Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Listex™ P100 for the removal of Listeria monocytogenes surface contamination of raw fish

EFSA Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

antimicrobial resistance; Decontamination; efficacy; environmental impact; ListexTM P100; raw fish; toxicological safety assessment

Indexed keywords

EID: 85036561243     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2615     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Abuladze T, Li M, Menetrez MY, Dean T, Senecal A and Sulakvelidze A, 2008. Bacteriophages reduce experimental contamination of hard surfaces, tomato, spinach, broccoli, and ground beef by Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6230–6238.
2. Aguado V, Vitas AI and Garcia-Jalon I, 2001. Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing applied to the study of cross-contamination by Listeria monocytogenes in processed food products. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 716–720.
3. Anany H, Chen W, Pelton R and Griffiths MW, 2011. Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in meat by using phages immobilized on modified cellulose membranes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 6379–6387.
4. Atanassova V, Reich F and Klein G, 2008. Microbiological quality of sushi from sushi bars and retailers. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 860–864.
5. Atterbury RJ, Connerton PL, Dodd CER, Rees CED and Connerton IF, 2003. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter bacteriophages from retail poultry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4511–4518.
6. Autio T, Hielm S, Miettinen M, Sjoberg A-M, Aarnisalo K, Bjorkroth J, Mattila-Sandholm T and Korkeala H, 1999. Sources of Listeria monocytogenes contamination in a cold-smoked rainbow trout processing plant detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 150–155.
7. Autio T, Keto-Timonen R, Lunden J, Bjorkroth J and Korkeala H, 2003. Characterisation of persistent and sporadic Listeria monocytogenes strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26, 539–545.
8. Barbosa WB, Cabedo L, Wederquist HJ, Sofos JN and Schmidt GR, 1994. Growth variation among species and strains of Listeria in culture broth. Journal of Food Protection, 57, 765–769.
9. Beleneva IA, 2011. Incidence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes from the Japan and South China seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 382–387.
10. Ben Embarek PK, 1994. Presence, detection and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in seafoods: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 23, 17–34.
11. Bigwood T, Hudson JA, Billington C, Carey-Smith GV and Hememann JA, 2008. Phage inactivation of foodborne pathogens on cooked and raw meat. Food Microbiology, 25, 400–406.
12. Bjorkroth KJ and Korkeala HJ, 1997. Use of rRNA gene restriction patterns to evaluate lactic acid bacterium contamination of vacuum-packaged sliced cooked whole-meat product in a meat processing plant. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 448–453.
13. Bou-m'handi N, Jacquet C, Marrakchi A and Martin P, 2007. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from a marine environment in Morocco. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 4, 409–417.
14. Bremer PJ, Osborne CM, Kemp RA and Smith JJ, 1998. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in sea water and effect of exposure on thermal resistance. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 85, 545–553.
15. Brett MSY, Short P and McLauchlin J, 1998. A small outbreak of listeriosis associated with smoked mussels. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43, 223–229.
16. Brussow H, 2005. Phage therapy: the Escherichia coli experience. Microbiology, 151, 2133–2140.
17. Buchrieser C, Rusniok C, Kunst F, Cossart P and Glaser P, 2003. Comparison of the genome sequences of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua: clues for evolution and pathogenicity. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 35, 207–213.
18. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2005. Code of practice for fish and fishery products (CAC/RCP 52–2003, rev. 2–2005). 98
19. Carlton RM, Noordman WH, Biswas B, de Meester ED and Loessner MJ, 2005. Bacteriophage P100 for control of Listeria monocytogenes in foods: Genome sequence, bioinformatic analyses, oral toxicity study, and application. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 43, 301–312.
20. Chakraborty T, Hain T and Domann E, 2000. Genome organization and the evolution of the virulence gene locus in Listeria species. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 290, 167–174.
21. Charpentier E and Courvalin P, 1999. Antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 43, 2103–2108.
22. Chen BY, Pyla R, Kim TJ, Silva JL and Jung YS, 2010. Incidence and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in the catfish processing environment and fresh fillets. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 1641–1650.
23. Chou CH, Silva JL and Wang CL, 2006. Prevalence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes in raw catfish fillets. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 815–819.
24. Cislo M, Dabrowski M, Weberdabrowska B and Woyton A, 1987. Bacteriophage treatment of suppurative skin infections. Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis, 35, 175–183.
25. Coffey B, Mills S, Coffey A, McAuliffe O and Ross RP, 2010. Phage and their lysins as biocontrol agents for food safety applications. Food Science and Technology, 1, 449–468.
26. Colburn KG, Kaysner CA, Abeyta C and Wekell MM, 1990. Listeria species in a California coast estuarine environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 2007–2011.
27. Croci L, De Medici D, Scalfaro C, Fiore A, Divizia M, Donia D, Cosentino AM, Moretti P and Costantini G, 2000. Determination of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, bacteriophages and Escherichia coli in Adriatic Sea mussels. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 293–298.
28. Delisle AL and Levin RE, 1969. Bacteriophages of psychrophilic Pseudomonas pseudomonads. I. Host range of phage pools active against fish spoilage and fish-pathogenic pseudomonads. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 35, 307–317.
29. Dell'Era S, Buchrieser C, Couve E, Schnell B, Briers Y, Schuppler M and Loessner MJ, 2009. Listeria monocytogenes L-forms respond to cell wall deficiency by modifying gene expression and the mode of division. Molecular Microbiology, 73, 306–322.
30. Denny J and McLauchlin J, 2008. Human Listeria monocytogenes infections in Europe - an opportunity for improved European Surveillance. Eurosurveillance, 13, 1–5.
31. Dykes GA and Moorhead SM, 2002. Combined antimicrobial effect of nisin and a listeriophage against Listeria monocytogenes in broth but not in buffer or on raw beef. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 73, 71–81.
32. Earnshaw AM and Lawrence LM, 1998. Sensitivity to commercial disinfectants, and the occurrence of plasmids within various Listeria monocytogenes genotypes isolated from poultry products and the poultry processing environment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 84, 642–648.
33. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2009. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on the use and mode of action of bacteriophages in food production. The EFSA Journal, 1076, 1–26.
34. EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), 2012. The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2010. EFSA Journal, 10 (3): 2597, 442 pp.
35. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2009. Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed (2009 update). EFSA Journal, 7 (12): 1431, 92 pp.
36. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2010. Revision of the joint AFC/BIOHAZ guidance document on the submission of data for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of substances for the removal of microbial surface contamination of foods of animal origin intended for human consumption. EFSA Journal, 8 (4): 1544, 32 pp.
37. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2011a. Scientific Opinion on a quantitative microbiological risk assessment of Salmonella in slaughter and breeder pigs. EFSA Journal, 8 (4): 1547, 80 pp.
38. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), 2011b. Scientific Opinion on Campylobacter in broiler meat production: control options and performance objectives and/or targets at different stages of the food chain. EFSA Journal, 9 (4): 2105, 141 pp.
39. Eklund MW, Poysky FT, Paranjpye RN, Lashbrook LC, Peterson ME and Pelroy GA, 1995. Incidence and sources of Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked fishery products and processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 58, 502–508.
40. El-Shenawy MA, 2006. Listeria spp. in the coastal environment of the Aqaba Gulf, Suez Gulf and the Red Sea. Epidemiology and Infection, 134, 752–757.
41. El Marrakchi A, Boum'handi N and Hamama A, 2005. Performance of a new chromogenic plating medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from marine environments. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 40, 87–91.
42. Ericsson H, Eklow A, DanielssonTham ML, Loncarevic S, Mentzing LO, Persson I, Unnerstad H and Tham W, 1997. An outbreak of listeriosis suspected to have been caused by rainbow trout. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35, 2904–2907.
43. Facinelli B, Varaldo PE, Toni M, Casolari C and Fabio U, 1989. Ignorance about Listeria. British Medical Journal, 299, 738–738.
44. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/Word Health Organization), 2008. Benefits and risks of the use of chlorine-containing disinfectants in food production and food processing: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert meeting, 288 pp.
45. Farber JM, Daley EM, Mackie MT and Limerick B, 2000. A small outbreak of listeriosis potentially linked to the consumption of imitation crab meat. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 31, 100–104.
46. Farber JM and Peterkin PI, 1991. Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiological Reviews, 55, 476–511.
47. Fonnesbech Vogel B, Huss HH, Ojeniyi B, Ahrens P and Gram L, 2001a. Elucidation of Listeria monocytogenes contamination routes in cold-smoked salmon processing plants detected by DNA-based typing methods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 2586–2595.
48. Fonnesbech Vogel B, Jorgensen LV, Ojeniyi B, Huss HH and Gram L, 2001b. Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from cold-smoked salmon produced in different smokehouses as assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analyses. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 65, 83–92.
49. Garcia P, Madera C, Martinez B and Rodriguez A, 2007. Biocontrol of Staphylococcus aureus in curd manufacturing processes using bacteriophages. International Dairy Journal, 17, 1232–1239.
50. Garcia P, Martinez B, Rodriguez L and Rodriguez A, 2010. Synergy between the phage endolysin LysH5 and nisin to kill Staphylococcus aureus in pasteurized milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 141, 151–155.
51. Garza DR and Suttle CA, 1998. The effect of cyanophages on the mortality of Synechococcus spp. and selection for UV resistant viral communities. Microbial Ecology, 36, 281–292.
52. Gombas DE, Chen YH, Clavero RS and Scott VN, 2003. Survey of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 559–569.
53. Goode D, Allen VM and Barrow PA, 2003. Reduction of experimental Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of chicken skin by application of lytic bacteriophages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5032–5036.
54. Granier SA, Moubareck C, Colaneri C, Lemire A, Roussel S, Dao TT, Courvalin P and Brisabois A, 2011. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food and the environment in France over a 10-year period. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 2788–2790.
55. Greer GG, 1983. Psychrotrophic Brocothrix thermosphacta bacteriophages isolated from beef. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 245–251.
56. Grumbach NM, Mylonakis E and Wing EJ, 1999. Development of listerial meningitis during ciprofloxacin treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29, 1340–1341.
57. Gudbjornsdottir B, Suihko ML, Gustavsson P, Thorkelsson G, Salo S, Sjoberg AM, Niclasen O and Bredholt S, 2004. The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, poultry and seafood plants in the Nordic countries. Food Microbiology, 21, 217–225.
58. Guenther S, Huwyler D, Richard S and Loessner MJ, 2009. Virulent bacteriophage for efficient biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 93–100.
59. Hagens S and Loessner MJ, 2007. Application of bacteriophages for detection and control of foodborne pathogens. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 76, 513–519.
60. Hagens S and Loessner MJ, 2010. Bacteriophage for biocontrol of foodborne pathogens: calculations and considerations. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 11, 58–68.
61. Hagens S and Offerhaus ML, 2008. Bacteriophages - New weapons for food safety. Food Technology, 62, 46–54.
62. Hansen CH, Vogel BF and Gram L, 2006. Prevalence and survival of Listeria monocytogenes in Danish aquatic and fish-processing environments. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2113–2122.
63. Hartemink R and Georgsson F, 1991. Incidence of Listeria species in seafood and seafood salads. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 12, 189–196.
64. Heinitz ML and Johnson JM, 1998. The incidence of Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Clostridium botulinum in smoked fish and shellfish. Journal of Food Protection, 61, 318–323.
65. Higgins JP, Higgins SE, Guenther KL, Huff W, Donoghue AM, Donoghue DJ and Hargis BM, 2005. Use of a specific bacteriophage treatment to reduce Salmonella in poultry products. Poultry Science, 84, 1141–1145.
66. Hof H, 2003. Therapeutic options. Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 35, 203–205.
67. Holah JT, Taylor JH, Dawson DJ and Hall KE, 2002. Biocide use in the food industry and the disinfectant resistance of persistent strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92, 111S–120S.
68. Holck A and Berg J, 2009. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in cooked ham by virulent bacteriophages and protective cultures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 6944–6946.
69. HPA (Health Protection Agency), 2009. Detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species. National Standard Method F 19 Issue 3.1. www.hpa-standardmethods.org.uk/pdf_sops.asp.
70. Hsu FC, Shieh YSC and Sobsey MD, 2002. Enteric bacteriophages as potential fecal indicators in ground beef and poultry meat. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 93–99.
71. Hsu JL, Opitz HM, Bayer RC, Kling LJ, Halteman WA, Martin RE and Slabyj BM, 2005. Listeria monocytogenes in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) processing environment. Journal of Food Protection, 68, 1635–1640.
72. Hu Y, Gall K, Ho A, Ivanek R, Grohn YT and Wiedmann M, 2006. Daily variability of Listeria contamination patterns in a cold-smoked salmon processing operation. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2123–2133.
73. Hurst CJ, Gerba CP and Cech I, 1980. Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics on virus survival in soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 40, 1067–1079.
74. Jinneman KC, Wekell MM and Eklund MW, 1999. Incidence and behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes in fish and seafood products. In: Listeria, Listeriosis, and Food Safety. 2nd edition, revised and expanded. ET Ryser, EH Marth. Marcel Dekker, New York, 601–630.
75. Johansson T, Rantala L, Palmu L and Honkanen-Buzalski T, 1999. Occurrence and typing of Listeria monocytogenes strains in retail vacuum-packed fish products and in a production plant. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 47, 111–119.
76. Jorgensen LV and Huss HH, 1998. Prevalence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in naturally contaminated seafood. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 42, 127–131.
77. Kasman LM, Kasman A, Westwater C, Dolan J, Schmidt MG and Norris JS, 2002. Overcoming the phage replication threshold: a mathematical model with implications for phage therapy. Journal of Virology, 76, 5557–5564.
78. Kennedy JEJ and Bitton G, 1987. Bacteriophages in food. In: Phage ecology. SM Goyal, CP Gerba, G Bitton. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, 289–316.
79. Klumpp J, Dorscht J, Lurz R, Bielmann R, Wieland M, Zimmer M, Calendar R and Loessner MJ, 2008. The terminally redundant, nonpermuted genome of Listeria bacteriophage A511: a model for the SPO1-like myoviruses of gram-positive bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 190, 5753–5765.
80. Klumpp J, Lavigne R, Loessner MJ and Ackermann HW, 2010. The SPO1-related bacteriophages. Archives of Virology, 155, 1547–1561.
81. Lee HS and Sobsey MD, 2011. Survival of prototype strains of somatic coliphage families in environmental waters and when exposed to UV low-pressure monochromatic radiation or heat. Water Research, 45, 3723–3734.
82. Lemaitre JP, Echchannaoui H, Michaut G, Divies C and Rousset A, 1998. Plasmid-mediated resistance to antimicrobial agents among listeriae. Journal of Food Protection, 61, 1459–1464.
83. Letarov A and Kulikov E, 2009. The bacteriophages in human- and animal body-associated microbial communities. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 1–13.
84. Lianou A, Stopforth JD, Yoon Y, Wiedmann M and Sofos JN, 2006. Growth and stress resistance variation in culture broth among Listeria monocytogenes strains of various serotypes and origins. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2640–2647.
85. Loessner MJ, Bell RH, Jay JM and Shelef LA, 1988. Comparison of 7 plating media for enumeration of Listeria spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 54, 3003–3007.
86. Loessner MJ, Rees CED, Stewart G and Scherer S, 1996. Construction of luciferase reporter bacteriophage A511::luxAB for rapid and sensitive detection of viable Listeria cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 1133–1140.
87. Loessner MJ, Rudolf M and Scherer S, 1997. Evaluation of luciferase reporter bacteriophage A511::luxAB for detection of Listeria monocytogenes in contaminated foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 2961–2965.
88. Lorber B, 1997. Listeriosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 24, 1–11.
89. Lunden J, Autio T, Markkula A, Hellstrom S and Korkeala H, 2003a. Adaptive and cross-adaptive responses of persistent and non-persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains to disinfectants. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 82, 265–272.
90. Lunden JM, Autio TJ, Sjoberg AM and Korkeala HJ, 2003b. Persistent and nonpersistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination in meat and poultry processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2062–2069.
91. Lyytikäinen O, Nakari UM, Lukinmaa S, Kela E, Nguyen Tran Minh N and Siitonen A, 2006. Surveillance of listeriosis in Finland during 1995–2004. Eurosurveillance, 11, 82–85.
92. MacGowan AP, Reeves DS and McLauchlin J, 1990. Antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes. Lancet, 336, 513–514.
93. Madera C, Garcia P, Janzen T, Rodriguez A and Suarez JE, 2003. Characterisation of technologically proficient wild Lactococcus lactis strains resistant to phage infection. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 86, 213–222.
94. Mereghetti L, Quentin R, Marquet-Van der Mee N and Audurier A, 2000. Low sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to quaternary ammonium compounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 5083–5086.
95. Miettinen H and Wirtanen G, 2006. Ecology of Listeria spp. in a fish farm and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes from fish farming and processing companies. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112, 138–146.
96. Miettinen MK, Bjorkroth KJ and Korkeala HJ, 1999. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes from an ice cream plant by serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 46, 187–192.
97. Misrachi A, 1991. Listeria in smoked mussels in Tasmania. Commun Dis Intelligence, 15, 427.
98. Mitchell DL, 1991. A case cluster of listeriosis in Tasmania. Commun Dis Intelligence, 15, 427.
99. Miya S, Takahashi H, Ishikawa T, Fujii T and Kimura B, 2010. Risk of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of raw ready-to-eat seafood products available at retail outlets in Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 3383–3386.
100. Morvan A, Moubareck C, Leclercq A, Herve-Bazin M, Bremont S, Lecuit M, Courvalin P and Le Monnier A, 2010. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from humans in France. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 54, 2728–2731.
101. Mylonakis E, Hohmann EL and Caderwood SB, 1998. Central nervous system infection with Listeria monocytogenes - 33 years' experience at a general hospital and review of 776 episodes from the literature. Medicine, 77, 313–336.
102. Nakamura B, Tokuda Y, Sono A, Koyama T, Ogasawara J, Hase A, Haruki K and Nishikawa Y, 2006. Molecular typing to trace Listeria monocytogenes isolated from cold-smoked fish to a contamination source in a processing plant. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 835–841.
103. Norton DM, McCamey MA, Gall KL, Scarlett JM, Boor KJ and Wiedmann M, 2001. Molecular studies on the ecology of Listeria monocytogenes in the smoked fish processing industry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 198–205.
104. Notermans S, Dufrenne J, Teunis P and Chackraborty T, 1998. Studies on the risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection, 61, 244–248.
105. Obeso JM, Garcia P, Martinez B, Arroyo-Lopez FN, Garrido-Fernandez A and Rodriguez A, 2010. Use of logistic regression for prediction of the fate of Staphylococcus aureus in pasteurized milk in the presence of two lytic phages. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 6038–6046.
106. OFIMER 2011. Use of phages to control Listeria monocytogenes in smoked salmon: summary of results - January 2011, 16 pp.
107. Ojeniyi B, Christensen J and Bisgaard M, 2000. Comparative investigations of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a turkey processing plant, turkey products, and from human cases of listeriosis in Denmark. Epidemiology and Infection, 125, 303–308.
108. Pao S, Ettinger MR, Khalid MF, Reid AO and Nerrie BL, 2008. Microbial quality of raw aquacultured fish fillets procured from Internet and local retail markets. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 1544–1549.
109. Payne RJH and Jansen VAA, 2001. Understanding bacteriophage therapy as a density-dependent kinetic process. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 208, 37–48.
110. Perez Diaz JC, Vicente MF and Baquero F, 1982. Plasmids in Listeria. Plasmid, 8, 112–118.
111. Poyart-Salmeron C, Carlier C, Trieu-Cuot P, Courvalin P and Courtieu A-L, 1990. Transferable plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes. Lancet, 335, 1422–1426.
112. Rahkio TM and Korkeala HJ, 1997. Airborne bacteria and carcass contamination in slaughterhouses. Journal of Food Protection, 60, 38–42.
113. Riedo FX, Pinner RW, Tosca MD, Cartter ML, Graves LM, Reeves MW, Weaver RE, Plikaytis BD and Broome CV, 1994. A point-source foodborne listeriosis outbreak - documented incubation period and possible mild illness. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 170, 693–696.
114. Rodas-Suarez OR, Flores-Pedroche JF, Betancourt-Rule JM, Quinones-Ramirez EI and Vazquez-Salinas C, 2006. Occurrence and antibiotic sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from oysters, fish, and estuarine water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7410–7412.
115. Rorvik LM, 2000. Listeria monocytogenes in the smoked salmon industry. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 62, 183–190.
116. Rorvik LM, Caugant DA and Yndestad M, 1995. Contamination pattern of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in a salmon slaughterhouse and smoked salmon processing plant. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 25, 19–27.
117. Schellekens MM, Wouters J, Hagens S and Hugenholtz J, 2007. Bacteriophage P100 application to control Listeria monocytogenes on smeared cheese. Milchwissenschaft-Milk Science International, 62, 284–287.
118. Schrader HS, Schrader JO, Walker JJ, Wolf TA, Nickerson KW and Kokjohn TA, 1997. Bacteriophage infection and multiplication occur in Pseudomonas aeruginosa starved for 5 years. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43, 1157–1163.
119. Slopek S, Weberdabrowska B, Dabrowski M and Kucharewiczkrukowska A, 1987. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial-infections in the years 1981–1986. Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae Experimentalis, 35, 569–583.
120. Soni KA and Nannapaneni R, 2010. Bacteriophage significantly reduces Listeria monocytogenes on raw salmon fillet tissue. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 32–38.
121. Soni KA, Nannapaneni R and Hagens S, 2010. Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh channel catfish fillets by bacteriophage Listex P100. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 7, 427–434.
122. Suttle CA and Chen F, 1992. Mechanisms and rates of decay of marine viruses in seawater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 3721–3729.
123. Teufel P and Bendzulla C 1993. Bundesweite Erhebung zum vorkommen von L. monocytogenes in Lebensmitteln. Bundesinstitut fur gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinarmedizin (BgVV). Berlin.
124. Tham W, Ericsson H, Loncarevic S, Unnerstad H and Danielsson-Tham ML, 2000. Lessons from an outbreak of listeriosis related to vacuum-packed gravad and cold-smoked fish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 62, 173–175.
125. Tsuei AC, Carey-Smith GV, Hudson JA, Billington C and Heinemann JA, 2007. Prevalence and numbers of coliphages and Campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages in New Zealand foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 116, 121–125.
126. USDA (US Food and Drug Administration), 2012. Safe Practices for Food Processes: Chapter II. Potential Hazards in Cold-Smoked Fish: Listeria monocytogenes (www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm092286.htm; accessed 05/12/2011.
127. van der Mee-Marquet N, Loessner M and Audurier A, 1997. Evaluation of seven experimental phages for inclusion in the international phage set for the epidemiological typing of Listeria monocytogenes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63, 3374–3377.
128. Vicente MF, Baquero F and Perez Diaz JC, 1988. Conjugative acquisition and expression of antibiotic-resistance determinants in Listeria spp. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 21, 309–318.
129. Walsh D, Duffy G, Sheridan JJ, Blair IS and McDowell DA, 2001. Antibiotic resistance among Listeria, including Listeria monocytogenes, in retail food. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 90, 517–522.
130. Wiggins BA and Alexander M, 1985. Minimum bacterial density for bacteriophage replication -Implications for significance of bacteriophages in natural ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 19–23.
131. Wilkes G, Edge TA, Gannon VP, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Naumann NF, Ruecker N, Scott A, Sunohara M, Topp E and Lapen DR, 2011. Water res. associations among pathogenic bacteria, parasites, and environmental and land use factors in multiple mixed-use watersheds. Water Research, 45, 5807–5825.
132. Wulff G, Gram L, Ahrens P and Vogel BF, 2006. One group of genetically similar Listeria monocytogenes strains frequently dominates and persists in several fish slaughter- and smokehouses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 4313–4322.
133. Yucel N and Balci S, 2010. Prevalence of Listeria, Aeromonas, and Vibrio species in fish used for human consumption in Turkey. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 380–384.
134. Zhang J, Kraft BL, Pan Y, Wall SK, Saez AC and Ebner PD, 2010. Development of a broader spectrum phage cocktail to decrease Salmonella shedding in livestock. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 854–855.
135. Zink R and Loessner MJ, 1992. Classification of virulent and temperate bacteriophages of Listeria spp. on the basis of morphology and protein analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58, 296–302.