메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 200, Issue 9, 2004, Pages 1111-1121

Immunoglobulin class switch recombination is impaired in Atm-deficient mice

Author keywords

Ataxia telangiectasia; B lymphocytes; DNA damage; DNA repair; Ig class switching

Indexed keywords

ATM PROTEIN; CD40 LIGAND; CYTOKINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D ANTIBODY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G2B; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G3; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN KINASE;

EID: 8644242383     PISSN: 00221007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041074     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (140)

References (65)
  • 1
    • 0037019315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S.K., R.S. Harris, and M.S. Neuberger. 2002. AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification. Nature. 418:99-103.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 99-103
    • Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.1    Harris, R.S.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 3
    • 0034268780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
    • Muramatsu, M., K. Kinoshita, S. Fagarasan, S. Yamada, Y. Shinkai, and T. Honjo. 2000. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell. 102:553-563.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 553-563
    • Muramatsu, M.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Fagarasan, S.3    Yamada, S.4    Shinkai, Y.5    Honjo, T.6
  • 4
    • 0346362489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcription-coupled events associating with immunoglobulin switch region chrornatin
    • Nambu, Y., M. Sugai, H. Gonda, G.G. Lee, T. Katakai, Y. Agata, Y. Yokota, and A. Shimizu. 2003. Transcription-coupled events associating with immunoglobulin switch region chrornatin. Science. 302:2137-2140.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 2137-2140
    • Nambu, Y.1    Sugai, M.2    Gonda, H.3    Lee, G.G.4    Katakai, T.5    Agata, Y.6    Yokota, Y.7    Shimizu, A.8
  • 6
    • 0029127643 scopus 로고
    • ATM-related genes: What do they tell us about functions of the human gene?
    • Zakian, V.A. 1995. ATM-related genes: what do they tell us about functions of the human gene? Cell. 82:685-687.
    • (1995) Cell , vol.82 , pp. 685-687
    • Zakian, V.A.1
  • 10
    • 0035983264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Checking in on Cds1 (Chk2): A checkpoint kinase and tumor suppressor
    • McGowan, C.H. 2002. Checking in on Cds1 (Chk2): a checkpoint kinase and tumor suppressor. Bioessays. 24:502-511.
    • (2002) Bioessays , vol.24 , pp. 502-511
    • McGowan, C.H.1
  • 12
    • 0033592868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDM2 precedes p53 accumulation in response to DNA damage
    • Khosravi, R., R. Maya, T. Gottlieb, M. Oren, Y. Shiloh, and D. Shkedy. 1999. Rapid ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDM2 precedes p53 accumulation in response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:14973-14977.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 14973-14977
    • Khosravi, R.1    Maya, R.2    Gottlieb, T.3    Oren, M.4    Shiloh, Y.5    Shkedy, D.6
  • 14
    • 0033527717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks
    • Cortez, D., Y. Wang, J. Qin, and SJ. Elledge. 1999. Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks. Science. 286:1162-1166.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 1162-1166
    • Cortez, D.1    Wang, Y.2    Qin, J.3    Elledge, S.J.4
  • 15
    • 0035907395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brcal at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies
    • Gatei, M., B.B. Zhou, K. Hobson, S. Scott, D. Young, and K.K. Khanna. 2001. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate phosphorylation of Brcal at distinct and overlapping sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 276:17276-17280.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 17276-17280
    • Gatei, M.1    Zhou, B.B.2    Hobson, K.3    Scott, S.4    Young, D.5    Khanna, K.K.6
  • 19
    • 0034576494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The many substrates and functions of ATM
    • Kastan, M.B., and D.S. Lim. 2000. The many substrates and functions of ATM. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1:179-186.
    • (2000) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 179-186
    • Kastan, M.B.1    Lim, D.S.2
  • 20
    • 0037365789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM and related protein kinases: Safeguarding genome integrity
    • Shiloh, Y. 2003. ATM and related protein kinases: safeguarding genome integrity. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 3:155-168.
    • (2003) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.3 , pp. 155-168
    • Shiloh, Y.1
  • 21
    • 0037472924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation
    • Bakkenist, CJ., and M.B. Kastan. 2003. DNA damage activates ATM through intermolecular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature. 421:499-506.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 499-506
    • Bakkenist, C.J.1    Kastan, M.B.2
  • 22
    • 1842431822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct activation of the ATM protein kinase by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex
    • Lee, J.H., and T.T. Paull. 2004. Direct activation of the ATM protein kinase by the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex. Science. 304:93-96.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 93-96
    • Lee, J.H.1    Paull, T.T.2
  • 25
    • 0034946243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ataxia telangiectasia gene mutations in leukaemia and lyinphoma
    • Boultwood, J. 2001. Ataxia telangiectasia gene mutations in leukaemia and lyinphoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 54:512-516.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Pathol. , vol.54 , pp. 512-516
    • Boultwood, J.1
  • 26
    • 0030051855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukemia and lymphoma in ataxia telangiectasia
    • Taylor, A.M., J.A. Metcalfe, J. Thick, and Y.F. Mak. 1996. Leukemia and lymphoma in ataxia telangiectasia. Blood. 87:423-438.
    • (1996) Blood , vol.87 , pp. 423-438
    • Taylor, A.M.1    Metcalfe, J.A.2    Thick, J.3    Mak, Y.F.4
  • 28
    • 0029844048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted disruption of ATM leads to growth retardation, chromosomal fragmentation during meiosis, immune defects, and thymic lymphoma
    • Xu, Y., T. Ashley, E.E. Brainerd, R.T. Bronson, M.S. Meyn, and D. Baltimore. 1996. Targeted disruption of ATM leads to growth retardation, chromosomal fragmentation during meiosis, immune defects, and thymic lymphoma. Genes Dev. 10:2411-2422.
    • (1996) Genes Dev. , vol.10 , pp. 2411-2422
    • Xu, Y.1    Ashley, T.2    Brainerd, E.E.3    Bronson, R.T.4    Meyn, M.S.5    Baltimore, D.6
  • 29
    • 0033500811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM in lymphoid development and tumorigenesis
    • Xu, Y. 1999. ATM in lymphoid development and tumorigenesis. Adv. Immunol. 72:179-189.
    • (1999) Adv. Immunol. , vol.72 , pp. 179-189
    • Xu, Y.1
  • 30
    • 0034284341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal rearrangement within the alpha/delta T-cell receptor locus in lymphomas from Atm-deficient mice
    • Liyanage, M., Z. Weaver, C. Barlow, A. Coleman, D.G. Pankratz, S. Anderson, A. Wynshaw-Boris, and T. Ried. 2000. Abnormal rearrangement within the alpha/delta T-cell receptor locus in lymphomas from Atm-deficient mice. Blood. 96:1940-1946.
    • (2000) Blood , vol.96 , pp. 1940-1946
    • Liyanage, M.1    Weaver, Z.2    Barlow, C.3    Coleman, A.4    Pankratz, D.G.5    Anderson, S.6    Wynshaw-Boris, A.7    Ried, T.8
  • 31
    • 0020693937 scopus 로고
    • Disorders of B cells and helper T cells in the pathogenesis of the immunoglobulin deficiency of patients with ataxia telangiectasia
    • Waldmann, T.A., S. Broder, C.K. Goldman, K. Frost, S.J. Korsmeyer, and M.A. Medici. 1983. Disorders of B cells and helper T cells in the pathogenesis of the immunoglobulin deficiency of patients with ataxia telangiectasia. J. Clin. Invest. 71:282-295.
    • (1983) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.71 , pp. 282-295
    • Waldmann, T.A.1    Broder, S.2    Goldman, C.K.3    Frost, K.4    Korsmeyer, S.J.5    Medici, M.A.6
  • 34
    • 0037377943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ATM is not required in somatic hypermutation of VH, but is involved in the introduction of mutations in the switch mu region
    • Pan-Hammarstrom, Q., S. Dai, Y. Zhao, I.F. van Dijk-Hard, R.A. Gatti, A.L. Borresen-Dale, and L. Hammarstrom. 2003. ATM is not required in somatic hypermutation of VH, but is involved in the introduction of mutations in the switch mu region. J. Immunol. 170:3707-3716.
    • (2003) J. Immunol. , vol.170 , pp. 3707-3716
    • Pan-Hammarstrom, Q.1    Dai, S.2    Zhao, Y.3    Van Dijk-Hard, I.F.4    Gatti, R.A.5    Borresen-Dale, A.L.6    Hammarstrom, L.7
  • 35
    • 0032949352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atm is dispensable for p53 apoptosis and tumor suppression triggered by cell cycle dysfunction
    • Liao, M.J., C. Yin, C. Barlow, A. Wynshaw-Boris, and T. van Dyke. 1999. Atm is dispensable for p53 apoptosis and tumor suppression triggered by cell cycle dysfunction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:3095-3102.
    • (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 3095-3102
    • Liao, M.J.1    Yin, C.2    Barlow, C.3    Wynshaw-Boris, A.4    Van Dyke, T.5
  • 36
    • 0029046694 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of human B cell function by recombinant CD40 ligand and other TNF-related ligands
    • Jumper, M.D., Y. Nishioka, L.S. Davis, P.E. Lipsky, and K. Meek. 1995. Regulation of human B cell function by recombinant CD40 ligand and other TNF-related ligands. J. Immunol. 155:2369-2378.
    • (1995) J. Immunol. , vol.155 , pp. 2369-2378
    • Jumper, M.D.1    Nishioka, Y.2    Davis, L.S.3    Lipsky, P.E.4    Meek, K.5
  • 38
    • 0037866984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H2AX is required for recombination between immunoglobulin switch regions but not for intra-switch region recombination or somatic hypermutation
    • Reina-San-Martin, B., S. Difilippantonio, L. Hanitsch, R.F. Masilamani, A. Nussenzweig, and M.C. Nussenzweig. 2003. H2AX is required for recombination between immunoglobulin switch regions but not for intra-switch region recombination or somatic hypermutation. J. Exp. Med. 197:1767-1778.
    • (2003) J. Exp. Med. , vol.197 , pp. 1767-1778
    • Reina-San-Martin, B.1    Difilippantonio, S.2    Hanitsch, L.3    Masilamani, R.F.4    Nussenzweig, A.5    Nussenzweig, M.C.6
  • 41
    • 0013950983 scopus 로고
    • Lymphoid tissue abnormalities associated with ataxia-telangiectasia
    • Peterson, R.D., M.D. Cooper, and R.A. Good. 1966. Lymphoid tissue abnormalities associated with ataxia-telangiectasia. Am. J. Med. 41:342-359.
    • (1966) Am. J. Med. , vol.41 , pp. 342-359
    • Peterson, R.D.1    Cooper, M.D.2    Good, R.A.3
  • 43
    • 0025838109 scopus 로고
    • IgE class switching is critically dependent upon the nature of the B cell activator, in addition to the presence of IL-4
    • Snapper, C.M., L.M. Pecanha, A.D. Levine, and J.J. Mond. 1991. IgE class switching is critically dependent upon the nature of the B cell activator, in addition to the presence of IL-4. J. Immunol. 147:1163-1170.
    • (1991) J. Immunol. , vol.147 , pp. 1163-1170
    • Snapper, C.M.1    Pecanha, L.M.2    Levine, A.D.3    Mond, J.J.4
  • 44
    • 0024263407 scopus 로고
    • Membrane expression of IgG but not maturation to secretion requires DNA replication
    • Forni, L., M. Bjorklund, and A. Coutinho. 1988. Membrane expression of IgG but not maturation to secretion requires DNA replication. J. Mol. Cell. Immunol. 4:59-70.
    • (1988) J. Mol. Cell. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 59-70
    • Forni, L.1    Bjorklund, M.2    Coutinho, A.3
  • 45
    • 0026636784 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of immunoglobulin mu-gamma 1 heavy chain switch region recombination by a digestion-circularization polymerase chain reaction method
    • Chu, C.C., W.E. Paul, and E.E. Max. 1992. Quantitation of immunoglobulin mu-gamma 1 heavy chain switch region recombination by a digestion- circularization polymerase chain reaction method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:6978-6982.
    • (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.89 , pp. 6978-6982
    • Chu, C.C.1    Paul, W.E.2    Max, E.E.3
  • 46
    • 0034141562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The controlling role of ATM in homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage
    • Morrison, C., E. Sonoda, N. Takao, A. Shinohara, K. Yamamoto, and S. Takeda. 2000. The controlling role of ATM in homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage. EMBO J. 19:463-471.
    • (2000) EMBO J. , vol.19 , pp. 463-471
    • Morrison, C.1    Sonoda, E.2    Takao, N.3    Shinohara, A.4    Yamamoto, K.5    Takeda, S.6
  • 47
    • 0030273141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SCID but not the RAG-2 gene product is required for S mu-S epsilon heavy chain class switching
    • Rolink, A., F. Melchers, and J. Andersson. 1996. The SCID but not the RAG-2 gene product is required for S mu-S epsilon heavy chain class switching. Immunity. 5:319-330.
    • (1996) Immunity , vol.5 , pp. 319-330
    • Rolink, A.1    Melchers, F.2    Andersson, J.3
  • 50
    • 0036380877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficiencies in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in ataxia telangiectasia
    • Schubert, R., J. Reichenbach, and S. Zielen. 2002. Deficiencies in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in ataxia telangiectasia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 129:125-132.
    • (2002) Clin. Exp. Immunol. , vol.129 , pp. 125-132
    • Schubert, R.1    Reichenbach, J.2    Zielen, S.3
  • 51
    • 0036891869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skewed T-cell receptor repertoire, decreased thymic output, and predominance of terminally differentiated T cells in ataxia telangiectasia
    • Giovannetti, A., F. Mazzetta, E. Caprini, A. Aiuti, M. Marziali, M. Pierdominici, A. Cossarizza, L. Chessa, E. Scala, I. Quinti, et al. 2002. Skewed T-cell receptor repertoire, decreased thymic output, and predominance of terminally differentiated T cells in ataxia telangiectasia. Blood. 100:4082-4089.
    • (2002) Blood , vol.100 , pp. 4082-4089
    • Giovannetti, A.1    Mazzetta, F.2    Caprini, E.3    Aiuti, A.4    Marziali, M.5    Pierdominici, M.6    Cossarizza, A.7    Chessa, L.8    Scala, E.9    Quinti, I.10
  • 52
    • 0030911886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defective signaling through the B cell antigen receptor in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed ataxia-telangiectasia cells
    • Khanna, K.K., J. Yan, D. Watters, K. Hobson, H. Beamish, K. Spring, Y. Shiloh, R.A. Gatti, and M.F. Lavin. 1997. Defective signaling through the B cell antigen receptor in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed ataxia-telangiectasia cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:9489-9495.
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 9489-9495
    • Khanna, K.K.1    Yan, J.2    Watters, D.3    Hobson, K.4    Beamish, H.5    Spring, K.6    Shiloh, Y.7    Gatti, R.A.8    Lavin, M.F.9
  • 53
    • 0022599997 scopus 로고
    • Specificity of immunoglobulin heavy chain switch correlates with activity of germline heavy chain genes prior to switching
    • Stavnezer-Nordgren, J., and S. Sirlin. 1986. Specificity of immunoglobulin heavy chain switch correlates with activity of germline heavy chain genes prior to switching. EMBO J. 5:95-102.
    • (1986) EMBO J. , vol.5 , pp. 95-102
    • Stavnezer-Nordgren, J.1    Sirlin, S.2
  • 54
    • 0023020765 scopus 로고
    • Secondary genomic rearrangement events in pre-B cells: VHDJH replacement by a LINE-1 sequence and directed class switching
    • Yancopoulos, G.D., R.A. DePinho, K.A. Zimmerman, S.G. Lutzker, N. Rosenberg, and F.W. Alt. 1986. Secondary genomic rearrangement events in pre-B cells: VHDJH replacement by a LINE-1 sequence and directed class switching. EMBO J. 5:3259-3266.
    • (1986) EMBO J. , vol.5 , pp. 3259-3266
    • Yancopoulos, G.D.1    DePinho, R.A.2    Zimmerman, K.A.3    Lutzker, S.G.4    Rosenberg, N.5    Alt, F.W.6
  • 55
    • 4344593754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-stranded DNA breaks adjacent to cytosines occur during Ig gene class switch recombination
    • Arudchandran, A., R.M. Bernstein, and E.E. Max. 2004. Single-stranded DNA breaks adjacent to cytosines occur during Ig gene class switch recombination. J. Immunol. 173:3223-3229.
    • (2004) J. Immunol. , vol.173 , pp. 3223-3229
    • Arudchandran, A.1    Bernstein, R.M.2    Max, E.E.3
  • 56
    • 0036224604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgH class switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells
    • Manis, J.P., D. Dudley, L. Kaylor, and F.W. Alt. 2002. IgH class switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells. Immunity. 16:607-617.
    • (2002) Immunity , vol.16 , pp. 607-617
    • Manis, J.P.1    Dudley, D.2    Kaylor, L.3    Alt, F.W.4
  • 57
    • 2442707746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 53BP1 links DNA damage-response pathways to immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switch recombination
    • Manis, J.P., J.C. Morales, Z. Xia, J.L. Kutok, F.W. Alt, and P.B. Carpenter. 2004. 53BP1 links DNA damage-response pathways to immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switch recombination. Nat. Immunol. 5:481-487.
    • (2004) Nat. Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 481-487
    • Manis, J.P.1    Morales, J.C.2    Xia, Z.3    Kutok, J.L.4    Alt, F.W.5    Carpenter, P.B.6
  • 60
    • 0346059615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 53BP1 and NFBD1/MDC1-Nbs1 function in parallel interacting pathways activating ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in response to DNA damage
    • Mochan, T.A., M. Venere, R.A. DiTullio Jr., and T.D. Halazonetis. 2003. 53BP1 and NFBD1/MDC1-Nbs1 function in parallel interacting pathways activating ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in response to DNA damage. Cancer Res. 63:8586-8591.
    • (2003) Cancer Res. , vol.63 , pp. 8586-8591
    • Mochan, T.A.1    Venere, M.2    DiTullio Jr., R.A.3    Halazonetis, T.D.4
  • 61
    • 0035951850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negative cell cycle regulation and DNA damage-inducible phosphorylation of the BRCT protein 53BP1
    • Xia, Z., J.C. Morales, W.G. Dunphy, and P.B. Carpenter. 2001. Negative cell cycle regulation and DNA damage-inducible phosphorylation of the BRCT protein 53BP1. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2708-2718.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 2708-2718
    • Xia, Z.1    Morales, J.C.2    Dunphy, W.G.3    Carpenter, P.B.4
  • 62
    • 0034739853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) is an early participant in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks
    • Schultz, L.B., N.H. Chehab, A. Malikzay, and T.D. Halazonetis. 2000. p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) is an early participant in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. J. Cell Biol. 151:1381-1390.
    • (2000) J. Cell Biol. , vol.151 , pp. 1381-1390
    • Schultz, L.B.1    Chehab, N.H.2    Malikzay, A.3    Halazonetis, T.D.4
  • 64
    • 0023153109 scopus 로고
    • Cell cycle kinetics model of LPS-stimulated spleen cells correlates switch region rearrangements with S phase
    • Kenter, A.L., and J.V. Watson. 1987. Cell cycle kinetics model of LPS-stimulated spleen cells correlates switch region rearrangements with S phase. J. Immunol. Methods. 97:111-117.
    • (1987) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.97 , pp. 111-117
    • Kenter, A.L.1    Watson, J.V.2
  • 65
    • 0018770617 scopus 로고
    • Cell differentiation in the presence of cytochalasin B: Studies on the "switch" to IgG secretion after polyclonal B cell activation
    • van der Loo, W., E.S. Gronowicz, S. Strober, and L.A. Herzenberg. 1979. Cell differentiation in the presence of cytochalasin B: studies on the "switch" to IgG secretion after polyclonal B cell activation. J. Immunol. 122:1203-1208.
    • (1979) J. Immunol. , vol.122 , pp. 1203-1208
    • Van Der Loo, W.1    Gronowicz, E.S.2    Strober, S.3    Herzenberg, L.A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.