Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 51, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 711-729

  Niehaus, F ^a   Bertoldo, C ^a   Kahler M ^a   Antranikian, G ^a  

^a HAMBURG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE; AMYLASE; CELLULASE; CHITINASE; CYCLODEXTRIN; GLUCOSE ISOMERASE; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; POLYMER; PROTEINASE; PULLULANASE; XYLAN ENDO 1,3 BETA XYLOSIDASE;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CATALYST; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ECOLOGY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME MODIFICATION; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; INDUSTRIAL AREA; SHORT SURVEY;

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA; BIOPOLYMERS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 0033050423     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s002530051456     Document Type: Short Survey

References (200)

1. Ammendola S, Raia CA, Caruso C, Camardella L, Auria S, De Rosa M, Rossi M (1992) Thermostable NAD dependent alcohol deydrogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus: gene protein sequence determination and relationship to other alcohol deydrogenases. Biochemistry 31: 12514-12523
2. Annison G (1992) Commercial enzyme supplementation of wheat- based diets raises ileal glycanase activitites and improves apparent metabolisable energy starch and pentosan digestibilities in broiler chockens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 38: 105-121
3. Antranikian G (1992) Microbial degradation of starch. In: Winkelmann G (eds) Microbial degradation of natural products, vol 2. VCH, Weilheim, pp 28-50
4. Auer T, Landre PA, Myers TW (1995) Properties of the 5′-3′ exonuclease/ribonuclease H activity of Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 34: 4994-5002
5. Barany F (1991) Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification using cloned thermostable ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 189-193
6. Barany F, Gelfand DH (1991) Cloning, overexpression and nucleotide sequence of a thermostable DNA ligase-encoding gene. Gene 109: 1-11
7. Barnes WM (1992) The fidelity of Taq polymerase catalyzing PCR is improved by an N-terminal deletion. Gene 112: 29-35
8. Barnes WM (1994) PCR amplification of up to 35-kb DNA fragments with high fidelity and high yield from lambda bacteriophage templates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 2216-2220
9. Bauer MW, Driskill LE, Callen W, Snead MA, Mathur EJ, Kelly RM (1999) An endoglucanase, EglA, from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus hydrolizes α-1,4 bonds in mixed-linkage (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-D-glucans and cellulose. J Bacteriol 181: 284-290
10. Becker P, Abu-Reesh I, Markossian S, Antranikian G, Märkl H (1997) Determination of the kinetic parameters during continuous cultivation of the lipase producing thermophile Bacillus sp. IHI-91 on olive oil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 48: 184-190
11. Bertoldo C, Duffner F, Jørgensen PL, Antranikian G (1999) Pullulanase type I from Fervidobacterium pennavorans Ven5: cloning, sequencing, expression of the gene and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol Vol. 65
12. Bharat B, Hoondal GS (1998) Isolation, purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. Biotechnol Lett 20: 157-159
13. Bibel M, Brettl C, Gosslar U, Kriegshäuser G, Liebl W (1998) Isolation and analysis of genes for amylolytic enzymes of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. FEMS Microbiol Lett 158: 9-15
14. Blanco L, Bernad A, Blasco MA, Salas M (1991) A general structure for DNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Gene 100: 27-38
15. Blumentals II, Robinson AS, Kelly RM (1992) Characterization of sodiumdodecyl sulphate-resistant proteolytic activity in the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 56: 1992-1998
16. Bok JD, Goers SK, Eveleigh DE (1994) Cellulase and xylanase systems of Thermotoga neapolitana. ACS Symp Ser 566: 54-65
17. Bok JD, Dinesh A, Yernool DA, Eveleigh D (1998) Purification, characterization and molecular analysis of thermostable cellulases Cel A and Cel B from Thermotoga neapolitana. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 4774-4781
18. Bost DA, Stoffel S, Landre P, Lawyer FC, Akers J, Abramson RD, Gelfand DH (1994) Enzymatic characterization of Thermotoga maritima DNA polymerase and a truncated form, Ultma DNA polymerase. FASEB J 8: A1395
19. Bragger JM, Daniel RM, Coolbear T, Morgan HW (1989) Very stable enzyme from extremely thermophilic archaeabacteria and eubacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 31: 556-561
20. Bronnenmeier K, Kern A, Liebl W, Staudenbauer WL (1995) Purification of Thermotoga maritima enzymes for the degradation of cellulose materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1399-1407
21. Brown SH, Kelly RM (1993) Characterization of amylolytic enzymes, having both a-1,4 and a-1,6 hydrolytic activity, from the thermophilic archaea Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus litoralis. Appl Environ Microbiol 59: 2614-2621
22. Brown SH, Sjholm C, Kelly RM (1993) Purification and characterization of a higly thermostable glucose isomerase produced by the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. Biotechnol Bioeng 41: 878-886
23. Burdette D, Secundo F, Phillips R, Dong J, Scott R, Zeikus JG (1997) Biophysical and mutagenic analysis of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E secondary alcohol deydrogenase and enzyme biochemical characterization. Biochem J 316: 112-122
24. Burlini N, Magnani P, Villa A, Macchi F, Tortora P, Guerritore A (1992) A heat-stable serine proteinase from the extreme ther mophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1122: 283-292
25. Canganella F, Andrade C, Antranikian G (1994) Characterization of amylolytic and pullulytic enzymes from thermophilic archaea and from a new Fervidobacterium species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42: 239-245
26. Cannio R, Fiorentino G, Carpinelli P, Rossi M, Bartolucci S (1996) Cloning and overexpression in Escherichia coli of the genes encoding NAD-dependent alcohol deydrogenase from two Sulfolobus species. J Bacteriol 178: 301-305
27. Cariello NF, Swenberg JA, Skopek TR (1991) Fidelity of Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase (Vent) in PCR determined by denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 4193-4198
28. Cha RS, Zarbel H, Keohavong P, Thilly WG (1992) Mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA): application to the c-H-ras gene. PCR Methods Appl 2: 14-20
29. Chandy T, Sharma CP (1990) Chitosan as a biomaterial. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 31: 1-24
30. Chen CC, Adolphson R, Dean FDJ, Eriksson KEL, Adamas MWW, Westpheling J (1997) Release of lignin from kraft pulp by a hyperthermophilic xylanase from Thermotoga maritima. Enzyme Microbiol Technol 20: 39-45
31. Cheng S, Fockler C, Barnes WM, Higushi R (1994) Effective amplification of long targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 5695-5699
32. Chien A, Edgar DB, Trela JM (1976) Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. J Bacteriol 127: 1550-1557
33. Chung YC, Kobayashi T, Kanai H, Akiba T, Kudo T (1995) Purification and properties of extracellular amylase from the hyperthermophilic archeon Thermococccus profundus DT5432. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1502-1506
34. Ciaramella M, Cannio R, Moracci M, Pisani FM, Rossi M (1995) Molecular biology of extremophiles. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11: 71-84
35. Classen HL (1996) Cereal grain starch and exogenous enzymes in poultry diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 33: 791-794
36. Cline J, Braman JC, Hogrefe HH (1996) PCR fidelity of Pfu DNA polymerase and other thermostable DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res 24: 3546-3551
37. Cohen J (1994) "Long PCR" leaps into larger DNA sequences. Science 263: 1564-1565
38. Cohen-Kupiec R, Chet I (1998) The molecular biology of chitin digestion. Curr Opin Biotechnol 9: 270-277
39. Cowan DA, Smolenski KA, Daniel RM, Morgan HW (1987) An extremely thermostable extracellular proteinase from a strain of the archaebacterium Desulfurococcus growing at 88 °C. Biochem J 247: 121-133
40. Crabb WD, Mitchinson C (1997) Enzymes involved in the processing of starch to sugars. Trends Biotechnol 15: 349-352
41. Cubellis MV, Rozzo C, Montecucchi P, Rossi M (1990) Isolation and sequencing of a new β-galactosidase-encoding archaebacterial gene. Gene 94: 89-94
42. Dong Q, Copeland WC, Wang TS (1993) Mutational studies of human DNA polymerase alpha. Identification of residues critical for deoxynucleotide binding and misinsertion fidelity of DNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 268: 24163-24174
43. Dong G, Vieille C, Savchenko A, Zeikus JG (1997a) Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding extracellular α-amylase from Pyrococcus furiosus and biochemical characterisation of the recombinant enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3569-3576
44. Dong G, Vieille C, Zeikus JG (1997b) Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene amylopullulanase from Pyrococcus furiosus and biochemical characterisation of the recombinant enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 3577-3584
45. Dunning AM, Talmud P, Humphries SE (1988) Errors in the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 10393
46. Eggen HIL, Geerling A, Watts J, Vos WM de (1990) Characterization of pyrolysin, a hyperthermoactive serine protease from the archaeobacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 71: 17-20
47. El-Deiry WS, Downey KM, So AG (1984) Molecular mechanisms of manganese mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 7378-7382
48. Erlich HA, Gelfand DH, Saiki RK (1988) Specific DNA amplification-product review. Nature 331: 461-462
49. 33P]-labeled ddNTP terminators: a new approach to DNA sequencing with Thermo Sequenase DNA polymerase. Biotechniques 21: 1132-1137
50. Fiala G, Stetter KO (1986) Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100 °C. Arch Microbiol 145: 56-61
51. Frey B, Suppmann B (1995) Demonstration of the Expand PCR System's greater fidelity and higher yields with a lacI-based fidelity assay. Biochemica 2: 34-35
52. Friedrich A, Antranikian G (1996) Keratin degradation by Fervidobacterium pennavorans, a novel thermophilic anaerobic species of the order Thermotogales. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 2875-2882
53. Frohman MA, Dush MK, Martin GR (1988) Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts: amplification using a single gene specific oligonucleotide primer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 8998-9002
54. Fujiwara S, Okuyama S, Imanaka T (1996) The world of archaea: genome analysis, evolution and thermostable enzymes. Gene 179: 165-170
55. Fukusumi S, Kamizono A, Horinouchi S, Beppu T (1988) Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a heat stable amylase gene from an anaerobic thermophile, Dictyoglomus thermophilum. Eur J Biochem 174: 15-23
56. Fusek M, Lin XL, Tang J (1990) Enzymic properties of thermopsin. J Biol Chem 265: 1496-1501
57. Fusi P, Villa M, Burlini N, Tortora P, Guerritore A (1991) Intracellular proteases from the extremely thermophilic archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. Experientia 47: 1057-1060
58. Gabelsberger J, Liebl W, Schleifer KH (1993) Cloning and characterization of β-galactoside and β-glucoside hydrolysing enzymes of Thermotoga maritima. FEMS Microbiol Lett 109: 130-138
59. Ganghofner D, Kellermann J, Staudenbauer WL, Bronnenmeier K (1998) Purification and properties of an amylopullulanase, a glucoamylase, and an alpha-glucosidase in the amylolytic enzyme system of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 62: 302-308
60. Gantelet H, Duchiron F (1998) Purification and properties of a thermoactive and thermostable pullulanase from Thermococcus hydrothermalis, a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep sea hydrothermal vent. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49: 770-777
61. Georgopapadakou NH, Tkacz JS (1995) The fungal cell wall as a drug target. Trends Microbiol 3: 98-104
62. Gibbs MD, Reeves RA, Bergquist PL (1995) Cloning, sequencing and expression of a xylanase gene from the extreme thermophile Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrate. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:4403-4408
63. Gooday GW (1990) Physiology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan. Biodegradation 1: 177-190
64. Gooday GW (1994) Physiology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan. In: Ratledge C (eds) Biochemistry of microbial degradation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 279-312
65. Grogan DW (1991) Evidence that β-galactosidase of Sulfolobus solfataricus is only one of several activities of a thermostable β- D-glycosidase. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 1644-1649
66. Gyllensten UB (1989) PCR and DNA sequencing. Biotechniques 7: 700-708
67. Halio SB, Blumentals I, Short SA, Merril BM, Kelly R (1996) Sequence, expression in Escherichia coli and analysis of the gene encoding a novel intracellular protease (PfpI) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 178: 2605-2612
68. Hanzawa S, Hoaki T, Jannasch HW, Maruyama T (1996) An extremely thermostable serine protease from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Desulfurococcus strain SY, isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. J Mar Biotechnol 4: 121-126
69. Harwood VJ, Denson JD, Rinson Bidle KA, Schreier HJ (1997) Overexpression and characterization of a propyl endopeptidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 179: 3613-3618
70. Haseltine C, Rolfsmeier M, Blum P (1996) The glucose effect and regulation of α-amylase synthesis in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Bacteriol 178: 945-950
71. Henrissat B (1991) A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarity. Biochem J 280: 309-316
72. Hjörleifsdottir S, Ritterbusch W, Petursdottir SK, Kristjansson JK (1997) Thermostabilities of DNA ligases and DNA polymerases from four genera of thermophilic eubacteria. Biotechnol Lett 19: 147-150
73. Huber R, Langworthy TA, König H, Thomm M, Woese CR, Sleytr UB, Stetter KO (1986) Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genius of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90 °C. Arch Microbiol 144: 324-333
74. Huber R, Stööhr J, Hohenhaus S, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Jannsch HW, Stetter KO (1995) Thermococcus chitonophagus sp. nov., a novel chitin degrading, hyperthermophilic archeum from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent enviroment. Arch Microbiol 164: 255-264
75. Hyun HH, Zeikus JG (1985) Regulation and genetic enhancement of glucoamylase and pullulanase production in Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. J Bacteriol 164: 1146-1152
76. Ikeda M, Clark SC (1998) Molecular cloning of extremely thermostable esterase gene from hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus furiosus in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 624-629
77. Innis MA, Myambo KB, Gelfand DH, Brow MA (1988) DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 9436-9440
78. Jannasch HW, Wirsen CO, Molyneaux SJ, Langworthy TA (1992) Comparative physiological studies on hyperthermophilic archaea isolated from deep-sea hot vents with emphasis on Pyrococcus strain GB-D. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 3472-3481
79. Jones MD, Foulkes NS (1989) Reverse transcription of mRNA by Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 8387-8388
80. Jonsson ZO, ThorbjarnardÍottir SH, Eggertsson G, Palsdottir A (1994) Sequence of the DNA ligase-encoding gene from Thermus scotoductus and conserved motifs in DNA ligases. Gene 151: 177-180
81. Jørgensen S, Vorgias CE, Antranikian G (1997) Cloning, sequencing and expression of an extracellular α-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus furiosus in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 272: 16 335-16 342
82. Kaledin AS, Sliusarenko AG, Gorodetskii SI (1980) Isolation and properties of DNA polymerase from extreme thermophylic bacteria Thermus aquaticus YT-1. Biokhimiya 45: 644-651
83. Kaledin AS, Sliusarenko AG, Gorodetskii SI (1981) Isolation and properties of DNA polymerase from the extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus flavus. Biokhimiia 46: 1576-1584
84. Kas HS (1997) Chitosan: properties, preparations and application to microparticulate systans. J Microencapsulation 14: 689-712
85. Kawasaki ES, Clark SS, Coyne MY, Smith SD, Champlin R, Witte ON, McCormick FP (1988) Diagnosis of chronic myeloid and acute lymphocytic leukemias by detection of leukemia-specific mRNA sequences amplified in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 5698-5702
86. Kellogg DE, Rybalkin I, Chen S, Mukhamedova N, Vlasik T, Siebert PD, Chenchik A (1994) TaqStart antibody: "hot start" PCR facilitated by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against Taq DNA polymerase. Biotechniques 16: 1134-1137
87. Kengen SWM, Luesink EJ, Stams AJM, Zehnder AJB (1993) Purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Eur J Biochem 213: 305-312
88. Keohavong P, Thilly WG (1989) Fidelity of PCR polymerases in DNA amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 9253-9257
89. Kim CH, Nashiru O, Ko JH (1996) Purification and biochemical characterization of pullulanase type I from Thermus caldophilus GK-24. FEMS Microbiol Lett 138: 147-152
90. Kletzin A (1992) Molecular characterisation of a DNA ligase gene of the extremely thermophilic archaeon Desulfurolobus ambivalens shows close phylogenetic relationship to eukaryotic ligases. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 5389-5396
91. Klingeberg M, Hashwa F, Antranikian G (1991) Properties of extremely thermostable proteases from anaerobic hyperthermophilic bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 34: 715-719
92. Klingeberg M, Galunsky B, Sjoholm C, Kasche V, Antranikian G (1995) Purification and properties of highly thermostable, SDS resistant and stereospecific proteinase from the extreme thermophilic archaeon Thermococcus stetteri. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 3098-3104
93. Koch R, Spreinat K, Lemke K, Antranikian G (1991) Purification and properties of a hyperthermoactive α-amylase from the archaeobaterium Pyrococcus woesei. Arch Microbiol 155: 572-578
94. Koch R, Canganella F, Hippe H, Jahnke KD, Antranikian G (1997) Purification and propeties of a thermostable pullulanase from a newly isolated thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Fervidobacterium pennavorans Ven5. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 1088-1094
95. Kong H, Kucera RB, Jack WE (1993) Characterization of a DNA polymerase from the hyperthermophile archaea Thermococcus litoralis. Vent DNA polymerase, steady state kinetics, thermal stability, processivity, strand displacement, and exonuclease activities. J Biol Chem 268: 1965-1975
96. Kotewicz ML, Sampson CM, D'Allessio JM, Gerard GF (1988) Isolation of cloned Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase lacking ribonuclease H activity. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 265-277
97. Krahe M, Antranikian G, Märkl H (1996) Fermentation of extremophilic microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 18: 271-285
98. Kwak YS, Akeba T, Kudo T (1998) Purification and characterization from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus profundus, which hydrolyzes both α-1,4 and α-1,6 glucosidic linkages. J Ferment Bioeng 86: 363-367
99. Ladenstein R, Antranikian G (1998) Proteins from hyperthermophiles: stability and enzymatic catalysis close to the boiling point of water. Adv Biochem Eng/Biotechnol 61: 37-85
100. Laderman KA, Davis BR, Krutzsch HC, Lewis MS, Griko YV, Privalov PL, Anfinsen CB (1993a) The purification and characterization of an extremely thermostable α-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebaterium Pyrococcus furiosus. J Biol Chem 268: 24394-24401
101. Laderman KA, Asada K, Uemori T, Mukai H, Taguchi Y, Kato I, Anfinsen CB (1993b) Alpha-amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium Pyrococcus furiosus. Cloning and sequencing of the gene and expression in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 268: 24402-24407
102. Landegren U, Kaiser R, Sanders J, Hood L (1988) A ligase-mediated gene detection technique. Science 241: 1077-1080
103. Lauer G, Rudd EA, McKay DL, Ally A, Ally D, Backman KC (1991) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and engineered expression of Thermus thermophilus DNA ligase, a homolog of Escherichia coli DNA ligase. J Bacteriol 173: 5047-5053
104. Lawyer FC, Stoffel S, Saiki RK, Chang SY, Landre PA, Abramson RD, Gelfand DH (1993) High-level expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of full-length Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and a truncated form deficient in 5́-to 3́-exonuclease activity. PCR Methods Appl 2: 275-287
105. Lee JT, Kanai H, Kobayashi T, Akiba T, Kudo T (1996) Cloning, nucleotide sequence and hyperexpression of α-amylase gene from an archaeon, Thermococcus profundus. J Ferment Bioeng 82: 432-438
106. Leuschner C, Antranikian G (1995) Heat-stable enzymes from extremely thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11: 95-114
107. Liebl W, Stemplinger I, Ruile P (1997) Properties and gene structure of the Thermotoga maritima α-amylase AmyA, a putative lipoprotein of a hyperthermophilic bacterium. J Bacteriol 179: 941-948
108. Lin XL, Tang J (1990) Purification, characterization and gene cloning of thermopsine, a thermostable acidic protease from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J Biol Chem 265: 1490-1495
109. Ling LL, Keohavong P, Dias C, Thilly WG (1991) Optimization of the polymerase chain reaction with regard to fidelity: modified T7, Taq, and Vent DNA polymerases. PCR Methods Appl 1: 63-69
110. Liu SY, Wiegel J, Gherardini FC (1996) Purification and cloning of a thermostable xylose (glucose) isomerase with an acidic pH optimum from Thermoanaerobacterium strain JW/SL-YS 489. J Bacteriol 178: 5938-5945
111. Loh EY, Elliott JF, Cwirla S, Lanier LL, Davis MM (1989) Polymerase chain reaction with single-sided specifity: analysis of T cell receptor delta chain. Science 243: 217-220
112. Longley MJ, Bennett SE, Mosbaugh DW (1990) Characterization of the 5′ to 3′ exonuclease associated with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 7317-7322
113. Lundberg KS, Shoemaker DD, Adams MWW, Short JM, Sorge JA, Marthur EJ (1991) High-fidelity amplification using a thermostable polymerase isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus. Gene 108: 1-6
114. Luthi E, Jasmat NB, Bergquist PL (1990) Overproduction of an acetylxylan esterase from from the extreme thermophilic bacterium Caldocellum saccharolyticum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19: 2677-2683
115. Ma K, Robb FT, Adams MWW (1994) Purification and characterization of NADP specific alcohol deydrogenase from the thermophilic archaeon Thermococcus hydrothermalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 562-568
116. Maat J, Roza M, Verbakel J, Stam H, Santos H, Silva MJ da, Bosse M, Egmond MR, Hagemans MLD, Gorcom RFM van, Hessing JGM, Hondel van der CAMJJ, Rotterdam C van (1992) Xylanases and their application in bakery. In: Visser J, et al (eds) Progress in biotechnology, vol 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 349-360
117. Mattila P, Korpela J, Tenkanen T, Pitkänen K (1991) Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase - an extremely heat stable enzyme with proofreading activity. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 4967-4973
118. Mayr J, Lupas A, Kellermann J, Eckerskorn C, Baumeister W, Peters J (1996) A hyperthermostable protease of the subtilisin family bound to the surface of the layer of the archaeon Staphylothermus marinus. Curr Biol 6: 739-749
119. McDonough TJ (1992) A survey of mechanical pulp bleaching in Canada: single-stage hydrosulfite lines are the rule. Pulp Paper Can 93: 57
120. Mead DA, McClary JA, Luckey JA, Kostichka AJ, Witney FR, Smith LM (1991) Bst DNA polymerase permits rapid sequence analysis from nanogram amounts of template. Biotechniques 11: 76-78
121. Moracci M, Ciaramella M, R. N, Pearl LH, Sanderson I, Trincone A, Rossi M (1993) Thermostable β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biocatalysis 11: 89-103
122. Moracci M, Di Lernia I, Antranikian G, De Rosa M, Rossi M (1998) Thermozymes in carbohydrate processing. VTT Symposium 177. VTT Biotechnology and food research. UDC 664:663.1:579.67: 56-65
123. Morikawa M, Izawa Y, Rashid N, Hoaki T, Imanaka T (1994) Purification and characterization of a thermostable thiol protease from a newly isolated hyperthermophilic Pyrococcus sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 4559-4566
124. Morrison A, Bell JB, Kunkel TA, Sugino A (1991) Eukaryotic DNA polymerase amino acid sequence required for 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 9473-9477
125. Müller R, Antranikian G, Maloney S, Sharp R (1998) Thermophilic degradation of environmental polutants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 61: 155-169
126. Mullis K, Faloona F, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich HA (1986) Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 51: 263-273
127. Murray V (1989) Improved double-stranded DNA sequencing using the linear polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res 17: 11
128. Muzzarelli RA (1997) Human enzymatic activities related to the therapeutic administration of chitin derivatives. Cell Mol Life Sci 53: 131-140
129. Myers TW, Gelfand DH (1991) Reverse transcription and DNA amplification by a Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 30: 7661-7665
130. Neuner A, Jannasch HW, Belkin S, Stetter KO (1990) Thermococcus litoralis sp. nov., a new species of extremely thermophilic marine archaebacteria. Arch Microbiol 153: 205-207
131. Niehaus F, Antranikian G (1997) Production and application of heat-stable enzymes from marine microorganisms. In: Le Gal Y, Muller-Feuga A (eds) Marine microorganisms for industrie. Ifremer, Poluzane, pp 60-69
132. Nilsson J, Bosnes M, Larsen F, Nygren PA, Uhlén M, Lundeberg J (1997) Heat-mediated activation of affinity-immobilized Taq DNA polymerase. Biotechniques 22: 744-751
133. Nilsson M, Malmgren H, Samiotaki M, Kwiatkowski M, Chowdhary BP, Landegren U (1994) Padlock probes: circularizing oligonucleotides for localized DNA detection. Science 265: 2085-2088
134. Norman BE, Jørgensen ST (1992) Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase: its properties and application. Depun Kagaku 39: 101-108
135. Nucci R, Moracci M, Vaccaro C, Vespa N, Rossi M (1993) Exoglucosidase activity and substrate specificity of the β-glucosidase isolated from the extreme thermophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 17: 239-250
136. Ohara O, Dorit RL, Gilbert W (1989) One-sided polymerase chain reaction: the amplification of cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 5673-5677
137. Park BC, Koh S, Chang C, Suh SW, Lee DS, Byun SM (1997) Cloning and expression of the gene for xylose isomerase from Thermus flavus AT62 in Escherichia coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 62: 15-27
138. Park JH, Kim JS, Kwon ST, Lee DS (1993) Purification and characterization of Thermus caldophilus GK24 DNA polymerase. Eur J Biochem 214: 135-140
139. Pearl LH, Hemmings AM, Sica F, Mazzarella L, Raia CA, Douria S, Rossi M (1993) Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of an NAD-dependent alcohol deydrogenase from the extreme thermophlic archaeobacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Mol Biol 229: 561-563
140. Pedersen S, Jensen BF, Dijkhuizen L, Jørgensen ST, Dijkstra BW (1995) A better enzyme for cyclodextrins. Chemtech 12: 19-25
141. Perler FB, Kumar S, Kong H (1996) Thermostable DNA polymerases. Adv Protein Chem 48: 377-435
142. Pisani FM, Rella R, Raia CA, Rozzo C, Nucci R, Gambacorta A, De Rosa M, Rossi M (1990) Thermostable β-galactosidase from the archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus - purification and properties. Eur J Biochem 187: 321-328
143. Powell LM, Wallis SC, Pease RJ, Edwards YH, Knott TJ, Scott J (1987) A novel form of tissue-specific RNA processing produces apolipoprotein-B48 in intestine. Cell 50: 831-840
144. Frisco A, Moracci M, Rossi M, Ciaramella M (1994) A gene encoding a putative membrane protein homologous to the major facilitator superfamily of transporters of transporters maps upstream of the β-glycosidase gene in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. J Bacteriol 177: 1616-1619
145. Prowe S, Vossenberg J van de, Driessen A, Antranikian G, Konings W (1996) Sodium-coupled energy transduction in the newly isolated thermoalkaliphic strain LBS3. J Bacteriol 178: 4099
146. Rao VB, Saunders NB (1992) A rapid polymerase-chain-reaction-directed sequencing strategy using a thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus flavus. Gene 113: 17-23
147. Reeve MA, Fuller CW (1995) A novel thermostable polymerase for DNA sequencing. Nature 376: 796-797
148. Rella R, Raia CA, Pensa M, Pisani FM, Gambacorta A, Rosa M de, Rossi M (1987) A novel archeabacterial NAD dependent alcohol deydrogenase: purification and properties. J Biochem (Tokyo) 167: 475-479
149. Robinson KA, Bartley DA, Robb FT, Schreier HJ (1995) A gene from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus whose deduced product is homologous to members of the prolyl oligopeptidase family of proteases. Gene 152: 103-106
150. Rüdiger A, Sunna A, Antranikian G (1994) Enzymes from extreme thermophilic and hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria. In: Waldmann (ed) Carbohydrases. Handbook of enzyme catalysis in organic synthesis. VCH, Weinheim, pp 946-961
151. Rüdiger A, Jørgensen PL, Antranikian G (1995) Isolation and characterization of a heat stable pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus woesei after cloning and expression of its gene in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 567-575
152. Ruttersmith LD, Daniel RM (1991) Thermostable cellobiohydrolase from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1. Purification and properties. Biochem J 277: 887-890
153. Ruttersmith LD, Daniel RM, Simpson HD (1992) Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes functional above 100 °C. Ann NY Acad Sci 672: 137-141
154. Rüttimann C, Cotoras M, Zaldivar J, Vicuña R (1985) DNA polymerases from the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB. Eur J Biochem 149: 41-46
155. Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffe S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, Mullis KB, Erlich HA (1988) Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239: 487-491
156. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 5463-5467
157. Sarkar G, Kapelner S, Sommer SS (1990) Formamide can dramatically improve the specificity of PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 7465
158. Saul DJ, Williams LC, Reeves RA, Gibbs MD, Bergquist PL (1995) Sequence and expression of a xylanase gene from the hyperthermophilic Thermotoga sp. strain FjSS3-B.1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its activity on craft pulp. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 4110-4113
159. Scalice ER, Sharkey DJ, Daiss JL (1994) Monoclonal antibodies prepared against the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus are potent inhibitors of enzyme activity. J Immunol Methods 12: 147-63
160. Schalling M, Hudson TJ, Buetow KH, Houseman DE (1993) Direct detection of novel expanded trinucleotides repeats in the human genome. Nat Genet 4: 135-139
161. Schuliger JW, Brown SH, Baross JA, Kelly RM (1993) Purification and characterisation of a novel amylolytic enzyme from ES4, a marine hyperthermophilic archaeum. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 2: 76-87
162. Schumann J, Wrba A, Jaenicke R, Stetter KO (1991) Topographical and enzymatic characterization of amylase from the extreme thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima. FEBS Lett 282: 122-126
163. Sears LE, Moran LS, Kissinger C, Creasey T, Perry O'Keefe H, Roskey M, Sutherland E, Slatko BE (1992) CircumVent thermal cycle sequencing and alternative manual and automated DNA sequencing protocols using the highly thermostable VentR (exo-) DNA polymerase. Biotechniques 13: 626-633
164. Sharkey DJ, Scalice ER, Christy KG JR, Atwood SM, Daiss JL (1994) Antibodies as thermolabile switches: high temperature triggering for the polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnology 12: 506-509
165. Simpson HD, Haufler UR, Daniel RM (1991) An extremely thermostable xylanase from the thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga. Biochem J 277: 177-185
166. Sobek H, Gorisch H (1988) Purification and characterization of a heat stable esterase from the themoacidophilic archaeobacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 729-733
167. Southworth MW, Kong H, Kucera RB, Ware J, Jannasch HW, Perler FB (1996) Cloning of thermostable DNA polymerases from hyperthermophilic marine Archaea with emphasis on Thermococcus sp. 9 degrees N-7 and mutations affecting 3′-5′ exonuclease activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5281-5285
168. Specka U, Mayer F, Antranikian G (1991) Purification and properties of a thermoactive glucoamylase from Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 57: 2317-2323
169. Spindler KD, Spindler-Barth M, Londershausen M (1990) Chitin metabolism: a target for drugs against parasites. Parasitol Res 76: 283-288
170. Stetter KO (1996) Hyperthermophiles in the history of life. Ciba Found Symp 202: 1-18
171. Sunna A, Antranikian G (1997a) Growth and production of xylanolytic enzymes by the extreme thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermotoga thermarum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45: 671-676
172. Sunna A, Antranikian G (1997b) Xylanolytic enzymes from fungi and bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 17: 39-67
173. Sunna A, Moracci M, Rossi M, Antranikian G (1996a) Glycosyl hydrolases from hyperthermophiles. Extremophiles 1: 2-13
174. Sunna A, Puls J, Antranikian G (1996b) Purification and characterization of two thermostable endo-1,4-β-D-xylanases from Thermotoga thermarum. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 24: 177-185
175. Szybalski W (1990) Proposal for sequencing DNA using ligation of hexamers to generate sequential elongation primers (SPEL-6). Gene 90: 177-178
176. Tabor S, Richardson CC (1995) A single residue in DNA polymerases of the Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I family is critical for distinguishing between deoxy- and dideoxyribonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6339-6343
177. Tachibana Y, Mendez LM, Fujiwara S, Takagi M, Imanaka T (1996) Cloning and expression of the α-amylase gene from the hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus sp. KOD1 and characterization of the enzyme. J Ferment Bioeng 82: 224-232
178. Takagi M, Nishioka M, Kakihara H, Kitabayashi M, Inoue H, Kawakami B, Oka M, Imanaka T (1997) Characterization of DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus sp. strain KOD1 and its application to PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 4504-4510
179. Takahashi M, Yamaguchi E, Uchida T (1984) Thermophilic DNA ligase. Purification and properties of the enzyme from Thermus thermophilus HB8. J Biol Chem 259: 10041-10047
180. Takayanagi T, Ajisaka K, Takiguchi Y, Shimahara K (1991) Isolation and characterization of thermostable chitinases from Bacillus licheniformis X-7u. Biochim Biophys Acta 1078: 404-410
181. Teeri TT, Koivula A, Linder M, Wohlfahrt G, Divne C, Jones TA (1998) Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases: why so efficient on crystalline cellulose? Biochem Soc Trans 26: 173-178
182. Teo VS, Saul DJ, Bergquist PL (1995) CelA, another gene coding for a multidomain cellulase from the extreme thermophile Caldocellum saccharolyticum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43: 291-296
183. Thorbjarnardottir SH, Jonsson ZO, Andresson OS, Kristjansson JK, Eggertsson G, Palsdottir A (1995) Cloning and sequence analysis of the DNA ligase-encoding gene of Rhodothermus marinus, and overproduction, purification and characterization of two thermophilic DNA ligases. Gene 161: 1-6
184. Tindall KR, Kunkel TA (1988) Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 27: 6008-6013
185. Tomme P, Warren RA, Gilkes NR (1995) Cellulose hydrolysis by bacteria and fungi. Adv Microb Physiol 37: 1-81
186. Tse WT, Forget BG (1990) Reverse transcriptation and direct amplification of cellular transcripts by Taq polymerase. Gene 88: 293-296
187. Tsujibo H, Endo H, Miyamoto K, Inamori Y (1995) Expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding a thermostable chitinase from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus OPC-520. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 59: 145-146
188. Vander HPB, Davis MC, Cunniff JJ, Ruan C, McArdle BF, Samols SB, Szasz J, Hu G, Hujer KM, Domke ST, Brummet SR, Moffett RB, Fuller CW (1997) Thermo Sequenase DNA polymerase and T. acidophilum pyrophosphatase: new thermostable enzymes for DNA sequencing. Biotechniques 22: 758-762
189. Vieille C, Hess JM, Kelly RM, Zeikus JG (1995) xylA cloning and sequencing and biochemical characterization of xylose isomerase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1867-1875
190. Viikari L, Kantelinen A, Sundquist J, Linko M (1994) Xylanases in bleaching. From an idea to industry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 13: 335-350
191. Völkl P, Markiewicz, Stetter KO, Miller JH (1995) The sequence of a subtilisin-type protease (aerolysin) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum reveals sites important to thermostability. Protein Sci 3: 1329-1340
192. Voorhorst WGB, Eggen RIL, Luesink EJ, Vos WM de (1995) Characterization of the celB gene coding for β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and its expression and site-directed mutation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 7105-7111
193. Voorhorst WGB, Eggen RIL, Geerling ACM, Platteeuw C, Siezen RJ, Vos WM de (1996) Isolation and characterization of the hyperthermostable serine protease, pyrolysin, and its gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. 3 Biol Chem 271: 20426-20431
194. Wind R, Liebl W, Buitlaar R, Penninga D, Spreinat A, Dijkhuizen L, Bahl H (1995) Cyclodextrin formation by the thermostable α-amylase of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes EM1 and reclassification of the enzyme as a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1257-1265
195. Winterhalter C, Liebl W (1995) Two extremely themostable xylanases of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima MSB8. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 1810-1815
196. Wu DY, Wallace RB (1989) Specificity of the nick-closing activity of bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase. Gene 76: 245-254
197. Yang JL, Eriksson KEL (1992) Use of hemicellulolytic enzymes as one stage in bleaching of kraft pulps. Holzforschung 46: 481-488
198. Zillig W, Holz I, Klenk HP, Trent J, Wunderl S, Janekowic D, Imsel E, Haas B (1987) Pyrococcus woesei sp. nov., an ultrathermophilic marine archaebacterium, represents a novel order, Thermococcales. Syst Appl Microbiol 9: 62-70
199. Zverlov V, Mahr S, Riedel K, Bronnenmeier K (1998) Properties and gene structure of a bifunctional cellulolytic enzyme (CelA) from the extreme thermophile Anaerocellum thermophilum with separate glycosyl hydrolase family 9 and 48 catalytic domains. Microbiology 144: 457-465
200. Zverlov V, Piotukh K, Dakhova O, Velikodvorskaya G, Borriss R (1996) The multidomain xylanase A of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana is extremely thermoresistant. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45: 245-247