How generalizable are justice effects across cultures?

Handbook of Organizational Justice

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 555-586

  Leung, Kwok ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85118963916     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 267-299). New York: Academic Press.
2. Aristotle. (1976). Ethics (J. A. K. Thomson, Trans.). Middlesex, England: Penguin.
3. Au, K., Hui, M. K., & Leung, K. (2001). Who should be responsible? Effects of voice and compensation on responsibility attribution, perceived justice, and postcomplaint behaviors across cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 350-364.
4. Babad, E. Y., & Wallbott, H. G. (1986). The effects of social factors on emotional reactions. In K. S. Scherer, H. G. Wallbott, & A. B. Summerfield (Eds.), Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study (pp. 154-172). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
6. Berman, J. J., Murphy-Berman, V., & Singh, P. (1985). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in perception of fairness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 55-67.
7. Blader, S. L., Chang, C. C., & Tyler, T. R. (2001). Procedural justice and retaliation in organizations: Comparing cross-nationally the importance of fair group processes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 295-311.
8. Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K. K., Reimel de Carrasquel, S., Murakami, F., et al. (2004). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35, 548-570.
9. Bond, M. H., Leung, K., & Wan, K. C. (1982). How does cultural collectivism operate? The impact of task and maintenance contributions on reward allocation. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 13, 186-200.
10. Bond, M. H., Wan, K. C., Leung, K., & Giacalone, R. (1985). How are responses to verbal insults related to cultural collectivism and power distance? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 111-127.
11. Brett, J. M, Adair, W., Lempereur, A., Okumura, T., Shikhirev, P., Tinsley, C. H., & Lytle, A. (1998). Culture and joint gains in negotiation. Negotiation Journal, 14, 61-86.
12. Brett, I. M., & Okumura, T. (1998). Inter- and intracultural negotiation: U.S. and Japanese negotiators. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 495-510.
13. Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Franscesco, A., Chen, Z., et al. (2001). Culture and procedural justice: The influence of power distance on reactions to voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 300-315.
14. Brockner, J., Chen, Y. R., Mannix, E. A., Leung, K., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2000). Culture and procedural fairness: When the effects of what you do depend on how you do it. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45, 138-159.
15. Camevale, P. J., & Leung, K. (2001). Cultural dimensions of negotiation. In M. A. Hogg & R. S. Tindale (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology, Vol 3: Group processes (pp. 482-496). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
16. Chen, C. C. (1995). New trends in rewards allocation preferences: ASino-U.S. comparison. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 408-428.
17. Chen, C. C., Meindl, J. R., & Hui, H. (1998). Deciding on equity or parity: A test of situational, cultural and individual factors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 115-129.
18. Chung, K. H., & Lee, H. C. (1989). National differences in managerial practices. In K. IT. Chung & H. C. Lee (Eds.), Korean managerial dynamics (pp. 163-180). New York: Praeger.
19. Cohn, E. S., White, S. O., & Sanders, J. (2000). Distributive and procedural justice in seven nations. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 553-579.
20. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386-400.
21. Confucius. (1992). The analects (D. C. Lau, Trans.). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
22. Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (1996). Intercultural interactions: Apractical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Deutsch, M. (1975). Equity, equality, and need: What determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal of Social Issues, 31, 137-149.
24. Elsayed-Ekhouly, S. M., & Buda, R. (1996). Organizational conflict: A comparative analysis of conflict styles across cultures. International Journal of Conflict Management, 7, 71-80.
25. Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. C. (1997). Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 421-444.
26. Fields, D., Pang, M., & Chiu, C. (2000). Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of employee outcomes in Hong Kong. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 547-562.
27. Finkel, N. J., Crystal, D. S., & Watanabe, H. (2001). Commonsense notions of unfairness in Japan and the United States. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 345-380.
28. Fiske A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99, 689-723.
29. Foa, U., & Foa, E. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
30. Folger, R., & Konovsky, M. (1989). Effects of procedural justice and distributive justice on reactions to pay raise decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 115-130.
31. Gabrielidis, C., Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Pearson, V. M. S., & Villareal, L. (1997). Preferred styles of conflict resolution: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 661-677.
32. Gelfand, M. J., Higgins, M., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J. L., Dominquez, A., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., & Toyama, M. (2002). Culture and egocentric perceptions of fairness in conflict and negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 833-845.
33. Gopalan, S., & Rivera, J. B. (1997). Gaining a perspective on Indian value orientations: Implications for expatria te managers. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5, 156-179.
34. Graham, J. L., Mintu, A. T., & Rodgers, W. (1994). Explorations of negotiation behaviors in ten foreign cultures using a model developed in the United States. Management Science, 40, 72-95.
35. Greenberg, J. (2001). Studying organizational justice cross-culturally: Fundamental challenges. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 365-375.
36. Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1994). Bridging Japanese/North American differences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37. Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and affective communication. American Behavioral Scientist, 31, 384-400.
38. Gulliver, P. H. (1979). Disputes and negotiations: A cross-cultural perspective. New York: Academic Press.
39. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40. House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). GLOBE, cultures, leadership, and organizations: GLOBE study of 62 societies. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
41. Hui, M. K., & Au, K. (2001). Justice perceptions of complaint-handling: A cross-cultural comparison between PRC and Canadian customers. Journal of Business Research, 52, 161-173.
42. Hundley, G., & Kim, J. (1997). National culture and the factors affecting perceptions of pay fairness in Korea and the United States. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5, 325-341.
43. Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem, is assimilation the answer. Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
44. James, K. (1993). The social context of organizational justice: cultural, intergroup, and structural effects on justice behaviors and perceptions. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace (pp. 21-50). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
45. Kashima, Y., Siegal, M., Tanaka, K., & Isaka, H. (1988). Universalism in lay conceptions of distributive justice: A cross-cultural examination. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 51-64.
46. Kidder, L. H., & Muller, S. (1991). What is "fair" in Japan? In H. Steensma & R. Vermunt (Eds.), Social justice in human relations, Vol. 2: Societal and psychological consequences of justice and injustice (pp. 139-154). New York: Plenum Press.
47. Kim, K. I., Park, H. J., & Suzuki, N. (1990). Reward allocations in the United States, Japan, and Korea: A comparison of individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Academy of Management journal, 33, 188-198.
48. Kozan, M. K., & Ergin, C. (1998). Preference for third party help in conflict management in the United States and Turkey: An experimental study. Journal of Crosscultural Psychology, 29, 540-558.
49. Kwong, J. Y. Y., & Leung, K. (2002). A moderator of the interaction effect of procedural justice and outcome favorability: Importance of the relationship. Organizational Behavior and Decision Making Processes, 87, 278-299.
50. Lam, S. S. K., Schaubroeck, J., & Aryee, S. (2002). Relationship between organizational justice and employee work outcomes: A cross-national study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 1-18.
51. Lee, C., Pillutla, M., & Law, K. S. (2000). Power-distance, gender and organizational justice. Journal of Management, 26, 685-704.
52. Leung, K. (1987). Some determinants of reactions to procedural models for conflict resolution: A cross-national study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 898-908.
53. Leung, K. (1988). Theoretical advances in justice behavior: Some cross-cultural input. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology (pp. 218-229). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
54. Leung, K. (1997). Negotiation and reward allocations across cultures. In P. C. Earley & M. Erez (Eds.), New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology (pp. 640-675). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
55. Leung, K., Au, Y. F., Fernandez-Dols, J. M., & Iwawaki, S. (1992). Preferences for methods of conflict processing in two collectivist cultures. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 195-209.
56. Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1982). How Chinese and Americans reward task-related contributions: A preliminary study. Psychologia, 25, 32-39.
57. Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 793-804.
58. Leung, K., Chiu, W. H., & Au, Y. K. (1993). Sympathy and support for industrial actions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 781-787.
59. Leung, K., & Iwawaki, S. (1988). Cultural collectivism and distributive behavior: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 35-49.
60. Leung, K., & Li, W. K. (1990). Psychological mechanisms of process control effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 613-620.
61. Leung, K., & Lind, E. A. (1986). Procedural justice and culture: Effects of culture, gender, and investigator status on procedural preference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1134-1140.
62. Leung, K., & Morris, M. W. (2001). Justice through the lens of culture and ethnicity. In V. L. Hamilton & J. Sanders (Eds), Handbook of justice research in law (pp. 343-378). New York: Plenum Press.
63. Leung, K., & Park, H. J. (1986). Effects of interactional goal on choice of allocation rules: A cross-cultural study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37, 111-120.
64. Leung, K., Smith, P. B., Wang. Z. M., & Sun, H. F. (1996). Job satisfaction in joint venture hotels in China: An organizational justice analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 27, 947-962.
65. Leung K., & Stephen, W. G. (2000). Conflict and injustice in intercultural relations: Insights from the Arab-Israeli and Sino-British disputes. In J. Duckitt & S. Renshon (Eds.), Political psychology: Cultural and cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 128-145). London: Macmillan.
66. Leung, K., & Stephan, W. G. (2001). Social justice from a cultural perspective. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 375-410). New York: Oxford University Press.
67. Leung, K., Su, S. K., & Morris, M. W. (2001). When is criticism not constructive? The roles of fairness perceptions and dispositional attributions in employee acceptance of critical supervisory feedback. Human Relations, 54, 1155-1187.
68. Leung, K., & Tong, K. K. (2004). Justice across cultures: A three-stage model for intercultural negotiation. In M. Gelfand & J. Brett (Eds.), The handbook of negotiation and culture (pp. 313-333). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
69. Leung, K., Tong, K. K., & Ho, S. S. Y. (2004). Effects of interactional justice on egocentric bias in resource allocation decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 405-415.
70. Leung, K., Wang, Z. M., & Smith, P. B. (2001). Job attitudes and organizational justice in joint venture hotels in China: The role of expatriate managers. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12, 926-945.
71. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? New approaches to the study of fairness in social relationships. In K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, & R. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange (pp. 27-55). New York: Academic Press.
72. Lind, E. A. (1994). Procedural justice and culture: Evidence for ubiquitous process concerns. Zeitschrift fiir Rechtssoziologie, 15, 24-36.
73. Lind, E. A., Erickson, B. E., Friedland, N., & Dickenberger, M. (1978). Reactions to procedural models for adjudicative conflict resolution: A cross-national study. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 318-341.
74. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
75. Lubman, S. B. (1988). Investment and export contracts in the People's Republic of China: Perspectives on evolving patterns. Brigham Young University Law Review, 3, 543-565.
76. McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (2001). Cross-cultural applications of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: From theory to practice (Vol. 2, pp. 67-95). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
77. McLean Parks, J., Conlon, D. E., Ang, S., & Bontempo, R. (1999). The manager giv- eth, the manager taketh away: Variation in distribution/recovery rules due to resource type and cultural orientation. Journal of Management, 25, 723-757.
78. Mendonca, M., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Motivation through effective reward management in developing countries. In R. N. Kanungo & M. Mendonca (Eds.), Work motivation: Models for developing countries (pp. 49-83). New Delhi: Sage.
79. Miles, J. A., & Greenberg, J. (1993). Cross-national differences in preferences for distributive justice norms: The challenge of establishing fair resource allocations in the European community. In J. B. Shaw, P. S. Kirkbride, & K. M. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (Supplement 3, pp. 133-156). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
80. Miller, J. G., & Bersoff, D. M. (1992). Culture and moral judgment: How are conflicts between justice and friendship resolved? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 541-554.
81. Milliman, J., Nason, S., Von Glinow, M. A., Huo, R, Lowe, K. B., & Kim, N. (1995). In search of "best" strategic pay practices: An exploratory study of Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the United States. Advances in International Comparative Management, 10, 227-252.
82. Morris M. W., & Leung, K. (2000). Justice for all? Progress in research on cultural variation in the psychology of distributive and procedural justice. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 100-132.
83. Morris, M. W., Leung, K., & Iyengar, S. S. (2004). Person perception in the heat of conflict: Negative trait attributions affect procedural preferences and account for situational and cultural differences. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 127-147.
84. Morris, M. W., Williams, K. Y., Leung, K., Larrick, R., Mendoza, M. T., Bhatnagar, D., Li, J., Kondo, M., Luo, J., & Hu, J. (1998). Conflict management style: Accounting for cross-national differences. Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 729-748.
85. Mueller, C. W., Iverson, R. D., & Jo, D. G. (1999). Distributive justice evaluations in two cultural contexts: A comparison of U.S. and South Korean teachers. Human Relations, 52, 869-893.
86. Murphy-Berman, V., & Berman, J. J. (2002). Cross-cultural differences in perceptions of distributive justice. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 157-170.
87. Murphy-Berman, V., Berman, J. J., Singh, R, Pacharui, A., & Kumar, P. (1984). Factors affecting allocation to needy and meritorious recipients: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1267-1272.
88. Nader, L., & Todd, H. F. (1978). The disputing process: Law in ten societies. New York: Columbia University Press.
89. Ohbuchi, K., Fukushima, O., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1999). Cultural values in conflict management: Goal orientation, goal attainment, and tactical decision. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 51-71.
90. Ohbuchi, K., Suzuki, M., & Yoichiro, Y. (2001). Conflict management and organizational attitudes among Japanese: Individual and group goals and justice. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4, 93-101.
91. Ohbuchi, K., & Takahashi, Y. (1994). Cultural styles of conflict management in Japanese and Americans: Passivity, covertness, and effectiveness of strategies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1345-1366.
92. Ouchi, W. G., & Jaeger, A. M. (1978). Type Z organization: Stability in the midst of mobility. Academy of Management Review, 3, 305-314.
93. Pearce, J. L., Bigley, G. A., & Branyiczki, I. (1998). Procedural justice as modernism: Placing industrial/organizational psychology in context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47(3), 371-396.
94. Pearson, V. M. S., & Stephan, W. G. (1988). Preferences for styles of negotiation: A comparison of Brazil and the U.S. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 67-83.
95. Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (2002). Fairness reactions to personnel selection techniques in Singapore and the United States. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13, 1186-1205.
96. Pillai, R., Scandura, T. A., & Williams, E. A. (1999). Leadership and organizational justice: Similarities and differences across cultui'es. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 763-779.
97. Pillai, R., Williams, E. S., & Tan, J. J. (2001). Are the scales tipped in favor of procedural or distributive justice? An investigation of the U.S., India, Germany, and Hong Kong (China). International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 312-332.
98. Price, K. H., Hall, T. W., Van den Bos, K., Hunton, J. E., Lovett, S., & Tippett, M. J. (2001). Features of the value function for voice and their consistency across participants from four countries: Great Britain, Mexico, the Netherlands, and the United States. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 84, 95-121.
99. Probst, T., Camevale, P. J., & Triandis, H. C. (1999). Cultural values in intergroup and single-group social dilemmas. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77, 171-191.
100. Rahim, M. A., Magner, N. R., Antonioni, D., & Rahman, S. (2001). Do justice relationships with organization-directed reactions differ across U.S. and Bangladesh employees? International Journal of Conflict Management, 12, 333-349.
101. Sarachek, B. (1990). Chinese administrative thought. Advances in International Comparative Management, 5, 149-167.
102. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 112-143). Newbury park, CA: Sage.
103. Smith, P. B., Peterson, M. F., Leung, K., & Dugan, S. (1998). Individualism-collectivism, power distance, and handling of disagreement: A cross-national study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 351-367.
104. Smith, P. B., Peterson, M. F., Misumi, J., & Tayeb, M. H. (1989). On the generality of leadership styles across cultures. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 97-110.
105. Sriussadaporn-Charoenngam, N., & Jablin, F. M. (1999). An exploratory study of communication competence in Thai organizations. Journal of Business Communication, October, 382-418.
106. Steiner, D. D., & Gilliland, S. W. (1996). Fairness reactions to personnel selection tech- niquesin France and the United States. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 134-141.
107. Stevenson, H. W., Lee, S. Y., Chen, C. S., Stigler, J. W., Hsu, C. C., & Kitamura, S. (1990). Contexts of achievement: A study of American, Chinese, and Japanese children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55(1-2, Serial no. 221).
108. Sullivan, J., Peterson, R. B., Kameda, N., & Shimada, J. (1981). The relationship between conflict resolution approaches and trust: A cross-cultural study. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 803-815.
109. Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1975). Procedural justice: A psychological aiwlysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
110. Tinsley, C. H. (1997). Understanding conflict in a Chinese cultural context. In R. Bies, R. J. Lewicki, & B. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiations in organizations (pp. 209-225). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
111. Tinsley, C. H. (1998). Models of conflict resolution in Japanese, German, and American cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 316-323.
112. Tinsley, C. H. (2001). How we get to yes: Predicting the constellation of strategies used across cultures to negotiate conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 583-593.
113. Triandis H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
114. Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, A., Probst, T., et al. (2001). Culture, personality and deception: A multilevel approach. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 1, 73-90.
115. Tse, D. K., Francis, J., & Walls, J. (1994). Cultural differences in conducting intra- and inter-cultural negotiations: A Sino-Canadian comparison. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 537-555.
116. Tyler, T. R., & Bies, R. J. (1990). Beyond formal procedures: The interpersonal context of procedural justice. In J. S. Carroll (Ed.), Applied social psychology and organizational settings (pp. 77-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
117. Tyler, T. R., Boeckmann, R. J., Smith, H. J., & Huo, Y. J. (1997). Social justice in a diverse society. Boulder, CO: Westview.
118. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 115-191). New York: Academic Press.
119. Tyler, T. R., Lind, E. A., & Huo, Y. I. (2000). Cultural values and authority relations: The psychology of conflict resolution across cultures. Psychologii, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 1138-1163.
120. Van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
121. Van den Bos, K., & Lind, E. A. (2002). Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-60). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
122. Vasquez, K., Keltner, D., Ebenbach, D. H., & Banaszynski, T. L. (2001). Cultural variation and similarity in moral rhetorics: Voices from the Philippines and the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 93-120.
123. Wall, J. A., & Blum, M. E. (1991). Community mediation in the People's Republic of China. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35, 3-20.
124. Wallbott, H. G., & Scherer, K. R. (1986). The antecedents of emotional experiences. In K. S. Scherer, H. G. Wallbott, & A. B. Summerfield (Eds.), Experiencing emotion: A cross-cultural study (pp. 69-83). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
125. Wegener, B., & Liebig, S. (1995). Dominant ideologies and the variation of distributive justice norms: A comparison of East and West Germany, and the United States. InJ. R. Kiuegel, D. S. Mason, & B. Wegener (Eds.), Social justice and political change: Public opinion in capitalist and post-communist states (pp. 239-259). New York: Aldine.
126. Wheeler, L., Reis, H. T., & Bond, M. H. (1989). Collectivism-individualism in everyday life: The Middle Kingdom and the melting pot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 79-86.
127. White, G., Luk, V., Druker, I., & Chiu, R. (1998). Paying their way: A comparison of managerial reward systems in the London and Hong Kong banking industries. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 36, 54-71.
128. Wierzbicka, A. (1991). Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.