Lymphatic versus blood vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors in humans

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 108-121

  Partanen, Taina A ^a   Paavonen, Karri ^a,b  

^a HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Vascular tumor; VEGF C; VEGF D; VEGFR 3

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; BLOOD; BLOOD VESSELS; CELL MEMBRANES; CELL PROLIFERATION; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; TRANSCRIPTION;

ANGIOGENESIS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; GROWTH FACTOR; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR C; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR-D; VASCULAR TUMOR; VASCULATURE; VEGFR-3;

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS;

ANGIOPOIETIN; CELL SURFACE PROTEIN; EPHRIN; LIGAND; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PODOPLANIN; PROTEIN LYVE 1; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PROX1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VASCULOTROPIN C; VASCULOTROPIN D; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 3;

ANGIOGENESIS; ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD VESSEL; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GENE TARGETING; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; INFLAMMATION; LYMPH VESSEL; LYMPH VESSEL ENDOTHELIUM; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

EID: 0035886569     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1162     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Achen MG, Jeltsch M, Kukk E, Makinen T, Vitali A, Wilks AF, Alitalo K, Stacker SA. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is a ligand for the tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) and VEGF receptor 3 (Flt4). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:548-553.
2. Akagi K, Ikeda Y, Miyazaki M, Abe T, Kinoshita J, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression in human colorectal cancer tissues. Br J Cancer 83:887-891.
3. Albini A, Barillari G, Benelli R, Gallo RC, Ensoli B. 1995. Angiogenic properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4838-4842.
4. Albini A, Benelli R, Presta M, Rusnati M, Ziehe M, Rubartelli A, Paglialunga G, Bussolino F, Noonan D. 1996. HIV-tat protein is a heparin-binding angiogenic growth factor. Oncogene 12:289-297.
5. Andre T, Kotelevets L, Vaillant JC, Coudray AM, Weber L, Prevot S, Parc R, Gespach C, Chastre E. 2000. Vegf, Vegf-B, Vegf-C and their receptors KDR, FLT-1 and FLT-4 during the neoplastic progression of human colonic mucosa. Int J Cancer 86:174-181.
6. Aprelikova O, Pajusola K, Partanen J, Armstrong E, Alitalo R, Bailey SK, McMahon J, Wasmuth J, Huebner K, Alitalo K. 1992. FLT4, a novel class III receptor tyrosine kinase in chromosome 5q33-qter. Cancer Res 52:746-748.
7. Arbiser JL, Larsson H, Claesson-Welsh L, Bai X, LaMontagne K, Weiss SW, Soker S, Flynn E, Brown LF. 2000. Overexpression of VEGF 121 in immortalized endothelial cells causes conversion to slowly growing angiosarcoma and high level expression of the VEGF receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in vivo. Am J Pathol 156:1469-1476.
8. Avantaggiato V, Orlandini M, Acampora D, Oliviero S, Simeone A. 1998. Embryonic expression pattern of the murine figf gene, a growth factor belonging to platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor family. Mech Dev 73:221-224.
9. Aygit AC, Yildirim AM, Dervisoglu S. 1999. Lymphangiosarcoma in chronic lymphoedema. Stewart-Treves syndrome. J Hand Surg Br Vol 24:135-137.
10. Banerji S, Ni J, Wang SX, Clasper S, Su J, Tammi R, Jones M, Jackson DG. 1999. LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J Cell Biol 144:789-801.
11. Barleon B, Sozzani S, Zhou D, Weich HA, Mantovani A, Marme D. 1996. Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1. Blood 87:3336-3343.
12. Berard M, Sordello S, Ortega N, Carrier JL, Peyri N, Wassef M, Bertrand N, Enjolras O, Drouet L, Plouet J. 1997. Vascular endothelial growth factor confers a growth advantage in vitro and in vivo to stromal cells cultured from neonatal hemangiomas. Am J Pathol 150:1315-1326.
13. Berens von Rautenfeld D, Lubach D, Wenzel-Hora B, Klanke J, Hunneshagen C. 1987. New techniques of demonstrating lymph vessels in skin biopsy specimens and intact skin with the scanning electron microscope. Arch Dermatol Res 279:327-334.
14. Berse B, Brown LF, Van de Water L, Dvorak HF, Senger DR. 1992. Vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene is expressed differentially in normal tissues, macrophages, and tumors. Mol Biol Cell 3:211-220.
15. Bhushan M, McLaughlin B, Weiss JB, Griffiths CE. 1999. Levels of endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 141: 1054-1060.
16. Bielenberg DR, Bucana CD, Sanchez R, Mulliken JB, Folkman J, Fidler IJ. 1999. Progressive growth of infantile cutaneous hemangiomas is directly correlated with hyperplasia and angiogenesis of adjacent epidermis and inversely correlated with expression of the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor IFN-beta. Int J Oncol 14:401-408.
17. Bragado R, Bello E, Requena L, Renedo G, Texeiro E, Alvarez MV, Castilla MA, Caramelo C. 1999. Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in pyogenic granulomas. Acta Derm Venereol 79:422-425.
18. Breiteneder-Geleff S, Matsui K, Soleiman A, Meraner P, Poczewski H, Kalt R, Schaffner G, Kerjaschki D. 1997. Podoplanin, novel 43-kd membrane protein of glomerular epithelial cells, is down-regulated in puromycin nephrosis. Am J Pathol 151:1141-1152.
19. Breiteneder-Geleff S, Soleiman A, Kowalski H, Horvat R, Amann G, Kriehuber E, Diem K, Weninger W, Tschachler E, Alitalo K, Kerjaschki D. 1999. Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Am J Pathol 154:385-394.
20. Brown LF, Tognazzi K, Dvorak HF, Harrist TJ. 1996. Strong expression of kinase insert domain-containing receptor, a vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma and cutaneous angiosarcoma. Am J Pathol 148:1065-1074.
21. Brown LF, Dezube BJ, Tognazzi K, Drorak HF, Yancopoulos GD. 2000. Expression of Tie1, Tie2, and angiopoietins 1, 2, and 4 in Kaposi's sarcoma and cutaneous angiosarcoma. Am J Pathol 156: 2179-2183.
22. Bruce JN, Criscuolo GR, Merrill MJ, Moquin RR, Blacklock JB, Oldfield EH. 1987. Vascular permeability induced by protein product of malignant brain tumors: inhibition by dexamethasone. J Neurosurg 67:880-884.
23. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ, Jones AL, Watkinson AF, Burroughs AK 1998. Carcinoid tumour. Lancet 352:799-805.
24. Carmeliet P. 2000. Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Nat Med 6:389-395.
25. Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, Said JW, Knowles DM. 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 332: 1186-1191.
26. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS. 1994. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 266:1865-1869.
27. Cho CS, Cho ML, Min SY, Kim WU, Min DJ, Lee SS, Park SH, Choe J, Kim HY. 2000. CD40 engagement on synovial fibroblast up-regulates production of vascular endothelial growth factor. J Immunol 164:5055-5061.
28. Cohen T, Gitay-Goren H, Sharon R, Shibuya M, Halaban R, Levi BZ, Neufeld G. 1995. VEGF121, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform lacking heparin binding ability, requires cell-surface heparan sulfates for efficient binding to the VEGF receptors of human melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 270:11322-11326.
29. D'Arcangelo D, Facchiano F, Barlucchi LM, Melillo G, Illi B, Testolin L, Gaetano C, Capogrossi MC. 2000. Acidosis inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis and function and induces basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Circ Res 86:312-318.
30. Damsky CH, Fisher SJ. 1998. Trophoblast pseudo-vasculogenesis: faking it with endothelial adhesion receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:660-666.
31. de Waal RM, van Altena MC, Erhard H, Weidle UH, Nooijen PT, Ruiter DJ. 1997; Lack of lymphangiogenesis in human primary cutaneous melanoma. Consequences for the mechanism of lymphatic dissemination. Am J Pathol 150:1951-1957.
32. Donnini S, Machein MR, Plate KH, Weich HA. 1999. Expression and localization of placenta growth factor and PlGF receptors in human meningiomas. J Pathol 189:66-71.
33. Dumont DJ, Jussila L, Taipale J, Lymboussaki A, Mustonen T, Pajusola K, Breitman M, Alitalo K. 1998. Cardiovascular failure in mouse embryos deficient in VEGF receptor-3. Science 282:946-949.
34. Enholm B, Paavonen K, Ristimaki A, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Klefstrom J, Kivinen L, Laiho M, Olofsson B, Joukov V, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. 1997. Comparison of VEGF, VEGF-B, VEGF-C and Ang-1 mRNA regulation by serum, growth factors, oncoproteins and hypoxia. Oncogene 14:2475-2483.
35. Ensoli B, Nakamura S, Salahuddin SZ, Biberfeld P, Larsson L, Beaver B, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. 1989. AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells express cytokines with autocrine and paracrine growth effects. Science 243:223-226.
36. Enzinger FM, Weiss SW. 1995. Tumors of lymph vessels. In: Enzinger FM, Weiss SW, editors. Soft tissue tumors. St. Louis: Mosby. p 679-700.
37. Fanburg-Smith JC, Michal M, Partanen TA, Alitalo K, Miettinen M. 1999. Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA): a report of twelve cases of a distinctive vascular tumor with phenotypic features of lymphatic vessels. Am J Surg Pathol 23:1004-1010.
38. Farnebo F, Piehl F, Lagercrantz J. 1999. Restricted expression pattern of vegf-d in the adult and fetal mouse: high expression in the embryonic lung. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:891-894.
39. Ferrara N, Henzel WJ. 1989. Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:851-858.
40. Folpe AL, Veikkola T, Valtola R, Weiss SW. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3): a marker of vascular tumors with presumed lymphatic differentiation, including Kaposi's sarcoma, kaposiform and Dabska-type hemangioendotheliomas, and a subset of angiosarcomas. Modern Pathol 13:180-185.
41. Galland F, Karamysheva A, Pebusque MJ, Borg JP, Rottapel R, Dubreuil P, Rosnet O, Birnbaum D. 1993. The FLT4 gene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase related to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Oncogene 8:1233-1240.
42. Gallo R. 1998. The enigmas of Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 282:1837-1839.
43. Ganem D. 1997. KSHV and Kaposi's sarcoma: the end of the beginning? Cell 91:157-160.
44. Garzon MC, Enjolras O, Frieden IJ. 2000. Vascular tumors and vascular malformations: evidence for an association. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:275-279.
45. Gerber HP, Condorelli F, Park J, Ferrara N. 1997. Differential transcriptional regulation of the two vascular endothelial growth factor receptor genes. Flt-1, but not Flk-1/KDR, is up-regulated by hypoxia. J Biol Chem 272:23659-23667.
46. Gitay-Goren H, Soker S, Vlodavsky I, Neufeld G. 1992. The binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its receptors is dependent on cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules. J Biol Chem 267: 6093-6098.
47. Gitay-Goren H, Cohen T, Tessler S, Soker S, Gengrinovitch S, Rockwell P, Klagsbrun M, Levi BZ, Neufeld G. 1996. Selective binding of VEGF121 to one of the three vascular endothelial growth factor receptors of vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 271:5519-5523.
48. Gomez DE, Yoshiji H, Kim JC, Thorgeirsson UP. 1995. Ulex europaeus I lectin induces activation of matrix-metalloproteinase-2 in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 216:177-182.
49. Guy L, Begin LR, Al-Othman K, Chevalier S, Aprikian AG. 1998. Neuroendocrine cells of the verumontanum: a comparative immunohistochemical study. Br J Urol 82:738-743.
50. Hamada K, Oike Y, Tkakura N, Ito Y, Jussila L, Dumont D, Alitalo K, Suda T. 2000. VEGF-C signaling pathways through VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis. Blood 96:3793-3800.
51. Hashimoto M, Ohsawa M, Ohnishi A, Naka N, Hirota S, Kitamura Y, Aozasa K. 1995. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor mRNA in angiosarcoma. Lab Invest 73:859-863.
52. Hazzard TM, Molskness TA, Chaffin CL, Stouffer RL. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin regulation by gonadotrophin and steroids in macaque granulosa cells during the peri-ovulatory interval. Mol Hum Reprod 5:1115-1121.
53. He Z, Tessier-Lavigne M. 1997. Neuropilin is a receptor for the axonal chemorepellent Semaphorin III. Cell 90:739-751.
54. Houck KA, Ferrara N, Winer J, Cachianes G, Li B, Leung DW. 1991. The vascular endothelial growth factor family: identification of a fourth molecular species and characterization of alternative splicing of RNA. Mol Endocrinol 5:1806-1814.
55. Hovind P, Tarnow L, Oestergaard PB, Parving HH. 2000. Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 57(Suppl 75):S56-61.
56. Irrthum A, Karkkainen MJ, Devriendt K, Alitalo K, Vikkula M. 2000. Congenital hereditary lymphedema caused by a mutation that inactivates VEGFR3 tyrosine kinase. Am J Hum Genet 67:295-301.
57. Jeltsch M, Kaipainen A, Joukov V, Meng X, Lakso M, Rauvala H, Swartz M, Fukumura D, Jain RK, Alitalo K 1997. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science 276:1423-1425.
58. Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K. 1996. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 15:1751.
59. Joukov V, Kaipainen A, Jeltsch M, Pajusola K, Olofsson B, Kumar V, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. 1997a. Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C. J Cell Physiol 173:211-215.
60. Joukov V, Sorsa T, Kumar V, Jeltsch M, Claesson-Welsh L, Cao Y, Saksela O, Kalkkinen N, Alitalo K. 1997b. Proteolytic processing regulates receptor specificity and activity of VEGF-C. EMBO J 16:3898-3911.
61. Jussila L, Valtola R, Partanen TA, Salven P, Heikkila P, Matikainen MT, Renkonen R, Kaipainen A, Detmar M, Tschachler E, Alitalo R, Alitalo K. 1998. Lymphatic endothelium and Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells detected by antibodies against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. Cancer Res 58:1599-1604.
62. Kaaya EE, Parravicini C, Ordonez C, Gendelman R, Berti E, Gallo RC, Biberfeld P. 1995. Heterogeneity of spindle cells in Kaposi's sarcoma: comparison of cells in lesions and in culture. JAIDS: JAI D S 10:295-305.
63. Kaipainen A, Korhonen J, Pajusola K, Aprelikova O, Persico MG, Terman BI, Alitalo K. 1993. The related FLT4, FLT1, and KDR receptor tyrosine kinases show distinct expression patterns in human fetal endothelial cells. J Exp Med 178:2077-2088.
64. Kaipainen A, Korhonen J, Mustonen T, van Hinsbergh VW, Fang GH, Dumont D, Breitman M, Alitalo K. 1995. Expression of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 gene becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3566-3570.
65. Karkkainen MJ, Ferrell RE, Lawrence EC, Kimak MA, Levinson KL, McTigue MA, Alitalo K, Finegold DN. 2000. Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR-3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nat Genet 25:153-159.
66. Katoh O, Tauchi H, Kawaishi K, Kimura A, Satow Y. 1995. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor gene, KDR, in hematopoietic cells and inhibitory effect of VEGF on apoptotic cell death caused by ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 55: 5687-5692.
67. Kim KJ, Li B, Winer J, Armanini M, Gillett N, Phillips HS, Ferrara N. 1993. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis suppresses tumour growth in vivo. Nature 362:841-844.
68. Kitsukawa T, Shimizu M, Sanbo M, Hirata T, Taniguchi M, Bekku Y, Yagi T, Fujisawa H. 1997. Neuropilin-semaphorin III/D-mediated chemorepulsive signals play a crucial role in peripheral nerve projection in mice. Neuron 19:995-1005.
69. Knowles DM, Inghirami G, Ubriaco A, Dalla-Favera R. 1989. Molecular genetic analysis of three AIDS-associated neoplasms of uncertain lineage demonstrates their B-cell derivation and the possible pathogenetic role of the Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 73:792-799.
70. Kondo K, Hiratsuka S, Subbalakshmi E, Matsushime H, Shibuya M. 1998. Genomic organization of the flt-1 gene encoding for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 suggests an intimate evolutionary relationship between the 7-Ig and the 5-Ig tyrosine kinase receptors. Gene 208:297-305.
71. Kononen J, Bubendorf L, Kallioniemi A, Barlund M, Schraml P, Leighton S, Torhorst J, Mihatsch MJ, Sauter G, Kallioniemi OP. 1998. Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat Med 4:844-847.
72. Kraling BM, Razon MJ, Boon LM, Zurakowski D, Seachord C, Darveau RP, Mulliken JB, Corless CL, Bischoff J. 1996. E-selectin is present in proliferating endothelial cells in human hemangiomas. Am J Pathol 148:1181-1191.
73. Kubo H, Fujiwara T, Jussila L, Hashi H, Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Awane M, Sakai Y, Takabayashi A, Alitalo K, Yamaoka Y, Nishikawa S-I. 2000. Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in maintenance of integrity of endothelial cell lining during tumor angiogenesis. Blood 96:546-553.
74. Kukk E, Lymboussaki A, Taira S, Kaipainen A, Jeltsch M, Joukov V, Alitalo K 1996. VEGF-C receptor binding and pattern of expression with VEGFR-3 suggests a role in lymphatic vascular development. Development 122:3829-3837.
75. Kukk E, Wartiovaara U, Gunji Y, Kaukonen J, Buhring HJ, Rappold I, Matikainen MT, Vihko P, Partanen J, Palotie A, Alitalo K, Alitalo R. 1997. Analysis of Tie receptor tyrosine kinase in haemopoietic progenitor and leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 98:195-203.
76. Lauria R, Perrone F, Carlomagno C, De Laurentiis M, Morabito A, Gallo C, Varriale E, Pettinato G, Panico L, Petrella G. 1995. The prognostic value of lymphatic and blood vessel invasion in operable breast cancer. Cancer 76:1772-1778.
77. Leak LV, Burke JF. 1966. Fine structure of the lymphatic capillary and the adjoining connective tissue area. Am J Anat 118:785-809.
78. Lebovic DI, Bentzien F, Chao VA, Garrett EN, Meng YG, Taylor RN. 2000. Induction of an angiogenic phenotype in endometriotic stromal cell cultures by interleukin-1beta. Mol Hum Reprod 6:269-275.
79. Lee RJ, Springer ML, Blanco-Bose WE, Shaw R, Ursell PC, Blau HM. 2000. VEGF gene delivery to myocardium: deleterious effects of unregulated expression. Circulation 102:898-901.
80. Leung DW, Cachianes G, Kuang WJ, Goeddel DV, Ferrara N. 1989. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen. Science 246:1306-1309.
81. Liu ZY, Ganju RK, Wang JF, Ona MA, Hatch WC, Zheng T, Avraham S, Gill P, Groopman JE. 1997. Cytokine signaling through the novel tyrosine kinase RAFTK in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. J Clin Invest 99:1798-1804.
82. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Gill P, Lam VH, Zeman RA, Michaels F, Mann DL, Reitz Jr MS, Kaplan M, Berneman ZN, Carter D. 1995. Isolation and characterization of an immortal neoplastic cell line (KS Y-1) from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:974-981.
83. Lymboussaki A, Partanen TA, Olofsson B, Thomas-Crusells J, Fletcher CD, de Waal RM, Kaipainen A, Alitalo K. 1998. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor C receptor VEGFR-3 in lymphatic endothelium of the skin and in vascular tumors. Am J Pathol 153:395-403.
84. Mahnke JL, Dawood MY, Huang JC. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 73:166-170.
85. Maisonpierre PC, Goldfarb M, Yancopoulos GD, Gao G. 1993. Distinct rat genes with related profiles of expression define a TIE receptor tyrosine kinase family. Oncogene 8:1631-1637.
86. Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, Hellman U, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K. 1999. Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isofonns to neuropilin-1. J Biol Chem 274:21217-21222.
87. Makinen T, Jussila L, Veikkola T, Karpanen T, Kettunen MI, Pulkkanen KJ, Kauppinen R, Jackson DG, Kubo H, Nishikawa S-I, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. 2001. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis with resulting lymphedema in transgenic mice expressing soluble VEGF receptor-3. Nat Med 7:199-205.
88. Mancardi S, Stanta G, Dusetti N, Bestagno M, Jussila L, Zweyer M, Lunazzi G, Oumont D, Alitalo K, Burrone OR. 1999. Lymphatic endothelial tumors induced by intraperitoneal injection of incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Exp Cell Res 246:368-375.
89. McLaughlin ER, Brown LF, Weiss SW, Mulliken JB, Perez-Atayde A, Arbiser JL. 2000. VEGF and its receptors are expressed in a pediatric angiosarcoma in a patient with Aicardi's syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 114:1209-1210.
90. Melnyk O, Shuman MA, Kim KJ. 1996. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes tumor dissemination by a mechanism distinct from its effect on primary tumor growth. Cancer Res 56:921-924.
91. Mentzel T, Calonje E, Fletcher CD. 1994. Vaskulare Tumoren der Haut und des Weichteilgewebes. Ubersicht uber neu charakterisierte Entitaten und Varianten. Pathologe 15:259-270.
92. Mentzel T, Partanen TA, Kutzner H. 1999. Hobnail hemangioma ("targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma"): clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 62 cases. J Cut Pathol 26:279-286.
93. Meyer M, Clauss M, Lepple-Wienhues A, Waltenberger J, Augustin HG, Ziche M, Lanz C, Buttner M, Rziha HJ, Dehio C. 1999. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Fit-1) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J 18:363-374.
94. Miettinen M, Holthofer H, Lehto VP, Miettinen A, Virtanen I. 1983. Ulex europaeus I lectin as a marker for tumors derived from endothelial cells. Am J Clin Pathol 79:32-36.
95. Migdal M, Huppertz B, Tessler S, Comforti A, Shibuya M, Reich R, Baumann H, Neufeld G. 1998. Neuropilin-1 is a placenta growth factor-2 receptor. J Biol Chem 273:22272-22278.
96. Miles SA, Rezai AR, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Vander Meyden M, Stevens RH, Logan DM, Mitsuyasu RT, Taga T, Hirano T, Kishimoto T. 1990. AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4068-4072.
97. Millauer B, Wizigmann-Voos S, Schnurch H, Martinez R, Moller NP, Risau W, Ullrich A. 1993. High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell 72:835-846.
98. Millauer B, Shawver LK, Plate KH, Risau W, Ullrich A. 1994. Glioblastoma growth inhibited in vivo by a dominant-negative Flk-1 mutant. Nature 367:576-579.
99. Mills SE, Cooper PH, Fechner RE. 1980. Lobular capillary hemangioma: the underlying lesion of pyogenic granuloma. A study of 73 cases from the oral and nasal mucous membranes. Am J Surg Pathol 4:470-479.
100. Miquerol L, Gertsenstein M, Harpal K, Rossant J, Nagy A. 1999. Multiple developmental roles of VEGF suggested by a LacZ-tagged allele. Dev Biol (Orlando) 212:307-322.
101. Mori S, Murakami-Mori K, Nakamura S, Ashkenazi A, Bonavida B. 1999. Sensitization of AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma cells to Apo-2 ligand-induced apoptosis by actinomycin D. J Immunol 162:5616-5623.
102. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. 1982. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:412-422.
103. Mulliken JB, Young AE. 1988. Vascular birthmarks. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p 215-227.
104. Munshi N, Ganju R, Avraham S, Mesri E, Groopman J. 1999. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes-encoded G protein coupled receptor activation of c-jun amino-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and lyn kinase is mediated by related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2. J Biol Chem 274:31863-31867.
105. Muralidhar S, Pumfery AM, Hassani M, Sadaie MR, Kishishita M, Brady JN, Doniger J, Medveczky P, Rosenthal LJ. 1998. Identification of kaposin (open reading frame K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) transforming gene. J Virol 72:4980-4988.
106. Nakamura S, Salahuddin SZ, Biberfeld P, Ensoli B, Markham PD, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. 1988. Kaposi's sarcoma cells: long-term culture with growth factor from retrovirus-infected CD4+ T cells. Science 242:426-430.
107. Narko K, Enholm B, Makinen T, Ristimaki A. 1999. Effect of inflammatory cytokines on the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor-C. Int J Exp Pathol 80:109-112.
108. Natkunam Y, Rouse RV, Zhu S, Fisher C, van De Rijn M. 2000. Immunoblot analysis of CD34 expression in histologically diverse neoplasms. Am J Pathol 156:21-27.
109. Nishimura M, Miki T, Yashima R, Yokoi N, Yano H, Sato Y, Seino S. 1999. Angiopoietin-3, a novel member of the angiopoietin family. FEBS Lett 448:254-256.
110. Ogawa S, Oku A, Sawano A, Yamaguchi S, Yazaki Y, Shibuya M. 1998. A novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain. J Biol Chem 273:31273-31282.
111. Oh SJ, Jeltsch MM, Birkenhager R, McCarthy JE, Weich HA, Christ B, Alitalo K, Wilting J. 1997. VEGF and VEGF-C: specific induction of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the differentiated avian chorioallantoic membrane. Dev Biol (Orlando) 188:96-109.
112. Oliver G, Sosa-Pineda B, Geisendoif S, Spana EP, Doe CQ, Gruss P. 1993. Prox 1, a prospero-related homeobox gene expressed during mouse development. Mech Dev 44:3-16.
113. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, von Euler G, Joukov V, Saksela O, Orpana A, Pettersson RF, Alitalo K, Eriksson U. 1996a. Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2576-2581.
114. Olofsson B, Pajusola K, von Euler G, Chilov D, Alitalo K, Eriksson U. 1996b. Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterization of a second splice isoform. J Biol Chem 271:19310-19317.
115. Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Aase K, Kumar V, Gunji Y, Jeltsch MM, Shibuya M, Alitalo K, Eriksson U. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11709-11714.
116. Olofsson B, Jeltsch M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K 1999. Current biology of VEGF-B and VEGF-C. Curr Opin Biotechnol 10:528-535.
117. Orlandini M, Marconcini L, Ferruzzi R, Oliviero S. 1996. Identification of a c-fos-induced gene that is related to the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11675-11680.
118. Otsuki Y, Kubo H, Magari S. 1990. Immunohistochemical differentiation between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels - use of anti-basement membrane antibodies and anti-factor VIII-related antigen. Arch Histol Cytol 53:95-105.
119. Paal E, Thompson LD, Heffess CS. 1998. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of ten pancreatic lymphangiomas and a review of the literature. Cancer 82:2150-2158.
120. Paavonen K, Puolakkainen P, Jussila L, Jahkola T, Alitalo K. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in lymphangiogenesis in wound healing. Am J Pathol 156:1499-1504.
121. Pages G, Milanini J, Richard DE, Berra E, Gothie E, Vinals F, Pouyssegur J. 2000. Signaling angiogenesis via p42/p44 MAP kinase cascade. Ann NY Acad Sci 902:187-200.
122. Pandey A, Shao H, Marks RM, Polverini PJ, Dixit VM. 1995. Role of B61, the ligand for the Eck receptor tyrosine kinase, in TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis. Science 268:567-569.
123. Papoutsi M, Siemeister G, Weindel K, Tomarev SI, Kurz H, Schächtele C, Martiny-Baron G, Christ B, Marmé D, Wilting J. 2000. Active interaction of human A375 melanoma cells with the lymphatics in vivo. Histochem Cell Biol 114:373-385.
124. Park JE, Keller GA, Ferrara N. 1993. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms: differential deposition into the subepithelial extracellular matrix and bioactivity of extracellular matrix-bound VEGF. Mol Biol Cell 4:1317-1326.
125. Partanen J, Armstrong E, Makela TP, Korhonen J, Sandberg M, Renkonen R, Knuutila S, Huebner K, Alitalo K. 1992. A novel endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase with extracellular epidermal growth factor homology domains. Mol Cell Biol 12:1698-1707.
126. Partanen J, Puri MC, Schwartz L, Fischer KD, Bernstein A, Rossant J. 1996. Cell autonomous functions of the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE in a late phase of angiogenic capillary growth and endothelial cell survival during murine development. Development 122:3013-3021.
127. Partanen TA, Alitalo K, Miettinen M. 1999. Lack of lymphatic vascular specificity of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in 185 vascular tumors. Cancer 86:2406-2412.
128. Partanen TA, Arola J, Saaristo A, Jussila L, Ora A, Miettinen M, Stacker S, Achen M, Alitalo K. 2000. VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression in neuroendocrine cells and their receptor, VEGFR-3 in fenestrated blood vessels in human tissues. FASEB J 14:2087-2096.
129. Pepper MS, Mandriota SJ, Jeltsch M, Kumar V, Alitalo K. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C synergizes with basic fibroblast growth factor and VEGF in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro and alters endothelial cell extracellular proteolytic activity. J Cell Physiol 177:439-452.
130. Perkins P, Weiss SW. 1996. Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma. An analysis of 78 cases with reassessment of its pathogenesis and biologic behavior. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1196-1204.
131. Petrovic LM, Burroughs A, Scheuer PJ. 1989. Hepatic sinusoidal endothelium: Ulex lectin binding. Histopathology 14:233-243.
132. Poltorak Z, Cohen T, Sivan R, Kandelis Y, Spira G, Vlodavsky I, Keshet E, Neufeld G. 1997. VEGF145, a secreted vascular endothelial growth factor isoform that binds to extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 272:7151-7158.
133. Puri MC, Rossant J, Alitalo K, Bernstein A, Partanen J. 1995. The receptor tyrosine kinase TIE is required for integrity and survival of vascular endothelial cells. EMBO J 14:5884-5891.
134. Qu Z, Liebler JM, Powers MR, Galey T, Ahmadi P, Huang XN, Ansel JC, Butterfield JH, Planck SR, Rosenbaum JT. 1995. Mast cells are a major source of basic fibroblast growth factor in chronic inflammation and cutaneous hemangioma. Am J Pathol 147:564-573.
135. Remick SC, Patnaik M, Ziran NM, Liegmann KR, Dong J, Dowlati A, Yao Y, Abdul-Karim FW, Giam CZ. 2000. Human herpesvirus-8-associated disseminated angiosarcoma in an HIV-seronegative woman: report of a case and limited case-control virologic study in vascular tumors. Am J Med 108:660-664.
136. Requena L, Sangueza OP. 1997. Cutaneous vascular proliferation. II. Hyperplasias and benign neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 37:887-919; quiz 920-922.
137. Ristimaki A, Narko K, Enholm B, Joukov V, Alitalo K. 1998. Proinflammatory cytokines regulate expression of the lymphatic endothelial mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor-C. J Biol Chem 273:8413-8418.
138. Roberts WG, Palade GE. 1995. Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. J Cell Science 108:2369-2379.
139. Ross MH, Romrell LJ, Kaye GI (eds.). 1995. Histology: a text and atlas, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
140. Rothbart D, Awad IA, Lee J, Kim J, Harbaugh R, Criscuolo GR. 1996. Expression of angiogenic factors and structural proteins in central nervous system vascular malformations. Neurosurgery 38:915-925.
141. Ryan TJ. 1989. Structure and function of lymphatics. J Invest Dermatol 93:18S-24S.
142. Saaristo A, Partanen TA, Arola J, Jussila L, Hytonen M, Makitie A, Vento S, Kaipainen A, Malmberg H, Alitalo K. 2000. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor VEGFR-3 in the nasal mucosa and in nasopharyngeal tumors. Am J Pathol 157:7-14.
143. Sabin F. 1909. The lymphatic system in human embryos with a consideration of the morphology of the system as a whole. Am J Anat 9:43-91.
144. Salven P, Lymboussaki A, Heikkila P, Jaaskela-Saari H, Enholm B, Aase K, von Euler G, Eriksson U, Alitalo K, Joensuu H. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C are expressed in human tumors. Am J Pathology 153:103-108.
145. Samaniego F, Markham PD, Gendelman R, Watanabe Y, Kao V, Kowalski K, Sonnabend JA, Pintus A, Gallo RC, Ensoli B. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor present in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are induced by inflammatory cytokines and synergize to promote vascular permeability and KS lesion development. Am J Pathol 152:1433-1443.
146. Sato TN, Qin Y, Kozak CA, Audus KL. 1993. Tie-1 and tie-2 define another class of putative receptor tyrosine kinase genes expressed in early embryonic vascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9355-9358.
147. Sato TN, Tozawa Y, Deutsch U, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Fujiwara Y, Gendron-Maguire M, Gridley T, Wolburg H, Risau W, Qin Y. 1995. Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Nature 376:70-74.
148. Sato A, Iwama A, Takakura N, Nishio H, Yancopoulos GD, Suda T. 1998. Characterization of TEK receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligands, angiopoietins, in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int Immunol 10:1217-1227.
149. Sauter B, Foedinger D, Sterniczky B, Wolff K, Rappersberger K. 1998. Immunoelectron microscopic characterization of human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. Differential expression of CD31, CD34, and type IV collagen with lymphatic endothelial cells vs. blood capillary endothelial cells in normal human skin, lymphangioma, and hemangioma in situ. J Histochem Cytochem 46:165-176.
150. Schlingemann RO, Dingjan GM, Emeis JJ, Blok J, Warnaar SO, Ruiter DJ. 1985. Monoclonal antibody PAL-E specific for endothelium. Lab Invest 52:71-76.
151. Seetharam L, Gotoh N, Maru Y, Neufeld G, Yamaguchi S, Shibuya M. 1995. A unique signal transduction from FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. Oncogene 10:135-147.
152. Shalaby F, Rossant J, Yamaguchi TP, Gertsenstein M, Wu XF, Breitman ML, Schuh AC. 1995. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature 376:62-66.
153. Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359:843-845.
154. Shweiki D, Itin A, Neufeld G, Gitay-Goren H, Keshet E. 1993. Patterns of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in mice suggest a role in hormonally regulated angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 91:2235-2243.
155. Simonart T, Hermans P, Schandene L, Van Vooren JP. 2000. Phenotypic characteristics of Kaposi's sarcoma tumour cells derived from patch-, plaque- and nodular-stage lesions: analysis of cell cultures isolated from AIDS and non-AIDS patience and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 143:557-563.
156. Sinzelle E, Duong Van Hueeyen J, Breiteneder-Geleff S, Braunberger E, Deloche A, Kerjaschki D, Bruneval P. 2000. Intrapericardial lymphangioma with podoplanin immunohistochemical characterization of lymphatic endothelial cells. Histopathology 37:93-94.
157. Skobe M, Brown LF, Tognazzi K, Ganju RK, Dezube BJ, Alitalo K, Detmar M. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptors KDR and flt-4 are expressed in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Invest Dermatol 113:1047-1053.
158. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagshrun M. 1998. Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 92:735-745.
159. Soulier J, Grollet L, Oksenhendler E, Cacoub P, Cazals-Hatem D, Babinet P, d'Agay MF, Clauvel JP, Raphael M, Degos L. 1995. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in multicentric Castleman's disease. Blood 86:1276-1280.
160. Spadafora-Ferreira M, Lopes AA, Coelho V, Guilherme L, Kalil J. 2000. Two novel anti-von Willebrand factor monoclonal antibodies. Thromb Res 97:3-13.
161. Springer ML, Chen AS, Kraft PE, Bednarski M, Blau HM. 1998. VEGF gene delivery to muscle: potential role for vasculogenesis in adults. Mol Cell 2:549-558.
162. St. Croix B, Rago C, Velculescu V, Traverso G, Romans K, Montgomery E, Lal A, Riggins G, Lengauer C, Vogelstein B, Kinzler K. 2000. Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. Science 289:1197-1202.
163. Stacker SA, Caesar C, Baldwin ME, Thornton GE, Williams RA, Prevo R, Jackson DG, Nishikawa S-I, Kubo H, Achen MG. 2001. VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics. Nat Med 7:186-191.
164. Stark RB, Dwyer EM, DeForest M. 1960. Effect of surgical ablation regional lymph nodes on survival of skin homographs. Ann NY Acad Sci 87:140-145.
165. Staskus KA, Zhong W, Gebhard K, Herndier B, Wang H, Renne R, Beneke J, Pudney J, Anderson DJ, Ganem D, Haase AT. 1997. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol 71:715-719.
166. Suda T, Iwama A, Hashiyama M, Sakano S, Ohno M. 1997. Receptor tyrosine kinases involved in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 11(Suppl 3):451-453.
167. Taipale J, Makinen T, Arighi E, Kukk E, Karkkainen M, Alitalo K. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3. Curr Top Microbiol 237:85-96.
168. Takahashi T, Shibuya M. 1997. The 230 kDa mature form of KDR/ Flk-1 (VEGF receptor-2) activates the PLC-gamma pathway and partially induces mitotic signals in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Oncogene 14:2079-2089.
169. Takahashi K, Mulliken JB, Kozakewich HP, Rogers RA, Folkman J, Ezekowitz RA. 1994. Cellular markers that distinguish the phases of hemangioma during infancy and childhood. J Clin Invest 93: 2357-2364.
170. Takahashi T, Shirasawa T, Miyake K, Yahagi Y, Maruyama N, Kasahara N, Kawamura T, Matsumura O, Mitarai T, Sakai O. 1995. Protein tyrosine kinases expressed in glomeruli and cultured glomerular cells: Fit-1 and VEGF expression in renal mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 209:218-226.
171. Terris B, Scoazec JY, Rubbia L, Bregeaud L, Pepper MS, Ruszniewski P, Belghiti J, Flejou J, Degott C. 1998. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in digestive neuroendocrine tumours. Histopathology 32:133-138.
172. Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, McDonald DM. 1999. Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1. Science 286:2511-2514.
173. Tischer E, Gospodarowicz D, Mitchell R, Silva M, Schilling J, Lau K, Crisp T, Fiddes JC, Abraham JA. 1989. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a new member of the platelet-derived growth factor gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:1198-1206.
174. Toole BP. 1997. Hyaluronan in morphogenesis. J Intern Med 242:35-40.
175. Unemori EN, Ferrara N, Bauer EA, Amento EP. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 153:557-562.
176. Valtola R, Salven P, Heikkila P, Taipale J, Joensuu H, Rehn M, Pihlajaniemi T, Weich H, deWaal R, Alitalo K. 1999. VEGFR-3 and its ligand VEGF-C are associated with angiogenesis in breast cancer. Am J Pathol 154:1381-1390.
177. van de Rijn M, Rouse R. 1994. CD34. Appl Immunohistochem 2:71-80.
178. Vikkula M, Boon LM, Carraway 3rd KL, Calvert JT, Diamonti AJ, Goumnerov B, Pasyk KA, Marchuk DA, Warman ML, Cantley LC, Mulliken JB, Olsen BR. 1996. Vascular dysmorphogenesis caused by an activating mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2. Cell 87:1181-1190.
179. Vuorela P, Carpen O, Tulppala M, Halmesmaki E. 2000. VEGF, its receptors and the tie receptors in recurrent miscarriage. Mol Hum Reprod 6:276-282.
180. Waltenberger J, Mayr U, Pentz S, Hombach V. 1996. Functional upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR by hypoxia. Circulation 94:1647-1654.
181. Walter JW, Blei F, Anderson JL, Orlow SJ, Speer MC, Marchuk DA. 1999. Genetic mapping of a novel familial form of infantile hemangioma. Am J Med Gen 82:77-83.
182. Wang HU, Chen ZF, Anderson DJ. 1998. Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4. Cell 93:741-753.
183. Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW. 1999. What defines a useful marker of metastasis in human cancer? J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1351-1353.
184. Wen Y, Edelman JL, Kang T, Zeng N, Sachs G. 1998. Two functional forms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/Flk-1 mRNA are expressed in normal rat retina. J Biol Chem 273:2090-2097.
185. Weninger W, Partanen TA, Breiteneder-Geleff S, Mayer C, Kowalski H, Mildner M, Pammer J, Sturzl M, Kerjaschki D, Alitalo K, Tschachler E. 1999. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and podoplanin suggests a lymphatic endothelial cell origin of Kaposi's sarcoma tumor cells. Lab Invest 79:243-251.
186. Wigle JT, Oliver G. 1999. Prox1 function is required for the development of the murine lymphatic system. Cell 98:769-778.
187. Wigle JT, Chowdhury K, Gruss P, Oliver G. 1999. Prox1 function is crucial for mouse lens-fibre elongation. Nat Gen 21:318-322.
188. Wilting J, Eichmann A, Christ B. 1997. Expression of the avian VEGF receptor homologues Quek1 and Quek2 in blood-vascular and lymphatic endothelial and non-endothelial cells during quail embryonic development. Cell Tissue Res 288:207-223.
189. Witzenbichler B, Asahara T, Murohara T, Silver M, Spyridopoulos I, Magner M, Principe N, Kearney M, Hu JS, Isner JM. 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C/VEGF-2) promotes angiogenesis in the setting of tissue ischemia. Am J Pathol 153:381-394.
190. Yamada Y, Nezu J, Shimane M, Hirata Y. 1997. Molecular cloning of a novel vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-D Genomics 42: 483-488.
191. Yano M, Iwama A, Nishio H, Suda J, Takada G, Suda T. 1997. Expression and function of murine receptor tyrosine kinases, TIE and TEK, in hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 89:4317-4326.
192. Yasunaga C, Sueishi K, Ohgami H, Suita S, Kawanami T. 1989. Heterogenous expression of endothelial cell markers in infantile hemangioendothelioma. Immunohistochemical study of two solitary cases and one multiple one. Am J Clin Pathol 91:673-681.
193. Yoshida A, Anand-Apte B, Zetter BR. 1996. Differential endothelial migration and proliferation to basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Growth Factors 13:57-64.
194. Zhu PD, Gu Z. 1988. Observation of the activity of factor VIII in the endometrium of women with regular menstrual cycles. Hum Reprod 3:273-275.
195. Zietz C, Rossle M, Haas C, Sendelhofert A, Hirschmann A, Sturzl M, Lohrs U. 1998. MDM-2 oncoprotein overexpression, p53 gene mutation, and VEGF up-regulation in angiosarcomas. Am J Pathol 153:1425-1433.
196. Zinovieva RD, Duncan MK, Johnson TR, Torres R, Polymeropoulos MH, Tomarev SI. 1996. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human homeobox gene Prox 1. Genomics 35:517-522.