Recombinant antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Volumn 1, Issue 5, 2001, Pages 845-855

  Souriau, Christelle ^a   Hudson, Peter J ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Bispecific; Cancer; Diabodies; Diagnosis; Fab; Library selection; Recombinant repertoire; Scfv

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; RECOMBINANT VACCINE;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; REVIEW;

ANIMAL; ANTIBODIES; HUMAN; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; VACCINES, SYNTHETIC;

EID: 0035462330     PISSN: 14712598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.5.845     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. LITTLE M.K1PRIYANOYSM, LE GALL F, MOLDENJAUER G: Of mice and men: hybridoma and recombinant antibodies. ImmunoL Today (2000) 21:364-370.
2. HUDSON PJ: Recombinant antibodies: a novel approach to cancer diagnosis and therapy. Expert Of in. Investig. Drugs (2000) 9:1231-1242.
3. WEINER LM, ADAMS GP: New approaches to antibody therapy. Oncogene (2000) 19:6144-6151.
4. CHAMES P, BATY D: Antibody engineering and its applications in tumor targeting and intracellular immunization. FEMS MicrobioL Lett. (2000) 189:1-8.
5. BORREBAECK CA: Antibodies in diagnostics - from immunoassays to protein chips. Immunol. 70% (2000) 21:379-382.
6. GHETIE MA, BRIGHT H, VITETTA ES: Homodimers but not monomers of Rituxan (chimeric anti-CD20) induce apoptosis in human B-lymphoma cells and synergize with a chemotherapeutic agent and an immunotoxin. Blood(2001) 97:1392-1398.
7. BEHR TM, BLUMENTHAL RD, MEMTSOUDIS S et ai: Cure of metastatic human colonie cancer in mice with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody fragments. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6:4900-4907.
8. TODOROVSKA A, ROOVERS RC, DOLEZAL O, KORTT AA, HOOGENBOOM HR, HUDSON PJ: Design and application of diabodies, triabodies and tetrabodies for cancer targeting.J. ImmunoL Methods (2001) 248:47-66. An important review that summarises the latest designs and validation studies for multivalent antibodies that were produced as cancer-targeting reagents.
9. WUAM, YAZAKIPJ,TSAISW et al: High-resolution microPET imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-positive xenografts by using a copper-64-labeled engineered antibody fragment. Proc. NatL Acad. Set. USA (2000) 97:495-500.
10. ADAMS GP,SHALLERCC,CHAPPELL LL tt a!.: Delivery of the alpha-emitting radioisotope bismuth-213 to solid tumors via single-chain Fv and diabody molecules. NucL Med. BioL (2000) 27:339-346.
11. TAHTISK,LEEFT,SMYTHFE et al.: Biodistribution properties of (111)Indium-labeled C-functionalizcd rraw-cyclohexyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid humanized 3sl93 diabody and F(ab′(2) constructs in a breast carcinoma xenograft model. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:1061-1072.
12. YAZAKIPJ.WUAM.TSAISWrtfli: Tumor targeting of radiometal labeled antiCEA recombinant T84.66 diabody and t84.66 minibody: comparison to radioiodinated fragments. Bioconjug. Chem. (2001) 12:220-228.
13. GOELA.COLCHERD, BARANOWSKA-KORTYLEWICZ J et ab. Genetically engineered tetravalent singlechain Fv of the pancarcinoma monoclonal antibody CC49: improved biodistribution and potential for therapeutic application. Cancer Res. (2000a) 60:6964-6971. This study is an important comparison in the pharmacokinetics of dimeric scFv and tctravalcnt scFv. Tetravalent scFvs exhibited better biodistribution than their dimeric counterpart confirming the importance of multivalency for cancer therapy and diagnosis.
14. CASEYJL.PEDLEYRB, KING DJ, GREEN AJ, YARRANTON GT, BEGENT RH: Dosimetric evaluation and radioimmunotherapy of anti-tumour multivalent Fab'fragments. Br.J. Cancer (1999) 81:972-980.
15. WILLUDAJ.KUBETZKOS.WAIBELR, SCHUBIGER PA, ZANGEMEISTER-WITTKE U, PLUCKTHUN A: Tumor targeting of mono-, di-, and tetravalent anti-p185(HER-2) miniantibodies multimerized by self-associating peptides.J. BioL Chem. (2001) 276:4385-4392.
16. TOMLINSON I, HOLLIGER P: Methods for generating multivalent and bispecific antibody fragments. Methods EnzymoL (2000) 326:461-479.
17. POWER BE, HUDSON PJ: Synthesis of high avidity antibody fragments (scFv multimers) for cancer imaging.J. Immunol. Methods (2000) 242:193-204.
18. LISL,LIANGSJ,GUON,WUAM, FUJITA-YAMAGUCHIY: Single-chain antibodies against human insulin-like growth Factor I receptor, expression, purification, and effect on tumor growth. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. (2000) 49:43-52.
19. ROOVERSRC, VAN DER LINDEN E, DE BRUINE AP, ARENDS JW, HOOGENBOOM HR: In vitro characterisation of a monovalent and bivalent form of a fully human anti EpCAM phage antibody. Cancer ImmunoL Immunother. (2001b) 50:51-59.
20. McCALL AM, SHAHIED L, AMOROSO AR etaL: Increasing the affinity for tumor antigen enhances bispecific antibody cytotoxicity.J. ImmunoL (2001) 166:6112-6117.
21. NIELSENUB, ADAMS GP, WEINER IM, MARKS JD: Targeting of bivalent anti-ErbB2 diabody antibody fragments to tumor cells is independent of the intrinsic antibody affinity. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:6434-6440.
22. ADAMS GP, SCHIER R, MCCALL AM et al.: High affinity restricts the localization and tumor penetration of single-chain Fv antibody molecules. Cancer fits. (2001) 61:4750-4755. This study focuses on small monovalent scFvs and demonstrates that very high affinity reagents can have impaired penetration from the vasculaturc into solid tumours. This study validates the theory that interstitial pressure and antigen density play important roles in tumour targeting.
23. SENEKOWITSCH-SCHMIDTKE R, SCHUHMACHER C, BECKER KF et al-, Highly specific tumor binding of a 213Bi-labeled monoclonal antibody against mutant E-cadherin suggests its usefulness for loco regional alpha-radioimmunotherapy of diffuse-type gastric cancer. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:2804-2808.
24. BUCHEGGER F, ROTH A, ALLAL A et al; Radioimmunotherapyofcolorectal cancer liver métastases: combination with radiotherapy. Ann. NYAcaJ. Sei. (2000) 910:263-269 (discussion 269-270).
25. CLARKE K, LEE FT, BRECHBIEL MW, SMYTH FE, OLD LJ, SCOTT AM: In vivo biodistribution of a humanized antiLewis Y monoclonal antibody (hu3S193) in MCF-7 xenografted BALB/c nude mice. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:4804-11.
26. WILLIAMS LE, WU AM, YAZAKI PJ et at.: Numerical selection of optimal tumor imaging agents with application to engineered antibodies. Cancer Brother. RaJiofharm. (2001) 16:25-35.
27. FUJIOKAY.ARANOY.ONOM et al.: Renal metabolism of 3′-iodohippuryl N(epsilon)-maleoyl-L-lysine (HML)-conjugated Fab fragments. Bioconjug. Chem. (2001) 12:178-185.
28. SEGAL DM, WEINER GJ, WEINER LM: Introduction: bispecific antibodies.J. Immunol. Methods (2001) 248:1-6.
29. CARTER P: Bispecific human IgG by design./ Immunol Methods (2001) 248:7-15.
30. TAKEMURAS,ASANOR,TSUMOTO K étal.: Construction of a diabody (small recombinant bispecific antibody) using a refolding system. Protein Eng. (2000) 13:583-538.
31. SCHOONJANS R, WILLEMS A, SCHOONOOGHE S, LEGEN J, GROOTEN J, MERTENS N: A new model for intermediate molecular weight recombinant bispecific and trispecific antibodies by efficient heterodimerization of single chain variable domains through fusion to a Fab-chain. Biomol. Eng. (2001) 17:193-202.
32. SCHUHMACHER J.KAUL S, KLTVENYI G et ai: Immunoscintïgraphy with positron emission tomography: gallium-68 chelate imaging of breast cancer pretargeted with bispecific anti-MUCl/ anti-Ga chelate antibodies. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:3712-3717.
33. HILLAIRETDEBOISFERONM, RAGUIN O, DUSSAILLANT M, ROSTENE W, BARBAT J, GRUAZGUYON A: Enhanced targeting specificity to rumor cells by simultaneous recognition of two antigens. Bioconjug. Chem. (2000) 11:452-460.
34. HONEYCHURCHJ.TUTTAL, VALERIUS T, HEIJNENIA, VAN DE WINKEL JG, GLENNIE MJ: Therapeutic efficacy of FcgammaRI/CD64-directed bispecific antibodies in B-cell lymphoma. AW (2000) 96:3544-3552.
35. COCHLOVIUS B, KIPRIYANOV SM, STASSAR MJ etaL: Treatment of human B cell lymphoma xenografts with a CD3 x CD19 diabody and T cells.J. ImmunoL (2000a) 165:888-895.
36. KATZENWADELA.SCHLEERH, GIERSCHNER D, WETTERAUER U, ELSASSER-BEILE U: Construction and in vivo evaluation of an anti-PSA x anti-CD3 bispecific antibody for the immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Anti-Cancer Res. (2000) 20:551-555.
37. MANZKEO.TESCHH.BORCHMANN P etaL Locoregional treatment of low-grade B-cell lymphoma with CD3xCD19 bispecific antibodies and CD28 costimulation. I. Qinical Phase I evaluation. Int.]. Cancer (2001) 91:508-515.
38. JUNG G, BRANDL M, EISNER W et ab. Local immunotherapy of glioma patients with a combination of 2 bispecific antibody fragments and resting autologous lymphocytes: evidence for in situ t-cell activation and therapeutic efficacy. Int.J. Cancer (200la) 91:225-230.
39. WALLACE PK, KAUFMAN PA, LEWIS LD etal.: Bispecific antibody-targeted phagocytosis of HER-2/neu expressing tumor cells by myeloid cells activated in vivo.]. Immunol Methods (2001) 248:167-182.
40. ROBERTE, GUILLAUME P, LUESCHER I, ROMERO P, MACH JP: Antibody-conjugated MHC class I tetramers can target tumor cells for specific lysis by T lymphocytes. Eur. J. ImmunoL (2000)30:3165-3170.
41. JUNGG.GROSSE-HOVESTL, KRAMMER PH, RAMMENSEE HG: . Targer cell-restricted triggering of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) deadi receptor with bispecific antibody fragments. Cancer Res. (2001b) 61:846-848.
42. WILLEMSEN RA, WEIJTENS ME, RONTELTAP C et al: Grafting primary human T lymphocytes with cancer-specific chimeric single chain and two chain TCR. Gene Ther. (2000) 7:1369-1377.
43. GRIFFIN MD.HOLMANPO, TANG Q etaL: Development and applications of surface-linked single chain antibodies against T-cell antigens.J. Immunol. Methods (2001) 248:77-90.
44. COCHLOVIUS B, KIPRIYANOV SM, STASSAR MJ et al: Cure of Burkitt's lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficiency mice by T cells, tetravalent CD3 f. CD 19 tandem diabody, and CD28 costimulation. Cancer Res. (2000b) 60:4336-4341.
45. HAISMA HJ, GRILL J, CURIEL DT it al: Targeting of adenoviral vectors through a bispecific single-chain antibody. Cancer Gene Ther. (2000) 7:901-904.
46. ISRAEL BF, PCIKLES RJ, SEGAL DM, GERARD RD, KENNEY SC: Enhancement of adcnovirus vector Entry into CD70-positive B-cell lines by using a bispecific CD70-adenovirus fiber antibody. J. Vtrol (2001)75:5215-5221.
47. CAO Y, SURESH MR: Bispecific MAb aided liposomal drug deliver)1.J. Drug Target (2000) 8:257-266.
48. KREITMAN RJ: Immunotoxins. Expert Of in. Pharmacother. (2000) 1:117-129.
49. ROZEMULLERH.CHOWDHURYPS, PASTAN I, KREITMAN RJ: Isolation of new anti-CD30 scFvs from DNA-immunized mice by phage display and biologic activity of recombinant immunotoxins produced by fusion with truncated Pscudomonas exotoxin. Int. J. Cancer (2001) 92:861-870.
50. SCHINDLERJ.SAUSVILLEE, MESSMANN R, UHR JW, VITETTA ES: The toxiciry of deglycosylated ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is exacerbated by prior radiotherapy, a retrospective analysis of patients in five clinical trials. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:255-258.
51. SIMEONOYA, MATSUSHITA M, JUBAN EA ttaL: Blue-fluorescent antibodies. Science (2000) 290:307-313.
52. CHESTER KA.BHATIAJ, BOXER G et aL: Clinical applications of phagc-derived sFvs and sFv fusion proteins. Dis. Markers (2000) 16:53-62.
53. KEPPLER-HAFKEMEYERA, KREITMAN RJ, PASTAN I: Apoptosis induced by immunotoxins used in the treatment of hématologie malignancies. Int. J. Cancer (2000) 87:6-94.
54. RIPPMANN JF, PFIZENMAIER K, MATTES R, RETTIG WJ, MOOSMAYER D: Fusion of the tissue factor extracellular domain to a tumour stroma specific single-chain fragment variable antibody results in an antigen-specific coagulation-promoting molecule. Biochem.]. (2000) 349:805-812.
55. ONDAM.WILLINGHAMM.WANG QC et ab. Inhibition of TNF-alpha produced by Kupffer cells protects against the nonspecific liver toxicity of immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38, LMB-2. J. ImmunoL (2000) 165:7150-7156.
56. CASEYJL.COLEYAM.TILLEYLM, FOLEY M: Green fluorescent antibodies: novel in vitro tools. Protein Eng. (2000) 13:445-452.
57. HINKMA,GRIEPRA,BORSTJW et al: Structural dynamics of green fluorescent protein alone and fused with a single chain Fv protein.J. BioL Chem. (2000) 275:17556-17560.
58. JEONG LEE H.PARDRIDGEWM: Drug targeting to the brain using avidin-biotin technology in the mouse; (blood-brain barrier, monoclonal antibody, transferrin receptor, Alzheimers disease).J. Drug Target (2000) 8:413-424.
59. BICKELU.YOSHIKAWAT, PARDRIDGE WM: Delivery of peptides and proteins through the blood-brain barrier. Adv. DrugDctiv. Rev. (2001) 46:47-79.
60. SHI N, PARDRIDGE WM: Noninvasive gene targeting to the brain. Proc. NatL Acad. Set. USA (2000) 97:7567-7572. Describes the novel and efficient use of recombinant antibodies with specificity to transferrin coupled to liposomes to deliver exogenous genes into the brain. These immunoliposomes constitute stable and very promising delivery systems.
61. XUXCLARKERSZALAI G et al.: Targeting and therapy of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors in transgenic mice with an antibody-interleukin 2 fusion protein. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:4475-4484.
62. THOR STRATEN P, GULDBERG P, SCHRAMA D et al: In situ cytokine therapy: redistribution of clonally expanded T cells. Eur.J. Immunol. (2001) 31:250-258.
63. An important study reporting the use of antibody-IL2 fusions. T-cells activated by such fusions were able to circulate and mediate eradication of distant tumour sites.
64. RUNYONK,LEEK,ZUBEREKK, COLLINS M, LEONARD JP, DUNUSSI-JOANNOPOULOS K: The combination of chemotherapy and systemic immunotherapy with soluble B7-immunoglobulin G leads to cure of murine leukemia and lymphoma and demonstration of tumor-specific memory responses. Blood (XjQ\) 97:2420-2426.
65. MARSHALL KW, MARKS JD: Engineering and characterization of a novel fusion protein incorporating B7.2 and an anti-ErbB-2 single-chain antibody fragment for the activation of Jurkat T cells. J. Immunother. (2001) 24:27-36.
66. ULLENHAG G, BIRD C, RAGNHAMMAR P etaL: Incidence of GM-CSF antibodies in cancer patients receiving GM-CSF for immunostimulation. Clin. Immunol. (2001) 99:65-74.
67. VTTI F, NILSSON F, DEMARTIS S, HUB ER A, NERI D: Design and use of phage display libraries for the selection of antibodies and enzymes. Methods EnzymoL (2000) 326:480-505.
68. CHAMES P, HUGTON SE, COULIE PG, UCHANSKA-ZIEGLER B, HOOGENBOOM HR: Direct selection of a human antibody fragment directed against the tumor T-ccll epitope HLA-A1-MAGE-Al from a nonimmunized phage-Fab library. Proc. NatL AcaJ. Sei. USA (2000) 97:7969-7974.
69. COOKE SP, BOXER GM, LAWRENCE L et al.: A strategy for antitumor vascular therapy by targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor: receptor complex. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:3653-3659.
70. KOENDERMAN L, KANTERS D, MAESEN B etaL: Monitoring of neutrophil priming in whole blood by antibodies isolated from a synthetic phage antibody library./ Leukoc. Biol. (2000) 68:58-64.
71. HUIE MA, CHEUNG MC, MUENCH MO, BECERRIL B, KAN YW, MARKS JD: Antibodies to human fetal erythroid cells from a nonimmune phage antibody library. Proc. NatL AcaJ. Sei. USA (2001) 98:2682-2687.
72. SODERLIND E, STRANDBERG L, JIRHOLT P etaL: Recombining germline-derived CDR sequences for creating diverse single-framework antibody libraries. Nature Biotechnol. (2000) 18:852-856.
73. HOOGENBOOM HR, CHAMES P: Natural and designer binding sites made by phage display technology. ImmunoL. Today (2000)21:371-278.
74. JESTINJUVOLIOTIG, WINTER G: Improving the display of proteins on filamentous phage. Res. MicrobioL (2001) 152:187-191.
75. ROOVERSRC, VAN DER LINDEN E, DE BRUINE AP, ARENDS JW, HOOGENBOOM HR: Identification of colon tumour-associated antigens by phage antibody selections on primary colorectal carcinoma. Eur.J. Cancer (2001a) 37:542-549.
76. HE1TNER T, MOOR A, GARRISON JL, MARKS C, HASAN T, MARKS JD: Selection of cell binding and internalizing epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies from a phage display library.J. ImmunoL Methods (2001) 248:17-30.
77. MOTTERSHEADDG.ALFTHANK, OJALA K, TAKKINEN K, OKER-BLOM C: Baculoviral display of functional scFv and synthetic IgG-binding domains. Biochem. Biofhys. Res. Commun. (2000) 275:84-90.
78. IRVINGRA,COIAG,ROBERTSA, NUTTALL SD, HUDSON PJ: Ribosomc display and affinity maturation: from antibodies to single V-domains and steps towards cancer therapeutics./ ImmunoL Methods (2001) 248:31-45.
79. HANESJ.JERMUTUSL, PLUCKTHUN A; Selecting and evolving functional proteins in vitro by ribosome display. Methods EnzymoL (2000a) 328:404-430.
80. HANESJ,SCHAFFITZELC,KNAPPIK A, PLUCKTHUN A: Picomolar affinity antibodies from a fully synthetic naive library selected and evolved by ribosome display. Nature Biotechnol. (2000b) 18:1287-1292. Selection of antibody libraries in vitro resulted in one of the highest affinity reagents reported to date. This report validates the potential of ribosome display to obtain high affinity reagents.
81. WILSON DS, KEEFEAD, SZOSTAKJW: The use of mRNA display to select high-affinity protein-binding peptides. Proc. NatLAcad. Sei. USA (2001) 98:750-755.
82. KEEFEAD, SZOSTAKJW: Functional proteins from a random-sequence library. Nature (2001) 410:15-18.
83. GIOVANNONI L, VIT! F, ZARDI L, NERI D: Isolation of anti-angiogenesis antibodies from a large combinatorial repertoire by colony filter screening. Nutleic Ati4sRts.(200l)29:E27.
84. DAUGHERTYPS.IVERSONBL, GEORGIOU G: Flow cytometric screening of cell-based libraries./ ImmunoL Methods (2000)243:211-227.
85. BODERET.MIDELFORTKS, WITTRUP KD: Directed evolution of antibody fragments with monovalent femtomolar antigen-binding affinity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. (2000) 97:10701-10715.
86. KIEKE MC, SUNDBERG E, SHUSTA EV, MARIUZZA RA, WTTTRUP KD, KRANZ DM: High affinity T cell receptors from yeast display libraries block T cell activation by superantigens. J. Mol Biol. (2001) 307:305-315.
87. MOSSNER E, KOCH H, PLUCKTHUN A: Fast selection of antibodies without antigen purification: adaptation of the protein fragment complementation assay to select antigen-antibody pairs. J. MoL Biol. (2001)308:115-122.
88. IRVING RA, HUDSON PJ: Proteins emerge from disarray. Nature Biotech. 18:932-933.
89. HOLT LJ.BUSSOWK, WALTER G, TOMLINSON IM: By-passing selection: direct screening for antibody-antigen interactions using protein arrays. Nucleic Acids Res. (2000) 28:E72. An innovative method to identify antigen/ antibody interactions using protein arrays. This method is likely to become one of the methods of choice for library screening as soon as the commercial array platforms become readily available.
90. SIEGEL RW, ALLEN B.PAVLIKP, MARKS JD, BRADBURY A: Mass spectral analysis of a protein complex using single-chain antibodies selected on a pcptide target: applications to functional genomics. / Mol. BioL (2000) 302:285-293.
91. POWER BE, CAINE JM, BURNS JE it aL: Construction, Expression and Characterisation of a single-chain diabody derived from a humanised anti-Lewis Y cancer targeting antibody using a heatinducible bacterial secretion vector for application in vivo imaging of a carcinoma xenograft model. Cancer ImmunoL Immunother. (2001) 50:241-250.
92. GOELA,COLCHERD,KOOJ, BOOTH BJ, PAVLINKOVAG, BATRA SK: Relative position of the hexahistidine tag effects binding properties of a tumor-associated single-chain Fv construct. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000) 1519:13-20.
93. POWERS DB, AMERSDORFER P, POUL M ctaL: Expression of single-chain Fv-Fc fusions in Pichiapastoris. J. ImmunoL Methods (2001) 251:123-135.
94. CLYNESRA, TOWERS TL,PRESTALG, RAVENTH JV: Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nature Med. (2000) 6:443-446.
95. WORM A, PLUCKTHUN A: Stability engineering of antibody single-chain Fv fragments.J. MoL BioL (2001) 305:891010.
96. BOTHMANN H, PLUCKTHUN A: The periplasmic Escherichia coli peptidylprolyl cis.trans-isomerase FkpA. I. Increased functional expression of antibody fragments with and without cis-prolines.J. BioL Chem. (2000) 275:17100-17105.
97. NUTTALL SD, IRVING RA, HUDSON PJ: Immunoglobulin VH domains and beyond: design and selection of single-domain binding and targeting reagents. Curr. Pharmacfut. Biotfch. (2001) 1:253-262.
98. OHNO S, MORIN, MATSUNAGA T: Antigen-binding specificities of antibodies are primarily determined by seven residues of VH. Proc. NatL AcaJ. Sei. USA (1985) 82:2945-2949.
99. DESMYTERA.DECANNIEREK, MUYLDERMANS S, WYNS L: Antigen specificity and high affinity binding provided by one single loop of a camel single-domain antibody. J. BioL Chem. (2001)
100. HUFTONSE,VANNEERN,VANDEN BEUKEN T, DESMET J, SABLON E, HOOGENBOOM HR: Development and application of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 as a protein scaffold for the generation of novel binding ligands. FEES Lett. (2000)475:225-231.
101. SHUSTAEV, HOLLER PD, KIEKEMC, KRANZ DM, WITTRUP KD: Directed evolution of a stable scaffold for T-cell receptor engineering. Nature Biotechnol. (2000) 18:754-759.
102. OLLMAN SAPHIRE E, PARREN PW, BARBAS CF 3rd, BURTON DR, WILSON IA: Crystallization and preliminary structure determination of an intact human immunoglobulin, b!2: an antibody that broadly neutralizes primary isolates of HIV-1. Acta Crystallogr. D. BioL Crystallozr. (2001) 57:168-171.
103. VAN DER LINDEN RH, DE GEUS B, FRENKEN GJ, PETERS H, VERRIPS CT: Improved production and function of llama heavy chain antibody fragments by molecular evolution. J. Biotechnol. (2000) 80:261-270.
104. JIRHOLT P, STRANDBERG L, JANSSON B et ai: A central core structure in an antibody variable domain determines antigen specificity. Protein Eng. (2001) 14:67-74.
105. STEINBERGER P, SUTTON JK, RADER C, ELIA M, BARBAS CF 3rd: Generation and characterization of a recombinant human CCR5-specific antibody. A phage display approach for rabbit antibody humanization.J. BioL Chem. (2000) 275:36073-36078.
106. WANG Z, WANG Y, LI Z, LI J, DONC Z: Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody neutralizing TNF-alpha by guided selection.J. ImmunoL Methods (2000) 241:171-184.
107. BEIBOER SH, REURS A, ROOVERS RC et ai: Guided selection of a pan carcinoma specific antibody reveals similar binding characteristics yet structural divergence between the original murinc antibody and its human equivalent.J. MoL BioL (2000) 296:833-849.
108. 131I-labeled multivalent CC49 single-chain fvs. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001)7:175-184.
109. HEMACHANDRAS, KAMBOJ K, COPPER J, PIER G, GREEN LL, SCHREIBER JR: Human monoclonal antibodies against Pseudomonas aervginosa lipopolysaccharide derived from transgenic mice containing megabase human immunoglobulin loci are opsonic and protective against fatal pseudomonas sepsis. Infect. Immun. (2001) 69:2223-2229.