Hyperthermophilic enzymes: Sources, uses, and molecular mechanisms for thermostability

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-43

  Vieille, C ^a   Zeikus, G J ^a  

^a MICHIGAN BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE; AMYLASE; AMYLOPULLULANASE; BACTERIAL ENZYME; BETA AMYLASE; CELLULOSE; CYCLOMALTODEXTRIN GLUCANOTRANSFERASE; CYSTEINE; DISULFIDE; DNA POLYMERASE; GLUCAN 1,4 ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE; PROLINE; PULLULANASE; STARCH; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XYLOSE ISOMERASE;

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CATALYST; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; DIPOLE; ENTROPY; ENZYME CONFORMATION; ENZYME MECHANISM; ENZYME STABILITY; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HYDROGEN BOND; HYDROPHOBICITY; NONHUMAN; OLIGOMERIZATION; PAPER INDUSTRY; PROTEIN FOLDING; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SITE DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; SYNTHESIS; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM; THERMOSTABILITY;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; ENZYME STABILITY; ENZYMES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ARCHAEAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ENZYMOLOGIC; MUTAGENESIS, SITE-DIRECTED; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN ENGINEERING; PROTEIN FOLDING; STARCH;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 0035098779     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.65.1.1-43.2001     Document Type: Review

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163. The stability of proteins in extreme environments
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166. Methanococcus jannaschii sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic methanogen from a submarine hydrothermal vent
167. Expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant ribonuclease H from Thermus thermophilus HB8
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173. Contribution of a salt bridge to the thermostability of DNA binding protein HU from Bacillus stearothermophilus determined by site-directed mutagenesis
174. Complete genome sequence of an aerobic hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1
175. Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus
176. Purification and biochemical characterization of pullulanase type 1 from Thermus caldophilus
177. Purification and properties of a thermostable phytase from Bacillus sp. DS11
178. 95 with Gly or Asn
179. Hydrophobic interaction at the subunit interface contributes to the thermostability of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from an extreme thermophile. Thermus thermophilus
180. 10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin cyclohydrolase from the extremely thermophilic sulfate reducing Archaeoglobus fulgidus: Comparison of its properties with those of the cyclohydrolase from the extremely thermophilic Methanopyrus kandleri
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182. Crystal structure of glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima at 3.0 Å resolution
183. Refined crystal structure of a superoxide dismutase front the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius at 2.2 Å resolution
184. The crystal structure of indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus in three different crystal forms: Effects of ionic strength
185. Thermococcus profundus sp. nov., a new hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
186. Purification and properties of a thermostable pullulanase from a newly isolated thermophilic anaerobic bacterium, Fervidobacterium pennavorans ven5
187. Purification and properties of a hyperthermoactive α-amylase from the archaeobacterium Pyrococcus woesei
188. Trehalose synthesis from maltose by a thermostable trehalose synthase from Thermus culdophilus
189. Enzyme dynamics and hydrogen tunnelling in a thermophilic alcohol dehydrogenase
190. Zinc and an N-terminal extra stretch of the ferredoxin from a thermoacidophilic archaeon stabilize the molecule at high temperature
191. The crystal structure of holo-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima at 2.5 Å resolution
192. Glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima: Molecular characterization and phylogenetic implications
193. Puritication and characterization of thermostable pectate-lyases from a newly isolated thermophilic bacterium. Thennoanaerobacter italicus sp. nov
194. Enzymological characteristics of the hyperthermostable NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from the archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum and effects of denaturants and organic solvents
195. Salt bridge stability in monomeric proteins
196. 2: Quinone oxidoreductase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Characterization of a membrane-bound multisubunit complex containing FAD and iron-sulfur clusters
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201. Engineering activity and stability of Thermotoga maritima glutamate dehydrogenase. II: Construction of a 16-residue ion-pair network at the subunit interface
202. Purification and characterization of thermostable glucose isomerase from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes and Thermoanaerobacter strain B6A
203. Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and hyperexpression of α-amylase gene from an archaeon. Thermococcus profundus
204. Thermostable D-hydantoinase from thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus DS-I: Characteristics of purified enzyme
205. Characterization of the active site and thermostability regions of endoxylanase from Thermoataerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI
206. Gene cloning, sequencing, and biochemical characterization of endoxylanase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI
207. Genetic organization, sequence and biochemical characterization of recombinant β-xylosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum strain BOA-RI
208. Comparative kinetics of D-xylose and D-glucose isomerase activities of the D-xylose isomerase from Thermus aquaticus HB8
209. Fermentation alcohol
210. Characterization of the transition state of protein unfolding by use of molecular dynamics: Chymotrypsin inhibitor 2
211. Identification and characterization of the unfolding transition state of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 by molecular dynamics simulations
212. Molecular dynamics simulation of the unfolding of barnase: Characterization of the major intermediate
213. Crystal structure of a thermophilic alcohol dehydrȯgenase substrate complex suggests determinants of substrate specificity and thermostability
214. Thermodynamic stability of archaeal histones
215. Analysis of the gene for β-fructosidase (invertase, inulinase) of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima, and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli
216. Analysis of a Thermotoga maritima DNA fragment encoding two similar thermostable cellulases, CelA and CelB and characterization of the recombinant enzymes
217. Properties of an α-galactosidase, and structure of its gene galA, within an α- and β-galactoside utilization gene cluster of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga muritima
218. The crystal structure of an Fe-superoxide dismutase from the hyperthermophile Aquifex pyrophilus at 1.9 Å resolution: Structural basis for thermostability
219. Purification and cloning of a thermostable xylose (glucose) isomerase with an acidic pH optimum from Thermoanaerobacterium strain JW/SL-YS 489
220. The causes of sharply bent or discontinuous Arrhenius plots for enzyme-catalyzed reactions
221. Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates
222. 420-dependent) from the extreme thermophile Methanopvrus kandleri
223. 2-forming) from the extreme thermophile Methanopyrus kandleri
224. Small structural changes account lot the high thermostability of 1[4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima
225. The crystal structure of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Thermotoga maritima: A comparative thermostability structural analysis of ten different TIM structures
226. Design, structure and stability of a hyperthermophilic protein variant
227. Cloning, overexpression, and properties of a new thermophilic and thermostable esterase with sequence similarity to hormone-sensitive lipase subfamily from the archaeon Archacoglubus fulgidus
228. Extreme stabilization of a thermolysin-like protease by an engineered disulfide bond
229. The protein sequence of glutamate dehy-drogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, a thermoacidophilic archaebacterium. Is the presence of N-ε-methyllysine related to thermostability?
230. Activation of the glucose isomerase by divalent cations; evidence for two distinct metal-binding sites
231. Thermococcus haraphilus sp. nov., a new barophilic and hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated under high hydrostatic pressure from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
232. Substrate competition and specificity at the active site of amylopullulanase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum
233. Sequencing of the amylopullulanase (apu) gene of Thermoanacrobacter ethanolicus 39E, and identification of the active site by site directed mutagenesis
234. Improved purification and biochemical characterization of extracellular amylopullulanase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E
235. Substantial increase of protein stability by multiple disulphide bonds
236. Enchanted protein thermostability from site-directed mutations that decrease the entropy of unfolding
237. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of the gene encoding cyclic 2.3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase, the key enzyme of cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate metabolism in Methanothennus fervidus
238. Gene cloning expression, and characterization of the Sac7 proteins from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
239. Hyperthermophile protein folding thermodynamics: Differential scanning calorimetry and chemical denaturation of Sac7d
240. Characterization of a cytochrome P450 from the acidothermophilic archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus
241. Thermotoga maritima maltosyltransferase, a novel type of maltodextrin glycosyltransferase acting on starch and malto-oligosaccharides
242. Thermal stabilization of xylose isomerase from Thermoanoerobacterium thermosulfurigenes
243. Switching substrate preference of thermophilic xylose isomerase from D-xylose to D-glucose by redesigning the substrate binding pocket
244. The hyperthermostable indoleglycerol phosphate synthase from Thermotoga maritima is destabilized by mutational disruption of two solvent-exposed salt bridges
245. Pressure-enhanced activity and stability of a hyperthermophilic protease from a deep-sea methanogen
246. High pressure-temperature bioreactor: Assay of thermostable hydrogenase with fiber optics
247. Thermococcus stetteri sp. nov., a new extremely thermophilic marine sulfur-metabolizing archaebacterium
248. The crystal structures of mutated 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus HBS and their relationship to the thermostability of the enzyme
249. Mechanism-based strategies for protein thermostabilization
250. Arginine residues as stabilizing elements in proteins
251. Ruthenium-mediated protein cross-linking and stabilization
252. Citrate synthase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon. Pyrococcus furiosus
253. Structure of Thermus thermophilus HB8 aspartate aminotransferase and its complex with maleate
254. Conformational stability of dimeric proteins: Quantitative studies by equilibrium denaturation
255. High pressure, high-temperature bioreactor for comparing effects of hyperbaric and hydrostatic pressure on bacterial growth
256. Evidence for lateral gene transfer between archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima
257. Dimers of Thermus thermophilus elongation factors Ts are required for its function as a nucleotide exchange factor of elongation factor Tu
258. Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov.: A new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria
259. Protein folding and association: Insights from the interfacial and thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons
260. Enhanced protein thermostability from designed mutations that interact with α-helix dipoles
261. Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application
262. Reversible thermal unfolding of thermostable cytochrome c-552
263. Reversible unfolding of thermostable phosphoglycerate kinase. Thermostability associated with mean zero enthalpy change
264. Electrostatic stabilization in methionine aminopeptidase from hyperthermophile Pyrocuccus furiosus
265. Improvement of bacterial β-glucanase thermostability by glycosylation
266. Extremely thermostable L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Thermotoga maritima: Cloning, characterization, and crystallization of the recombinant enzyme in its tetrameric and octameric state
267. Contribution of the hydrophobic effects to globular protein stability
268. Disruption of an ionic network leads to accelerated thermal denaturation of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima
269. Intervening sequences in an archaea DNA polymerase gene
270. Electrostatic effects in proteins
271. Stereochemical basis of heat stability in bacterial ferredoxins and in haemoglobin A2
272. Ferredoxin from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima is stable beyond the boiling point of water
273. Complementation of a pgk deletion mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with expression of the phosphoglycerate-kinase gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus
274. Pyrodictium abyssi sp. nov. represents a novel heterotrophic marine archaeal hyperthermophile growing at 110°C
275. A thermodynamic approach in the problem of stabilization of globular protein structure: A calorimetric study
276. The catalytic and regulatory properties of aspartate transcarbamoylase from Pyrococcus abyssi, a new deep-sea hyperthermophilic archaebacterium
277. Enhancing the thermostability of glucose isomerase by protein engineering
278. Ion pairs involve in maintaining a thermostable structure of glutamate dehydrogenase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon
279. Effects of hydrostatic pressure on growth of hyperthermophilic archaebacteria from the Juan de Fuca Ridge
280. Isolation of the gene encoding Pyrococcus furiosus ornithine carbamoyltransferase and study of its expression profile in vivo and in vitro
281. Isolation and characterization of a heat-stable pullulanase from the hyperthermorphilic archaeon Pyrococcus woesei after cloning and expression of its gene in Escherichia coli
282. The crystal structure of citrate synthase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus at 1.9 Å resolution
283. Thermostable β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase from Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1
284. Thermostable cellobiohydrolase from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1
285. Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes functional above 100°C
286. Characterization of thermostable α-glucosidase from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E
287. Novel highly thermostable pullulanase from thermophiles
288. An extremely heat-stable extracellular proteinase (aeropyrolysin) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1
289. Aeropyrum pernix gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel aerobic hyperthermophilic archaeon growing at temperatures up to 100°C
290. Purification and characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanothermus sociabilis
291. Structural basis of increased resistance to thermal denaturation induced by single amino acid substitution in the sequence of β-glucosidase A from Bacillus polymyxa
292. Sequence and expression of a xylanase gene from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its activity on kraft pulp
293. Carbon assimilation by the autotrophic thermophilic archaebacterium Thermoproteus neutrophilus
294. Characterization of pectinolytic enzymes of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes
295. Directed evolution of industrial enzymes
296. Purification and characterization of a novel amylolytic enzyme from ES4, a marine hyperthemophilic archaeum
297. Complete amino-acid sequence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima
298. Topographical and enzymatic characterization of amylases from the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima
299. Acidianus infernus gen. nov., sp. nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. nov.: Facultative aerobic, extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria
300. Stygiolobus azoricus gen. nov., sp. nov. represents a novel genus of anaerobic, extremely thermoacidophilic archaebacteria of the order Sulfolobales
301. Aromatic-aromatic interactions and protein stability. Investigation by double-mutant cycles
302. Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable β-amylase from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes
303. Activation and thermostabilization effects of cyclic 2.3-diphosphoglycerate on enzymes from the hyperthermophilic Methanococcus kandleri
304. Lyotropic-salt-induced changes in monomer/dimer/tetramer association equilibrium of formyltransferase from the hyperthermophilic Methanopyrus kandleri in relation to the activity and thermostability of the enzyme
305. Contribution of hydrogen bonding to the conformational stability of ribonuclease TI
306. An extremely thermostable xylanase from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga
307. X-ray structure of pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus litoralis
308. Calcium-mediated thermostability in the subtilisin superfamily: The crystal structure of Bacillus Ak.l protease at 1.8 Å resolution
309. Purification and properties of a thermoactive glucoamylase from Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
310. Molecular determinants if xylose isomerase thermal stability and activity: Analysis by site-directed mutagenesis
311. Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling
312. Phosphoribosyt anthranilate isomerase from Thermotoga maritima is an extremely stable and active homodimer
313. Archaeoglobus fulgidus gen. nov., sp.: A new taxon of extremely thermophilic archaebacteria
314. Extremophiles and their adaptation to hot environments
315. Hyperthermophiles in the history of life
316. Hyperthermophiles: Isolation, classification, and properties
317. Hyperthermophilic procaryotes
318. Ultrathin mycelia-forming organisms from submarine volcanic areas having an optimum growth temperature of 105°C
319. Pyrodictium gen. nov., a new genus of submarine disc-shaped sulphur reducing archaebacteria growing optimally at 105°C
320. Methamothermus fervidus. sp. nov., a novel extremely thermophilix methanogen isolated from an iceland hot spring
321. Purification and characterization of two thermostable endo-1. 4-β-D-xylanases from Thermotoga thermarum
322. A hyperthermostable pullulanase produces by an extreme thermophilic, Bacillus flavocaldarius KP 1228, and evidence for the proline theory of increasing protein thermostability
323. Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase from a newly isolated hyperthermophilic archaeon, a Thermococcus sp.
324. Crystal structure of methionine aminopeptidase from hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus
325. Extremely thermostable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from an extreme thermophile, Rhodothermus obamensis
326. Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney
327. Determinants of enzyme thermostability observed in the molecular structure of Thermus aquaticus D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at 2.5 Å resolution
328. Crystal structure of thermitase at 1.4 Å resolution
329. Structure and function of mutationally generated monomers of dimeric phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase from Thermotoga maritima
330. Pulp and paper
331. Mechanisms of irreversible thermal inactivation of Bacillus α-amylases
332. Why is one Bacillus α-amylase more resistant against irreversible thermoinactivation than another?
333. Stabilization of lysozyme against irreversible inactivation by alterations of the Asp-Gly sequences
334. The effect of ion pairs on the thermal stability of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima
335. Functional expression of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima in Escherichia coli. Authenticity and kinetic properties of the recombinant enzyme
336. Mutation of serine-39 to threonine in thermostable secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus changes enantiospecificity
337. Purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from streptomyces thermoviolaccus OPC-520
338. Methionine amino-peptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: Molecular cloning and overexpression in Eschrichia coli of the gene, and characteristics of the enzyme
339. Pyrrolidone carboxyl peptidase from the hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: Cloning and overexpression in Escherichia coli of the gene, and its application to protein sequence analysis
340. Organization and nucleotide sequence of the DNA polymerase gene from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus
341. The carbamoyl-phosphate syntherase of Pyrococcus furiosus is enzymologically and structure a carbamate kinase
342. Iron superoxide dismulase from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus: Analysis of structure and thermostability
343. Engineering an enzyme to resist boiling
344. Analysis of structural determinants of the stability of thermolysin-like proteases by molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis
345. Protein thermostability above 100°C: A key role for ionic interactions
346. Thermozymes
347. xylA cloning and sequencing and biochemical characterization of xyloxe isomerase from Thermotoga neapolitana
348. Relationship of protein flexibility to thermostability
349. Structural features responsible for kinetic thermal stability of a carboxypeptidase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus
350. Thermal destruction processes in proteins involving cystine residues
351. The effect of temperature on protein structure
352. Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. nov., a novel nitratereducing hyperthermophilic archaeum
353. The structure of a trimeric archaeal adenylate kinase
354. Characterization of the celB gene coding for β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and its expression and site-directed mutation in Escherichia coli
355. Thermostabilization of the Bacillus circulans xylanase by the introduction of disulfide bonds
356. Influence of the carbohydrate moiety on the stability of glycoproteins
357. Study of the stability and unfolding mechanism of BBAI by molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures
358. Multiple proline substitutions cumulatively thermostabilize Bacillus cereus ATCC7064 oligo-1,6-glucosidase
359. Effect of protein conformation on rate of deamidation: Ribonuclease A
360. A metal-mediated hydride shift mechanism for xylose isomerase based on the 1.6 Å Streptomyces rubiginosus structures with xylitol and D-xylose
361. Purification and characterization of recombinant Thermotoga maritima dihydrofolate reductase
362. Identification of a novel cellulose-binding domain within the multidomain 120 kDa xylanase XynA of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima
363. Extremely thermostable D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the eubacterium Thermotoga maritima
364. Nonenzymatic deamidation of asparaginyl and glutamyl residues in proteins
365. The structure of Pyrococcus furiosus glutamate dehydrogenase reveals a key role for ion-pair networks in maintaining enzyme stability at extreme temperature
366. Insights into the molecular basis of thermal stability from the analysis of ion-pair networks in the glutamate dehydrogenase family
367. Why does ribonuclease irreversibly inactivate at high temperatures?
368. Adjustment of conformational flexibility is a key event in the thermal adaptation of proteins
369. Biocatalysis in anaerobic extremophiles
370. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophieus sp. nov., an anaerobic, autotrophic, extreme thermophile
371. Multiple alanine replacements within alpha-helix 126-134 of T4 lysozyme have independent, additive effects on both structure and stability
372. Directed evolution converts subtilisin E into a functional equivalent of thermitase
373. NMR structure and comparison of the archaeal histone HFoB from the mesophile Methanobacterium formicicum with HMfB from the hyperthermophile Methanothermus fervidus
374. The archaebacterium Thermofilum pendens represents a novel genus of the thermophilic, anaerobic sulfur respiring Thermoproteales
375. Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaebacterium that ferments peptides
376. The archaebacterium Thermococcus celer represents, a novel genus within the thermophilic branch of the archaebacteria
377. Pyrococcus woesei, sp. nov., and ultra-thermophilic marine archaebacterium, representing a novel order, Thermococcales
378. Screening for Sulfolobales, their plasmids and their viruses in icelandic solfataras
379. Desulfurococcaceae, the second family of the extremely thermophilic, anaerobic, sulfur-repiring Thermoproteales
380. Thermoproteales: A novel type of extremely thermoacidophilic anaerobic archaebacteria isolated from icelandic solfataras
381. The Sulfolobus-Caldariella group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases
382. Desulfurolobus ambivalens, gen. nov., sp. nov., an autotrophic archaebacterium facultatively oxidizing or reducing sulfur
383. Caldococcus litoralis gen. nov. sp. nov. - A new marine, extremely thermophilic, sulfur-reducing archaebacterium
384. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus woesei: Characterization of the enzyme, cloning and sequencing of the gene, and expression in Escherichia coli