Keeping TNF-induced apoptosis under control in astrocytes: PEA-15 as a 'double key' on caspase-dependent and MAP-kinase-dependent pathways

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 132, Issue , 2001, Pages 455-467

  Zvalova, D ^a   Formstecher, E ^a   Fauquet, M ^a   Canton, B ^a   Chneiweiss, H ^a  

^a l'alimentation et l'Environnement   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASPASE; CD27 ANTIGEN; CD30 ANTIGEN; CD40 ANTIGEN; LIGAND; LYMPHOTOXIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN PEA15; REGULATOR PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ASTROCYTE; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ANALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN ISOLATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0035783757     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(01)32095-2     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Adam-Klages, S., Adam, D., Wiegmann, K., Struve, S., Kolanus, W., Schneider-Mergener, J. and Kronke, M. (1996) FAN, a novel WD-repeat protein, couples the p55 TNF-receptor to neutral sphingomyelinase. Cell, 86(6): 937-947.
2. Ahmad, M., Srinivasula, S.M., Wang, L., Talanian, R.V., Litwack, G., Fernandes-Alnemri, T. and Alnemri, E.S. (1997) CRADD, a novel human apoptic adaptor molecule for caspase-2, and FasL/tumor necrosis factor-interacting protein RIP. Cancer Res., 57: 615-619.
3. Appel, E., Kolman, O., Kazimirsky, G., Blunberg, P.M. and Brodie, C. (1997) Regulation of GDNF expression in cultured astrocytes by inflammatory stimuli. NeuroReport, 8(15): 3309-3312.
4. Araujo, H., Danzinger, N., Cordier, J., Glowinski, J. and Chneiweiss, H. (1993) Characterization of PEA-15, a major substrate for protein kinase C in astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 268(8): 5911-5920.
5. Ashkenazi, A. and Dixit, V.M. (1998) Death receptor: Signalling and modulation. Science, 281: 1305-1308.
6. Ballestas, M.E. and Benveniste, E.N. (1995) Interleukin 1-β- and tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated regulation of ICAM-1 gene expression in astrocytes requires protein kinase activity. Glia, 14: 267-278.
7. Benveniste, E.N. (1995) Role of cytokines in multiple sclerosis, autoimmune encephalitis, and other neurological disorders. In: B. Aggarwal and R. Puri (Eds.), Human Cytokines: Their Role in Research and Therapy. Blackwell Scientific, Boston, pp. 19-23.
8. Becher, B., Dodelet, V., Fedorowicz, V. and Antel, J.P. (1996) Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor inhibits interleukin 12 production by stimulated human adult microglial cells in vitro. J. Clin. Invest., 98(7): 1539-1543.
9. Becher, B., D'Souza, S.D., Troutt, A.B. and Antel, J.P. (1998) Fas expression on human fetal astrocytes without susceptibility to fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Neurosci., 84(2): 627-634.
10. Bera, T.K., Guzman, R.C., Miyamoto, S., Panda, D.K., Sasaki, M., Hanyu, K., Enami, J. and Nandi, S. (1994) Identification of a mammary transforming gene (MAT1) associated with mouse mammary carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91(21): 9789-9793.
11. Bhat, N.R., Zhang, P., Lee, J.C. and Hogan, E.L. (1998) Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 subgroups of MAPK regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression in endotoxin-stimulated primary glial cultures. J. Neurosci., 18(5): 1633-1641.
12. Black, R.A., Rauch, C.T., Kozlosky, C.J., Peschon, J.J., Slack, J.L., Wolfson, M.F., Castner, B.J., Stocking, K.L., Reddy, P., Srinivasan, S., Nelson, N., Boiani, N., Schooley, K.A., Gerhart, M., Davis, R., Fitzner, J.N., Johnson, R.S., Paxton, R.J., March, C.J. and Cerretti, D.P. (1997) A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature, 385(6618): 729-733.
13. Boldin, M.P., Varfolomeev, E.E., Pancer, Z., Mett, I.L., Camonis, J.H. and Wallach, D. (1995) A novel protein that interacts with the death domain of Apo/Fas contains a sequence motif related to the death domain. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 7795-7798.
14. Boldin, M., Goncharov, T.M., Goltsev, Y.V. and Wallach, D. (1996) Involvement of MACH, a novel MORT1/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO1- and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell, 85: 803-815.
15. Brenner, T., Poradosu, E., Soffer, D., Sicsic, C., Gazit, A. and Levitzki, A. (1998) Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by tyrphostin AG-556. Exp. Neurol., 154(2): 489-498.
16. Brojatsch, J., Naughton, J., Rolls, M.M., Zingler, K. and Young, J.A.T. (1996) CAR1, a TNFR-related protein, is a cellular receptor for cytopathic avian leukosis sarcoma viruses and mediates apoptosis. Cell, 87: 845-855.
17. Cardinaux, J.-R., Allaman, I. and Magistretti, P. (2000) Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the transcription factors C/EBRβ and C/EBPδ in astrocytes. Glia, 29: 91-97.
18. Chinnayan, A.M., O'Rourke, K., Tewari, M. and Dixit, V.M. (1995) FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of Fas and initiates apoptosis. Cell, 81: 505-512.
19. Chinnayan, A.M., O'Rourke, K., Yu, G.-L., Lyons, R.H., Garg, M., Duan, R.D., Xing, L., Gentz, R., Ni, J. and Dixit, V.M. (1996) Signal transduction by DR-3, a death-domain containing receptor related to TNFR1 and CD95. Science, 274: 990-992.
20. Choi, M.Y. (1988) Dynamic model of neural networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 61(24): 2809-2812.
21. Clements, J.M., Cossins, J.A., Wells, G.M., Corkill, D.J., Helfrich, K., Wood, L.M., Pigott, R., Stabler, G., Gearing, A.J. and Miller, K.M. (1997) Matrix metalloproteinase expression during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and effects of a combined matrix metalloproteinase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor. J. Neuroimmunol., 74(1-2): 85-94.
22. Condorelli, G., Vigliotta, G., Iavarone, C., Caruso, M., Tocchetti, C.G., Andreozzi, F., Cafieri, A., Tecce, M.F., Formoisano, P., Beguinot, L. and Beguinot, F. (1998) PED/PEA-15 gene controls glucose transport and is overexpressed in type 2 diabetes mellitus. EMBO J., 17(14): 3856-3866.
23. Condorelli, C., Vigliotta, G., Cafieri, A., Trencia, A., Andalo, P., Oriente, F., Miele, C., Caruso, M., Formisano, P. and Beguinot, F. (1999) PED/PEA-15: An anti-apoptotic molecule that regulates FAS/TNFR 1-induced apoptosis. Oncogene, 18(31): 4409-4415.
24. Danzinger, N., Yokoyama, M., Jay, T, Cordier, J., Glowinski, J. and Chneiweiss, H. (1995) Cellular expression, developmental regulation, and phylogenic conservation of PEA-15, the astrocytic major phosphoprotein and protein kinase C substrate. J. Neurochem., 64(3): 1016-1025.
25. Di Santo, E., Foddi, M.C., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P., Mennini, T. and Ghezzi, P. (1996) DHEAS inhibits TNF production in monocytes and microglial cells. Neuroimmunomodulation, 3(5): 285-288.
26. Dopp, J., Mackenzie-Graham, A., Otero, G. and Merrill, J. (1997) Differential expression, cytokine modulation and specific functions of type-1 and type-2 tumor necrosis factor receptors in rat glia. J. Neuroimmunol., 75: 104-112.
27. Duan, H. and Dixit, V.M. (1997) RAIDD is a new 'death' adapter molecule. Nature, 385: 86-89.
28. Eberstadt, M., Huang, B., Chen, Z., Meadows, R.P., Ngu, S.-C., Zheng, L., Lenardo, M.J. and Fesik, S.W. (1998) NMR structure and mutagenesis of the FADD(Mortl) death-effector domain. Nature, 392: 941-945.
29. Estelles, A., Yokoyama, M., Nothias, F., Vincent, J.D., Glowinski, J., Vernier, P. and Chneiweiss, H. (1996) The major astrocytic phosphoprotein PEA-15 is encoded by two human mRNA conserved on their full length in mouse and human. J. Biol. Chem., 271(25): 14800-14806.
30. Estelles, A., Charlton, C.A. and Blau, H.M. (1999) The phosphoprotein protein PEA-15 inhibits Fas- but increases TNF-R1mediated caspase-8 activity and apoptosis. Dev. Biol., 216(1): 16-28.
31. Ferrer, I., Lopez, E., Blanco, R., Rivera, R., Krupinski, J. and Marti, E, (2000) Differential c-Fos and caspase expression following kainic excitotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol., 99(3): 245-254.
32. Formstecher, E., Canton, B., Fauquet, M., Ramos, J.W., Glowinski, H. and Chneiweiss, H, (2000) The brain enriched protein PEA-15 inhibits TNF-triggered apoptosis by multiple pathways (abstract). Eur. J. Neurosci., 12(Suppl. 11): 301.
33. Galve-Roperh, I., Sanchez, C., Segui, B., Haro, A., Diaz-Laviada, I. and Levade, T. (1998) Evidence for the lack of involvement of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in the tumor necrosis factor-induced secretion of nerve growth factor in primary astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem., 71(2): 498-505.
34. Gardner, A.M. and Johnson, G.L. (1996) Fibroblast growth factor-2 suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis requires Ras and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 271(24): 14560-14566.
35. Gearing, A.J.H., Beckett, P., Christodoulou, M., Churchill, M., Clements, J., Davison, A.H., Drummond, A.H., Galloway, W.A., Gilgert, R. and Gordon, J.L. (1994) Processing of tumor necrosis factor-a precursor by metalloproteinase. Nature, 370: 555-557.
36. Goncalves, D.S., Lenz, G., Karl, J., Goncalves, C.A. and Rodnight, R. (1999) Extracellular S100B protein modulates ERK in astrocyte cultures. NeuroReport, 11(4): 807-809.
37. Grell, M., Douni, E., Wajant, H., Löhden, M., Maxeiner, B., Georgopoulos, S., Lesslauer, W., Kollias, G., Pfitzenmeir, K. and Schreurich, P. (1995) The transmembrane form of the tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa TNF receptor. Cell, 83: 793-802.
38. Hamilton, T.A., Tannenkan, C.S, and Tebo, J.M. (1996) Cytokine initiated intracellular signaling pathways. In: R.M. Ransohoff and E.T. Benveniste (Eds.), Cytokines and the CNS. CRC Press, New York, pp. 28-31.
39. Hattori, A., Hayashi, K. and Kohno, M. (1996) Tumor necrosis factor stimulates the production of nerve growth factor in fibroblasts via the p55 kDa type I TNF receptor. FEBS Lett., 379:157-160.
40. Heinrich, M., Wickel, M., Schneider-Brachert, W., Sandberg, C., Gahr, J., Schwandner, R., Weber, T., Saftig, P., Peters, C., Brunner, J., Kronke, M. and Schutze, S. (1999) Cathepsin D targeted by acid sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide. EMBO J., 18(19): 5252-5263.
41. Hernandez, M., Bayon, Y., Sanchez, S., Crespo, M. and Nieto, M.L. (1999) Signalling mechanisms involved in the activation of arachidonic acid metabolism in human astrocytoma cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and transactivation of cyclooxygenase-2. J. Neurochem., 73(4): 1641-1649.
42. Hertz, L., McFarlin, D.E. and Waksman, B.H. (1990) Astrocytes: Auxiliary cells for immune responses in the central nervous system?, Immunol. Today, 11(8): 265-268.
43. Hirata, H., Takahashi, A., Kobayashi, S., Yonehara, S., Sawai, H., Okazaki, T., Yamamoto, K. and Sasada, M. (1998) Caspases are activated in a branched protease cascade and control distinct downstream processes in Fas-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med., 187(4):587-600.
44. Hsu, H., Xiong, J. and Goeddel, D.V. (1995) The TNF receptor-1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-κB activation. Cell, 81: 495-504.
45. Hughes, P.E., Renshaw, M.W., Pfaff, M., Forsyth, J., Keivens, V.M., Schwartz, M.A. and Ginsberg, M,H. (1997) Suppression of integrin activation: A novel function of a Ras/Raf-initiated MAP kinase pathway. Cell, 88(4): 521-530.
46. Itoh, N., Yonehara, S., Ishii, A., Yonehara, M., Mizushima, S., Sameshima, M., Hase, A., Seto, Y. and Nagata, S. (1991) The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediated apoptosis. Cell, 66: 233-243.
47. Keane, M.P., Arenberg, D.A., Lynch III, J.P., Whyte, R.I., Iannettoni, M.D., Burdick, M.D., Wilke, C.A., Morris, S.B., Glass, M.C., DiGiovine, B., Kunkel, S.L. and Strieter, R.M. (1997) The CXC chemokines, IL-8 and IP-10, regulate angiogenic activity in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Immunol., 159(3): 1437-1443.
48. Kitsberg, D., Formsecher, E., Fauquet, M., Kubes, M., Cordier, J., Canton, B., Pan, G., Rolli, M., Glowinski, J. and Chneiweiss, H. (1999) Knock-out of the neural death effector domain protein PEA-15 demonstrates that its expression protects astrocytes from TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. J. Neurosci., 19(19): 8244-8251.
49. Kubes, M., Cordier, J., Glowinski, J., Girault, J.A. and Chneiweiss, H. (1998) Endothelin induces a calcium-dependent phosphorylation of PEA-15 in intact astrocytes: Identification of Ser104 and Ser116 phosphorylated, respectively, by protein kinase C and calcium/calmodulin kinase II in vitro. J. Neurochem., 71(3): 1307-1314.
50. Kwon, B., Youn, B.-S. and Kwon, B.S. (1999) Functions of newly identified members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor/ligand superfamilies in lymphocytes. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 11: 340-345.
51. Li, P., Nijhawan, D., Budihardjo, I., Srinivasula, S.M., Ahmad, M., Alnemri, E.S. and Wang, Z. (1997) Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell, 91: 479-489.
52. Li, H., Zhu, H., Xu, C.J. and Yuan, J. (1998) Cleavage of BID by caspase 8 mediates the mitochondrial damage in the Fas pathway of apoptosis. Cell, 94(4): 491-501.
53. Lin, Y., Devin, A., Rodriguez, Y. and Liu, Z.G. (1999) Cleavage of the death domain kinase RIP by caspase-8 prompts TNF-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev., 13: 2514-2526.
54. Lowe, D.G., Capon, D.J., Delwart, E., Sakaguchi, A.Y., Naylor, S.L. and Goeddel, D.V. (1987) Structure of the human and murine R-ras genes, novel genes closely related to ras proto-oncogenes. Cell, 48(1): 137-146.
55. Mandell, J.W. and VandenBerg, S.R. (1999) ERK/MAP kinase is chronically activated in human reactive astrocytes. NeuroReport, 10(17): 3567-3572.
56. Maniatis, T. (1997) Catalysis by a multiprotein IkB kinase complex. Science, 278: 818-819.
57. Medema, J.P., Scaffidi, C., Kischkel, F.C., Shevchenko, A., Mann, M., Krammer, P.H. and Peter, M.E. (1997) FLICE is activated by association with CD95 death-inducing signalling complex (DISC). EMBO J., 16: 2794-2804.
58. Merrill, E. and Benveniste, E.N. (1996) Cytokines in inflammatory brain lesions: Helpful and harmful. Trends Neurosci., 19(8): 331-338.
59. Mohler, K.M., Torrance, D.S., Smith, C.A., Goodwin, R.G., Stremler, K.E., Fung, V.P., Madani, H. and Widmer, M.B. (1993) Soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor are effective therapeutic agents in lethal endotoxemia and function simultaneously as both TNF carries and TNF antagonists. J. Immunol., 151: 1548-1553.
60. Mongomery, R.I., Warner, M.S., Lum, B.J. and Spear, P.G. (1996) Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell, 87: 427-436.
61. Moss, M.L., Jin, S.L., Milla, M.E., Bickett, D.M.M., Burkhart, W., Carter, H.L., Chen, W.J., Clay, W.C., Didsbury, J.R., Hassler, D., Hoffman, C.R., Kost, T.A., Lambert, M.H., Leesnitzer, M.A., McCauley, P., McGeehan, G., Mitchell, J., Moyer, M., Pahel, G., Rocque, W., Overton, L.K., Schoenen, F., Seaton, T., Su, J.L. and Becherer, J.D. (1997) Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor Alpha. Nature, 385(6618): 733-736.
62. Murphy, S. (2000) Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: Regulation and potential roles in the CNS. Glia, 29: 1-14.
63. Muzio, M., Chinnaiyan, A.M., Kischkel, F.C., O'Rourke, K., Shevchenko, A., Ni, J., Scaffidi, C., Bretz, J.D., Zhang, M., Gentz, R., Mann, M., Krammer, P.H., Peter, M. and Dixit, V.M. (1996) FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/Ced3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO1) death-inducing signalling complex. Cell, 85: 817-827.
64. Nagata, S. and Golstein, P. (1995) The Fas death factor. Science, 267: 1449-1456.
65. Nicholson, D.W. and Thorneberry, N.A. (1997) Caspases: Killer proteases. Trends Biochem. Sci., 22: 299-306.
66. Oehm, A., Berhmann, I., Falk, W., Pawlita, M., Maier, G., Klas, C., Li-Weber, M., Richards, S., Dhein, J. and Trauth, B.C. (1992) Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily: Sequence identity with the Fas antigen. J. Biol. Chem., 267: 10709-10715.
67. Oh, J.W., Schwiebert, L.M. and Benveniste, E.N. (1999) Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by human astrocytes. J. Neurovir., 5(1): 82-94.
68. Pan, G., O'Rourke, K., Chinnaiyan, A.M., Gentz, R., Ebner, R., Ni, J. and Dixit, V.M. (1997) The receptor of the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. Science, 276: 111-113.
69. Pshenichkin, S.P., Szekely, A.M. and Wise, B.C. (1994) Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms involved in the interleukin-1, steroid, and protein kinase C regulation of nerve growth factor in cortical astrocytes. J. Neurochem., 63(2): 419-428.
70. Ramos, J., Kojima, T.J., Hugues, P.E., Fencsik, C.A. and Ginsberg, M. (1998) The death effector domain of PEA-15 is involved in its regulation of integrin activation. J. Biol. Chem., 273(51): 33897-33900.
71. Ramos, J.W., Hughes, P.E., Renshaw, M.W., Schwartz, M.A., Formstecher, E., Chneiweiss, H. and Ginsberg, M.H. (2000) The death effector domain protein PEA-15 potentiates Ras activation of extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase by an adhesion-independent mechanism. Mol. Biol. Cell, 11(9): 2863-2872.
72. Rothwell, N.J. and Hopkins, S.J. (1995) Cytokines and the nervous system II: Actions and mechanisms of action. Trends Neurosci., 18(3): 130-136.
73. Rzigalinski, B.A., Liang, S., McKinney, J.S., Willoughby, K.A. and Ellis, E.F. (1997) Effect of Ca2+ on in vitro astrocyte injury. J. Neurochem., 68(1): 289-296.
74. Schievella, A.R., Chen, J.H., Graham, J.R. and Lin, L.-L. (1997) MADD, a novel death domain protein that interacts with the type 1 tumor necrosis factor receptor and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 272(18): 12069-12075.
75. Schutze, S., Potthoff, K., Machleidt, T., Berkovic, D., Wiegmann, K, and Kronke, M. (1992) TNF activates NF-kappa B by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-induced 'acidic' sphingomyelin breakdown. Cell, 71(5): 765-776.
76. Screaton, G. and Xu, X.N. (2000) T cell life and death signalling via TNF-receptor family members. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 12: 316-322.
77. Sethi, T., Ginsberg, M.H., Downward, J. and Hughes, P.E. (1999) The small GTP-binding protein R-Ras can influence integrin activation by antagonizing a Ras/Raf-initiated integrin suppression pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell, 10(6): 1799-1809.
78. Smith, C.A., Davis, T., Anderson, D., Solam, L., Beckmann, L.P., Jerzy, R., Dower, S.K., Cosman, D. and Goodwin, R.G. (1990) A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science, 248: 1019-1025.
79. Srinivasula, S.M., Fernandes-Alnemri, T., Zangrilli, J., Robertson, N., Armstrong, R.C., Wang, L., Trapani, J.A., Tomaselli, K.J., Litwack, G. and Alnemri, E.S. (1996) The CED3/interleukin 1beta-converting enzyme-like homologue Mch6 and the lamin-cleaving enzyme Mch2alpha are substrates for the apoptotic mediator CPP32. J. Biol. Chem., 271: 27099-27106.
80. Stephenson, D.T., Lemere, C.A., Selkoe, D.J. and Clemens, J.A. (1996) Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) immunoreactivity is elevated in Alzheimer's disease in brain. Neurobiol. Dis., 3(1): 51-63.
81. Su, J.H., Nichol, K.E., Sitch, T., Shen, P., Chubb, C., Miller, B.L., Tomaselli, K.J., Kim, R.C. and Cotman, C.W. (2000) DNA damage and activated caspase-3 expression in neurons and astrocytes: Evidence for apoptosis in frontotemporal dementia. Exp. Neurol., 163(1): 9-19.
82. Takahashi, N., Udagawa, N. and Suda, T. (1999) A new member of tumor necrosis factor ligand family, ODF/OPGL/TRANCE/RANKL, regulates osteoclast differentiation and function. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 256(3): 449-455.
83. Tartaglia, L.A., Ayres, T.M., Wong, G.H.W. and Goeddel, D.V. (1993) A novel domain with the 55 kDa TNF receptor signal cell death. Cell, 74: 845-852.
84. Vietor, I., Schwenger, P., Li, W., Schlesinger, J. and Vilcek, J. (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-induced activation and increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem., 268: 18994-18999.
85. Vilcek, J. and Lee, T.H. (1991) Tumor necrosis factor. J. Biol. Chem., 266(12): 7313-7316.
86. Vincenz, C. and Dixit, V. (1997) Fas-associated death domain protein interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme 2 (FLICE2), an ICE/Ced3 homologue, is proximally involved in CD95- and p55-mediated death signalling. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 6578-6583.
87. Wallach, D. (1997a) Apoptosis. Placing under control. Nature, 388: 125-126.
88. Wallach, D. (1997b) Cell death induction by TNF: A matter of self control. Trends Biol. Sci., 22: 107-109.
89. Walczak, H., Degli-Esposti, M.A., Johnson, R.S., Smolak, P.J., Waugh, J.Y., Boiani, N., Timour, M.S., Gerhart, M.J., Schooley, K.A., Smith, C.A., Goodwin, R.G. and Rauch, C.T. (1997) Taril-R2: A novel apoptosis-mediating receptor for TRAIL. EMBO J., 16(17): 5386-5397.
90. Wang, C.Y., Mayo, M.W., Korneluk, R.G., Goeddel, D.V. and Baldwin Jr., A.S. (1998) NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science, 281(5383): 1680-1693.
91. Wiegmann, K., Schutze, S., Machleidt, T., Witte, D. and Kronke, M. (1994) Functional dichotomy of neutral and acidic sphingomyelinases in tumor necrosis factor signalling. Cell, 78(6): 1005-1015.
92. Wissing, D., Mouritzen, H., Egeblad, M., Poirier, G.G. and Jaattela, M. (1997) Involvement of caspase-dependent activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94(10): 5073-5077.
93. Won, J.S., Kim, Y.H., Song, D.K., Huh, S.O., Lee, J.K. and Suh, H.W. (2000) Stimulation of astrocyte-enriched culture with arachidonic acid increases proenkephalin mRNA: Involvement of proto-oncoprotein and mitogen activated protein kinases. Mol. Brain Res., 76(2): 396-406.
94. Zhang, P., Miller, B.S., Rosenzweig, S.A. and Bhat, N.R. (1996) Activation of C-jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase in primary glial cultures. J. Neurosci. Res., 46(1): 114-121.
95. Zhang, L., Zhao, W., Li, B., Alkon, D.L., Barker, J.L., Chang, Y.H., Wu, M. and Rubinow, D.R. (2000) TNF-alpha induced over-expression of GFAP is associated with MARKs. NeuroReport, 11(2): 409-412.