Non-surgical management of spinal cord injury

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 469-482

  Legos, Jeffrey J ^a   Gopez, Jonas J ^a   Young, William F ^a  

^a Fort Wayne Neurological Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Neuroprotection; Spinal cord injury; Trauma; Treatments

Indexed keywords

1 (3,3 DIMETHYL 1,2 DIOXOPENTYL) 2 PYRROLIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID 3 (3 PYRIDYL)PROPYL ESTER; 21 [4 [2,6 BIS(1 PYRROLIDINYL) 4 PYRIMIDINYL] 1 PIPERAZINYL]PREGNA 1,4,9(11) TRIENE 3,20 DIONE; 21 [4 [5,6 BIS(DIETHYLAMINO) 2 PYRIDYL] 1 PIPERAZINYL] 16ALPHA METHYLPREGNA 1,4,9(11) TRIENE 3,20 DIONE; 4 AMINOPYRIDINE; 6 NITRO 7 SULFAMOYLBENZO[F]QUINOXALINE 2,3 DIONE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLVALYLALANYLASPARTYL FLUOROMETHYL KETONE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CALPASTATIN; CASPASE INHIBITOR; CEP 4143; CYCLOSPORIN A; DEXANABINOL; DIZOCILPINE; GACYCLIDINE; GANGLIOSIDE GM1; GLUCOCORTICOID; GROWTH FACTOR; LAZAROID; LETEPRINIM; MAGNESIUM; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NALOXONE; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; PRS 211092; RILUZOLE; SIGEN; STEROID; TACROLIMUS; TIRILAZAD; U 74996F; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE DISEASE; CELL DAMAGE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SCREENING; HUMAN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SPINAL CORD DECOMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; TISSUE REGENERATION;

CLINICAL TRIALS; GENE THERAPY; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES;

EID: 0036242131     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.11.4.469     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Head and spinal cord injury
2. Spinal cord injury. An overview
3. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase of cervical spine injury
4. Acute spinal cord injury
5. Chemical and cellular mediators in spinal cord injury
6. Pathophysiology of spinal cord trauma
7. Role of sodium in the pathophysiology of secondary spinal cord injury
8. Update on the pathophysiology and pathology of acute spinal cord injury
9. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms
10. Acute spinal cord injury, part I: Pathophysiologic mechanisms
11. Mechanisms of secondary injury to spinal cord axons in vitro: Role of Na+, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)-H+ exchanger, and the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger
12. Spinal cord injury in the rat
13. Inflammatory mediators and stroke: New opportunities for novel therapeutics
14. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA upon experimental spinal cord injury in mouse: An in situ hybridization study
15. Production of tumor necrosis factor in spinal cord following traumatic injury in rats
16. Increase of interleukin-1beta mRNA and protein in the spinal cord following experimental traumatic injury in the rat
17. Cytokine chemokine expression in contused rat spinal cord
18. Expression of ICAM-1 and CD11b after experimental spinal cord injury in rats
19. Leukotriene B4 release and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in spinal cord injury
20. Role of neutrophils in spinal cord injury in the rat
21. Cellular inflammatory response after spinal cord injury in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats
22. Acute inflammatory response in spinal cord following impact injury
23. Hypertonic saline administration attenuates spinal cord injury
24. The experimental basis for early pharmacological intervention in spinal cord injury
25. Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II. Ultrastructure of axons and myelin
26. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys
27. Apoptosis after traumatic human spinal cord injury
28. Activation of the caspase-3 apoptotic cascade in traumatic spinal cord injury
29. An evidence-based review of decompressive surgery in acute spinal cord injury: Rationale, indications, and timing based on experimental and clinical studies
30. Deterioration following spinal cord injury. A multicenter study
31. Multicenter spine fracture study
32. Management of cervical spinal cord trauma in Southern California
33. Diagnosis and management of spinal cord trauma
34. Methylprednisolone and neurological function 1 year after spinal cord injury. Results of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study
35. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal-cord injury
36. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury - Results of the third national acute spinal cord injury randomized controlled trial
37. Methylprednisolone or tirilazad mesylate administration after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow up - Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial
38. The effects of methylprednisolone and the ganglioside GM1 on acute spinal cord injury in rats
39. The Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study
40. Methylprednisolone and acute spinal cord injury - An update of the randomized evidence
41. Lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in injured spinal cord: Partial protection with methylprednisolone or vitamin E and selenium
42. Iron-induced lipid peroxidation in spinal cord: Protection with mannitol and methylprednisolone
43. Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function
44. Lipid antioxidants in acute central nervous system injury
45. Effects of a single large dose of methylprednisolone sodium succinate on experimental posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia. Dose-response and time-action analysis
46. The neuroprotective pharmacology of methylprednisolone
47. The two-edged sword of large-dose steroids for spinal cord trauma
48. Consequences of high-dose steroid therapy for acute spinal cord injury
49. High dose methylprednisolone in the management of acute spinal cord injury - A systematic review from a clinical perspective
50. Steroids and spinal cord injury: Revisiting the NASCIS 2 and NASCIS 3 trials
51. Methylprednisolone for acute spinal cord injury: An inappropriate standard of care
52. A critical appraisal of the reporting of the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Studies (II and III) of methylprednisolone in acute spinal cord injury
53. Pathogenesis and pharmacological strategies for mitigating secondary damage in acute spinal cord injury
54. Acute spinal cord injury, part II: Contemporary pharmacotherapy
55. Clinical pharmacokinetics of escalating i.v. doses of dexanabinol (hu-211), a neuroprotectant agent, in normal volunteers
56. Long term cerebroprotective effects of dexanabinol in a model of focal cerebral ischemia
57. Dexanabinol; a novel neuroprotective drug in experimental focal cerebral ischemia
58. Cytokine production in the brain following closed head injury - Dexanabinol (hu-211) is a novel tnf-alpha inhibitor and an effective neuroprotectant
59. Dose-dependent reduction of tissue loss and functional impairment after spinal cord trauma with the AMPA/kainate antagonist NBQX
60. Delayed antagonism of AMPA/kainate receptors reduces long-term functional deficits resulting from spinal cord trauma
61. Evidence that local non-NMDA receptors contribute to functional deficits in contusive spinal cord injury
62. Amelioration of functional deficits from spinal cord trauma with systemically administered NBQX, an antagonist of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
63. Nmda and non-nmda receptor antagonists protect against excitotoxic injury in the rat spinal cord
64. The effect of riluzole on post-traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat
65. Riluzole improves measures of oxidative stress following traumatic spinal cord injury
66. Prevention of ischemic spinal cord injury: Comparative effects of magnesium sulfate and riluzole
67. Riluzole and methylprednisolone combined treatment improves functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury
68. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of sodium channel blockers after spinal cord injury: Improved behavioral and neuroanatomical recovery with riluzole
69. The potential of 21-aminosteroids (lazaroids) as neuroprotective therapies in cns injury
70. Effect of methylprednisolone, tirilazad mesylate and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation after experimental spinal cord injury
71. Neuroprotective actions of glucocorticoid and nonglucocorticoid steroids in acute neuronal injury
72. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in central nervous system trauma and ischemia
73. Lazaroid reduces production of IL-8 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in ischemic spinal cord injury
74. Activated protein C reduces the severity of compression-induced spinal cord injury in rats by inhibiting activation of leukocytes
75. Gabexate mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, prevents compression-induced spinal cord injury by inhibiting activation of leukocytes in rats
76. Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury
77. Effect of hypertonic saline on leukocyte activity after spinal cord injury
78. Tonicity of resuscitative fluids influences outcome after spinal cord injury
79. Preservation of post-compression spinal cord function by infusion of hypertonic saline
80. Co-Administration of Methylprednisolone With Hypertonic Saline Improves Overall Neurologic Function And Survival In A Chronic Model Of Spinal Cord Injury
81. Reduction of pathological and behavioral deficits following spinal cord contusion injury with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398
82. A neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046) reduces neurologic damage after spinal cord injury in rats
83. Chemokine antagonist infusion attenuates cellular infiltration following spinal cord contusion injury in rat
84. Chemokine antagonist infusion promotes axonal sparing after spinal cord contusion injury in rat
85. Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury
86. Engines, accelerators, and brakes on functional spinal cord repair
87. AIT-082 is neuroprotective against kainate-induced neuronal injury in rats
88. Leteprinim potassium - Neotrofin (R) - Neotrophin (R) - Cognition enhancer
89. Neuroimmunophilin ligands: Evaluation of their therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurological disorders
90. Tacrolimus (FK506) increases neuronal expression of GAP-43 and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats
91. Failure of GPI compounds to display neurotrophic activity in vitro and in vivo
92. The effects of FK506 on dorsal column axons following spinal cord injury in adult rats: Neuroprotection and local regeneration
93. Analysis of the neurotrophic effects of gpi-1046 on neuron survival and regeneration in culture and in vivo
94. Neurotrophic immunophilin ligands stimulate structural and functional recovery in neurodegenerative animal models
95. Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion
96. NT-3, but not BDNF, prevents atrophy and death of axotomized spinal cord projection neurons
97. Neurotrophin-3 prevents death of axotomized Clarke's nucleus neurons in adult rat
98. Robust growth of chronically injured spinal cord axons induced by grafts of genetically modified NGF-secreting cells
99. Grafts of genetically modified schwann cells to the spinal cord - Survival, axon growth, and myelination. Cell
100. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce nerve growth factor induce robust neuritic ingrowth after grafting to the spinal cord
101. Neurite outgrowth can be modulated in vitro using a tetracycline-repressible gene therapy vector expressing human nerve growth factor
102. Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats
103. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimental spinal cord injury
104. Macrophages and inflammatory damage in spinal cord injury
105. Effect of 4-aminopyridine in acute spinal cord injury
106. Conduction block in acute and chronic spinal cord injury - Different dose-response characteristics for reversal by 4-aminopyridine
107. Randomized double-blind crossover trial of fampridine-sr (sustained release 4-aminopyridine) in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury
108. Effects of 4-aminopyridine on motor evoked potentials in patients with spinal cord injury: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial
109. Safety and efficacy of 4-aminopyridine in humans with spinal cord injury: A long-term, controlled trial
110. Randomized trial of 4-aminopyridine in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury
111. Abnormal axonal physiology is associated with altered expression and distribution of Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 K+ channels after chronic spinal cord injury
112. Subunit composition and novel localization of K+ channels in spinal cord
113. Caspase inhibitors reduce neuronal injury after focal but not global cerebral ischemia in rats
114. Prolonged therapeutic window for ischemic brain damage caused by delayed caspase activation
115. Attenuation of Delayed Neuronal Death After Mild Focal Ischemia in Mice By Inhibition of the Caspase Family
116. Regulatory mechanisms in stem cell biology
117. Human neural stem cells: Isolation, expansion and transplantation
118. Neural stem cells and gene therapy: Prospects for repairing the injured spinal cord
119. Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord
120. Stem cells. Rat spinal cord function partially restored