat New Biol 1972; 237: 144-6
5. Kessel D, Bosmann HB, Lohr K. Camptothecin effects on DNA synthesis in murine leukemia cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972; 269: 210-6
6. Horwitz MS, Horwitz SB. Intracellular degradation of HeLa and adenovirus type 2 DNA induced by camptothecin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45: 723-7
7. Gottlieb JA, Guarino AM, Call JB, et al. Preliminary pharmacologic and clinical evaluation of camptothecin sodium (NSC-100880). Cancer Chemother Rep 1970; 54: 461-70
8. Gottlieb JA, Luce JK. Treatment of malignant melanoma with camptothecin (NSC-100880). Cancer Chemother Rep 1972; 56: 103-5
9. Moertel CG, Schutt AJ, Reitemeier RJ, et al. Phase II study of camptothecin (NSC-100880) in the treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Chemother Rep 1972; 56: 95-101
10. Muggia FM, Creaven PJ, Hansen HH, et al. Phase I clinical trial of weekly and daily treatment with camptothecin (NSC-100880): Correlation with preclinical studies. Cancer Chemother Rep 1972; 56: 515-21
11. Hsiang YH, Hertzberg R, Hecht S, et al. Camptothecin induces protein-linked DNA breaks via mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 1985; 260: 14873-8
12. Hsiang YH, Liu LF. Identification of mammalian DNA topoisomerase I as an intracellular target of the anticancer drug camptothecin. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 1722-6
13. Wani MC, Nicholas AW, Wall ME. Plant antitumor agents. 23. Synthesis and antileukemic activity of camptothecin analogues. J Med Chem 1986; 29: 2358-63
14. Wall ME, Wani MC, Natschke SM, et al. Plant antitumor agents. 22. Isolation of 11-hydroxycamptothecin from Camptotheca acuminata Decne: Total synthesis and biological activity. J Med Chem 1986; 29: 1553-5
15. Sawada S, Okajima S, Aiyama R, et al. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 20(S)-camptothecin derivatives: Carbamate-linked, water-soluble derivatives of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991; 39: 1446-50
16. Kingsbury WD, Boehm JC, Jakas DR, et al. Synthesis of water-soluble (aminoalkyl)camptothecin analogues: Inhibition of topoisomerase I and antitumor activity. J Med Chem 1991; 34: 98-107
17. Kunimoto T, Nitta K, Tanaka T, et al. Antitumor activity of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy-camptothecin, a novel water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, against murine tumors. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 5944-7
18. Wani MC, Nicholas AW, Manikumar G, et al. Plant antitumor agents. 25. Total synthesis and antileukemic activity of ring A substituted camptothecin analogues: Structure-activity correlations. J Med Chem 1987; 30: 1774-9
19. Negoro S, Fukuoka M, Masuda N, et al. Phase I study of weekly intravenous infusions of CPT-11, a new derivative of camptothecin, in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1164-8
20. Rowinsky EK, Grochow LB, Hendricks CB, et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of topotecan: A novel topoisomerase I inhibitor. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 647-56
21. Giovanella BC, Stehlin JS, Wall ME, et al. DNA topoisomerase I-targeted chemotherapy of human colon cancer in xenografts. Science 1989; 246: 1046-8
22. Hsiang YH, Liu LF, Wall ME, et al. DNA topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of camptothecin analogues. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4385-9
23. Lesueur-Ginot L, Demarquay D, Kiss R, et al. Homocamptothecin, an E-ring modified camptothecin with enhanced lactone stability, retains topoisomerase I-targeted activity and antitumor properties. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 2939-43
24. Brown PO, Cozzarelli NR. A sign inversion mechanism for enzymatic supercoiling of DNA. Science 1979; 206: 1081-3
25. Liu LF, Liu CC, Alberts BM. Type II DNA topoisomerases: Enzymes that can unknot a topologically knotted DNA molecule via a reversible double-strand break. Cell 1980; 19: 697-707
26. Liu LF. DNA topoisomerases: Enzymes that catalyse the breaking and rejoining of DNA. CRC Crit Rev Biochem 1983; 15: 1-24
27. Gellert M. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem 1981; 50: 879-910
28. Wang JC. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem 1985; 54: 665-97
29. D'Arpa P, Machlin PS, Ratrie HD, et al. cDNA cloning of human DNA topoisomerase I: Catalytic activity of a 67.7-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 2543-7
30. Tsai-Pflugfelder M, Liu LF, Liu AA, et al. Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding human DNA topoisomerase II and localization of the gene to chromosome region 17q21-22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 7177-81
31. Cozzarelli NR. DNA gyrase and the supercoiling of DNA. Science 1980; 207: 953-60
32. Liu LF, Wang JC. Supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84: 7024-7
33. Wu HY, Shyy SH, Wang JC, et al. Transcription generates positively and negatively supercoiled domains in the template. Cell 1988; 53: 433-40
34. Wang JC, Caron PR, Kim RA. The role of DNA topoisomerases in recombination and genome stability: A double-edged sword? Cell 1990; 62: 403-6
35. Subramanian D, Rosenstein BS, Muller MT. Ultraviolet-induced DNA damage stimulates topoisomerase I-DNA complex formation in vivo: Possible relationship with DNA repair. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 976-84
36. Liu LF, Miller KG. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerases: Two forms of type I DNA topoisomerases from HeLa cell nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78: 3487-91
37. Schmitt B, Buhre U, Vosberg HP. Characterisation of size variants of type I DNA topoisomerase isolated from calf thymus. Eur J Biochem 1984; 144: 127-34
38. Shero JH, Bordwell B, Rothfield NF, et al. High titers of autoantibodies to topoisomerase I (Scl-70) in sera from scleroderma patients. Science 1986; 231: 737-40
39. Juan CC, Hwang JL, Liu AA, et al. Human DNA topoisomerase I is encoded by a single-copy gene that maps to chromosome region 20q12-13.2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 8910-3
40. Vosberg HP. DNA topoisomerases: Enzymes that control DNA conformation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 114: 19-102
41. D'Arpa P, Liu LF. Topoisomerase-targeting antitumor drugs. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989; 989: 163-77
42. Osheroff N. Biochemical basis for the interactions of type I and type II topoisomerases with DNA. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 41: 223-41
43. Schneider E, Hsiang YH, Liu LF. DNA topoisomerases as anticancer drug targets. Adv Pharmacol 1990; 21: 149-83
44. Zhang H, Wang JC, Liu LF. Involvement of DNA topoisomerase I in transcription of human ribosomal RNA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85: 1060-4
45. Yang L, Wold MS, Li JJ, et al. Roles of DNA topoisomerases in simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84: 950-4
46. Champoux JJ. Mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by the DNA untwisting enzyme: Attachment of the enzyme to 3′-terminus of the nicked DNA. J Mol Biol 1978; 118: 441-6
47. Champoux JJ. DNA is linked to the rat liver DNA nicking-closing enzyme by a phosphodiester bond to tyrosine. J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 4805-9
48. Eng WK, Pandit SD, Sternglanz R. Mapping of the active site tyrosine of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 13373-6
49. Lynn RM, Bjornsti MA, Caron PR, et al. Peptide sequencing and site-directed mutagenesis identify tyrosine-727 as the active site tyrosine of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 3559-63
50. Liu LF. DNA topoisomerase poisons as antitumor drugs. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 351-75
51. Rothenberg ML. Topoisomerase I inhibitors: review and update. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 837-55
52. Lima CD, Wang JC, Mondragon A. Three-dimensional structure of the 67K N-terminal fragment of E. coli DNA topoisomerase I. Nature 1994; 367: 138-46
53. Stivers JT, Harris TK, Mildvan AS. Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase 1: Evidence supporting a free rotation mechanism for DNA supercoil relaxation. Biochemistry 1997; 36: 5212-22
54. Stewart L, Redinbo MR, Qiu X, et al. A model for the mechanism of human topoisomerase I. Science 1998; 279: 1534-41
55. Bates AD, Maxwell A. DNA Topology. Oxford: IRL Press, 1993, 83
56. Merino A, Madden KR, Lane WS, et al. DNA topoisomerase I is involved in both repression and activation of transcription. Nature 1993; 365: 227-32
57. Gilmour DS, Pflugfelder G, Wang JC, et al. Topoisomerase I interacts with transcribed regions in Drosophila cells. Cell 1986; 44: 401-7
58. Camilloni G, Di Martino E, Caserta M, et al. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I reaction is topology dependent. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16: 7071-85
59. Drolet M, Wu HY, and Liu LF. Roles of DNA topoisomerases in transcription. Adv Pharmacol 1994; 29A: 135-46
60. Shuman S. Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase I promotes illegitimate recombination in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 3489-93
61. Shuman S. Recombination mediated by vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I in Escherichia coli is sequence specific. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 10104-8
62. Wang HP, Rogler CE. Topoisomerase I-mediated integration of hepadnavirus DNA in vitro. J Virol 1991; 65: 2381-92
63. Covey JM, Jaxel C, Kohn KW, et al. Protein-linked DNA strand breaks induced in mammalian cells by camptothecin, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5016-22
64. Shuman S. DNA strand transfer reactions catalyzed by vaccinia topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 8620-7
65. Anderson RD, Berger NA. International Commission for Protection Against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of topoisomerase-interactive agents. Mutat Res 1994; 309: 109-42
66. Hsiang YH, Lihou MG, Liu LF. Arrest of replication forks by drug-stabilized topoisomerase I-DNA cleavable complexes as a mechanism of cell killing by camptothecin. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5077-82
67. Kjeldsen E, Svejstrup JQ, Gromova II, et al. Camptothecin inhibits both the cleavage and religation reactions of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I. J Mol Biol 1992; 228: 1025-30
68. D'Arpa P, Beardmore C, Liu LF. Involvement of nucleic acid synthesis in cell killing mechanisms of topoisomerase poisons. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6919-24
69. Tsao YP, D'Arpa P, Liu LF. The involvement of active DNA synthesis in camptothecin-induced G2 arrest: Altered regulation of p34cdc2/cyclin B. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 1823-9
70. Beidler DR, Cheng YC. Camptothecin induction of a time- and concentration-dependent decrease of topoisomerase I and its implication in camptothecin activity. Mol Pharmacol 1995; 47: 907-14
71. Desai SD, Liu LF, Vazquez-Abad D, et al. Ubiquitin-dependent destruction of topoisomerase I is stimulated by the antitumor drug camptothecin. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 24159-64
72. Kharbanda S, Rubin E, Gunji H, et al. Camptothecin and its derivatives induce expression of the c-jun protooncogene in human myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6636-42
73. Piret B, Piette J. Topoisomerase poisons activate the transcription factor NF-kappaB in ACH-2 and CEM cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 4242-8
74. Wu J, Liu LF. Processing of topoisomerase I cleavable complexes into DNA damage by transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25: 4181-6
75. Mao Y, Okada S, Chang LS, et al. p53 dependence of topoisomerase I recruitment in vivo. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 4538-43
76. Wall ME, Wani MC. In: Potmesil M, Pinedo H, editors. Camptothecins: New Anticancer Agents. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1995: 21-42
77. Crow RT, Crothers DM. Structural modifications of camptothecin and effects on topoisomerase I inhibition. J Med Chem 1992; 35: 4160-4
78. Wani MC, Ronman PE, Lindley JT, et al. Plant antitumor agents. 18. Synthesis and biological activity of camptothecin analogues. J Med Chem 1980; 23: 554-60
79. Hertzberg RP, Caranfa MJ, Holden KG, et al. Modification of the hydroxy lactone ring of camptothecin: Inhibition of mammalian topoisomerase I and biological activity. J Med Chem 1989; 32: 715-20
80. Jaxel C, Kohn KW, Wani MC, et al. Structure-activity study of the actions of camptothecin derivatives on mammalian topoisomerase I: Evidence for a specific receptor site and a relation to antitumor activity. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 1465-9
81. Wall ME, Wani MC. Antineoplastic agents from plants. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1977; 17: 117-32
82. Wani MC, Nicholas AW, Wall ME. Plant antitumor agents. 28. Resolution of a key tricyclic synthon, 5′(RS)-1,5-dioxo- 5′-ethyl- 5′-hydroxy-2′H, 5′H,6′H-6′-oxopyrano[3′,4′-f]delta 6,8-tetrahydro-indolizine: Total synthesis and antitumor activity of 20(S)- and 20(R)-camptothecin. J Med Chem 1987; 30: 2317-9
83. Nicholas AW, Wani MC, Manikumar G, et al. Plant antitumor agents. 29. Synthesis and biological activity of ring D and ring E modified analogues of camptothecin. J Med Chem 1990; 33: 972-8
84. Wang HK, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Recent advances in the discovery and development of topoisomerase inhibitors as antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 1997; 17: 367-425
85. Sawada S, Yokokura T, Miyasaka T. Synthesis of CPT-11 (irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate). Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 803: 13-28
86. Tsuruo T, Matsuzaki T, Matsushita M, et al. Antitumor effect of CPT-11, a new derivative of camptothecin, against pleiotropic drug-resistant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988; 21: 71-4
87. Kawato Y, Furuta T, Aonuma M, et al. Antitumor activity of a camptothecin derivative, CPT-11, against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 28: 192-8
88. Tsuji T, Kaneda N, Kado K, et al. CPT-11 converting enzyme from rat serum: Purification and some properties. J Pharmacobiodyn 1991; 14: 341-9
89. Wall ME, Wani MC, Nicholas AW, et al. Plant antitumor agents. 30. Synthesis and structure activity of novel camptothecin analogs. J Med Chem 1993; 36: 2689-700
90. Fan Y, Weinstein JN, Kohn KW, et al. Molecular modeling studies of the DNA-topoisomerase I ternary cleavable complex with camptothecin. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 2216-26
91. Emerson DL, Besterman JM, Brown HR, et al. In vivo antitumor activity of two new seven-substituted water-soluble camptothecin analogues. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 603-9
92. Besterman JM. Topoisomerase I inhibition by the camptothecin analog G1147211C: From the laboratory to the clinic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 803: 202-9
93. Jew S, Kim HJ, Kim MG, et al. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of hexacyclic camptothecin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9: 3203-6
94. Sugimori M, Ejima A, Ohsuki S, et al. Synthesis and antitumor activity of ring A- and F-modified hexacyclic camptothecin analogues. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 2308-18
95. Sugimori M, Ejima A, Ohsuki S, et al. Antitumor agents: 7. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel hexacyclic camptothecin analogues. J Med Chem 1994; 37: 3033-9
96. De Jager R, Cheverton P, Tamanoi K, et al. DX-8951f: Summary of phase I clinical trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 260-73
97. Rowinsky EK, Johnson TR, Geyer Jr CE, et al. DX-8951f, a hexacyclic camptothecin analog, on a daily-times-five schedule: A phase I and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3151-63
98. Lavergne O, Lesueur-Ginot L, Pla Rodas F, et al. Homocamptothecins: Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel Ering- modified camptothecin analogues. J Med Chem 1998; 41: 5410-9
99. Lavergne O, Lesueur-Ginot L, Pla Rodas F, et al. BN80245: An E-ring modified camptothecin with potent antiproliferative and topoisomerase I inhibitory activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997; 7: 2235-8
100. Bailly C, Lansiaux A, Dassonneville L, et al. Homocamptothecin, an E-ring-modified camptothecin analogue, generates new topoisomerase I-mediated DNA breaks. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 15556-63
101. Urasaki Y, Takebayashi Y, Pommier Y. Activity of a novel camptothecin analogue, homocamptothecin, in camptothecin-resistant cell lines with topoisomerase I alterations. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6577-80
102. Lavergne O, Demarquay D, Kasprzyk PG, et al. Homocamptothecins: E-ring modified CPT analogues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 100-11
103. Demarquay D, Coulomb H, Huchet M, et al. The homocamptothecin, BN 80927, is a potent topoisomerase I poison and topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 301-2
104. Demarquay D, Huchet M, Coulomb H, et al. The homocamptothecin BN 80915 is a highly potent orally active topoisomerase I poison. Anticancer Drugs 2001; 12: 9-19
105. Bom D, Curran DP, Kruszewski S, et al. The novel silatecan 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin displays high lipophilicity, improved human blood stability, and potent anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43: 3970-80
106. Curran DP, Josien H, Bom D, et al. The cascade radical annulation approach to new analogues of camptothecins: Combinatorial synthesis of silatecans and homosilatecans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 112-21
107. Redinbo MR, Stewart L, Kuhn P, et al. Crystal structures of human topoisomerase I in covalent and noncovalent complexes with DNA. Science 1998; 279: 1504-13
108. Fujimori A, Harker WG, Kohlhagen G, et al. Mutation at the catalytic site of topoisomerase I in CEM/C2, a human leukemia cell line resistant to camptothecin. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1339-46
109. Kaufmann SH. Cell death induced by topoisomerase-targeted drugs: More questions than answers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1400: 195-211
110. Pommier Y, Kohlhagen G, Kohn KW, et al. Interaction of an alkylating camptothecin derivative with a DNA base at topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 8861-5
111. Kerrigan JE, Pilch DS. A structural model for the ternary cleavable complex formed between human topoisomerase I, DNA, and camptothecin. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 9792-8
112. de Forni M, Bugat R, Chabot GG, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the camptothecin derivative irinotecan, administered on a weekly schedule in cancer patients. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4347-54
113. Takeuchi S, Takamizawa H, Takeda Y, et al. An early phase II study of CPT-11 in gynecologic cancers: Research Group of CPT-11 in Gynecologic Cancers. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1991; 18: 579-84
114. Tsuda H, Takatsuki K, Ohno R, et al. Treatment of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma with irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11): CPT-11 Study Group on Hematological Malignancy. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 771-4
115. Ohno R, Okada K, Masaoka T, et al. An early phase II study of CPT-11: A new derivative of camptothecin, for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1907-12
116. Shimada Y, Yoshino M, Wakui A, et al. Phase II study of CPT-11, a new camptothecin derivative, in metastatic colorectal cancer: CPT-11 Gastrointestinal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 909-13
117. Takimoto CH, Arbuck SG. Clinical status and optimal use of topotecan. Oncology (Huntingt) 1997: 11: 1635-1646; discussion 1649-1651, 1655-37
118. FDA approves irinotecan as first-line therapy for colorectal cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 652, 654
119. Taguchi T, Wakui A, Hasegawa K, et al. Phase I clinical study of CPT-11. Research group of CPT-11. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1990; 17: 115-20
120. Rothenberg ML, Kuhn JG, Burris HAD, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of weekly CPT-11. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2194-204
121. Ohe Y, Sasaki Y, Shinkai T, et al. Phase I study and pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 with 5-day continuous infusion. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 972-4
122. Costin D, Potmesil M. Preclinical and clinical development of camptothecins. Adv Pharmacol 1994; 29B: 51-72
123. Wall JG, Burris HAD, Von Hoff DD, et al. A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (SK&F 104864) given as an intravenous bolus every 21 days. Anticancer Drugs 1992; 3: 337-45
124. Abigerges D, Armand JP, Chabot GG, et al. Irinotecan (CPT-11) high-dose escalation using intensive high-dose loperamide to control diarrhea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 446-9
125. Masuda N, Fukuoka M, Kudoh S, et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of irinotecan and etoposide with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support for advanced lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 1833-41
126. Klumpp TR, Goldberg SL, Mangan KF. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on the rate of neutrophil engraftment following peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation [letter]. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2144
127. Takasuna K, Hagiwara T, Hirohashi M, et al. Involvement of beta-glucuronidase in intestinal microflora in the intestinal toxicity of the antitumor camptothecin derivative irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) in rats. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 3752-7
128. Potmesil M. Camptothecins: From bench research to hospital wards. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1431-9
129. Rothenberg ML. The current status of irinotecan (CPT-11) in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 803: 272-81
130. Saijo N. Clinical trials of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT, campto injection, topotecin injection) in Japan. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 803: 292-305
131. Miller AA, Hargis JB, Lilenbaum RC, et al. Phase I study of topotecan and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors: A cancer and leukemia group B study. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2743-50
132. Lilenbaum RC. Ratain MJ, Miller AA, et al. Phase I study of paclitaxel and topotecan in patients with advanced tumors: A cancer and leukemia group B study. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2230-7
133. Crump M, Lipton J, Hedley D, et al. Phase I trial of sequential topotecan followed by etoposide in adults with myeloid leukemia: A National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group study. Leukemia 1999; 13: 343-7
134. Vey N, Kantarjian H, Beran M, et al. Combination of topotecan with cytarabine or etoposide in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: Results of a randomized phase I/II study. Invest New Drugs 1999; 17: 89-95
135. Murren JR, Anderson S, Fedele J, et al. Dose-escalation and pharmacodynamic study of topotecan in combination with cyclophosphamide in patients with refractory cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 148-57
136. Saltz L. Irinotecan-based combinations for the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 47-50
137. Royce ME, Medgyesy D, Zukowski TH, et al. Colorectal cancer: Chemotherapy treatment overview. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 40-6
138. Douillard JY. Irinotecan and high-dose fluorouracil/leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 51-5
139. Fukuoka M, Masuda N, Kudoh S, et al. Irinotecan in small-cell lung cancer: Japanese trials. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 57-62
140. Ajani JA, Fairweather J, Pisters PW, et al. Irinotecan and cisplatin in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000; 14: 19-21
141. Hammond LA, Eckardt JR, Ganapathi R, et al. A phase I and translational study of sequential administration of the topoisomerase I and II inhibitors topotecan and etoposide. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 1459-67
142. Frasci G, Panza N, Comella P, et al. Cisplatin-topotecan-paclitaxel weekly administration with G-CSF support for ovarian and small-cell lung cancer patients: A dose-finding study. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 355-8
143. Mitsui I, Kumazawa E, Hirota Y, et al. A new water-soluble camptothecin derivative, DX-8951f, exhibits potent antitumor activity against human tumors in vitro and in vivo. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 776-82
144. Takiguchi S, Kumazawa E, Shimazoe T, et al. Antitumor effect of DX-8951, a novel camptothecin analog, on human pancreatic tumor cells and their CPT-11-resistant variants cultured in vitro and xenografted into nude mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88: 760-9
145. Kumazawa E, Jimbo T, Ochi Y, et al. Potent and broad antitumor effects of DX-8951f, a water-soluble camptothecin derivative, against various human tumors xenografted in nude mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998; 42: 210-20
146. Pantazis P, Hinz HR, Mendoza JT, et al. Complete inhibition of growth followed by death of human malignant melanoma cells in vitro and regression of human melanoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice induced by camptothecins. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3980-7
147. Jeha S, Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, et al. Activity of oral and intravenous 9-aminocamptothecin in SCID mice engrafted with human leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 32: 159-64
148. de Souza PL, Cooper MR, Imondi AR, et al. 9-Aminocamptothecin: A topoisomerase I inhibitor with preclinical activity in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 287-94
149. Pantazis P, Kozielski AJ, Vardeman DM, et al. Efficacy of camptothecin congeners in the treatment of human breast carcinoma xenografts. Oncol Res 1993; 5: 273-81
150. Pantazis P, Kozielski AJ, Mendoza JT, et al. Camptothecin derivatives induce regression of human ovarian carcinomas grown in nude mice and distinguish between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells in vitro. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 863-71
151. Keane TE, El-Galley RE, Sun C, et al. Camptothecin analogues/cisplatin: An effective treatment of advanced bladder cancer in a preclinical in vivo model system. J Urol 1998; 160: 252-6
152. Rubin E, Wood V, Bharti A, et al. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of a new camptothecin derivative, 9-aminocamptothecin. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 269-76
153. Lad T, Rosen F, Sciortino D, et al. Phase II trial of aminocamptothecin (9-AC/DMA) in patients with advanced squamous cell head and neck cancer. Invest New Drugs 2000; 18: 261-3
154. Takimoto CH, Thomas R. The clinical development of 9-aminocamptothecin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 224-36
155. Wilson WH, Little R, Pearson D, et al. Phase II and dose-escalation with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor study of 9-aminocamptothecin in relapsed and refractory lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2345-51
156. Dahut W, Harold N, Takimoto C, et al. Phase I and pharmacologic study of 9-aminocamptothecin given by 72-hour infusion in adult cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1236-44
157. Eder Jr JP, Supko JG, Lynch T, et al. Phase I trial of the colloidal dispersion formulation of 9-amino-20(S)- camptothecin administered as a 72-hour continuous intravenous infusion. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 317-24
158. Takimoto CH, Dahut W, Harold N. A phase I trial of a prolonged infusion of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) in adult patients with solid tumors [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 471
159. Pantazis P. The water-insoluble camptothecin analogues: Promising drugs for the effective treatment of haematological malignancies. Leuk Res 1995; 19: 775-88
160. Verschraegen CF, Gupta E, Loyer E, et al. A phase II clinical and pharmacological study of oral 9- nitrocamptothecin in patients with refractory epithelial ovarian, tubal or peritoneal cancer. Anticancer Drugs 1999; 10: 375-83
161. Chow DS, Gong L, Wolfe MD, et al. Modified lactone/carboxylate salt equilibria in vivo by liposomal delivery of 9-nitrocamptothecin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 164-74
162. Knight V, Kleinerman ES, Waldrep JC, et al. 9-Nitrocamptothecin liposome aerosol treatment of human cancer subcutaneous xenografts and pulmonary cancer metastases in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 151-63
163. Verschraegen CF, Gilbert BE, Huaringa AJ, et al. Feasibility, phase I, and pharmacological study of aerosolized liposomal 9-nitro-20(S)-camptothecin in patients with advanced malignancies in the lungs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 352-4
164. Gerrits CJ, Creemers GJ, Schellens JH, et al. Phase I and pharmacological study of the new topoisomerase I inhibitor GI147211, using a daily x 5 intravenous administration. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 744-50
165. Eckhardt SG, Baker SD, Eckardt JR, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of GI147211, a water-soluble camptothecin analogue, administered for five consecutive days every three weeks. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 595-604
166. Gamucci T, Paridaens R, Heinrich B, et al. Activity and toxicity of GI147211 in breast, colorectal and non-small- cell lung cancer patients: An EORTC-ECSG phase II clinical study. Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 793-7
167. Loos WJ, Kehrer D, Brouwer E, et al. Liposomal lurtotecan (NX211): Determination of total drug levels in human plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 2000; 738: 155-63
168. Emerson DL, Bendele R, Brown E, et al. Antitumor efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of NX 211: A low-clearance liposomal formulation of lurtotecan. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2903-12
169. Bonneterre J, Cottu P, Adenis A, et al. Phase I trial of BN80915 administered intravenously in patients with advanced malignant tumours [abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 2000; 41: A234
170. Huchet M, Demarquay D, Coulomb H, et al. The dual topoisomerase inhibitor, BN 80927, is highly potent against cell proliferation and tumor growth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 922: 303-5