c-Myc regulates cyclin D-Cdk4 and -Cdk6 activity but affects cell cycle progression at multiple independent points

Molecular and Cellular Biology

Volumn 19, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 4672-4683

  Mateyak, Maria K ^a   Obaya, Alvaro J ^a   Sedivy, John M ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN D;

ANIMAL CELL; ARTICLE; CELL CYCLE; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GROWTH RATE; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE C MYC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032996623     PISSN: 02707306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.19.7.4672     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. INK4a and of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma family proteins. EMBO J. 16:5322-5333.
2. Amati, B., M. W. Brooks, N. Levy, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and H. Land. 1993. Oncogenic activity of the c-Myc protein requires dimerization with Max. Cell 72:233-245.
3. Amati, B., S. Dalton, M. W. Brooks, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and H. Land. 1992. Transcriptional activation by the human c-Myc oncoprotein in yeast requires interaction with Max. Nature 359:423-426.
4. Amati, B., T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and H. Land. 1993. The c-Myc protein induces cell cycle progression and apoptosis through dimerization with Max. EMBO J. 12:5083-5087.
5. Bates, S., L. Bonetta, D. Macallan, D. Parry, A. Holder, C. Dickson, and G. Peters. 1994. CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSKJ3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin D1. Oncogene 9:71-79.
6. Beijersbergen, R. L., and R. Bernards. 1996. Cell cycle regulation by the retinoblastoma family of growth inhibitory proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1287:103-120.
7. Beijersbergen, R. L., L. Carlee, R. M. Kerkhoven, and R. Bernards. 1995. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes. Genes Dev. 9:1340-1353.
8. Bishop, J. M. 1983. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52:301-354.
9. Blackwell. T. K., L Kretzner, E. M. Blackwood, R. N. Eisenman, and H. Weintraub. 1990. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250:1149-1151.
10. Blackwood, E. M., and R. N. Eisenman. 1991. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with myc. Science 251:1211-1217.
11. Kip1 with cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin D2-cdk4. J. Biol. Chem. 272:25863-25872.
12. Botz, J., K. Zerfass-Thome, D. Spitkovsky, H. Dellus, B. Vogt, M. Eilers, A. Hatzigeorgiou, and P. Jansen-Durr. 1996. Cell cycle regulation of the murine cyclin E gene depends on an E2F binding site in the promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3401-3409.
13. Bush, A., M. K. Mateyak, K. Dugan, A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, J. M. Sedivy, and M. D. Cole. 1998. c-myc null cells misregulate cad and gadd45 but not other proposed c-Myc targets. Genes Dev. 12:3797-3802.
14. INK4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2682-2688.
15. Chellappan, S. P., S. Hiebert, M. Mudryj, J. M. Horowitz, and J. R. Nevins. 1991. The E2F transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell 65:1053-1061.
16. Cimowski, M. J., G. M. Laff, M. J. Solomon, and S. I. Reed. 1995. KIN28 encodes a C-terminal domain kinase that controls mRNA transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but lacks cyclin-dependent kinase-activating activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2983-2992.
17. Cole, M. D. 1986. The myc oncogene: its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 20:361-384.
18. Cole, M. D., and S. B. McMahon. 1999. The Myc oncoprotein: a critical evaluation of transactivation and target gene regulation. Oncogene 18: 2916-2924.
19. Coleman, K. G., B. S. Wautlet, D. Morrisey, J. Mulheron, S. A. Sedman, P. Brinkley, S. Price, and K. R. Webster. 1997. Identification of Cdk4 sequences involved in cyclin D1 and p16 binding. J. Biol. Chem. 272:18869-18874.
20. Daksis, J. I., R. Y. Lu, L. M. Facchini, W. W. Marhin, and L. J. Z. Penn. 1994. Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene 9:3635-3645.
21. Davis, A. C., M. Wims, G. D. Spotts, S. R. Hann, and A. Bradley. 1993 A null c-myc mutation causes lethality before 10.5 days of gestation in homozygotes and reduced fertility in heterozygous female mice. Genes Dev. 7:671-682.
22. Dean, M., R. A. Levine, W. Ran, M. S. Kindy, G. E. Sonenshein, and J. Campisi. 1986. Regulation of c-myc transcription and mRNA abundance by serum growth factors and cell contact. J. Biol. Chem. 261:9161-9166.
23. DeRisi, J. L., V. R. Iyer, and P. O. Brown. 1997. Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science 278: 680-686.
24. cdk2 is a component of the E2F-cyclin A complex. Cell 68:167-176.
25. Diehl, J. A., M. Cheng, M. F. Roussel, and C. J. Sherr. 1998. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization. Genes Dev. 12:3499-3511.
26. 1/S-regulated E2F-containing protein complexes bind to the mouse thymidine kinase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1306-1313.
27. Dulic, V., E. Lees, and S. I. Reed. 1992. Association of human cyclin E with a periodic G1-S phase protein kinase. Science 257:1958-1961.
28. Durand, B., M. L. Fero, J. M. Roberts, and M. C. Raff. 1998. p27Kip1 alters the response of cells to mitogen and is part of a cell-intrinsic timer that arrests the cell cycle and initiates differentiation. Curr. Biol. 8:431-440.
29. Dynlacht, B. D., O. Flores, J. A. Lees, and E. Harlow. 1994. Differential regulation of E2F transactivation by cyclin/cdk2 complexes. Genes Dev. 8:1772-1786.
30. Eilers, M., S. Schirm, and J. M. Bishop. 1991. The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J. 10:133-141.
31. Ewen, M. E., H. K. Sluss, C. J. Sherr, H. Matsushime, J. Kato, and D. M. Livingston. 1993. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell 73:487-497.
32. Fero, M. L., M. Rivkin, M. Tasch, P. Porter, C. E. Carow, E. Firpo, K. Polyak, L. H. Tsai, V. Broudy, R. M. Perlmutter, K. Kaushansky, and J. M. Roberts. 1996. A syndrome of multiorgan hyperplasia with features of gigantism, tumorigenesis, and female sterility in p27(Kip1)-deficient mice. Cell 85:733-744.
33. Galaktionov, K., X. Chen, and D. Beach. 1996. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382:511-517.
34. Geng, Y., E. N. Eaton, M. Picon, J. M. Roberts, A. S. Lundberg, A. Gifford, C. Sardet, and R. A. Weinberg. 1996. Regulation of cyclin E transcription by E2Fs and retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 12:1173-1180.
35. Grandori, C., and R. N. Eisenman. 1997. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:177-181.
36. INK/MTS2-related CDK6 inhibitor, correlates with wild-type pRb function. Genes Dev. 8:2939-2952.
37. INK4B is a potential effector of cell cycle arrest mediated by TGF-β. Nature 371:257-261.
38. Hanson, K. D, M. Shichiri, M. R. Follansbee, and J. M. Sedivy. 1994 Effects of c-myc expression on cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 5748-5755.
39. Harper, J. W., G. R. Adami, N. Wei, K. Kejomarsi, and S. J. Elledge. 1993. The p21 cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75:805-816.
40. 1 cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 8:1759-1771.
41. Henriksson, M., and B. Luscher. 1996. Proteins of the Myc network: essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 68:109-182.
42. Hiebert, S. W., S. P. Chellappan, J. M. Horowitz, and J. R. Nevins. 1992. The interaction of RB with E2F coincides with an inhibition of the transcriptional activity of E2F. Genes Dev. 6:177-185.
43. Hinds, P. W., S. Mittnacht, V. Dulic, A. Arnold, S. I. Reed, and R. A. Weinberg. 1992. Regulation of retinoblastoma protein functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell 70:993-1006.
44. Hirai, H., M. F. Roussel, J. Kato, R. A. Ashmun, and C. J. Sherr. 1995. Novel INK4 proteins, p19 and p18, are specific inhibitors of cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2672-2681.
45. Hiyama, H., A. Iavarone, and S. A. Reeves. 1998. Regulation of the cdk inhibitor p21 gene during cell cycle progression is under the control of the transcription factor E2F. Oncogene 16:1513-1523.
46. Hoang, A. T., K. J. Cohen, J. F. Barrett, D. A. Bergstrom, and C. V. Dang. 1994. Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6875-6879.
47. Hsiao, K. M., S. L. McMahon, and P. J. Farnham. 1994. Multiple DNA elements are required for the growth regulation of the mouse E2F1 promoter. Genes Dev. 8:1526-1537.
48. Iavarone, A., and J. Massagué. 1997. Repression of the Cdk activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-β in cells lacking the Cdk inhibitor p15. Nature 387:417-421.
49. Inghirami, G., F. Grignani, L. Sternas, L. Lombardi, D. M. Knowles, and R. Dalla-Favera. 1990. Down-regulation of LFA-1 adhesion receptors by c-myc oncogene in human B lymphoblastoid cells. Science 250:682-686.
50. Iyer, V. R., M. B. Eisen, D. T. Ross, G. Schuler, T. Moore, J. C. F. Lee, J. M. Trent, L. M. Staudt, J. Hudson, Jr., M. S. Boguski, D. Lashkari, D. Shalon, D. Holstein, and P. O. Brown. 1999. The transcriptional program in the response of human fibroblasts to serum. Science 283:83-87.
51. Jansen-Durr, P., A. Meichle, P. Steiner, M. Pagano, K. Finke, J. Botz, J. Wessbecher, G. Draetta, and M. Eilers. 1993. Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression by Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3685-3689.
52. Johnson, D. G., K. Ohtani, and J. R. Nevins. 1994. Autoregulatory control of E2F1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Genes Dev. 8:1514-1525.
53. Kaczmarek, L., J. K. Hyland, R. Watt, M. Rosenberg, and R. Baserga. 1985. Microinjected c-Myc as a competence factor. Science 228:1313-1315.
54. Kaldis, P., A. Sutton, and M. J. Solomon. 1996. The Cdk-activating kinase (CAK) from budding yeast. Cell 86:553-564.
55. Karn, J., J. V. Watson, A. D. Lowe, S. M. Green, and W. Vedeckis. 1989. Regulation of cell cycle duration by c-myc levels. Oncogene 4:773-787.
56. Kato, G. J., W. M. F. Lee, L. Chen, and C. V. Dang. 1992. Max: functional domains and interaction with c-Myc. Genes Dev. 6:81-92.
57. Kato, J., H. Matsushime, S. W. Hiebert, M. E. Ewen, and C. J. Sherr. 1993. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) and pRb phosphorylation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. 7:331-342.
58. Kelly, K., B. H. Cochran, C. D. Stiles, and P. Leder. 1983. Cell-specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 35:603-610.
59. Kim, Y. L., and A. S. Lee. 1992. Identification of a protein-binding site in the promoter of the human thymidine kinase gene required for the G1-S-regulated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 267:2723-2727.
60. Kiyokawa, H., R. D. Kineman, K. O. Manova-Todorova, V. C. Soares, E. S. Hoffman, M. Ono, D. Khanam, A. C. Mayday, L. A. Frohman, and A. Koff. 1996. Enhanced growth of mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor function of p27(Kip1). Cell 85:721-732.
61. Koff, A., A. Giordano, D. Desai, K. Yamashita, J. W. Harper, S. Elledge, T. Nishimoto, D. O. Morgan, B. R. Franza, and J. M. Roberts. 1992. Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the G1 phase of the human cell cycle. Science 257:1689-1694.
62. Kretzner, L., E. Blackwood, and R. N. Eisenman. 1992. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities. Nature 359:426-429.
63. LaBaer, J., M. D. Garrett, L. F. Stevenson, J. M. Slingerland, C. Sandhu, H. S. Chou, A. Fattaey, and E. Harlow. 1997. New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors. Genes Dev. 11:847-862.
64. Ladha, M. H., K. Y. Lee, T. M. Upton, M. F. Reed, and M. E. Ewen. 1998. Regulation of exit from quiescence by p27 and cyclin D1-Cdk4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:6605-6615.
65. Land, H., L. Parada, and R. A. Weinberg. 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596-602.
66. KIP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with unique domain structure and tissue distribution. Genes Dev. 9:639-649.
67. Lee, T. C., L. Li, L. Philipson, and E. B. Ziff. 1997. Myc represses transcription of the growth arrest gene gas1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 12886-12891.
68. Lees, E., B. Faha, V. Dulic, S. I. Reed, and E. Harlow. 1992. Cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin A/cdk2 kinases associate with p107 and E2F in a temporally distinct manner. Genes Dev. 6:1874-1885.
69. Li, L.-H., C. Nerlov, G. Prendergast, D. MacGregor, and E. B. Ziff. 1994. c-Myc represses transcription in vivo by a novel mechanism dependent on the initiator element and Myc box II. EMBO J. 13:4070-4079.
70. Lundberg, A. S., and R. A. Weinberg. 1998. Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein requires sequential modification by at least two distinct cyclin-cdk complexes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:753-761.
71. Mann, R., R. C. Mulligan, and D. Baltimore. 1983. Construction of a retrovirus packaging mutant and its use to produce helper-free defective retrovirus. Cell 33:153-159.
72. Marhin, W. W., S. Chen, L. M. Facchini, A. J. Fornace, Jr., and L. Z. Penn. 1997. Myc represses the growth arrest gene gadd45. Oncogene 14:2825-2834.
73. Mateyak, M. K., A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, and J. M. Sedivy. 1997. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1039-1048.
74. PSKJ3/CDK4) for mammalian D-type G1 cyclins. Cell 71:323-334.
75. Matsushime, H., D. E. Quelle, S. A. Shurtleff, M. Shibuya, C. J. Sherr, and J. V. Kato. 1994. D-type cyclin-dependent kinase activity in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2066-2076.
76. Matsushime, H., M. F. Roussel, R. A. Ashmun, and C. J. Sherr. 1991. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell 65:701-713.
77. Mayol, X., J. Garriga, and X. Grana. 1995. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma-related protein p130. Oncogene 11:801-808.
78. 1 kinase activity for Cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2077-2086.
79. Miller, A. D., D. G. Miller, J. V. Garcia, and C. M. Lynch. 1993. Use of retroviral vectors for gene transfer and expression. Methods Enzymol. 217: 581-599.
80. Mink, S., B. Mutschler, R. Weiskirchen, K. Bister, and K.-H. Klempnauer. 1996. A novel function for Myc: inhibition of C/EBP-dependent gene activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6635-6640.
81. Morgan, D. O. 1997. Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and micro-processors. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 13:261-291.
82. Morgan, D. O. 1995. Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 374:131-134.
83. Murre, C., P. S. McCaw, and D. Baltimore. 1989. A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD and Myc proteins. Cell 56:777-783.
84. Nakayama, K., M. Ishida, M. Shirane, A. Inomata, T. Inoue, N. Shishido, I. Horii, D. Y. Loh, and K. Nakayama. 1996. Mice lacking p27(Kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell 85:707-720.
85. Obaya, A. Unpublished observations.
86. Obaya, A. J., M. K. Mateyak, and J. M. Sedivy. 1999. Mysterious liaisons: the relationship between c-Myc and the cell cycle. Oncogene 18:2934-2941.
87. Ohtani, K., J. DeGregori, and J. R. Nevins. 1995. Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12146-12150.
88. Pearson, B. E., H.-P. Nasheuer, and T.-F. Wang. 1991. Human DNA polymerase a gene: sequences controlling expression in cycling and serum-stimulated cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2081-2095.
89. Penn, L. J. Z., M. W. Brooks, E. M. Laufer, and H. Land. 1990. Negative autoregulation of c-myc transcription. EMBO J. 9:1113-1121.
90. Kip1 binding to newly formed complexes. Oncogene 14:2373-2381.
91. Peukert, K., P. Staller, A. Schneider, G. Carmichael, F. Hanel, and M. Eilers. 1997. An alternative pathway for gene regulation by Myc. EMBO J. 14:5672-5686.
92. Philipp, A., A. Schneider, I. Vasrik, K. Finke, Y. Xiong, D. Beach, K. Alitalo, and M. Eilers. 1994. Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4032-4043.
93. Kip1, a cyclin-cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor-β and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest. Genes Dev. 8:9-22.
94. Kip1, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and a potential mediator of extracellular antimitogenic signals. Cell 78:59-66.
95. Poon, R. Y., K. Yamashita, M. Howell, M. A. Ershler, A. Belyavsky, and T. Hunt. 1994. Cell cycle regulation of the p34cdc2/p33cdk2-activating kinase p40MO15. J. Cell Sci. 107:2789-2799.
96. Prendergast, G. C., and E. B. Ziff. 1991. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251:186-189.
97. Prouty, S. M., K. D. Hanson, A. L. Boyle, J. R. Brown, M. Shichiri, M. R. Follansbee, W. Kang, and J. M. Sedivy. 1993. A cell culture model system for genetic analyses of the cell cycle by targeted homologous recombination. Oncogene 8:899-907.
98. Pusch, O., G. Bernaschek, M. Eilers, and M. Hengstschlager. 1997. Activation of c-Myc uncouples DNA replication from activation of G1-cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene 15:649-656.
99. Quelle, D. E., R. A. Ashmun, S. A. Shurtleff, J. Y. Kato, D. Bar-Sagi, M. F. Roussel, and C. J. Sherr. 1993. Overexpression of mouse D-type cyclins accelerates G1 phase in rodent fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 7:1559-1571.
100. Roy, A. L., C. Carruthers, T. Gutjahr, and R. G. Roeder. 1993. Direct role for Myc in transcription initiation mediated by interactions with TFII-I. Nature 365:359-361.
101. Rudolph, B., R. Saffrich, J. Zwicker, B. Henglein, R. Müller, W. Ansorge, and M. Eilers. 1996. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by Myc mediates induction of cyclin A, but not apoptosis. EMBO J. 15:3065-3076.
102. Schulze, A., K. Zerfass, D. Spitkovsky, S. Middendorp, J. Berges, K. Helin, P. Jansen-Durr, and B. Henglein. 1995. Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A gene promoter is mediated by a variant E2F site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11264-11268.
103. Sears, R., K. Ohtani, and J. R. Nevins. 1997. Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5227-5235.
104. Serrano, M., G. J. Hannon, and D. Beach. 1993. A new regulatory motif in cell cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclinD/cdk4. Nature 366: 704-707.
105. Sheaff, R. J. 1997. Regulation of mammalian cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Methods Enzymol. 283:173-193.
106. Sherr, C. J. 1995. D-type cyclins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:187-190.
107. 1 cyclins. Cell 73:1059-1065.
108. Sherr, C. J., and J. M. Roberts. 1995. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 9:1149-1163.
109. 1 transition in nontransformed cells. Cell Growth Differ. 4:93-104.
110. Shuttleworth, J. Personal communication.
111. Slansky, J. E., and P. J. Farnham. 1996. Introduction to the E2F family: protein structure and gene regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208:1-30.
112. Solomon, D. L. C., A. Philipp, H. Land, and M. Eilers. 1995. Expression of cyclin D1 mRNA is not upregulated by Myc in rat fibroblasts. Oncogene 11:1893-1897.
113. Spencer, C. A., and M. Groudine. 1991. Control of c-myc regulation in normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 56:1-48.
114. 1 cyclin-cdk complexes. EMBO J. 14:4814-4826.
115. Sutton, A., and R. Freiman. 1997. The Cak1p protein kinase is required at G1/S and G2/M in the budding yeast cell cycle. Genetics 147:57-71.
116. Tassan, J. P., S. J. Schultz, J. Bartek, and E. A. Nigg. 1994. Cell cycle analysis of the activity, subcellular localization, and subunit composition of human CAK (CDK-activating kinase). J. Cell Biol. 127:467-478.
117. Terada, Y., M. Tatsuka, S. Jinno, and H. Okajama. 1995. Requirement for tyrosine pbosphorylation of Cdk4 in G1 arrest induced by ultraviolet irradiation. Nature 376:358-362.
118. Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J. 15:6595-6604.
119. Waters, C. M., T. D. Littlewood, D. C. Hancock, J. P. Moore, and G. I. Evan. 1991. c-myc protein expression in untransformed fibroblasts. Oncogene 6:797-805.
120. Won, K.-A., Y. Xiong, D. Beach, and M. Gilman. 1992. Growth-regulated expression of D-type cyclin genes in human diploid fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9910-9914.
121. Xiao, Z.-X., D. Ginsberg, M. Ewen, and D. M. Livingston. 1996. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin-associated kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4633-4637.
122. Xiong, Y., G. J. Hannon, H. Zhang, D. Casso, R. Kobayashi, and D. Beach. 1993. p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. Nature 366:701-704.
123. Yang, B. S., J. D. Gilbert, and S. O. Freytag. 1993. Overexpression of Myc suppresses CCAAT transcription factor/nuclear factor 1-dependent promoters in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3093-3102.