Pharmacology of topoisomerase I inhibitors irinotecan (CPT-11) and topotecan

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 103-123

  Mathijssen, Ron H J ^a   Loos, Walter J ^a   Verweij, Jaap ^a   Sparreboom, Alex ^a  

^a ERASMUS MC CANCER INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

7 ETHYL 10 HYDROXYCAMPTOTHECIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; IRINOTECAN; TOPOTECAN;

ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BIOAVAILABILITY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIARRHEA; DNA REPLICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME INHIBITION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; OVARY CANCER; PHARMACOGENETICS; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; CAMPTOTHECIN; CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; CLINICAL TRIALS; DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; TOPOTECAN;

EID: 0036279836     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568009023333890     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Plant antitumor agents. I. The isolation and structure of camptothecine, a novel alkaloidal leukemia and tumor inhibitor from camptotheca acuminata
2. Phase I clinical trial of weekly and daily treatment with camptothecin (NSC-100880): Correlation with preclinical studies
3. Phase II study of camptothecin (NSC-100880) in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer
4. Toxicity of camptothecin (NSC-100880)
5. Camptothecin induces protein-linked DNA breaks via mammalian DNA topoisomerase I
6. Identification of mammalian DNA topoisomerase I as an intracellular target of the anticancer drug camptothecin
7. Arrest of replication forks by drug-stabilized topoisomerase I DNA cleavable complexes as a mechanism of cell killing by camptothecin
8. DNA topoisomerase I-mediated DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity of camptothecin analogues
9. Irinotecan in the treatment of colorectal cancer: Clinical overview
10. Clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11)
11. Extending the platinum-free interval in recurrent ovarian Cancer: The role of topotecan in second-line chemotherapy
12. Modulation of camptothecin analogs in the treatment of cancer: A review
13. The role of pH and serum albumin in the metabolic conversion of 9-nitrocamptothecin to 9-aminocamptothecin by human hematopoietic and other cells
14. Determination of the lactone and lactone plus carboxylate forms of 9-aminocamptothecin in human plasma by sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
15. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC), irinotecan (CPT-11), and SN-38 in nonhuman primates
16. The clinical development of 9-aminocamptothecin
17. In vivo antitumor activity of two new seven-substituted water-soluble camptothecin analogues
18. The topoisomerase I inhibitor DX-8951f is active in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of human acute myelogenous leukemia
19. Preclinical and clinical trials of topoisomerase inhibitors
20. DX-8951f: Summary of phase I clinical trials
21. Homocamptothecin, an E-ring-modified camptothecin, exerts more potent antiproliferative activity than other topoisomerase I inhibitors in human colon cancers obtained from surgery and maintained in vitro under histotypical culture conditions
22. Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Topotecan and irinotecan
23. The camptothecins
24. Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I: Genome gatekeeper and its intruders, camptothecins
25. Topoisomerase I inhibitors: Review and update
26. New technique for uncoupling the cleavage religation reactions of eukaryotic topoisomerase I. The mode of action of camptothecin at a specific recognition Site
27. Effect of local DNA sequence on topoisomerase I cleavage in the presence or absence of camptothecin
28. Induction of cleavage in topoisomerase I c-DNA by topoisomerase I enzymes from calf thymus and wheat germ in the presence and absence of camptothecin
29. Differential requirement of dna replication for the cytotoxicity of DNA topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors in Chinese hamster DC3F cells
30. Effects of camptothecin on the breakage and repair of dna during the cell cycle
31. Involvement of nucleic acid synthesis in cell killing mechanisms of topoisomerase I poisons
32. Lethal activity of camptothecin sodium on human lymphoma cells
33. Phase I and pharmacologic study of irinotecan administered as a 96-hour infusion weekly to adult cancer patients
34. P-glycoprotein expression and DNA topoisomerase I and ii activity in benign tumors of the ovary and in malignant tumors of the ovary, before and after platinum/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy
35. Experimental studies on biochemical modulation targeting topoisomerase I and II in human xenografts in nude mice. Human xenografts in nude mice
36. Antiangiogenic effects of camptothecin analogues 9-aming-20(S)-camptothecin, topotecan, and CPT-11 studied in the mouse cornea model
37. Photodegredation of irinotecan (CPT-11) in aquous solutions: Identification of fluorescent products and influence of solution composition
38. Studies on the effects of the antitumor agent camptothecin and derivates on deoxyribonucleic acid
39. The chemical rearrangement of camptothecin to mappicine ketone
40. Identification and properties of a major plasma metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11) isolated from the plasma of patients
41. 14C]CPT-11 in cancer patients
42. Clinical pharmacokinetics of topotecan
43. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan in patients with advanced Cancer
44. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan administered at a daily times five schedule in phase II clinical trials using a limited sampling procedure
45. Role of erythrocytes and serum proteins in the kinetic profile of total 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin in humans
46. DNA topoisomerase I-targeted chemotherapy of human colon cancer in xenografts
47. Determination of camptothecin analogs in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography
48. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the new antitumor drug SK&F 104864-A (NSC 609699) in plasma
49. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the novel antitumour drug topotecan and topotecan as the total of the lactone plus carboxylate forms, in human plasma
50. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence assay for the quantitation of topotecan (SKF 104864-A) and its lactone ring-opened product (hydroxy-acid) in human plasma and urine
51. Comparison of filter and tunable fluorescence detection for the hplc simultaneous quantitation of lactone and carboxylate forms of topotecan in plasma
52. Quantification of topotecan and its metabolite N-desmethyltopotecan in plasma, urine and faeces by high-performance liquid chromatographic methods
53. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantitation of the carboxylate and lactone forms of the camptothecin derivate irinotecan, CPT-11, and its metabolite SN-38 in plasma
54. Sensitive determinatiation of the carboxylate and lactone forms of the novel antitumour drug lrinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography
55. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite (SN-38) in human plasma
56. Determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite SN-38 in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
57. Simple and rapid determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in plasma by high-performance liquid-chromatography: Application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies
58. Femtomole quantitation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in plasma samples by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
59. Trace analysis of SN-38 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography
60. Simultaneous determination of the camptothecin analogue CPT-11 and its active metabolite SN-38 by high-performance liquid chromatography: Application to plasma pharmacokinetic studies in cancer patients
61. Liquid chromatographic determination of irinotecan and three major metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces
62. Irinotecan (CPT-11) metabolism and disposition in cancer patients
63. Role of erythrocytes and serum proteins in the kinetic profile of total 9-amino-20-(S)-camptothecin in humans
64. Gender-dependent differences in topotecan pharmacokinetics
65. Population pharmacokinetic model for topotecan derived from phase I clinical trials
66. Determination of topotecan in human whole blood and unwashed erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography
67. Determination of topotecan by ELISA
68. Sensitive determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and Its active metabolite SN-38 in human serum using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry
69. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of irinotecan during a phase II clinical trial in colorectal cancer
70. Phase I and pharmacologic studies of the camptothecin analog irinotecan adminstered every 3 weeks in cancer patients
71. Phase I and pharmacological study of the novel topoisomerase I inhibitor 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxy-camptothecin (CPT-11) administered as a ninety-minute infusion every three weeks
72. Phase I study and pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 with 5-day continuous infusion
73. Phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of weekly CPT-11
74. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the camptothecin derivate lrinotecan, administered on a weekly schedule in cancer patients
75. Clavel pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan (CPT-11) administered daily for three consecutive days every three weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors
76. Phase II trial of irinotecan in patients with progressive or rapidly recurrent colorectal cancer
77. Phase I and II pharmacokinetic study of intravenous irinotecan (CPT-11) administered once every 2 weeks +/- G-CSF
78. Factors involved in prolongation of the terminal disposition phase of SN-38: Clinical and experimental studies
79. In vitro binding and partitioning of lrinotecan (CPT-11) and its metabolite, SN-38, in human blood
80. Topotecan: Disposition and routes of elimination in patients with malignant solid tumours
81. Characterization of CPT-11 hydrolysis by human liver carboxylesterase isoforms hCE-1 and hCE-2
82. Comparison of activation of CPT-11 by rabbit and human carboxylesterases for use in enzyme/prodrug therapy
83. Proficient metabolism of CPT-11 by a human intestinal carboxylesterase
84. CPT-11 converting carboxylesterase and topoisomerase activities in tumour and normal colon and liver tissues
85. Reversal of CPT-11 resistance of lung cancer cells by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the human carboxylesterase cDNA
86. Genetic predisposition to the metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11)
87. Genetic variation in bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene promotor and Gilbert's syndrome
88. Polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase gene and irinotecan toxicity: A pharmacogenetic analysis
89. The role of β-glucuronidase in drug disposition and drug targeting in humans
90. Metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11) by human hepatic microsomes: Participation of cytochrome P-450 3A and drug interactions
91. Metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11) by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in humans
92. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with advanced solid tumors
93. Simultaneous adminstration of CPT-11 and fluorouracil: Alteration of the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 and SN-38 in patients with advanced colorectal cancer
94. Sequence effect of irinotecan and fluorouracil treatment on pharmacokinetics and toxicity in chemotherapy-naive metastatic colorectal cancer patients
95. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer
96. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A multicentre randomised trial
97. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan and docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors: Preliminary evidence of clinical activity
98. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel and irinotecan in patients with advanced solid tumors
99. A phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of a carboplatin and irinotecan regimen combined with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma
100. Irinotecan and oxaliplatin: An overview of the novel chemotherapeutic options for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer
101. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan administered daily for 5 days every 3 weeks
102. Inter- and intrapatient variability in oral topotecan pharmacokinetics: Implications for body-surface area dosage regimens
103. Population pharmacokinetics of topotecan: Intraindividual variability in total drug
104. Topotecan - A novel topoisomerase I inhibitor: Pharmacology and clinical experience
105. Oral topotecan: Bioavailability and effect of food co-administration
106. Isolation and structural confirmation of N-desmethyl topotecan, a metabolite of topotecan
107. O-glucuronidation, a newly identified metabolic pathway for topotecan and N-desmethyl topotecan
108. Biotransformation of topotecan in the isolated perfused rat liver: Identification of three novel metabolites
109. Formation of a novel topotecan metabolite in the hormone-independent human prostate carcinoma cell lines DU-145 and PC-3
110. Phase I and pharmacologic studies of topotecan in patients with impared hepatic function
111. Phase I and pharmacologic study of topotecan in patients with impaired renal function
112. Topotecan lacks third-space sequestration
113. Penetration of topotecan into cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous injection
114. The effect of increasing topotecan infusion from 30 minutes to 4 hours on the duration of exposure in cerebrospinal fluid
115. Effective dosing of topotecan with carboplatin in relapsed ovarian cancer: A phase I/II study
116. Sequences of topotecan and cisplatin: Phase I, pharmacologic, and in vitro studies to examine sequence dependence
117. Phase I and pharmacological study of oral topotecan and intravenous cisplatin: Sequence-dependent hematologic side-effects
118. Phase I study of topotecan in combination with cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with malignant solid tumors: A pediatric oncology group study
119. A phase I-II trial of topotecan and gemcitabine in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LOA-3)
120. Repetitive high-dose topotecan, carboplatin, and paclitaxel with peripheral blood progenitor cell support in previously untreated ovarian cancer: Results of a phase I study
121. Phase I and pharmacological study of sequential intravenous topotecan and oral etoposide
122. Phase I trial of sequential topotecan followed by etoposide in adults with myeloid leukemia: A National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trails Group Study
123. Phase I study of paclitaxel and topotecan in patients with advanced tumors: A cancer and leukemia group B study
124. UGT1AI genotypes and glucuronidation of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan
125. Pharmacogenetics of anticancer agents: Lessons from amonafide and irinotecan
126. Phenotype-genotype correlation of in vitro SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) and bilirubin glucuronidation in human liver tissue with UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism
127. Role of breast cancer resistance protein in the bioavailability and fetal penetration of topotecan
128. BCRP/MXR/ABCP expression in topotecan-resistant human breast carcinoma cells
129. Pharmacogenetics: A tool for individualising antineoplastic therapy
130. Efficacy of topoisomerase I inhibitors, topotecan and irinotecan, administered at low dose levels in protracted schedules to mice bearing xenografts of human tumors
131. Molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects of the pharmacology of 20(S)camptothecin and its derivates
132. Relationship between topotecan systemic exposure and tumor response in neuroblastoma xenografts
133. Clinical activity and benefit of irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with colorectal cancer truly resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
134. Randomised trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer
135. CPT-11 in gastrointestinal cancer
136. Clinical studies of irinotecan alone and in combination with cisplatin
137. Irinotecan in cancers of the lung and cervix
138. Role of topoisomerase I inhibitors in small-cell lung cancer
139. An early phase II Study of CPT-11: A new derivative of camptothecin, for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma
140. Combination phase I/II study of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) and carboplatin in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
141. CPT-11. The European experience
142. Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the treatment of head and neck cancer
143. Phase II study of topotecan in patients in extensive-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial
144. Topotecan: A review of its efficacy in small cell lung cancer
145. Stabilization of disease as an indicator of clinical benefit associated with chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients
146. Activity and pharmacodynamics of 21-day topotecan infusion in patients with ovarian cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy
147. Phase II trial of topotecan in advanced breast cancer: A Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study
148. Results of topotecan single-agent therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
149. CPT-11: Clinical experience in phase I studies
150. Phase I study of weekly intravenous infusions of CPT-11, a new derivate of camptothecin, in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
151. Phase I and pharmacologic study of topotecan: A novel topoisomerase I inhibitor
152. Pharmacodynamic analysis of CPT-11 its active metabolite SN-38
153. Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic trial of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) using a once-every-three-week dosing schedule for patients with advanced solid tumor malignancy
154. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan administered as a low-dose, continuous intravenous infusion over 14 days in patients with malignant solid tumors
155. Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of the topoisomerase-i inhibitor topotecan in patients with refractory acute leukemia
156. Phase I clinical and laboratory evaluation of topotecan and cytarabine in patients with acute leukemia
157. Phase I and pharmacologic study of irinotecan and etoposide with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support for advanced lung Cancer
158. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the topoisomerase inhibitor irinotecan in cancer patients
159. High dose-intensity of irinotecan administered every 3 weeks in advanced cancer patients: A Feasibility Study
160. Topoisomerase I inhibitors: The relevance of prolonged exposure for present clinical development
161. Pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and its metabolites sn-38 and APC in children with recurrent solid tumors after protracted low-dose irinotecan
162. Direct translation of a protracted irinotecan schedule from a xenograft model to a phase I trial in children
163. Phase I/II study of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and irinotecan with RHG-CSF support in patients with stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer
164. Combination chemotherapy in patients with malignant pleural effusions from non-small cell lung cancer
165. Characterisation and clinical management of CPT-11 (irinotecan)-induced adverse events: The European perspective
166. Gastrointestinal Toxicity of Irinotecan
167. CPT-11 induced cholinergic effects in cancer Patients
168. The mechanism for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by Irinotecan (CPT-11)
169. Metabolic Fate of Irinotecan in Humans: Correlation of Glucuronidation with Diarrhea
170. CPT-11 in 5-FU resistance colorectal cancer: Management of delayed diarrhea
171. Pathophysiology and therapy or irinotecan-induced delayed-onset diarrhea in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: A prospective assessment
172. Irinotecan (CPT-11) high-dose escalation using intensive high-dose loperamide to control diarrhea
173. Effect of CPT-11 on lipid peroxide level in mouse tissues
174. Risk factors of pneumonitis following chemotherapy for lung cancer
175. Bradycardia induced by irinotecan: A case report
176. A phase II study of CPT-11, a new derivate of camptothecin, for previously untreated non-small-cell lung cancer
177. Altered pharmacokinetics and metabolism of CPT-11 in Liver dysfunction: A need for guidelines
178. Topoisomerase-targeting antitumor drugs: Mechanisms of cytotoxicity and resistance
179. Development of a stable camptothecin-resistant subline of P388 leukiemia with reduced topoisomerase I content
180. Decreased expression of dna topoisomerase I in camptothecin-resistant tumor cell lines as determined by a monoclonal antibody
181. Effect of prolonged topotecan infusion on topoisomerase I levels: A phase I and pharmacodynamic study
182. Overexpression of the BCRP/MXR/ABCP gene in a topotecan-selected ovarian tumor cell line
183. An enhanced active efflux of CPT-11 and SN-38 in cisplatin-resistant human KB carcinoma cells
184. The HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor CI1033 enhances cytotoxicity of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin and topotecan by inhibiting breast cancer resistance protein-mediated drug efflux
185. The role of glucuronidation in 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin resistance In Vitro
186. NADPH/quinone oxidoreductase is a priority target of glioblastoma chemotherapy
187. Resistance to topoisomerase poisons due to loss of DNA mismatch repair
188. Control of inducible chemoresistance: Enhanced anti-tumor therapy through increased apoptosis by inhibition of NF-KappaB
189. Inducible chemoresistance to 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]-carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11) in colorectal cancer cells and a xenograft model is overcome by inhibition of nuclear factor KB activation
190. Enhanced chemosensitivity to CPT-11 with proteasome inhibitor PS-341: Implications for systemic nuclear factor-KB inhibition
191. Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 Arrest After DNA-damage
192. Cooperative effects of genes controlling the G2/M checkpoint
193. P21 inhibits Thr 161 phosphorylation of cdc2 to enforce the G2 DNA damage checkpoint
194. Cell cycle-mediated drug resistance: An emerging concept in cancer therapy
195. Sequence-dependent activity of the irinotecan-5FU combination in human colon-cancer model HT-29 in vitro and in vivo
196. Sequence-dependent growth inhibition and dna damage formation by the irinotecan-5-fluorouracil combination in human colon carcinoma cell lines
197. Cellular interactions of 5-fluorouracil and the camptothecin analogue CPT-11 (irinotecan) in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line
198. Synergistic antitumor activity of irinotecan in combination with 5-fluorouracil in rats bearing advanced colorectal cancer: Role of drug sequence and dose
199. INK4a more efficacious than p53 for treatment of ovarian carcinoma?
200. In vitro and in vivo adenovirus-mediated p53 and p16 tumor suppressor therapy in ovarian cancer
201. Ectopic p16(ink4) expression enhances CPT-11-induced apoptosis through increased delay in S-phase progression in Human non-small-cell-lung-cancer cells
202. p16INK4 expression is associated with the increased sensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer cells to DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors
203. Adenovirus-mediated p16 transfer to glioma cells induces g1 arrest and protects from paclitaxel and topotecan: Implications for therapy
204. A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan (SK&F 104864) given as an intravenous bolus every 21 days
205. Pharmacokinetic modulation of irinotecan metabolites by cyclosporin A
206. Altered irinotecan metabolism in a patient receiving phenytoin
207. Phenytoin alters the disposition of topotecan and n-desmethyl topotecan in a patient with medulloblastoma
208. Glutamine for irinotetan diarrhea
209. Octreotide in the treatment of severe chemotherapy-induced diarrhea
210. Control of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by octreotide after loperamide failure
211. Randomized comparison of prophylactic antidiarrheal treatment versus no prophylactic antidiarrheal treatment in patients receiving CPT-11 (irinotecan) for advanced 5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer
212. Prevention of irinotecan (CPT-11)-induced diarrhea by oral alkalization combined with control of defecation in cancer patients
213. Interleukin 15 offers selective protection from lrinotecan-induced intestinal toxicity in a preclinical animal model
214. Inhibition of intestinal microflora beta-glucuronidase modifies the distribution of the active metabolite of the antitumor agent, irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) in rats
215. Modulation of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by cotreatment with neomycin in cancer patients
216. Effect of thalidomide on gastrointestinal toxic effects of irinotecan
217. A formula to estimate the approximate surfaces area if height and weight be known
218. Is dose normalization to weight or body surface area useful in adults?
219. Dose calculation of anticancer drugs: A review of the current practice and introduction of an alternative
220. Body-surface area as a basis for dosing of anticancer agents: Science, myth, or habit?
221. Body surface area as a determinant of pharmacokinetics and drug dosing
222. Impact of body-size measures on irinotecan clearance: Alternative dosing recommendations
223. Population pharmacokinetic model for topotecan derived from phase I clinical trials