Switching of saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type genes

Mobile DNA II

Volumn , Issue , 2022, Pages 927-952

  Haber, James E ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Double strand break (dsb); HO endonuclease; Homothallic switching; Mating type (mat) genes; S. cerevisiae

Indexed keywords

EID: 85158009972     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1128/9781555817954.ch39     Document Type: Chapter

References (211)

1. Amann, J., Kidd V.J., Lahti J.M. 1997. Characterization of putative human homologues of the yeast chromosome transmission fidelity gene. CHL1. Biol J. Chem., 111, 3823-3832.
2. Amati, B. B., Gasser S.M. 1988. Chromosomal ARS and CEN elements bind specifically to the yeast nuclear scaffold. Cell 54:967-978.
3. Amon, A. 1996. Mother and daughter are doing fine: asymmetric cell division in yeast. Cell 84:651-654.
4. Andrulis, E. D., Neiman A.M., Zappulla D.C., Sternglanz R. 1998. Perinuclear localization of chromatin facilitates transcriptional silencing. Nature 394:592-595.
5. Aparicio, O. M., Weinstein D.M., Bell S.P. 1997. Components and dynamics of DNA replication complexes in S. cerevisiae: redistribution of MCM proteins and Cdc45p during S phase. Cell 91:59-69.
6. Astrom, S. U., Okamura S.M., Rine J. 1999. Yeast cell- type regulation of DNA repair. Nature 397:310.
7. Axelrod, A., Rine J. 1991. A rolefor CDC7 in repression of transcription at the silent mating-type locus HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:1080-1091.
8. Bartsch, S., Kang L.E., Symington L.S. 2000. RAD51 is required for the repair of plasmid double-stranded DNA gaps from either plasmid or chromosomal templates. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:1194-1205.
9. Beach, D. L., Salmon E.D., Bloom K. 1999. Localization and anchoring of mRNA in budding yeast. Curr. Biol. 9: 569-578.
10. Benson, F. E., Baumann P., West S.C. 1998. Synergistic actions of Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination and DNA repair. Nature 391:401-404.
11. Bi, X., Braunstein M., Shei G.J., Broach J.R. 1999. The yeast HML I silencer defines a heterochromatin domain boundary by directional establishment of silencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11934-11939.
12. Bi, X., Broach J.R. 1997. DNA in transcriptionally silent chromatin assumes a distinct topology that is sensitive to cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7077-7087.
13. Blat, Y., Kleckner N. 1999. Cohesinsbindtopreferential sites along yeast chromosome III, with differential regulation along arms versus the centric region. Cell 98:249-259.
14. Bobola, N., Jansen R.P., Shin T.H., Nasmyth K. 1996. Asymmetric accumulation of Ash1p in postanaphase nuclei depends on a myosin and restricts yeast mating-type switching to mother cells. Cell 84:699-709.
15. Boscheron, C., Maillet L., Marcand S., Tsai-Pflugfelder M., Gasser S.M., Gilson E. 1996. Cooperation at a distance between silencers and proto-silencers at the yeast HML locus. EMBO J. 15:2184-2195.
16. Bosco, G., Haber J.E. 1998. Chromosome break-induced DNA replication leads to non-reciprocal translocations and telomere capture. Genetics 150:1037-1047.
17. Brachmann, C. B., Sherman J.M., Devine S.E., Cameron E.E., Pillus L., Boeke J.D. 1995. The SIR2 gene family, conserved from bacteria to humans, functions in silencing, cell cycle progression, chromosome stability. Genes Dev. 9:2888-2902.
18. Brand, A. H., Breeden L., Abraham J., Sternglanz R., Nasmyth K. 1985. Characterization of a "silencer" in yeast: a DNA sequence with properties opposite to those of a transcriptional enhancer. Cell 41:41-48.
19. Braunstein, M., Rose A.B., Holmes S.G., Allis C.D., Broach J.R. 1993. Transcriptional silencing in yeast is associated with reduced nucleosome acetylation. Genes Dev. 7: 592-604.
20. Bruhn, L., Sprague G.F., Jr. 1994. MCM1 point mutants deficient in expression of alpha-specific genes: residues important for interaction with alpha 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2534-2544.
21. Chen-Cleland, T. A., Smith M.M., Le S., Sternglanz R., Allfrey V.G. 1993. Nucleosome structural changes during derepression of silentmating-type loci in yeast. Biol J. Chem. 268:1118-1124.
22. Cheng, T. H., Gartenberg M.R. 2000. Yeast heterochromatin is a dynamic structure that requires silencers continuously. Genes Dev. 14:452-463.
23. Chi, M. H., Shore D. 1996. SUM1-1, a dominant suppressor of SIR mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, increases transcriptional silencing at telomeres and HM mating-type loci and decreases chromosome stability. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4281-4294.
24. Chien, C. T., Buck S., Sternglanz R., Shore D. 1993. Targeting of SIR1 protein establishes transcriptional silencing at HM loci and telomeres in yeast. Cell 75:531-541.
25. Clever, B., Interthal H., Schmuckli M.J., King J., Sigrist M., Heyer W.D. 1997. Recombinational repair in yeast: functional interactions between Rad51 and Rad54 proteins. EMBO J. 16:2535-2544.
26. Colaiacovo, M. 1999. Ph.D. thesis. Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.
27. Colaiacovo, M. P., Paques F., Haber J.E. 1999. Removal of one nonhomologous DNA end during gene conversion by a RAD1- and MSH2-independent pathway. Genetics 151: 1409-1423.
28. Collins, I., Newlon C.S. 1994. Chromosomal DNA replication initiates at the same origins in meiosis and mitosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3524-3534.
29. Connolly, B., White C.I., Haber J.E. 1988. Physical monitoring of mating type switching in Saccharomyces cere- visiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2342-2349.
30. Corda, Y., Schramke V., Longhese M.P., Smokvina T., Paciotti V., Brevet V., Gilson E., Geli V. 1999. Interaction between Set1p and checkpoint protein Mec3p in DNA repair and telomere functions. Nat. Genet. 21:204-208.
31. Cosma, M. P., Tanaka T., Nasmyth K. 1999. Ordered recruitment of transcription and chromatin remodeling factors to a cell cycle- and developmentally regulated promoter. Cell 97:299-311.
32. Derbyshire, M. K., Weinstock K.G., Strathern J.N. 1996. HST1, a new member of the SIR2 family of genes. Yeast 12:631-640.
33. Dillin, A., Rine J. 1997. Separable functions of ORC5 in replication initiation and silencing in Saccharomyces cere- visiae. Genetics 147:1053-1062.
34. Donze, D., Adams C.R., Rine J., Kamakaka R.T. 1999. The boundaries of the silenced HMR domain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 13:698-708.
35. Dorland, S., Deegenaars M.L., Stillman D.J. 2000. Roles for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SDS3, CBK1 and HYM1 genes in transcriptional repression by SIN3. Genetics 154:573-586.
36. Dubey, D. D., Davis L.R., Greenfeder S.A., Ong L.Y., Zhu J.G., Broach J.R., Newlon C.S., Huberman J.A. 1991. Evidence suggesting that the ARS elements associated with silencers of the yeast mating-type locus HML do not function as chromosomal DNA replication origins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5346-5355.
37. Ehrenhofer-Murray, A. E., Kamakaka R.T., Rine J. 1999. A role for the replication proteins PCNA, RF-C, polymerase epsilon and Cdc45 in transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 153:1171-1182.
38. Ehrenhofer-Murray, A. E., Rivier D.H., Rine J. 1997. The role of Sas2, an acetyltransferase homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in silencing and ORC function. Genetics 145:923-934.
39. Elble, R., Tye B.K. 1991. Both activation and repression of a-mating-type-specific genes in yeast require transcription factor Mcm1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10966-10970.
40. Enomoto, S., Berman J. 1998. Chromatin assembly factor I contributes to the maintenance, but not the re-establish- ment, of silencing at the yeast silent mating loci. Genes Dev. 12:219-232.
41. Evans, E., Sugawara N., Haber J.E., Alani E. 2000. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 mismatch repair protein localizes to recombination intermediates in vivo. Mol. Cell 5:789-799.
42. Fasullo, M., Bennett T., Dave P. 1999. Expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MATa and MATa enhances the HO endonuclease-stimulation of chromosomal rearrangements directed by his3 recombinational substrates. Mutat. Res. 433:33-44.
43. Feldman, J. B., Hicks J.B., Broach J.R. 1984. Identifica- tion of sites required for repression of a silent mating type locus in yeast. Mol J. Biol. 178:815-834.
44. Ferguson, D. O., Holloman W.K. 1996. Recombinational repair of gaps in DNA is asymmetric in Ustilago maydis and can be explained by a migrating D-loop model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5419-5424.
45. Fishman-Lobell, J., Haber J.E. 1992. Removal of nonhomologous DNA ends in double-strand break recombination: the role of the yeast ultraviolet repair gene RAD1. Science 258:480-484.
46. Fox, C. A., Ehrenhofer-Murray A.E., Loo S., Rine J. 1997. The origin recognition complex, SIR1, the S phase requirement for silencing. Science 276:1547-1551.
47. Frank, S., Werner S. 1996. The human homologue of the yeast CHL1 gene is a novel keratinocyte growth factorregulated gene. Biol J. Chem. 271:24337-24340.
48. Friis, J., Roman H. 1968. The effect of the mating-type alleles on intragenic recombination in yeast. Genetics 59: 33-36.
49. Galitski, T., Saldanha A.J., Styles C.A., Lander E.S., Fink G.R. 1999. Ploidy regulation of gene expression. Science 285:251-254.
50. Galy, V., Olivo-Marin J.C., Scherthan H., Doye V., Rascalou N., Nehrbass U. 2000. Nuclear pore complexes in the organization of silent telomeric chromatin. Nature 403: 108-112.
51. Gartenberg, M. R. 2000. The Sir proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: mediators of transcriptional silencing and much more. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3:132-137.
52. Gasser, S. M. 1991. Replication origins, factors and attachment sites. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 3:407-413.
53. Gerring, S. L., Spencer F., Hieter P. 1990. The CHL1 (CTF1) gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for chromosome transmission and normal cell cycle progression in G2/M. EMBO J. 9:4347-4358.
54. Grunstein, M. 1998. Yeast heterochromatin:regulationof its assembly and inheritance by histones. Cell 93:325-328.
55. Guarente, L. 1999. Diverse and dynamic functions of the Sir silencing complex. Nat. Genet. 23:281-285.
56. Gustin, M. C., Albertyn J., Alexander M., Davenport K. 1998. MAP kinase pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cere- visiae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1264-1300.
57. Haber, J. 1995. In vivo biochemistry: physical monitoring of recombination induced by site-specific endonucleases. Bioessays 17:609-620.
58. Haber, J. E. 1998. Mating-type gene switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu. Rev. Genet. 32:561-599.
59. Haber, J. E. 1999. DNA recombination: the replication connection. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:271-275.
60. Haber, J. E. 2000. Lucky breaks: analysis of recombination in Saccharomyces. Mutat. Res. 451:53-69.
61. Haber, J. E., Mascioli D.W., Rogers D.T. 1980. Illegal transposition of mating-type genes in yeast. Cell 20:519-528.
62. Haber, J. E., Ray B.L., Kolb J.M., White C.I. 1993. Rapid kinetics of mismatch repair of heteroduplex DNA that is formed during recombination in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3363-3367.
63. Haber, J. E., Rogers D.T., McCusker J.H. 1980. Homo- thallic conversions of yeast mating-type genes occur by intrachromosomal recombination. Cell 22:277-289.
64. Haber, J. E., Rowe L., Rogers D.T. 1981. Transposition of yeast mating type genes from two translocations of the left arm of chromosome Mol III. Cell. Biol. 1:1106-1119.
65. Hagen, D. C., Bruhn L., Westby C.A., Sprague G.F., Jr. 1993. Transcription of alpha-specific genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: DNA sequence requirements for activity of the coregulator alpha 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6866-6875.
66. Hastings, P. J. 1988. Recombination in the eukaryotic nucleus. Bioessays 9:61-64.
67. Hawthorne, D. C. 1963. A deletion in yeast and its bearing on the structure of the mating type locus. Genetics 48:1727.
68. Hawthorne, D. C. 1963. Directed mutation of the mating type alleles as an explanation of homothallism in yeast. Proc. Int. Congr. Genet. 1:34.
69. Hays, S. L., Firmenich A.A., Berg P. 1995. Complex formation in yeast double-strand break repair: participation of Rad51, Rad52, Rad55, Rad57 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6925-6929.
70. Hecht, A., Laroche T., Strahl B.S., Gasser S.M., Grunstein M. 1995. Histone H3 and H4 N-termini interact with SIR3 and SIR4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast. Cell 80:583-592.
71. Heude, M., Fabre F. 1993. a/alpha-control of DNA repair in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic and physiological aspects. Genetics 133:489-498.
72. Hicks, J., Strathern J., Klar A., Ismail S., Broach J. 1984. Structure of the SAD mutation and the location of control sites at silent mating type genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1278-1285.
73. Hicks, J. B., Strathern J.N., Herskowitz I. 1977. The cassette model of mating-type interconversion, p. 457-462. In Burkhari A.I., Shapiro J.A., S. L. Adhya (ed.), DNA Insertion Elements. Plasmids and Episomes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
74. Holmes, A., Haber J.E. 1999. Double-strand break repair in yeast requires both leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases. Cell 96:415-424.
75. Huang, H., Kahana A., Gottschling D.E., Prakash L., Liebman S.W. 1997. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6 (Ubc2) is required for silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6693-6699.
76. Hurst, S. T., Rivier D.H. 1999. Identification of a compound origin of replication at the HMR-E locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biol J. Chem. 274:4155-4159.
77. Imai, S., Armstrong C.M., Kaeberlein M., Guarente L. 2000. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature 403: 795-800.
78. Inbar, O., Kupiec M. 1999. Homologysearchandchoice of homologous partner during mitotic recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:4134-4142.
79. Ivanov, E. L., Haber J.E. 1995. RAD1 and RAD10, but not other excision repair genes, are required for doublestrand break-induced recombination in Saccharomyces cere- visiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2245-2251.
80. Ivanov, E. L., Sugawara N., Fishman-Lobell J., Haber J.E. 1996. Genetic requirements for the single-strand annealing pathway of double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 142:693-704.
81. Ivanov, E. L., Sugawara N., White C.I., Fabre F., Haber J.E. 1994. Mutations in XRS2 and RAD50 delay but do not prevent mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3414-3425.
82. Jansen, R. P., Dowzer C., Michaelis C., Galova M., Nasmyth K. 1996. Mother cell-specific HO expression in budding yeast depends on the unconventional myosin myo4p and other cytoplasmic proteins. Cell 84:687-697.
83. Jensen, R., Herskowitz I. 1984. Directionality and regulation of cassette substitution in yeast. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:97-104.
84. Jin, Y., Binkowski G., Simon L.D., Norris D. 1997. HO endonuclease cleaves MAT DNA in vitro by an inefficient stoichiometric reaction mechanism. Biol J. Chem. 272: 7352-7359.
85. Johnson, L. M., Kayne P.S., Kahn E.S., Grunstein M. 1990. Genetic evidence for an interaction between SIR3 and histone H4 in the repression of the silent mating loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6286-6290.
86. Kanaar, R., Hoeijmakers J.H., van Gent D.C. 1998. Molecular mechanisms of DNA double strand break repair. Trends Cell Biol. 8:483-489.
87. Kaufman, P. D., Cohen J.L., Osley M.A. 1998. Hir proteins are required for position-dependent gene silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the absence of chromatin assembly factor Mol I. Cell. Biol. 18:4793-4806.
88. Kimmerly, W., Buchman A., Kornberg R., Rine J. 1988. Roles of two DNA-binding factors in replication, segregation and transcriptional repression mediated by a yeast silencer. EMBO J. 7:2241-2253.
89. Klar, A. J., Hicks J.B., Strathern J.N. 1982. Directionality of yeast mating-type interconversion. Cell 28:551-561.
90. Klar, A. J., Strathern J.N. 1984. Resolution of recombination intermediates generated during yeast mating type switching. Nature 310:744-748.
91. Klar, A. J., Strathern J.N., Hicks J.B. 1981. A positioneffect control for gene transposition: state of expression of yeast mating-type genes affects their ability to switch. Cell 25:517-524.
92. Klar, A. J. S. 1989. The interconversion of mating type: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, p. 671-691. In M.M. Howe and D.E. Berg (ed.), Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
93. Kostriken, R., Heffron F. 1984. The product of the HO gene is a nuclease: purification and characterization of the enzyme. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:89-96.
94. Kostriken, R., Strathern J.N., Klar A.J.S., Hicks J.B., Heffron F. 1983. A site-specific endonuclease essential for mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell 35: 167-174.
95. Kupiec, M. 2000. Damage-induced recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 451:91-105.
96. Landry, J., Sutton A., Tafrov S.T., Heller R.C., Stebbins J., Pillus L., Sternglanz R. 2000. The silencing protein SIR2 and its homologs are NAD-dependent protein deacetylases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5807-5811.
97. Laroche, T., Martin S.G., Gotta M., Gorham H.C., Pryde F.E., Louis E.J., Gasser S.M. 1998. Mutation of yeast Ku genes disrupts the subnuclear organization of telomeres. Curr. Biol. 8:653-656.
98. Le, S., Moore J.K., Haber J.E., Greider C. 1999. RAD50 and RAD51 define two different pathways that collaborate to maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase. Genetics 152:143-152.
99. Leberer, E., Thomas D.Y., Whiteway M. 1997. Pheromone signalling and polarized morphogenesis in yeast. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:59-66.
100. Lee, S. E., Pdques F., Sylvan J., Haber J.E. 1999. Role of yeast SIR genes and mating type in channeling doublestrand breaks to homologous and nonhomologous recombination pathways. Curr. Biol. 9:767-770.
101. Leung, W., Malkova A., Haber J.E. 1997. Gene targeting by linear duplex DNA frequently occurs by assimilation of a single strand that is subject to preferential mismatch correction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6851-6856.
102. Liras, P., McCusker J., Mascioli D., Haber J.E. 1978. Characterization of a mutation in yeast causing nonrandom chromosome loss during mitosis. Genetics 88:651-671.
103. Long, R. M., Singer R.H., Meng X., Gonzalez I., Nasmyth K., Jansen R.P. 1997. Mating type switching in yeast controlled by asymmetric localization of ASH1 mRNA. Science 277:383-387.
104. Loo, S., Laurenson P., Foss M., Dillin A., Rine J. 1995. Roles of ABF1, NPL3, YCL54 in silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 141:889-902.
105. Loo, S., Rine J. 1994. Silencers and domains of generalized repression. Science 264:1768-1771.
106. Lundblad, V., Blackburn E.H. 1993. An alternative pathway for yeast telomere maintenance rescues est1-senescence. Cell 73:347-360.
107. Mahoney, D. J., Broach J.R. 1989. The HML mating- type cassette of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by two separate but functionally equivalent silencers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4621-4630.
108. Malkova, A., Ivanov E.L., Haber J.E. 1996. Doublestrand break repair in the absence of RAD51 in yeast: a possible role for break-induced DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7131-7136.
109. Marshall, W. F., Straight A., Marko J.F., Swedlow J., Dernburg A., Belmont A., Murray A.W., Agard D.A., Sedat J.W. 1997. Interphase chromosomes undergo constrained diffusional motion in living cells. Curr. Biol. 7:930-939.
110. McGill, C., Shafer B., Strathern J.N. 1989. Coconversion of flanking sequences with homothallic switching. Cell 57:459-467.
111. McGill, C. B., Shafer B.K., Derr L.K., Strathern J.N. 1993. Recombination initiated by double-strand breaks. Curr. Genet. 23:305-314.
112. McNally, F. J., Rine J. 1991. A synthetic silencer mediates SIR-dependent functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5648-5659.
113. Miller, A. M., Nasmyth K.A. 1984. Role of DNA replication in the repression of silent mating type loci in yeast. Nature 312:247-251.
114. Milne, G. T., Weaver D.T. 1993. Dominant negative alleles of RAD52 reveal a DNA repair/recombination complex including Rad51 andRad52. GenesDev. 7:1755-1765.
115. Morrow, D. M., Connelly C., Hieter P. 1997. ''Break copy'' duplication: a model for chromosome fragment formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 147:371-382.
116. Mortensen, U. H., Bendixen C., Sunjevaric I., Rothstein R. 1996. DNA strand annealing is promoted by the yeast Rad52 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10729-10734.
117. Mueller, J. E., Clyman J., Huang Y.J., Parker M.M., Belfort M. 1996. Intron mobility in phage T4 occurs in the context of recombination-dependent DNA replication byway of multiple pathways. Genes Dev. 10:351-364.
118. Nasmyth, K. 1982. Molecular genetics of yeast mating type. Annu. Rev. Genet. 16:439-500.
119. Nasmyth, K. 1983. Molecular analysis of a cell lineage. Nature 302:670-676.
120. Nasmyth, K. 1987. The determination of mother cell-specific mating type switching in yeast by a specific regulator of HO transcription. EMBO J. 6:243-248.
121. Nasmyth, K., Shore D. 1987. Transcriptional regulation in the yeast cell cycle. Science 237:1162-1170.
122. Nasmyth, K. A., Tatchell K. 1980. The structure of transposable yeast mating type loci. Cell 19:753-764.
123. Nassif, N., Penney J., Pal S., Engels W.R., Gloor G.B. 1994. Efficient copying of nonhomologous sequences from ectopic sites via P-element-induced gap repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1613-1625.
124. Naumov, G. I., Toistorukov I.I. 1973. Comparative genetics of yeast. X. Reidentification of mutators of mating types in Saccharomyces. Genetika 9:82-91.
125. New, J. H., Sugiyama T., Zaitseva E., Kowalczy-Kowski S.C. 1998. Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 and replication protein A. Nature 391: 407-410.
126. Newlon, C. S., Lipchitz L.R., Collins I., Deshpande A., Devenish R.J., Green R.P., Klein H.L., Palzkill T.G., Ren R.B., Synn S., et al. 1991. Analysis of a circular derivative of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III: a physical map and identification and location of ARS elements. Genetics 129:343-357.
127. Nickoloff, J. A., Chen E.Y., Heffron F. 1986. A24-base- pair DNA sequence from the MAT locus stimulates intergenic recombination in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 7831-7835.
128. Nickoloff, J. A., Singer J.D., Hoekstra M.F., Heffron F. 1989. Double-strand breaks stimulate alternative mechanisms of recombination repair. Mol J. Biol. 207:527-541.
129. Ogawa, T., Yu X., Shinohara A., Egelman E.H. 1993. Similarity of the yeast Rad51 filament to the bacterial RecA filament. Science 259:1896-1899.
130. Palacios DeBeer, M. A., Fox C.A. 1999. A role for a replicator dominance mechanism in silencing. EMBO J. 18: 3808-3819.
131. Paques, F., Haber J.E. 1997. Two pathways for removal of nonhomologous DNA ends during double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 6765-6771.
132. Paques, F., Haber J.E. 1999. Multiple pathways of recombination induced by double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:349-404.
133. Paques, F., Leung W.Y., Haber J.E. 1998. Expansions and contractions in a tandem repeat induced by doublestrand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2045-2054.
134. Park, E. C., Szostak J.W. 1990. Point mutations in the yeast histone H4 gene prevent silencing of the silent mating type locus Mol HML. Cell. Biol. 10:4932-4934.
135. Park, E. C., Szostak J.W. 1992. ARD1 and NAT1 proteins form a complex that has N-terminal acetyltransferase activity. EMBO J. 11:2087-2093.
136. Parket, A., Inbar O., Kupiec M. 1995. Recombination of Ty elements in yeast can be induced by a double-strand break. Genetics 140:67-77.
137. Paul, T. T., Geliert M. 1998. The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Mre11 facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Mol. Cell. 1:969-980.
138. Perez-Martin, J. 1999. Chromatin and transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 23:503-523.
139. Petes, T. D., Malone R.E., Symington L.S. 1991. Recombination in yeast, p. 407-521. In E.W. Jones and J.R. Pringle (ed.), The Molecularand CellularBiology ofthe Yeast Saccharomyces. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
140. Petukhova, G., Van Komen S., Vergano S., Klein H., Sung P. 1999. Yeast Rad54 promotes Rad51-dependent homologous DNA pairing via ATP hydrolysis-driven change in DNA double helix conformation. Biol J. Chem. 274: 29453-29462.
141. Pillus, L., Rine J. 1989. Epigenetic inheritance of transcriptional states in S. cerevisiae. Cell 59:637-647.
142. Pleiss, A., Perrin A., Haber J.E., Dujon B. 1992. Site- specific recombination determined by I-Scel, a mitochondrial group I intron-encoded endonuclease expressed in the yeast nucleus. Genetics 130:451-460.
143. Porter, S. E., White M.A., Petes T.D. 1993. Genetic evidence that the meiotic recombination hotspot at the HIS4 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not represent a site for a symmetrically processed double-strand break. Genetics 134:5-19.
144. Rattray, A. J., Symington L.S. 1994. Use of a chromosomal inverted repeat to demonstrate that the RAD51 and RAD52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have different roles in mitotic recombination. Genetics 138:587-595.
145. Rattray, A. J., Symington L.S. 1995. Multiple pathways for homologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:45-56.
146. Raveh, D., Hughes S.H., Shafer B.K., Strathern J.N. 1989. Analysis of the HO-cleaved MAT DNA intermediate generated during the mating type switch in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:33-42.
147. Ravindra, A., Weiss K., Simpson R.T. 1999. High-reso- lution structural analysis of chromatin at specific loci: Saccharomyces cerevisiae silent mating-type locus HMRa. Mol. Cell. Btol. 19:7944-7950.
148. Ray, A., Machin N., Stahl F.W. 1989. A double strand break stimulates triparental recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6225-6229.
149. Ray, B. L., White C.I., Haber J.E. 1991. Heteroduplex formation and mismatch repair of the "stuck" mutation during mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5372-5380.
150. Reifsnyder, C., Lowell J., Clarke A., Pillus L. 1996. Yeast SAS silencing genes and human genes associated with AML and HIV-1 Tat interactions are homologous with acetyltrans- ferases. Nat. Genet. 14:42-49.
151. Richard, G. F., Goellner G.M., McMurray C.T., Haber J.E. 2000. Recombination-induced CAG trinucleotide repeat expansions in yeast involve the MRE11-RAD50-XRS2 complex. EMBO J. 19:2381-2390.
152. Rine, J., Herskowitz I. 1980. Thetrans actionofHMRa in mating type interconversion. Mol. Gen. Genet. 180: 99-105.
153. Rivier, D. H., Ekena J.L., Rine J. 1999. HMR-I is an origin of replication and a silencer in Saccharomyces cerevis- iae. Genetics 151:521-529.
154. Rivier, D. H., Rine J. 1992. An origin of DNA replication and a transcription silencer require a common element. Science 256:659-663.
155. Rudin, N., Haber J.E. 1988. Efficient repair of HO- induced chromosomal breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by recombination between flanking homologous sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3918-3928.
156. Rudin, N., Sugarman E., Haber J.E. 1989. Genetic and physical analysis of double-strand break repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 122:519-534.
157. Sandell, L. L., Zakian V.A. 1993. Loss of a yeast telomere: arrest, recovery and chromosome loss. Cell 75: 729-739.
158. Santa Maria, J., Vidal D. 1970. Segregacion anormal del ''mating type'' en Saccharomyces. Inst. Nac. Investig. Agron. Conf. 30:1.
159. Santocanale, C., Sharma K., Diffley J.F. 1999. Activation of dormant origins ofDNA replication in budding yeast. Genes Dev. 13:2360-2364.
160. Shei, G. J., Broach J.R. 1995. Yeast silencers can act as orientation-dependent gene inactivation centers that respond to environmental signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3496-3506.
161. Sherman, J. M., Pillus L. 1997. An uncertain silence. Trends Genet. 13:308-313.
162. Shinohara, A., Ogawa H., Ogawa T. 1992. Rad51 protein involved in repair and recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a RecA-like protein. Cell 69:457-470.
163. Shinohara, A., Ogawa T. 1998. Stimulation by Rad52 of yeast Rad51-mediated recombination. Nature 391:404-407.
164. Sil, A., Herskowitz I. 1996. Identification of asymmetrically localized determinant, Ash1p, required for lineage-specific transcription of the yeast HO gene. Cell 84:711-722.
165. Smith, D. L., Johnson A.D. 1994. Operator-constitutive mutations in a DNA sequence recognized by a yeast homeo- domain. EMBO J. 13:2378-2387.
166. Smith, J. S., Brachmann C.B., Celic I., Kenna M.A., Muhammad S., Starai V.J., Avalos J.L., Escalante-Semerena J.C., Grubmeyer C., Wolberger C., Boeke J.D. 2000. A phy- logenetically conserved NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase activity in the Sir2 protein family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:6658-6663.
167. Song, B., Sung P. 2000. Functional interactions among yeast Rad51 recombinase, Rad52 mediator, replication protein A in DNA strand exchange. Biol J. Chem. 275: 15895-15904.
168. Stone, E. M., Heun P., Laroche T., Pillus L., Gasser S.M. 2000. MAP kinase signaling induces nuclear reorganization in budding yeast. Curr. Biol. 10:373-382.
169. Straight, A. F., Marshall W.F., Sedat J.W., Murray A.W. 1997. Mitosis in living budding yeast: anaphase A but no metaphase plate. Science 277:574-578.
170. Strathern, J., Hicks J., Herskowitz I. 1981. Control of cell type in yeast by the mating type locus. The alpha 1-alpha 2 hypothesis. Mol J. Biol. 147:357-372.
171. Strathern, J. N., Herskowitz I. 1979. Asymmetry and directionality in production of new cell types during clonal growth: the switching pattern of homothallic yeast. Cell 17: 371-381.
172. Strathern, J. N., Klar A.J.S., Hicks J.B., Abraham J.A., Ivy J.M., Nasmyth K.A., McGill C. 1982. Homothallic switching of yeast mating type cassettes is initiated by a double-stranded cut in the MAT locus. Cell 31:183-192.
173. Sugawara, N., Haber J.E. 1992. Characterization of double-strand break-induced recombination: homology requirements and single-stranded DNA formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:563-575.
174. Sugawara, N., Ira G., Haber J.E. 2000. DNA length dependence of the single-strand annealing pathway and the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD59 in double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5300-5309.
175. Sugawara, N., Ivanov E.L., Fishman L.J., Ray B.L., Wu X., Haber J.E. 1995. DNA structure-dependent requirements for yeast RAD genes in gene conversion. Nature 373: 84-86.
176. Sugawara, N., Paques F., Colaiacovo M., Haber J.E. 1997. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 and Msh3 repair proteins in double-strand break-induced recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9214-9219.
177. Sun, Z. W., Hampsey M. 1999. A general requirement for the Sin3-Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex in regulating silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 152: 921-932.
178. Sung, P. 1997. Function of yeast Rad52 protein as a mediator between replication protein A and the Rad51 recombinase. Biol J. Chem. 272:28194-28197.
179. Sung, P. 1997. Yeast Rad55 and Rad57 proteins form a heterodimer that functions with replication protein A to promote DNA strand exchange by Rad51 recombinase. Genes Dev. 11:1111-1121.
180. Sung, P., Robberson D.L. 1995. DNA strand exchange mediated by a RAD51-ssDNA nucleoprotein filament with polarity opposite to that of RecA. Cell 82:453-461.
181. Sung, P., Trujillo K.M., Van Komen S. 2000. Recombination factors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 451: 257-275.
182. Szeto, L., Broach J.R. 1997. Role of alpha2 protein in donor locus selection during mating type interconversion. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:751-759.
183. Szeto, L., Fafalios M.K., Zhong H., Vershon A.K., Broach J.R. 1997. Alpha2p controls donor preference during mating type interconversion in yeast by inactivating a recombinational enhancer of chromosome Genes Dev III. 11: 1899-1911.
184. Szostak, J. W., Orr W.T., Rothstein R.J., Stahl F.W. 1983. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell 33:25-35.
185. Takahashi, T. 1958. Complementary genes controlling ho- mothallism in Saccharomyces. Genetics 43:705.
186. Takano, I., Oshima Y. 1967. An allele specific and a complementary determinant controlling homothallism in Saccharomyces oviformis. Genetics 57:875-885.
187. Takano, I., Oshima Y. 1970. Mutational nature of an allele-specific conversion of the mating type by the homothal- lic gene HO alpha in Saccharomyces. Genetics 65:421-427.
188. Takizawa, P. A., Sil A., Swedlow J.R., Herskowitz I., Vale R.D. 1997. Actin-dependent localization of an RNA encoding a cell-fate determinant in yeast. Nature 389:90-93.
189. Takizawa, P. A., Vale R.D. 2000. The myosin motor, Myo4p, binds Ash1 mRNA via the adapter protein, She3p. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:5273-5278.
190. Tan, S., Richmond T.J. 1998. Crystal structure of the yeast MATa2/Mcm1/DNA ternary complex. Nature 391: 660-666.
191. Tanaka, K., Oshima T., Araki H., Harashima S., Oshima Y. 1984. Mating type controlin Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a frameshift mutation at the common DNA sequence, X, of the HMLa locus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:203-211.
192. Tatchell, K., Nasmyth K.A., Hall B.D., Astell C., Smith M. 1981. In vitro mutation analysis of the mating-type locus in yeast. Cell 27:25-35.
193. Tsubouchi, H., Ogawa H. 1998. A novel mre11 mutation impairs processing of double-strand breaks of DNA during both mitosis and meiosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:260-268.
194. Tsubouchi, H., Ogawa H. 2000. Exol roles for repair of DNA double-strand breaks and meiotic crossing over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 11:2221-2233.
195. Umezu, K., Sugawara N., Chen C., Haber J.E., Kolodner R.D. 1998. Genetic analysis of yeast RPA1 reveals its multiple functions in DNA metabolism. Genetics 148: 989-1005.
196. Usui, T., Ohta T., Oshumi H., Tsubouchi H., Tomizawa J.-I., Ogawa H., Ogawa T. 1998. Complex formation and functional versatility of Mre11 of budding yeast in recombination. Cell 95:705-716.
197. Vujcic, M., Miller C.A., Kowalski D. 1999. Activation of silent replication origins at autonomously replicating sequence elements near the HML locus in budding yeast. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:6098-6109.
198. Weiffenbach, B., Haber J.E. 1981. Homothallic mating type switching generates lethal chromosome breaks in rad52 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1: 522-534.
199. Weiler, K. S., Broach J.R. 1992. Donor locus selection during Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating type interconversion responds to distant regulatory signals. Genetics 132: 929-942.
200. Weiler, K. S., Szeto L., Broach J.R. 1995. Mutations affecting donor preference during mating type interconversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:1495-1510.
201. Weiss, K., Simpson R.T. 1997. Cell type-specific chromatin organization of the region that governs directionality of yeast mating type switching. EMBO J. 16:4352-4360.
202. Weiss, K., Simpson R.T. 1998. High-resolution structural analysis of chromatin at specific loci: Saccharomyces cerevisiae silent mating type locus HMLa. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5392-5403.
203. Weng, Y. S., Whelden J., Gunn L., Nickoloff J.A. 1996. Double-strand break-induced mitotic gene conversion: examination of tract polarity and products of multiple recombinational repair events. Curr. Genet. 29:335-343.
204. White, C. I., Haber J.E. 1990. Intermediates of recombination during mating type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 9:663-674.
205. Wu, C., Weiss K., Yang C., Harris M.A., Tye B.K., Newlon C.S., Simpson R.T., Haber J.E. 1998. Mcm1 regulates donor preference controlled by the recombination enhancer in Saccharomyces mating-type switching. Genes Dev. 12:1726-1737.
206. Wu, X., Haber J.E. 1995. MATa donor preference in yeast mating-type switching: activation of a large chromosomal region for recombination. Genes Dev. 9:1922-1932.
207. Wu, X., Haber J.E. 1996. A 700 bp cis-acting region controls mating-type dependent recombination along the entire left arm of yeast chromosome III. Cell 87:277-285.
208. Wu, X., Moore J.K., Haber J.E. 1996. Mechanism of MATa donor preference during mating-type switching of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:657-668.
209. Wu, X., Wu C., Haber J.E. 1997. Rules of donor preference in Saccharomyces mating-type gene switching revealed by a competition assay involving two types of recombination. Genetics 147:399-407.
210. Xu, E. Y., Kim S., Rivier D.H. 1999. SAS4 and SAS5 are locus-specific regulators of silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 153:25-33.
211. Zhang, Z., Buchman A.R. 1997. Identification of a member of a DNA-dependent ATPase family that causes interference with silencing. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5461-5472.