Graphene Synthesis

Graphene: Synthesis and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 27-63

  Das, Santanu ^a   Choi, Wonbong ^a  

^a Florida International University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85152828365     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b11259-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (114)

1. Allen, M. J., V. C. Tung, and R. B. Kaner. 2010. Honeycomb carbon: A review of graphene. Chemical Reviews 110 (1):132-145.
2. Bae, S., H. Kim, Y. Lee, et al. 2010. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nature Nanotechnology 5 (8):574-578.
3. Berger, C., Z. M. Song, T. B. Li, et al. 2004. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108 (52):19912-19916.
4. Bhaviripudi, S., X. T. Jia, M. S. Dresselhaus, and J. Kong. 2010. Role of kinetic factors in chemical vapor deposition synthesis of uniform large area graphene using copper catalyst. Nano Letters 10 (10):4128-4133.
5. Bhuvana, T., A. Kumar, A. Sood, et al. 2010. Contiguous petal-like carbon nanosheet outgrowths from graphite fibers by plasma CVD. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2 (3):644-648.
6. Boehm, H. P., A. Clauss, G. O. Fischer, and U. Das Hofmann. 1962. Adsorptionsverhalten sehr dunner Kohlenstoff-Folien. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 316:119-127.
7. Brodie, B. C. 1860. Sur le poids atomique du graphite. Annales des Chimie et des Physique 59:466.
8. Campos-Delgado, J., Y. A. Kim, T. Hayashi, et al. 2009. Thermal stability studies of CVD-grown graphene nanoribbons: Defect annealing and loop formation. Chemical Physics Letters 469 (1-3):177-182.
9. Campos-Delgado, J., J. M. Romo-Herrera, X. T. Jia, et al. 2008. Bulk production of a new form of sp(2) carbon: Crystalline graphene nanoribbons. Nano Letters 8 (9):2773-2778.
10. Cano-Marquez, A. G., F. J. Rodriguez-Macias, J. Campos-Delgado, et al. 2009. Ex-MWNTs: Graphene sheets and ribbons produced by lithium intercalation and exfoliation of carbon nanotubes. Nano Letters 9 (4):1527-1533.
11. Castner, D. G., B. A. Sexton, and G. A. Somorjai. 1978. LEED and thermal desorption studies of small molecules (H2, O2, CO, CO2, NO, C2H4, C2H2, AND C) chemisorbed on rhodium (111) and (100) surfaces. Surface Science 71 (3):519-540.
12. Castro Neto, A. H., F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim. 2009. The electronic properties of graphene. Reviews of Modern Physics 81 (1):109-162.
13. Chen, S. Q., and Y. Wang. 2010. Microwave-assisted synthesis of a Co3O4-graphene sheet-on-sheet nanocomposite as a superior anode material for Li-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 (43):9735-9739.
14. Chen, Z. H., Y. M. Lin, M. J. Rooks, and P. Avouris. 2007. Graphene nano-ribbon electronics. Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 40 (2):228-232.
15. Choi, Wonbong, Indranil Lahiri, Raghunandan Seelaboyina, and Yong Soo Kang. 2010. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 35 (1):52-71.
16. Choucair, M., P. Thordarson, and J. A. Stride. 2009. Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. Nature Nanotechnology 4 (1):30-33.
17. Coraux, J., A. T. N’Diaye, M. Engler, et al. 2009. Growth of graphene on Ir(111). New Journal of Physics 11:22.
18. Cote, Laura J., Franklin Kim, and Jiaxing Huang. 2008. Langmuir-Blodgett assembly of graphite oxide single layers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131 (3):1043-1049.
19. De Arco, L. G., Y. Zhang, C. W. Schlenker, K. Ryu, M. E. Thompson, and C. W. Zhou. 2010. Continuous, highly flexible, and transparent graphene films by chemical vapor deposition for organic photovoltaics. ACS Nano 4 (5):2865-2873.
20. de Heer, W. A., C. Berger, X. S. Wu, et al. 2007. Epitaxial graphene. Solid State Communications 143 (1-2):92-100.
21. de Parga, A. L. V., F. Calleja, B. Borca, et al. 2008. Periodically rippled graphene: Growth and spatially resolved electronic structure. Physical Review Letters 100 (5).
22. Dreyer, D. R., S. Park, C. W. Bielawski, and R. S. Ruoff. 2010. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chemical Society Reviews 39 (1):228-240.
23. Eizenberg, M., and J. M. Blakely. 1979. Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111). Surface Science 82 (1):228-236.
24. Emtsev, K. V., A. Bostwick, K. Horn, et al. 2009. Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide. Nature Materials 8 (3):203-207.
25. Gao, L. B., W. C. Ren, J. P. Zhao, L. P. Ma, Z. P. Chen, and H. M. Cheng. 2010. Efficient growth of high-quality graphene films on Cu foils by ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition. Applied Physics Letters 97 (18):3.
26. Geim, A. et al. 2010. Many pioneers in graphene discovery. APS News 19, 4.
27. Geim, A. K., and P. Kim. 2008. Carbon wonderland. Scientific American 298 (4):90-97.
28. Geim, A. K., and K. S. Novoselov. 2007. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials 6 (3):183-191.
29. Hamilton, J. C., and J. M. Blakely. 1980. Carbon segregation to single-crystal surfaces of PT, PD, and CO. Surface Science 91 (1):199-217.
30. Hanns-Peter, Boehm. 2010. Graphen-wie eine Laborkuriosität plötzlich äußerst interessant wurde. Angewandte Chemie: n/a.
31. Hanns-Peter, Boehm. 2010. Graphene-How a laboratory curiosity suddenly became extremely interesting. Angewandte Chemie International Edition: n/a.
32. Hasin, P., M. A. Alpuche-Aviles, and Y. Y. Wu. 2010. Electrocatalytic activity of graphene multi layers toward I-/I-3(-): Effect of preparation conditions and polyelectrolyte modification. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (37):15857-15861.
33. Hass, J., W. A. de Heer, and E. H. Conrad. 2008. The growth and morphology of epitaxial multilayer graphene. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 20 (32):27.
34. Hazra, K. S., et al. 2011. Thinning of multilayer graphene to monolayer graphene in a plasma environment. Nanotechnology 22 (2):025704.
35. Helveg, S., C. Lopez-Cartes, J. Sehested, et al. 2004. Atomic-scale imaging of carbon nanofibre growth. Nature 427 (6973):426-429.
36. Hernandez, Y., V. Nicolosi, M. Lotya, et al. 2008. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nature Nanotechnology 3 (9):563-568.
37. Hu, T., Q. M. Zhang, J. C. Wells, X. G. Gong, and Z. Y. Zhang. 2010. A comparative first-principles study of the adsorption of a carbon atom on copper and nickel surfaces. Physics Letters A 374 (44):4563-4567.
38. Hummers, William S., and Richard E. Offeman. 1958. Preparation of graphitic oxide. Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (6):1339.
39. Ismach, A., C. Druzgalski, S. Penwell, et al. 2010. Direct chemical vapor deposition of graphene on dielectric surfaces. Nano Letters 10 (5):1542-1548.
40. Jasek, O., P. Synek, L. Zajickova, M. Elias, and V. Kudrle. 2010. Synthesis of carbon nanostructures by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition at atmospheric pressure. Journal of Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnicky Casopis 61 (5):311-313.
41. Jeong, H. K., Y. P. Lee, Rjwe Lahaye, et al. 2008. Evidence of graphitic AB stacking order of graphite oxides. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (4):1362-1366.
42. Jiao, L. Y., X. R. Wang, G. Diankov, H. L. Wang, and H. J. Dai. 2010. Facile synthesis of high-quality graphene nanoribbons. Nature Nanotechnology 5 (5):321-325.
43. Jiao, L. Y., L. Zhang, X. R. Wang, G. Diankov, and H. J. Dai. 2009. Narrow graphene nanoribbons from carbon nanotubes. Nature 458 (7240):877-880.
44. Juang, Z. Y., C. Y. Wu, C. W. Lo, et al. 2009. Synthesis of graphene on silicon carbide substrates at low temperature. Carbon 47 (8):2026-2031.
45. Katsnelson, Mikhail I. 2007. Graphene: Carbon in two dimensions. Materials Today 10 (1-2):20-27.
46. Kim, K. S., Y. Zhao, H. Jang, et al. 2009. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457 (7230):706-710.
47. Kosynkin, D. V., A. L. Higginbotham, A. Sinitskii, et al. 2009. Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons. Nature 458 (7240):872-876.
48. Lahiri, J., T. Miller, L. Adamska, I. I. Oleynik, and M. Batzill. 2011. Graphene growth on Ni(111) by transformation of a surface carbide. Nano Letters 11 (2):518-522.
49. Lang, B. 1975. A LEED study of the deposition of carbon on platinum crystal surfaces. Surface Science 53 (1):317-329.
50. Lee, C., X. D. Wei, J. W. Kysar, and J. Hone. 2008. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321 (5887):385-388.
51. Lee, D. H., J. A. Lee, W. J. Lee, D. S. Choi, and S. O. Kim. 2010. Facile fabrication and field emission of metal-particle-decorated vertical N-doped carbon nanotube/graphene hybrid films. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (49):21184-21189.
52. Li, D., M. B. Muller, S. Gilje, R. B. Kaner, and G. G. Wallace. 2008. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nature Nanotechnology 3 (2):101-105.
53. Li, G. L., G. Liu, M. Li, D. Wan, K. G. Neoh, and E. T. Kang. 2010. Organo- and water-dispersible graphene oxide-polymer nanosheets for organic electronic memory and gold nanocomposites. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114 (29):12742-12748.
54. Li, S. S., K. H. Tu, C. C. Lin, C. W. Chen, and M. Chhowalla. 2010. Solution-processable graphene oxide as an efficient hole transport layer in polymer solar cells. ACS Nano 4 (6):3169-3174.
55. Li, X. L., X. R. Wang, L. Zhang, S. W. Lee, and H. J. Dai. 2008. Chemically derived, ultrasmooth graphene nanoribbon semiconductors. Science 319 (5867):1229-1232.
56. Li, X. L., G. Y. Zhang, X. D. Bai, et al. 2008. Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films. Nature Nanotechnology 3 (9):538-542.
57. Li, X. S., W. W. Cai, J. H. An, et al. 2009. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324 (5932):1312-1314.
58. Li, X. S., W. W. Cai, L. Colombo, and R. S. Ruoff. 2009. Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Letters 9 (12):4268-4272.
59. Li, X. S., C. W. Magnuson, A. Venugopal, et al. 2010. Graphene films with large domain size by a two-step chemical vapor deposition process. Nano Letters 10 (11):4328-4334.
60. Li, X. S., Y. W. Zhu, W. W. Cai, et al. 2009. Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes. Nano Letters 9 (12):4359-4363.
61. Liang, X., Z. Fu, and S. Y. Chou. 2007. Graphene transistors fabricated via transfer-printing in device active-areas on large wafer. Nano Letters 7 (12):3840-3844.
62. Liu, N., F. Luo, H. X. Wu, Y. H. Liu, C. Zhang, and J. Chen. 2008. One-step ionic-liquid-assisted electrochemical synthesis of ionic-liquid-functionalized graphene sheets directly from graphite. Advanced Functional Materials 18 (10):1518-1525.
63. Lu, X. K., M. F. Yu, H. Huang, and R. S. Ruoff. 1999. Tailoring graphite with the goal of achieving single sheets. Nanotechnology 10 (3):269-272.
64. McAllister, M. J., J. L. Li, D. H. Adamson, et al. 2007. Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite. Chemistry of Materials 19 (18):4396-4404.
65. Muszynski, R., B. Seger, and P. V. Kamat. 2008. Decorating graphene sheets with gold nanoparticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (14):5263-5266.
66. Nair, R. R., P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, et al. 2008. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science 320 (5881):1308.
67. Novoselov, K. S., A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. 2004. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306 (5696):666-669.
68. Novoselov, K. S., A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. 2005. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438 (7065):197-200.
69. Novoselov, K. S., D. Jiang, F. Schedin, et al. 2005. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 (30):10451-10453.
70. Obraztsov, A. N. 2009. Chemical vapour deposition: Making graphene on a large scale. Nature Nanotechnology 4 (4):212-213.
71. Obraztsov, A. N., E. A. Obraztsova, A. V. Tyurnina, and A. A. Zolotukhin. 2007. Chemical vapor deposition of thin graphite films of nanometer thickness. Carbon 45 (10):2017-2021.
72. Obraztsov, A. N., A. A. Zolotukhin, A. O. Ustinov, A. P. Volkov, Y. Svirko, and K. Jefimovs. 2003. DC discharge plasma studies for nanostructured carbon CVD. Diamond and Related Materials 12 (3-7):917-920.
73. Park, S., and R. S. Ruoff. 2009. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nature Nanotechnology 4 (4):217-224.
74. Qi, J. L., X. Wang, W. T. Zheng, et al. 2009. Effects of total CH4/Ar gas pressure on the structures and field electron emission properties of carbon nanomaterials grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Applied Surface Science 256 (5):1542-1547.
75. Qian, Jiangfeng, Ping Liu, Yang Xiao, et al. 2009. TiO2-coated multilayered SnO2 hollow microspheres for dye-sensitized solar cells. Advanced Materials 21 (36):3663-3667.
76. Reina, A., X. T. Jia, J. Ho, et al. 2009. Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Letters 9 (1):30-35.
77. Reina, A., S. Thiele, X. T. Jia, et al. 2009. Growth of large-area single- and bi-layer graphene by controlled carbon precipitation on polycrystalline Ni surfaces. Nano Research 2 (6):509-516.
78. Reina, Alfonso, Xiaoting Jia, John Ho, et al. 2008. Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Letters 9 (1):30-35.
79. Roy-Mayhew, Joseph D., David J. Bozym, Christian Punckt, and Ilhan A. Aksay. 2010. Functionalized graphene as a catalytic counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 4 (10):6203-6211.
80. Rummeli, M. H., A. Bachmatiuk, A. Scott, et al. 2010. Direct low-temperature nanographene CVD synthesis over a dielectric insulator. ACS Nano 4 (7):4206-4210.
81. Schniepp, H. C., J. L. Li, M. J. McAllister, et al. 2006. Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (17):8535-8539.
82. Shang, N. G., P. Papakonstantinou, M. McMullan, et al. 2008. Catalyst-free efficient growth, orientation and biosensing properties of multilayer graphene nanoflake films with sharp edge planes. Advanced Functional Materials 18 (21):3506-3514.
83. Sidorov, A. N., T. Bansal, P. J. Ouseph, and G. Sumanasekera. 2010. Graphene nanoribbons exfoliated from graphite surface dislocation bands by electrostatic force. Nanotechnology 21 (19).
84. Somani, P. R., S. P. Somani, and M. Umeno. 2006. Planar nano-graphenes from camphor by CVD. Chemical Physics Letters 430 (1-3):56-59.
85. Sridhar, V., J. H. Jeon, and I. K. Oh. 2010. Synthesis of graphene nano-sheets using eco-friendly chemicals and microwave radiation. Carbon 48. (10):2953-2957.
86. Stankovich, S., D. A. Dikin, G. H. B. Dommett, et al. 2006. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442 (7100):282-286.
87. Stankovich, S., R. D. Piner, S. T. Nguyen, and R. S. Ruoff. 2006. Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets. Carbon 44 (15):3342-3347.
88. Stankovich, Sasha, Dmitriy A. Dikin, Richard D. Piner, et al. 2007. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 45 (7):1558-1565.
89. Staudenmaier, L. 1898. Verfahren zur Darstellung der Graphitsaure. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 31:1481-1499.
90. Sun, Z. Z., Z. Yan, J. Yao, E. Beitler, Y. Zhu, and J. M. Tour. 2010. Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources. Nature 468 (7323):549-552.
91. Sutter, P. 2009. Epitaxial graphene: How silicon leaves the scene. Nature Materials 8 (3):171-172.
92. Sutter, P., M. S. Hybertsen, J. T. Sadowski, and E. Sutter. 2009. Electronic structure of few-layer epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001). Nano Letters 9 (7):2654-2660.
93. The rise and rise of graphene. 2010. Nature Nanotechnology 5 (11):755.
94. Tung, V. C., M. J. Allen, Y. Yang, and R. B. Kaner. 2009. High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. Nature Nanotechnology 4 (1):25-29.
95. Van Bommel, A. J., J. E. Crombeen, and A. Van Tooren. 1975. LEED and Auger electron observations of the SiC(0001) surface. Surface Science 48 (2):463-472.
96. Verma, V. P., S. Das, I. Lahiri, and W. Choi. 2010. Large-area graphene on polymer film for flexible and transparent anode in field emission device. Applied Physics Letters 96 (20).
97. Viculis, Lisa M., Julia J. Mack, and Richard B. Kaner. 2003. A chemical route to carbon nanoscrolls. Science 299 (5611):1361.
98. Viculis, Lisa M., Julia J. Mack, Oren M. Mayer, H. Thomas Hahn, and Richard B. Kaner. 2005. Intercalation and exfoliation routes to graphite nanoplatelets. Journal of Materials Chemistry 15 (9):974-978.
99. Vitchev, R., A. Malesevic, R. H. Petrov, et al. 2010. Initial stages of few-layer graphene growth by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Nanotechnology 21 (9):7.
100. Wang, J. J., M. Y. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, D. M. Manos, and B. C. Holloway. 2004. Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon 42 (14):2867-2872.
101. Wang, J. J., M. Y. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw, et al. 2004. Free-standing subnanometer graphite sheets. Applied Physics Letters 85 (7):1265-1267.
102. Wang, X. B., H. J. You, F. M. Liu, et al. 2009. Large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using CVD. Chemical Vapor Deposition 15 (1-3):53-56.
103. Xin, G. Q., W. Hwang, N. Kim, S. M. Cho, and H. Chae. 2010. A graphene sheet exfoliated with microwave irradiation and interlinked by carbon nanotubes for high-performance transparent flexible electrodes. Nanotechnology 21 (40).
104. Xu, Y. X., H. Bai, G. W. Lu, C. Li, and G. Q. Shi. 2008. Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (18):5856+.
105. Yang, N. L., J. Zhai, D. Wang, Y. S. Chen, and L. Jiang. 2010. Two-dimensional graphene bridges enhanced photoinduced charge transport in dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 4 (2):887-894.
106. Yu, Q. K., L. A. Jauregui, W. Wu, et al. 2011. Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nature Materials 10 (6):443-449.
107. Yu, Q. K., J. Lian, S. Siriponglert, H. Li, Y. P. Chen, and S. S. Pei. 2008. Graphene segregated on Ni surfaces and transferred to insulators. Applied Physics Letters 93 (11).
108. Yuan, G. D., W. J. Zhang, Y. Yang, et al. 2009. Graphene sheets via microwave chemical vapor deposition. Chemical Physics Letters 467 (4-6):361-364.
109. Zhang, J. L., G. X. Shen, W. J. Wang, X. J. Zhou, and S. W. Guo. 2010. Individual nanocomposite sheets of chemically reduced graphene oxide and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone): Preparation and humidity sensing characteristics. Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 (48):10824-10828.
110. Zhang, Y., L. Gomez, F. N. Ishikawa, et al. 2010. Comparison of graphene growth on single-crystalline and polycrystalline Ni by chemical vapor deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1 (20):3101-3107.
111. Zhang, Y. B., J. P. Small, W. V. Pontius, and P. Kim. 2005. Fabrication and electric-field-dependent transport measurements of mesoscopic graphite devices. Applied Physics Letters 86 (7).
112. Zheng, M., K. Takei, B. Hsia, et al. 2010. Metal-catalyzed crystallization of amorphous carbon to graphene. Applied Physics Letters 96 (6).
113. Zhou, K. F., Y. H. Zhu, X. L. Yang, and C. Z. Li. 2010. One-pot preparation of graphene/Fe3O4 composites by a solvothermal reaction. New Journal of Chemistry 34 (12):2950-2955.
114. Zhu, J. W., G. Y. Zeng, F. D. Nie, et al. 2010. Decorating graphene oxide with CuO nanoparticles in a water-isopropanol system. Nanoscale 2 (6):988-994.