Mind the mindset! The interaction of proactive personality, transformational leadership and growth mindset for engagement at work

Career Development International

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 48-66

  Caniëls, Marjolein C J ^a   Semeijn, Judith H ^a,b   Renders, Irma H M ^a  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Implicit theories; Mindset; Proactivity; Transformational leadership; Work engagement

Indexed keywords

EID: 85040788042     PISSN: 13620436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0194     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alban-Metcalfe, J. and Alimo-Metcalfe, B. (2013), “Reliability and validity of the ‘leadership competencies and engaging leadership scale’”, International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 56-73.
2. Alimo-Metcalfe, B., Alban-Metcalfe, J., Bradley, M., Mariathasan, J. and Samele, C. (2008), “The impact of engaging leadership on performance, attitudes to work and wellbeing at work”, Journal of Health Organization and Management, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 586-598.
3. Alvesson, M. and Kärreman, D. (2015), “Intellectual failure and ideological success in organization studies”, Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 139-152.
4. Asbury, K., Klassen, R., Bowyer-Crane, C., Kyriacou, C. and Nash, P. (2015), “National differences in mindset among students who plan to be teachers”, International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 158-164.
5. Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O. and Weber, T.J. (2009), “Leadership: current theories, research, and future directions”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 421-449.
6. Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P. (Eds) (2010), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, Oxford.
7. Bakker, A.B., Tims, M. and Derks, D. (2012), “Proactive personality and job performance: the role of job crafting and work engagement”, Human Relations, Vol. 65 No. 10, pp. 1359-1378.
8. Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership Performance Beyond Expectations, Academic Press, New York, NY.
9. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993), “Transformational leadership and organizational culture”, Public Administration Quarterly, Vol. 17 Nos 3/4, pp. 112-121.
10. Bateman, T.S. and Crant, J.M. (1993), “The proactive component of organizational behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 103-118.
11. Becker, T.E. (2005), “Potential problems in statistical control of variables in organizational research”, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 274-289.
12. Blom, M. and Alvesson, M. (2015), “All-inclusive and all good: the hegemonic ambiguity of leadership”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 480-492.
13. Boyd, D.E. (2014), “The growth mindset approach”, Journal on Centers for Teaching and Learning, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 29-44.
14. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A.B. and Demerouti, E. (2014), “Daily self-management and employee work engagement”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 84 No. 1, pp. 31-38, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.11.002
15. Burnette, J.L. and Pollack, J.M. (2013), “Implicit theories of work and job fit: implications for job and life satisfaction”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 35 No. 4, pp. 360-372.
16. Burnette, J.L., O’Boyle, E.H., VanEpps, E.M., Pollack, J.M. and Finkel, E.J. (2013), “Mind-sets matter: a meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 139 No. 3, pp. 655-701.
17. Carasco-Saul, M., Kim, W. and Kim, T. (2015), “Leadership and employee engagement: proposing research agendas through a review of literature”, Human Resource Development Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 38-63.
18. Chang, S.-J., Van Witteloostuijn, A. and Eden, L. (2010), “Common method variance in international business research”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 41, pp. 178-184, doi: 10.1057/jibs.2009.88.
19. Chase, M.A. (2010), “Should coaches believe in innate ability? The importance of leadership mindset”, Quest, Vol. 62 No. 3, pp. 296-307, doi: 10.1080/00336297.2010.10483650.
20. Chen, P., Ellsworth, P.C. and Schwarz, N. (2015), “Finding a fit or developing it: implicit theories about achieving passion for work”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 41 No. 10, pp. 1411-1424.
21. Cohen, J. and Cohen, P. (1983), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
22. Crant, J.M. (2000), “Proactive behavior in organizations”, Journal of Management, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 435-462.
23. Dawson, J.F. and Richter, A.W. (2006), “Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91 No. 4, pp. 917-926.
24. Demerouti, E. and Cropanzano, R. (2010), “From thought to action: employee work engagement and job performance”, in Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp. 147-163.
25. Den Hartog, D., Koopman, P.L. and Muijen, J.V. (1997), “Leiderschap en machtsuitoefening in organisaties”, Gedrag & Organisatie, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 412-429.
26. Den Hartog, D.N. and Belschak, F.D. (2012), “When does transformational leadership enhance employee proactive behavior?”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 97 No. 1, pp. 194-202, doi: 10.1037/a0024903.
27. Dikkers, J.S., Jansen, P.G., de Lange, A.H., Vinkenburg, C.J. and Kooij, D. (2010), “Proactivity, job characteristics, and engagement”, Career Development International, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 59-77.
28. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B.J. and Shamir, B. (2002), “Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45 No. 4, pp. 735-744.
29. Dweck, C.S. (2006), Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Random House, New York, NY.
30. Dweck, C.S. (2012), “Implicit theories”, in Van Lange, P.A.M., Kruglanski, A.W. and Higgins, E.T. (Eds), Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 43-61.
31. Dweck, C.S., Chiu, C. and Hong, Y. (1995), “Implicit theories: elaboration and extension of the model”, Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 322-333.
32. Erkutlu, H. (2008), “The impact of transformational leadership on organizational and leadership effectiveness”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 7, pp. 708-726.
33. Franiuk, R., Pomerantz, E.M. and Cohen, D. (2004), “The causal role of theories of relationships”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30 No. 11, pp. 1494-1507.
34. Grant, A.M. and Ashford, S.J. (2008), “The dynamics of proactivity at work”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 3-34.
35. Hakanen, J., Bakker, A.B. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2006), “Burnout and work engagement among teachers”, The Journal of School Psychology, Vol. 43 No. 6, pp. 495-513.
36. Halbesleben, J.R.B. (2010), “A meta-analysis of work engagement: relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences”, in Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement: The Essential in Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp. 102-117.
37. Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L. and Hayes, T.L. (2002), “Business unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87 No. 2, pp. 268-279.
38. Heslin, P.A. and Keating, L.A. (2016), “Stuck in the Muck? The role of mindsets in self-regulation when stymied during job search”, Journal of Employment Counseling, Vol. 53 No. 4, pp. 146-161.
39. Heslin, P.A. and Keating, L.A. (2017), “In learning mode? The role of mindsets in derailing and enabling experiential leadership development”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 367-384.
40. Heslin, P.A. and VandeWalle, D. (2011), “Performance appraisal procedural justice: the role of managers’ implicit person theory”, Journal of Management, Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 1694-1718.
41. Heslin, P.A., Latham, G.P. and VandeWalle, D. (2005), “The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90 No. 5, pp. 842-856.
42. Heslin, P.A., Vandewalle, D. and Latham, G.P. (2006), “Keen to help? Managers’ implicit person theories and their subsequent employee coaching”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 59 No. 4, pp. 871-902.
43. Hong, Y.Y., Chiu, C.Y., Dweck, C.S., Lin, D.M.S. and Wan, W. (1999), “Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: a meaning system approach”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 77 No. 3, pp. 588-599.
44. Howell, J.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993), “Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78 No. 6, pp. 891-902.
45. Hoyt, C.L., Burnette, J.L. and Innella, A.N. (2012), “I can do that the impact of implicit theories on leadership role model effectiveness”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38 No. 2, pp. 257-268.
46. Jiang, W., Gu, Q. and Wang, G.G. (2015), “To guide or to divide: the dual-side effects of transformational leadership on team innovation”, Journal of Business Psychology, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 677-691.
47. Kahn, W.A. (1990), “Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 692-724.
48. Keating, L.A. and Heslin, P.A. (2015), “The potential role of mindsets in unleashing employee engagement”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 329-341.
49. Kopperud, K., Martinsen, O. and Humborstad, S. (2014), “Engaging leaders in the eyes of the beholder”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 29-42.
50. Kray, L.J. and Haselhuhn, M.P. (2007), “Implicit negotiation beliefs and performance: experimental and longitudinal evidence”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 93 No. 1, pp. 49-64.
51. Kulas, J., Stachowski, A. and Haynes, B. (2008), “Middle response functioning in Likert responses to personality items”, Journal of Business & Psychology, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 251-259.
52. Lee, J. (2005), “Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 26 No. 8, pp. 655-672.
53. Liu, M.L., Liu, N.T., Ding, C.G. and Lin, C.P. (2015), “Exploring team performance in high-tech industries”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 91 No. 1, pp. 295-310.
54. McColl-Kennedy, J.R. and Anderson, R.D. (2002), “Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 545-555.
55. Macey, W.H. and Schneider, B. (2008), “The meaning of employee engagement”, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 3-30.
56. Malhotra, N.K., Kim, S.S. and Patil, A. (2006), “Common method variance in IS research”, Management Science, Vol. 52 No. 12, pp. 1865-1883.
57. Murphy, M.C. and Dweck, C.S. (2016), “Mindsets shape consumer behavior”, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 127-136, doi: 10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.005.
58. Ng, T.W.H. and Feldman, D.C. (2012), “Age and innovation-related behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 583-606.
59. Oldham, G.R. and Cummings, A. (1996), “Employee creativity: personal and contextual factors at work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 607-634.
60. Parker, S.K. and Griffin, M.A. (2011), “Understanding active psychological states: embedding engagement in a wider nomological net and closer attention to performance”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 60-67.
61. Plaks, J. and Stecher, K. (2007), “Unexpected improvement, decline, and stasis: a prediction confidence perspective on achievement success and failure”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 93 No. 4, pp. 667-684.
62. Plaks, J.E., Grant, H. and Dweck, C.S. (2005), “Violations of implicit theories and the sense of prediction and control”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 2, pp. 245-262.
63. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2012), “Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 65 No. 1, pp. 539-569.
64. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.M., Lee, J. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003), “Common method variance in behavioral research”, The Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879-903, doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
65. Rafferty, A.E. and Griffin, M.A. (2004), “Dimensions of transformational leadership”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 329-354.
66. Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2000), “Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being”, American Psychologist, Vol. 55 No. 1, pp. 68-78.
67. Salanova, M. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2008), “A cross-national study of work engagement as a mediator between job resources and proactive behavior”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 116-131.
68. Schaufeli, W.B. (2015), “Engaging leadership in the job demands-resources model”, Career Development International, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 446-463.
69. Schaufeli, W.B. and Bakker, A.B. (2003), “Test manual for the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale”, unpublished manuscript, Utrecht University, Utrecht, available at: www.schaufeli.com
70. Schaufeli, W.B. and Bakker, A.B. (2004), “Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, pp. 293-315.
71. Schaufeli, W.B. and Bakker, A.B. (2010), “Defining and measuring work engagement: bringing clarity to the concept”, in Bakker, A.B. and Leiter, M.P. (Eds), Work Engagement A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Press, New York, NY, pp. 10-24.
72. Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. and Bakker, A.B. (2002), “The measurement of engagement and burnout”, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 71-92.
73. Seibert, S.E., Crant, J.M. and Kraimer, M.L. (1999), “Proactive personality and career success”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 3, pp. 416-427.
74. Seibert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L. and Crant, J.M. (2001), “What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 54 No. 4, pp. 845-874.
75. Sonnentag, S. (2003), “Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behaviour”, The Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 3, pp. 518-528.
76. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. and Xanthopoulou, D. (2011), “Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement?”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 121-131.
77. Tornau, K. and Frese, M. (2013), “Construct clean-up in proactivity research”, Applied Psychology, Vol. 62 No. 1, pp. 44-96.
78. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2010), “Personal resources and work engagement in the face of change”, in Haudmont, J. and Leka, S. (Eds), Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice, Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, pp. 124-150.
79. Van Knippenberg, D. and Sitkin, S.B. (2013), “A critical assessment of charismatic-transformational leadership research”, The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 1-60.
80. Verbruggen, M., Sels, L. and Forrier, A. (2007), “Unraveling the relationship between organizational career management and the need for external career counseling”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 71 No. 1, pp. 69-83.
81. Vogelgesang, G.R., Leroy, H. and Avolio, B.J. (2013), “The mediating effects of leader integrity with transparency in communication and work engagement/performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 405-413.
82. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2007), “The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model”, International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 121-141.
83. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2009a), “Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 74 No. 3, pp. 235-244.
84. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. and Schaufeli, W.B. (2009b), “Work engagement and financial returns: a diary study on the role of job and personal resources”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 82 No. 1, pp. 183-200.
85. Xu, J. and Cooper-Thomas, H. (2011), “How can leaders achieve high employee engagement?”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 399-416.
86. Yammarino, F.J. and Bass, B.M. (1990), “Transformational leadership and multiple levels of analysis”, Human Relations, Vol. 43 No. 10, pp. 975-995.
87. Yeager, D.S. and Dweck, C.S. (2012), “Mindsets that promote resilience”, Educational Psychologist, Vol. 47 No. 4, pp. 302-314.
88. Yukl, G. (1989), “Managerial leadership: a review of theory and research”, Journal of Management, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 251-289.
89. Zhang, Z., Wang, M.O. and Shi, J. (2012), “Leader-follower congruence in proactive personality and work outcomes”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55 No. 1, pp. 111-130.
90. Zhu, W.C., Avolio, B.J. and Walumbwa, F.O. (2009), “Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement”, Group & Organization Management, Vol. 34 No. 5, pp. 590-619.