Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 531-549

  Kenny, Paul J ^a   Markou, Athina ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Conditioned place aversion; Depression; Dopamine; Drug withdrawal; Glutamate; Intracranial self stimulation; Nicotine; Opioid; Reward; Serotonin; Somatic signs

Indexed keywords

CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; OPIATE RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR;

AFFECT; ARTICLE; AVERSION; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RODENT; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SMOKING CESSATION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

NICOTIANA TABACUM; RODENTIA;

EID: 0035706956     PISSN: 00913057     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00651-7     Document Type: Review

References (257)

1. Inadequate blockade by hexamethonium of the baroreceptor heart rate response in anesthetized and conscious rats
2. Depression of mesolimbic dopamine transmission and sensitization to morphine during opiate abstinence
3. Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Pharmacological characterization and modulation of synaptic function
4. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation modulates γ-aminobutyric acid release from CA1 neurons of rat hippocampal slices
5. Nicotine at concentrations found in cigarette smokers activates and desensitizes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in CA1 interneurons of rat hippocampus
6. The opioid antagonist naltrexone inhibits activity and alters expression of α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors in hippocampal neurons: Implications for smoking cessation programs
7. Neurotrophins and depression
8. 3H]methylcarbamylcholine binding sites and effect of N-methylcarbamylcholine on acetylcholine release in rat brain
9. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Novel targets for CNS therapies
10. Switching to ultralow nicotine cigarettes: Effects of different tar yields and blocking of olfactory cues
11. A dopamine D1 agonist elevates self-stimulation thresholds: Comparison to other dopamine-selective drugs
12. CRF antagonist reverses the "anxiogenic" response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat
13. Nornicotine is self-administered intravenously by rats
14. Increase of extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated opiate abstinence
15. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates the "anxiogenic-like" effect in the defensive burying paradigm but not in the elevated plus-maze following chronic cocaine in rats
16. Participation of the central amygdaloid nucleus in the response of adrenocorticotropin secretion to immobilization stress: Opposing roles of the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems
17. Acute intermittent nicotine treatment produces regional increases of basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA and protein in the tel- and diencephalon of the rat
18. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-epibatidine increases FGF-2 mRNA and protein levels in the rat brain
19. Effects of nicotine administration and its withdrawal on plasma corticosterone and brain 5-hydroxyindoles
20. The effects of nicotine administration on 5-HT uptake and biosynthesis in rat brain
21. The effects of acute and repeated nicotine treatment on nucleus accumbens dopamine and locomotor activity
22. Smoking-associated changes in the serotonergic systems of discrete regions of human brain
23. Depression following smoking cessation in women
24. Development of major depressive disorder during smoking-cessation treatment
25. The anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142 selectively increases dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex as measured by microdialysis
26. Locomotor activity in morphine-dependent and post-dependent rats
27. Prefrontal dopamine is directly involved in the anxiogenic interoceptive cue of pentylenetetrazol but not in the interoceptive cue of chlordiazepoxide in the rat
28. Chronic exposure to nicotine upregulates the human α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function
29. Smoking without nicotine delivery decreases withdrawal in 12-hour abstinent smokers
30. Dissociation of physical abstinence signs from changes in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in the prefrontal cortex of nicotine dependent rats
31. Regulation of neurotransmitter release by metabotropic glutamate receptors
32. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a crucial structure mediating nicotine's anxiolytic effects and the development of tolerance and withdrawal responses
33. Contributions of N-linked glycosylation to the expression of a functional alpha7-nicotinic receptor in Xenopus oocytes
34. The fall and rise of neuronal α-bungarotoxin binding proteins
35. Selective activation of mesoamygdaloid dopamine neurons by conditioned stress: Attenuation by diazepam
36. α3, β2, and β4 form heterotrimeric neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Xenopus oocytes
37. Neurons can maintain multiple classes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors distinguished by different subunit compositions
38. Nicotine self-administration in animals as a dependence model
39. Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule
40. Selective dopamine antagonists reduce nicotine self-administration
41. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine
42. Self-administered nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopamine system through the ventral tegmental area
43. Major depression following smoking cessation
44. Cigarette smoking and major depression
45. Naltrexone effects on short-term and long-term smoking cessation
46. Contribution of CNS nicotine metabolites to the neuropharmacological effects of nicotine and tobacco smoking
47. In vivo pharmacological effects of dihydro-β-erythroidine, a nicotinic antagonist, in mice
48. Overview of nicotinic receptors and their roles in the central nervous system
49. Molecular and cellular aspects of nicotine abuse
50. Variations in desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from hippocampus and midbrain dopamine areas
51. Increased NMDA-induced excitability during ethanol withdrawal: A behavioural and histological study
52. Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion
53. Pharmacological and functional diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
54. The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system
55. Interaction between A1 adenosine and class II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the regulation of purine and glutamate release from rat hippocampal slices
56. Lasting reduction in mesolimbic dopamine neuronal activity after morphine withdrawal
57. Nicotine self-administration in rats
58. Nicotine self-administration in rats on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement
59. Nicotine self-administration in rats: Estrous cycle effects, sex differences and nicotinic receptor binding
60. A molecular and cellular theory of depression
61. Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists inhibit endogenous glutamate release from rat striatal synaptosomes
62. Mecamylamine does not precipitate withdrawal in cigarette smokers
63. Alpha 10: A determinant of nicotinic cholinergic receptor function in mammalian vestibular and cochlear mechanosensory hair cells
64. Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal
65. Efficacy of nicotine chewing gum: A review
66. Health in tobacco control
67. Effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine gum as individual versus combined treatments for tobacco withdrawal symptoms
68. Influence of subunit composition on desensitization of neuronal acetylcholine receptors at low concentrations of nicotine
69. Upregulation of surface α4β2 nicotinic receptors is initiated by receptor desensitization after chronic exposure to nicotine
70. Anxiolytic action of a neurokinin1 receptor antagonist in the social interaction test
71. NKP608, an NK1 receptor antagonist, has an anxiolytic action in the social interaction test in rats
72. A subtype of nicotinic cholinergic receptor in rat brain is composed of α4 and β2 subunits and is up-regulated by chronic nicotine treatment
73. Differential regulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor binding sites following chronic nicotine administration
74. Hippocampal neurotrophin and trk receptor mRNA levels are altered by local administration of nicotine, carbachol and pilocarpine
75. Associations between tobacco smoking and illicit drug use among methadone-maintained opiate-dependent individuals
76. Systemic nicotine stimulates dopamine release in nucleus accumbens: Re-evaluation of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area
77. Local α-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic receptors in the nucleus accumbens modulate nicotine-stimulated dopamine secretion in vivo
78. Pharmacologic characterization of nicotine-induced conditioned place preference
79. A comparison of the effects of naloxone upon body weight loss and suppression of fixed-ratio operant behavior in morphine-dependent rats
80. Requirement for BDNF in activity-dependent survival of cortical neurons
81. Nicotinic receptors in the rat prefrontal cortex: Increase in glutamate release and facilitation of mediodorsal thalamo-cortical transmission
82. Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression
83. Central dopamine involvement in experimental gastrointestinal injury
84. Reinforcing effects of nicotine in humans and experimental animals responding under intermittent schedules of i.v. drug injection
85. Persistent behavior at high rates maintained by intravenous self-administration of nicotine
86. Decrease of tolerance to, and physical dependence on morphine by, glutamate receptor antagonists
87. Uptake and distribution of some quaternary ammonium compounds in the central nervous system of the rat
88. Human neuronal nicotinic receptors
89. Clonidine for smoking cessation
90. Nicotinic agonists stimulate acetylcholine release from mouse interpeduncular nucleus: A function mediated by a different nAChR than dopamine release from striatum
91. Hippocampal synaptic transmission enhanced by low concentrations of nicotine
92. Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons
93. Nicotine-induced excitation of midbrain dopamine neurons in vitro involves ionotropic glutamate receptor activation
94. Evidence that nicotinic α7 receptors are not involved in the hyperlocomotor and rewarding effects of nicotine
95. Aversive properties of opiate receptor blockade: Evidence for exclusively central mediation in naive and morphine-dependent rats
96. Involvement of D2 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the opiate withdrawal syndrome
97. Fluoxetine combined with a serotonin-1A receptor antagonist reversed reward deficits observed during nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in rats
98. Determinants of competitive antagonist sensitivity on neuronal nicotinic receptor beta subunits
99. Multiple determinants of dihydro-β-erythroidine sensitivity on rat neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha subunits
100. The role of CRF in behavioral aspects of stress
101. Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein ligand inhibitor blunts excessive weight gain in genetically obese Zucker rats and rats during nicotine withdrawal
102. Nicotine withdrawal: A behavioral assessment using schedule controlled responding, locomotor activity, and sensorimotor reactivity
103. LY354740: A metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist which ameliorates symptoms of nicotine withdrawal in rats
104. Nicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals
105. Antagonist-precipitated opioid withdrawal in rats: Evidence for dissociations between physical and motivational signs
106. Behavioral manifestations of the nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat: Peripheral versus central mechanisms
107. Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome
108. Behavioral and biochemical manifestations of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the rat: Role of nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area
109. Effect of buspirone on withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation
110. Comparison of fixed-dose transdermal nicotine, tapered-dose transdermal nicotine, and buspirone in smoking cessation
111. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for drug discovery
112. Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters
113. Effect of dose on nicotine's reinforcing, withdrawal-suppression and self-reported effects
114. Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension
115. Effects of nicotine on the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation in rats
116. Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the limbic system of freely moving rats
117. Dopaminergic innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress
118. Nicotine self-administration and withdrawal: Modulation of anxiety in the social interaction test in rats
119. Modulation of opioidergic system on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats
120. Nicotine abstinence in the mouse
121. Minor tobacco alkaloids as biomarkers for tobacco use: Comparison of users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipes
122. 3H]dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes and slices
123. Regulation of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system by glutamic acid receptor subtypes
124. Naloxone reduces cigarette smoking
125. Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex
126. Evidence for a complex influence of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on hippocampal serotonin release
127. Acute nicotine decreases, and chronic nicotine increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus
128. 1A receptor gene expression in the cerebral cortex and dorsal hippocampus
129. Molecular and physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei
130. Amphetamine withdrawal: A behavioral evaluation
131. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence
132. Nucleus accumbens as a substrate for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal
133. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in behavioural responses to stress
134. Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors
135. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the role of cholinergic neurons in nicotine self-administration in the rat: A correlative neuroanatomical and behavioral study
136. Allosteric nicotinic receptors, human pathologies
137. The role of β2-subunit-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain explored with a mutant mouse
138. NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit ethanol-produced locomotor stimulation in NMRI mice
139. Differential effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine or fluoxetine administration on brain stimulation reward in the rat - Interactions between the two drugs
140. Structure and function of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
141. Differential roles of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in opiate withdrawal and in relapse to opiate dependence
142. Mecamylamine blockade of both positive and negative effects of IV nicotine in human volunteers
143. α-Conotoxin AuIB selectively blocks α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine-evoked norepinephrine release
144. CRF and urocortin decreased brain stimulation reward in the rat: Reversal by a CRF receptor antagonist
145. Participation of noradrenergic pathways in the expression of opiate withdrawal: Biochemical and pharmacological evidence
146. RP 67580, a selective antagonist of neurokinin-1 receptors, modifies some of the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal signs in rats
147. Rodent model of nicotine abstinence syndrome
148. Naloxone precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat
149. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine precipitates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat
150. Nicotine abstinence syndrome precipitated by an analog of neuropeptide FF
151. Nicotine abstinence syndrome precipitated by central but not peripheral hexamethonium
152. Nicotine abstinence syndrome precipitated by the competitive nicotinic antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine
153. Long-term potentiation of excitatory inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine
154. Presynaptic regulation of glutamate release in the ventral tegmental area during morphine withdrawal
155. Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal
156. The differential roles of α7 nicotinic receptors in nicotine self-administration and nicotine withdrawal in the rat
157. Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: A self-medication hypothesis
158. Nicotinic receptor function determined by stimulation of rubidium efflux from mouse brain synaptosomes
159. Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity
160. Physiological diversity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed by vertebrate neurons
161. Nicotine enhancement of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in CNS by presynaptic receptors
162. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal
163. Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin content in rat brain during morphine withdrawal: Correlation with hypothalamic noradrenergic activity and pituitary-adrenal response
164. Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats
165. Reduction of tobacco withdrawal symptoms with a sublingual nicotine tablet: A placebo controlled study
166. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study
167. Rewarding effects of opiates are absent in mice lacking the receptor for substance P
168. Naloxone does not affect cigarette smoking
169. Effects of mecamylamine on human cigarette smoking and subjective ratings
170. Infusion of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens of the rat differentially affects accumbal dopamine release
171. Systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens is regulated by nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area
172. Differential effects of acute and chronic nicotine on dopamine output in the core and shell of the rat nucleus accumbens
173. Effects of chronic bupropion on interstitial concentrations of dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum
174. Nicotine withdrawal in the rat: Role of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area
175. Selective c-fos induction and decreased dopamine release in the central nucleus of amygdala in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome
176. Regulation of AP-1 gene transcription factor binding activity in the rat brain during nicotine dependence
177. Effects of protracted nicotine exposure and withdrawal on the expression and phosphorylation of the CREB gene transcription factor in rat brain
178. Cigarette smoking: Effects upon self-rated stress and arousal over the day
179. Guidance for commissioners on the cost effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions. Health Educational Authority
180. Nicotine self-administration in rats: Short-term abstinence, progressive ratio schedule, and extinction with or without conditioned stimuli
181. Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats
182. Profiles in discouragement: Two studies of variability in the time course of smoking withdrawal symptoms
183. Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters
184. Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain
185. Increase of extracellular corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity levels in the amygdala of awake rats during restraint stress and ethanol withdrawal as measured by microdialysis
186. Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons
187. Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased sensitivity of serotonergic neurons to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT
188. The CCK-B antagonist LY288513 blocks the effects of nicotine withdrawal on auditory startle
189. Serotonin-1A antagonists attenuate the effects of nicotine withdrawal on the auditory startle response
190. 1A antagonist LY426965: Effects on nicotine withdrawal and interactions with fluoxetine
191. Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal
192. Effects of intra-amygdalar dopamine agonists and antagonists on gastric stress lesions in rats
193. Nicotine stimulation of extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens: Neuropharmacological characterization
194. In vivo CRF release in rat amygdala is increased during cocaine withdrawal in self-administering rats
195. The influence of nicotine on 5-HT overflow in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat
196. A comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog: Fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion
197. Stimulatory role of dopamine on fibroblast growth factor-2 expression in rat striatum
198. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor in the limbic system during cannabinoid withdrawal
199. Nicotinic receptors in the development and modulation of CNS synapses
200. Acute effects of nicotine and mecamylamine on tobacco withdrawal symptoms, cigarette reward and ad lib smoking
201. Dramatic depletion of mesolimbic extracellular dopamine after withdrawal from morphine, alcohol or cocaine: A common neurochemical substrate for drug dependence
202. Pharmacologic approaches to smoking cessation
203. Use of ganglionic blockers to assess neurogenic pressor activity in conscious rats
204. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of neurokinin 1 receptor function decreases anxiety-related behaviors and increases serotonergic function
205. The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
206. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction
207. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism in the ventral tegmental area diminishes the systemic nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
208. Nicotine vs. placebo gum in the alleviation of withdrawal during smoking cessation
209. Efficacy of buspirone in smoking cessation: A placebo-controlled trial
210. Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: A quantitative dose-response analysis
211. Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal
212. Clonidine blocks acquisition but not expression of conditioned opiate withdrawal in rats
213. 125I-neuronal bungarotoxin
214. Characterization of nicotinic receptors involved in the release of noradrenaline from the hippocampus
215. Comparing the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes: A behavioral economic analysis
216. UB-165: A novel nicotinic agonist with subtype selectivity implicates the α4β2 subtype in the modulation of dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes
217. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNA expression and channel function in medial habenula neurons
218. Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence
219. MK801 attenuates behavioural adaptation to chronic nicotine administration in rats
220. Behavioural and neurochemical adaptations to nicotine in rats: Influence of NMDA antagonists
221. Endogenous kappa-opioid systems in opiate withdrawal: Role in aversion and accompanying changes in mesolimbic dopamine release
222. Effects of continuous oral nicotine administration on brain nicotinic receptors and responsiveness to nicotine in C57Bl/6 mice
223. Depression after smoking cessation: Case reports
224. Diazepam dependence prevented by glutamate antagonists
225. Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal
226. Could nicotine antagonists be used in smoking cessation?
227. The scientific case that nicotine is addictive
228. Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area
229. Functional and molecular characterization of neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons
230. Naltrexone, smoking behaviour and cigarette withdrawal
231. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats
232. Attenuation of mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion by the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron
233. Mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains
234. Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: Modulation by metabotropic glutamate receptors
235. Target-specific glutamatergic regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area
236. Dopaminergic mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of bupropion in rats
237. Selective activation of mesocortical DA system by stress
238. Effects of cholinergic drugs on extracellular levels of acetylcholine and choline in rat cortex, hippocampus and striatum studied by brain dialysis
239. Naloxone inhibits nicotine-induced receptor current and catecholamine secretion in bovine chromaffin cells
240. Effect of nicotine on the level of extracellular amino acids in the hippocampus of rat
241. The acetylcholine receptor of the neuromuscular junction recognizes mecamylamine as a noncompetitive antagonist
242. Blockade of nicotine self-administration with nicotinic antagonists in rats
243. Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: Acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal
244. Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: Centrally and peripherally mediated effects
245. Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration
246. Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats
247. Does switching to an ultra-low nicotine cigarette induce nicotine withdrawal effects?
248. Effect of buspirone on cigarette withdrawal symptoms and short-term abstinence rates in a smokers clinic
249. Naltrexone administration affects ad libitum smoking behavior
250. Pharmacological characterization of a nicotinic autoreceptor in rat hippocampal synaptosomes
251. Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine elevates baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds
252. Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors
253. Methyllycaconitine: A new probe that discriminates between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subclasses
254. Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in ventral tegmental area contribute to brain-stimulation reward
255. Nicotine attenuates naloxone-induced jumping behavior in morphine-dependent mice