Calorie restriction in rodents: Caveats to consider

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 39, Issue , 2017, Pages 15-28

  Ingram, Donald K ^a   de Cabo, Rafael ^b  

^a PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic disease; Diet restriction; Fasting; Healthspan; Lifespan; Longevity; Low calorie diets; Mortality; Nutrition; Protein restriction

Indexed keywords

BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; FEEDING; FRACTURE HEALING; GENOTYPE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTERMITTENT ENERGY RESTRICTION; LIFESPAN; MENTAL DETERIORATION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; REVIEW; RODENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME RESTRICTED FEEDING; WOUND HEALING; AGE; AGING; ANIMAL; COGNITION; DIET; HUMAN; LONGEVITY; PHYSIOLOGY;

AGE FACTORS; AGING; ANIMALS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; COGNITION; DIET; HUMANS; LONGEVITY; RODENTIA;

EID: 85020921782     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.008     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Ahmed, F., Jones, D.B., Jackson, A.A., Effect of severe food restriction on the gut following rotavirus infection in mice. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 35 (1991), 158–164.
2. Ahmet, I., Wan, R., Mattson, M.P., Lakatta, E.G., Talan, M., Cardioprotection by intermittent fasting in rats. Circulation 112 (2005), 3115–3121.
3. Ahmet, I., Wan, R., Mattson, M.P., Lakatta, E.G., Talan, M.I., Chronic alternate-day fasting results in reduced diastolic compliance and diminished systolic reserve in rats. J. Card. Fail. 16 (2010), 843–853.
4. Alomari, M.A., Khabour, O.F., Alzoubi, K.H., Alzubi, M.A., Combining restricted diet with forced or voluntary exercises improves hippocampal BDNF and cognitive function in rats. Int. J. Neurosci. 126 (2016), 366–373.
5. Anson, R.M., Guo, Z., de Cabo, R., Iyun, T., Rios, M., Hagepanos, A., Ingram, D.K., Lane, M.A., Mattson, M.P., Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003), 6216–6220.
6. Anson, R.M., Jones, B., de Cabod, R., The diet restriction paradigm: a brief review of the effects of every-other-day feeding. Age (Dordr.) 27 (2005), 17–25.
7. Athanasiou, K.A., Zhu, C.F., Wang, X., Agrawal, C.M., Effects of aging and dietary restriction on the structural integrity of rat articular cartilage. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 28 (2000), 143–149.
8. Austad, S.N., Bartke, A., Sex differences in longevity and in responses to anti-Aging interventions: a mini-Review. Gerontology 62 (2015), 40–46.
9. Austad, S.N., Fischer, K.E., Sex differences in lifespan. Cell Metab. 23 (2016), 1022–1033.
10. Ayala, V., Naudi, A., Sanz, A., Caro, P., Portero-Otin, M., Barja, G., Pamplona, R., Dietary protein restriction decreases oxidative protein damage, peroxidizability index, and mitochondrial complex I content in rat liver. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62 (2007), 352–360.
11. Baek, K., Barlow, A.A., Allen, M.R., Bloomfield, S.A., Food restriction and simulated microgravity: effects on bone and serum leptin. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 104 (2008), 1086–1093.
12. Banu, J., Orhii, P.B., Okafor, M.C., Wang, L., Kalu, D.N., Analysis of the effects of growth hormone, exercise and food restriction on cancellous bone in different bone sites in middle-aged female rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 122 (2001), 849–864.
13. Beatty, W.W., Clouse, B.A., Bierley, R.A., Effects of long-term restricted feeding on radial maze performance by aged rats. Neurobiol. Aging 8 (1987), 325–327.
14. Bellush, L.L., Wright, A.M., Walker, J.P., Kopchick, J., Colvin, R.A., Caloric restriction and spatial learning in old mice. Physiol. Behav. 60 (1996), 541–547.
15. Berdanier, C.D., Johnson, B., Hartle, D.K., Crowell, W., Life span is shortened in BHE/cdb rats fed a diet containing 9% menhaden oil and 1% corn oil. J. Nutr. 122 (1992), 1309–1317.
16. Berrigan, D., Lavigne, J.A., Perkins, S.N., Nagy, T.R., Barrett, J.C., Hursting, S.D., Phenotypic effects of calorie restriction and insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment on body composition and bone mineral density of C57BL/6 mice: implications for cancer prevention. In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 19 (2005), 667–674.
17. Berrigan, D., Perkins, S.N., Haines, D.C., Hursting, S.D., Adult-onset calorie restriction and fasting delay spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice. Carcinogenesis 23 (2002), 817–822.
18. Bhattacharyya, T.K., Merz, M., Thomas, J.R., Modulation of cutaneous aging with calorie restriction in Fischer 344 rats: a histological study. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 7 (2005), 12–16.
19. Bodnar, M., Skalicky, M., Viidik, A., Erben, R.G., Interaction between exercise, dietary restriction and age-related bone loss in a rodent model of male senile osteoporosis. Gerontology 58 (2012), 139–149.
20. Bond, N.W., Everitt, A.V., Walton, J., Effects of dietary restriction on radial-arm maze performance and flavor memory in aged rats. Neurobiol. Aging 10 (1989), 27–30.
21. Brandhorst, S., Choi, I.Y., Wei, M., Cheng, C.W., Sedrakyan, S., Navarrete, G., Dubeau, L., Yap, L.P., Park, R., Vinciguerra, M., Di Biase, S., Mirzaei, H., Mirisola, M.G., Childress, P., Ji, L., Groshen, S., Penna, F., Odetti, P., Perin, L., Conti, P.S., Ikeno, Y., Kennedy, B.K., Cohen, P., Morgan, T.E., Dorff, T.B., Longo, V.D., A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan. Cell Metab. 22 (2015), 86–99.
22. Brandhorst, S., Longo, V.D., Fasting and caloric restriction in cancer prevention and treatment. Recent Results Cancer Res. 207 (2016), 241–266.
23. Bronson, R.T., Lipman, R.D., Reduction in rate of occurrence of age related lesions in dietary restricted laboratory mice. Growth. Dev. Aging 55 (1991), 169–184.
24. Campos-Rodriguez, R., Godinez-Victoria, M., Reyna-Garfias, H., Arciniega-Martinez, I.M., Resendiz-Albor, A.A., Abarca-Rojano, E., Cruz-Hernandez, T.R., Drago-Serrano, M.E., Intermittent fasting favored the resolution of Salmonella typhimurium infection in middle-aged BALB/c mice. Age (Dordr.), 38, 2016, 13.
25. Cardoso, A., Silva, D., Magano, S., Pereira, P.A., Andrade, J.P., Old-onset caloric restriction effects on neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin-containing neurons and on cholinergic varicosities in the rat hippocampal formation. Age (Dord.), 36, 2014, 9737.
26. Carter, C.S., Leeuwenburgh, C., Daniels, M., Foster, T.C., Influence of calorie restriction on measures of age-related cognitive decline: role of increased physical activity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 64 (2009), 850–859.
27. Cerqueira, F.M., Kowaltowski, A.J., Commonly adopted caloric restriction protocols often involve malnutrition. Ageing Res. Rev. 9 (2010), 424–430.
28. Chiba, T., Ezaki, O., Dietary restriction suppresses inflammation and delays the onset of stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 399 (2010), 98–103.
29. Clinthorne, J.F., Adams, D.J., Fenton, J.I., Ritz, B.W., Gardner, E.M., Short-term re-feeding of previously energy-restricted C57BL/6 male mice restores body weight and body fat and attenuates the decline in natural killer cell function after primary influenza infection. J. Nutr. 140 (2010), 1495–1501.
30. Clinthorne, J.F., Beli, E., Duriancik, D.M., Gardner, E.M., NK cell maturation and function in C57BL/6 mice are altered by caloric restriction. J. Immunol. 190 (2013), 712–722.
31. Colman, R.J., Anderson, R.M., Johnson, S.C., Kastman, E.K., Kosmatka, K.J., Beasley, T.M., Allison, D.B., Cruzen, C., Simmons, H.A., Kemnitz, J.W., Weindruch, R., Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325 (2009), 201–204.
32. Colman, R.J., Nam, G., Huchthausen, L., Mulligan, J.D., Saupe, K.W., Energy restriction-induced changes in body composition are age specific in mice. J. Nutr. 137 (2007), 2247–2251.
33. D'Antona, G., Ragni, M., Cardile, A., Tedesco, L., Dossena, M., Bruttini, F., Caliaro, F., Corsetti, G., Bottinelli, R., Carruba, M.O., Valerio, A., Nisoli, E., Branched-chain amino acid supplementation promotes survival and supports cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in middle-aged mice. Cell Metab. 12 (2010), 362–372.
34. Dai, D.F., Karunadharma, P.P., Chiao, Y.A., Basisty, N., Crispin, D., Hsieh, E.J., Chen, T., Gu, H., Djukovic, D., Raftery, D., Beyer, R.P., MacCoss, M.J., Rabinovitch, P.S., Altered proteome turnover and remodeling by short-term caloric restriction or rapamycin rejuvenate the aging heart. Aging cell 13 (2014), 529–539.
35. De Marte, M.L., Enesco, H.E., Influence of low tryptophan diet on survival and organ growth in mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 36 (1986), 161–171.
36. Derous, D., Mitchell, S.E., Green, C.L., Chen, L., Han, J.D., Wang, Y., Promislow, D.E., Lusseau, D., Speakman, J.R., Douglas, A., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: VI:Impact of short-term graded calorie restriction on transcriptomic responses of the hypothalamic hunger and circadian signaling pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 8 (2016), 642–663.
37. Derous, D., Mitchell, S.E., Green, C.L., Wang, Y., Han, J.D., Chen, L., Promislow, D.E., Lusseau, D., Speakman, J.R., Douglas, A., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: VII:Topological rearrangement of hypothalamic aging networks. Aging (Albany NY) 8 (2016), 917–932.
38. Devlin, M.J., Cloutier, A.M., Thomas, N.A., Panus, D.A., Lotinun, S., Pinz, I., Baron, R., Rosen, C.J., Bouxsein, M.L., Caloric restriction leads to high marrow adiposity and low bone mass in growing mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 25 (2010), 2078–2088.
39. Dhahbi, J.M., Kim, H.J., Mote, P.L., Beaver, R.J., Spindler, S.R., Temporal linkage between the phenotypic and genomic responses to caloric restriction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004), 5524–5529.
40. Dhurandhar, E.J., Allison, D.B., van Groen, T., Kadish, I., Hunger in the absence of caloric restriction improves cognition and attenuates Alzheimer's disease pathology in a mouse model. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e60437.
41. Dong, W., Wang, R., Ma, L.N., Xu, B.L., Zhang, J.S., Zhao, Z.W., Wang, Y.L., Zhang, X., Influence of age-related learning and memory capacity of mice: different effects of a high and low caloric diet. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 28 (2016), 303–311.
42. Duan, W., Mattson, M.P., Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration improve behavioral outcome and reduce degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 57 (1999), 195–206.
43. Duncan, M.J., Smith, J.T., Narbaiza, J., Mueez, F., Bustle, L.B., Qureshi, S., Fieseler, C., Legan, S.J., Restricting feeding to the active phase in middle-aged mice attenuates adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. Physiol. Behav. 167 (2016), 1–9.
44. Duriancik, D.M., Gardner, E.M., Energy restriction impairs dendritic cell development in C57BL/6J mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 154 (2016), 9–19.
45. Effros, R.B., Walford, R.L., Weindruch, R., Mitcheltree, C., Influences of dietary restriction on immunity to influenza in aged mice. J. Gerontol. 46 (1991), B142–147.
46. Emery, P.W., Sanderson, P., Effect of dietary restriction on protein synthesis and wound healing after surgery in the rat. Clin. Sci. (Lond. Engl. 1979) 89 (1995), 383–388.
47. Ferguson, V.L., Greenberg, A.R., Bateman, T.A., Ayers, R.A., Simske, S.J., The effects of age and dietary restriction without nutritional supplementation on whole bone structural properties in C57BL/6J mice. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 35 (1999), 85–91.
48. Fernandes, G., Yunis, E.J., Good, R.A., Influence of diet on survival of mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73 (1976), 1279–1283.
49. Fitting, S., Booze, R.M., Gilbert, C.A., Mactutus, C.F., Effects of chronic adult dietary restriction on spatial learning in the aged F344x BN hybrid F1 rat. Physiol. Behav. 93 (2008), 560–569.
50. Fontana, L., Cummings, N.E., Arriola Apelo, S.I., Neuman, J.C., Kasza, I., Schmidt, B.A., Cava, E., Spelta, F., Tosti, V., Syed, F.A., Baar, E.L., Veronese, N., Cottrell, S.E., Fenske, R.J., Bertozzi, B., Brar, H.K., Pietka, T., Bullock, A.D., Figenshau, R.S., Andriole, G.L., Merrins, M.J., Alexander, C.M., Kimple, M.E., Lamming, D.W., Decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids improves metabolic health. Cell Rep. 16 (2016), 520–530.
51. Forster, M.J., Morris, P., Sohal, R.S., Genotype and age influence the effect of caloric intake on mortality in mice. FASEB J. 17 (2003), 690–692.
52. Forster, M.J., Morris, P., Sohal, R.S., Genotype and age influence the effect of caloric intake on mortality in mice. FASEB J. 17 (2003), 690–692.
53. Gardner, E.M., Caloric restriction decreases survival of aged mice in response to primary influenza infection. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 60 (2005), 688–694.
54. Gardner, E.M., Beli, E., Clinthorne, J.F., Duriancik, D.M., Energy intake and response to infection with influenza. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 31 (2011), 353–367.
55. Gehrig, J.J., Ross, J., Jamison, R.L., Effect of long-term, alternate day feeding on renal function in aging conscious rats. Kidney Int. 34 (1988), 620–630.
56. Geng, Y.Q., Guan, J.T., Xu, M.Y., Xu, X.H., Fu, Y.C., Behavioral study of calorie-restricted rats from early old age. 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007, 2393–2395.
57. Goldberg, E.L., Romero-Aleshire, M.J., Renkema, K.R., Ventevogel, M.S., Chew, W.M., Uhrlaub, J.L., Smithey, M.J., Limesand, K.H., Sempowski, G.D., Brooks, H.L., Nikolich-Zugich, J., Lifespan-extending caloric restriction or mTOR inhibition impair adaptive immunity of old mice by distinct mechanisms. Aging Cell 14 (2015), 130–138.
58. Goodrick, C.L., Effects of lifelong restricted feeding on complex maze performance in rats. Age 7 (1984), 1–2.
59. Goodrick, C.L., Ingram, D.K., Reynolds, M.A., Freeman, J.R., Cider, N., Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mech. Ageing Dev. 55 (1990), 69–87.
60. Goto, S., Takahashi, R., Radak, Z., Sharma, R., Beneficial biochemical outcomes of late-onset dietary restriction in rodents. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1100 (2007), 431–441.
61. Gyger, M., Kolly, D., Guigoz, Y., Aging, modulation of food intake and spatial memory: a longitudinal study. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 15 (1992), 185–195.
62. Halade, G.V., Rahman, M.M., Bhattacharya, A., Barnes, J.L., Chandrasekar, B., Fernandes, G., Docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil attenuates kidney disease and prolongs median and maximal life span of autoimmune lupus-prone mice. J. Immunol. 184 (2010), 5280–5286.
63. Halagappa, V.K., Guo, Z., Pearson, M., Matsuoka, Y., Cutler, R.G., Laferla, F.M., Mattson, M.P., Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction ameliorate age-related behavioral deficits in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 26 (2007), 212–220.
64. Hansalik, M., Skalicky, M., Viidik, A., Impairment of water maze behaviour with ageing is counteracted by maze learning earlier in life but not by physical exercise, food restriction or housing conditions. Exp. Gerontol. 41 (2006), 169–174.
65. Haraguchi, A., Aoki, N., Ohtsu, T., Ikeda, Y., Tahara, Y., Shibata, S., Controlling access time to a high-fat diet during the inactive period protects against obesity in mice. Chronobiol. Int. 31 (2014), 935–944.
66. Harbison, C.E., Lipman, R.D., Bronson, R.T., Strain- and diet-related lesion variability in aging DBA/2, C57BL/6, and DBA/2xC57BL/6 F1 mice. Vet. Pathol. 53 (2016), 468–476.
67. Harrison, D.E., Archer, J.R., Genetic differences in effects of food restriction on aging in mice. J. Nutr. 117 (1987), 376–382.
68. Harrison, D.E., Archer, J.R., Astle, C.M., Effects of food restriction on aging: separation of food intake and adiposity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81 (1984), 1835–1838.
69. Hasegawa, A., Iwasaka, H., Hagiwara, S., Asai, N., Nishida, T., Noguchi, T., Alternate day calorie restriction improves systemic inflammation in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. J. Surg. Res. 174 (2012), 136–141.
70. Hattori, S., Park, J.H., Agata, U., Oda, M., Higano, M., Aikawa, Y., Akimoto, T., Nabekura, Y., Yamato, H., Ezawa, I., Omi, N., Food restriction causes low bone strength and microarchitectural deterioration in exercised growing male rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 60 (2014), 35–42.
71. Hawkins, J., Cifuentes, M., Pleshko, N.L., Ambia-Sobhan, H., Shapses, S.A., Energy restriction is associated with lower bone mineral density of the tibia and femur in lean but not obese female rats. J. Nutr. 140 (2010), 31–37.
72. Hayati, F., Maleki, M., Pourmohammad, M., Sardari, K., Mohri, M., Afkhami, A., Influence of short-term, repeated fasting on the skin wound healing of female mice. Wounds 23 (2011), 38–43.
73. Hsieh, E.A., Chai, C.M., Hellerstein, M.K., Effects of caloric restriction on cell proliferation in several tissues in mice: role of intermittent feeding. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 (2005), E965–972.
74. Huang, T.H., Ables, G.P., Dietary restrictions, bone density, and bone quality. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1363 (2016), 26–39.
75. Hunt, N.D., Li, G.D., Zhu, M., Miller, M., Levette, A., Chachich, M.E., Spangler, E.L., Allard, J.S., Hyun, D.H., Ingram, D.K., de Cabo, R., Effect of calorie restriction and refeeding on skin wound healing in the rat. Age (Dordr.) 34 (2012), 1453–1458.
76. Idrobo, F., Nandy, K., Mostofsky, D.I., Blatt, L., Nandy, L., Dietary restriction: effects on radial maze learning and lipofuscin pigment deposition in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 6 (1987), 355–362.
77. Ikeda, S., Saito, H., Fukatsu, K., Inoue, T., Han, I., Furukawa, S., Matsuda, T., Hidemura, A., Dietary restriction impairs neutrophil exudation by reducing CD11b/CD18 expression and chemokine production. Arch. Surg. (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) 136 (2001), 297–304.
78. Ingram, D.K., Reynolds, M.A., Effects of protein, dietary restriction, and exercise on survival in adult rats: a re-analysis of McCay, Maynard, Sperling, and Osgood [1941]. Exp. Aging Res. 9 (1983), 41–42.
79. Ingram, D.K., Weindruch, R., Spangler, E.L., Freeman, J.R., Walford, R.L., Dietary restriction benefits learning and motor performance of aged mice. J. Gerontol. 42 (1987), 78–81.
80. Iwasaki, K., Gleiser, C.A., Masoro, E.J., McMahan, C.A., Seo, E.J., Yu, B.P., Influence of the restriction of individual dietary components on longevity and age-related disease of Fischer rats: the fat component and the mineral component. J. Gerontol. 43 (1988), B13–21.
81. Jolly, C.A., Muthukumar, A., Avula, C.P., Troyer, D., Fernandes, G., Life span is prolonged in food-restricted autoimmune-prone (NZB x NZW)F(1) mice fed a diet enriched with (n-3) fatty acids. J. Nutr. 131 (2001), 2753–2760.
82. Jung, K.J., Lee, E.K., Kim, J.Y., Zou, Y., Sung, B., Heo, H.S., Kim, M.K., Lee, J., Kim, N.D., Yu, B.P., Chung, H.Y., Effect of short term calorie restriction on pro-inflammatory NF-kB and AP-1 in aged rat kidney. Inflamm. Res. 58 (2009), 143–150.
83. Kalu, D.N., Hardin, R.R., Cockerham, R., Yu, B.P., Norling, B.K., Egan, J.W., Lifelong food restriction prevents senile osteopenia and hyperparathyroidism in F344 rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 26 (1984), 103–112.
84. Kang, W., Saito, H., Fukatsu, K., Hidemura, A., Matsuda, T., Diet restriction impairs extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation of peritoneal exudative cells after N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine stimulation in a murine peritonitis model. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 26 (2002), 259–264 (discussion 264).
85. Kaur, M., Sharma, S., Kaur, G., Age-related impairments in neuronal plasticity markers and astrocytic GFAP and their reversal by late-onset short term dietary restriction. Biogerontology 9 (2008), 441–454.
86. Khabour, O.F., Alzoubi, K.H., Alomari, M.A., Alzubi, M.A., Changes in spatial memory and BDNF expression to concurrent dietary restriction and voluntary exercise. Hippocampus 20 (2010), 637–645.
87. Komatsu, T., Chiba, T., Yamaza, H., Yamashita, K., Shimada, A., Hoshiyama, Y., Henmi, T., Ohtani, H., Higami, Y., de Cabo, R., Ingram, D.K., Shimokawa, I., Manipulation of caloric content but not diet composition, attenuates the deficit in learning and memory of senescence-accelerated mouse strain P8. Exp. Gerontol. 43 (2008), 339–346.
88. Kristan, D.M., Chronic calorie restriction increases susceptibility of laboratory mice (Mus musculus) to a primary intestinal parasite infection. Aging Cell 6 (2007), 817–825.
89. Kristan, D.M., Calorie restriction and susceptibility to intact pathogens. Age (Dordr.) 30 (2008), 147–156.
90. Kuhla, A., Lange, S., Holzmann, C., Maass, F., Petersen, J., Vollmar, B., Wree, A., Lifelong caloric restriction increases working memory in mice. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e68778.
91. Lambert, J., Lamothe, J.M., Zernicke, R.F., Auer, R.N., Reimer, R.A., Dietary restriction does not adversely affect bone geometry and mechanics in rapidly growing male wistar rats. Pediatr. Res. 57 (2005), 227–231.
92. LaMothe, J.M., Hepple, R.T., Zernicke, R.F., Selected contribution: bone adaptation with aging and long-term caloric restriction in Fischer 344 × Brown-Norway F1-hybrid rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (2003), 1739–1745.
93. Le Couteur, D.G., Solon-Biet, S., Cogger, V.C., Mitchell, S.J., Senior, A., de Cabo, R., Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., The impact of low-protein high-carbohydrate diets on aging and lifespan. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73 (2016), 1237–1252.
94. Le Couteur, D.G., Solon-Biet, S., Wahl, D., Cogger, V.C., Willcox, B.J., Willcox, D.C., Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., New Horizons: Dietary protein, ageing and the Okinawan ratio. Age Ageing 45 (2016), 443–447.
95. Lee, C., Raffaghello, L., Brandhorst, S., Safdie, F.M., Bianchi, G., Martin-Montalvo, A., Pistoia, V., Wei, M., Hwang, S., Merlino, A., Emionite, L., de Cabo, R., Longo, V.D., Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci. Transl. Med., 4, 2012, 124ra127.
96. Lee, C., Safdie, F.M., Raffaghello, L., Wei, M., Madia, F., Parrella, E., Hwang, D., Cohen, P., Bianchi, G., Longo, V.D., Reduced levels of IGF-I mediate differential protection of normal and cancer cells in response to fasting and improve chemotherapeutic index. Cancer Res. 70 (2010), 1564–1572.
97. Lee, C.K., Allison, D.B., Brand, J., Weindruch, R., Prolla, T.A., Transcriptional profiles associated with aging and middle age-onset caloric restriction in mouse hearts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (2002), 14988–14993.
98. Li, L., Wang, Z., Zuo, Z., Chronic intermittent fasting improves cognitive functions and brain structures in mice. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e66069.
99. Liao, C.-Y., Rikke, B.A., Johnson, T.E., Diaz, V., Nelson, J.F., Genetic variation in the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction: from life extension to life shortening. Aging Cell 9 (2010), 92–95.
100. Liao, C.Y., Rikke, B.A., Johnson, T.E., Gelfond, J.A., Diaz, V., Nelson, J.F., Fat maintenance is a predictor of the murine lifespan response to dietary restriction. Aging Cell 10 (2011), 629–639.
101. Lipman, R.D., Effect of calorie restriction on mortality kinetics in inbred strains of mice following 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene treatment. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 57 (2002), B153–157.
102. Lipman, R.D., Smith, D.E., Blumberg, J.B., Bronson, R.T., Effects of caloric restriction or augmentation in adult rats: longevity and lesion biomarkers of aging. Aging (Milan, Italy) 10 (1998), 463–470.
103. Lipman, R.D., Smith, D.E., Bronson, R.T., Blumberg, J., Is late-life caloric restriction beneficial?. Aging (Milano) 7 (1995), 136–139.
104. Longo, V.D., Panda, S., Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan. Cell Metab. 23 (2016), 1048–1059.
105. Lusseau, D., Mitchell, S.E., Barros, C., Derous, D., Green, C., Chen, L., Han, J.D., Wang, Y., Promislow, D.E., Douglas, A., Speakman, J.R., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IV. Non-linear change in behavioural phenotype of mice in response to short-term calorie restriction. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 13198.
106. Ma, L., Zhao, Z., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Dong, W., Xu, B., Zhang, J., Caloric restriction can improve learning ability in C57/BL mice via regulation of the insulin-PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Neurol. Sci. 35 (2014), 1381–1386.
107. MacDonald, L., Radler, M., Paolini, A.G., Kent, S., Calorie restriction attenuates LPS-induced sickness behavior and shifts hypothalamic signaling pathways to an anti-inflammatory bias. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301 (2011), R172–184.
108. Mager, D.E., Wan, R., Brown, M., Cheng, A., Wareski, P., Abernethy, D.R., Mattson, M.P., Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats. FASEB J. 20 (2006), 631–637.
109. Malloy, V.L., Krajcik, R.A., Bailey, S.J., Hristopoulos, G., Plummer, J.D., Orentreich, N., Methionine restriction decreases visceral fat mass and preserves insulin action in aging male Fischer 344 rats independent of energy restriction. Aging Cell 5 (2006), 305–314.
110. Marie, C., Bralet, A.M., Gueldry, S., Bralet, J., Fasting prior to transient cerebral ischemia reduces delayed neuronal necrosis. Metab. Brain Dis. 5 (1990), 65–75.
111. Markowska, A.L., Life-long diet restriction failed to retard cognitive aging in Fischer-344 rats. Neurobiol. Aging 20 (1999), 177–189.
112. Markowska, A.L., Savonenko, A., Retardation of cognitive aging by life-long diet restriction: implications for genetic variance. Neurobiol. Aging 23 (2002), 75–86.
113. Masoro, E.J., Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev. 126 (2005), 913–922.
114. Masoro, E.J., Caloric restriction and aging: controversial issues. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61 (2006), 14–19.
115. Masoro, E.J., Caloric restriction-induced life extension of rats and mice: a critique of proposed mechanisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1790 (2009), 1040–1048.
116. Masoro, E.J., Shimokawa, I., Higami, Y., McMahan, C.A., Yu, B.P., Temporal pattern of food intake not a factor in the retardation of aging processes by dietary restriction. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50a (1995), B48–B53.
117. Mattison, J.A., Colman, R.J., Beasley, T.M., Allison, D.B., Kemnitz, J.W., Roth, G.S., Ingram, D.K., Weindruch, R., Cabo, R.d., Anderson, R.M., Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys. Nat. Commun., 8, 2017, 14063.
118. Mattison, J.A., Roth, G.S., Beasley, T.M., Tilmont, E.M., Handy, A.M., Herbert, R.L., Longo, D.L., Allison, D.B., Young, J.E., Bryant, M., Barnard, D., Ward, W.F., Qi, W., Ingram, D.K., de Cabo, R., Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature, 489, 2012, 318.
119. Mattison, J.A., Roth, G.S., Beasley, T.M., Tilmont, E.M., Handy, A.M., Herbert, R.L., Longo, D.L., Allison, D.B., Young, J.E., Bryant, M., Barnard, D., Ward, W.F., Qi, W., Ingram, D.K., de Cabo, R., Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 489 (2012), 318–321.
120. Mattson, M.P., Energy intake and exercise as determinants of brain health and vulnerability to injury and disease. Cell Metab. 16 (2012), 706–722.
121. Mattson, M.P., Interventions that improve body and brain bioenergetics for Parkinson's disease risk reduction and therapy. J. Parkinsons Dis. 4 (2014), 1–13.
122. McCaskey, S.J., Rondini, E.A., Langohr, I.M., Fenton, J.I., Differential effects of energy balance on experimentally-induced colitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 18 (2012), 627–636.
123. McCay, C.M., Maynard, L.A., Sperling, G., Osgood, H.S., Nutritional Requirements during the Latter Half of Life. J. Nutr . 21 (1941), 45–60.
124. McCay, C.M., Crowell, M.F., Maynard, L.A., The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. 1935. J. Nutr. 10 (1935), 63–79.
125. McKiernan, S.H., Tuen, V.C., Baldwin, K., Wanagat, J., Djamali, A., Aiken, J.M., Adult-onset calorie restriction delays the accumulation of mitochondrial enzyme abnormalities in aging rat kidney tubular epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 292 (2007), F1751–1760.
126. McNeill, J.N., Wu, C.L., Rabey, K.N., Schmitt, D., Guilak, F., Life-long caloric restriction does not alter the severity of age-related osteoarthritis. Age (Dordr.), 36, 2014, 9669.
127. Means, L.W., Higgins, J.L., Fernandez, T.J., Mid-life onset of dietary restriction extends life and prolongs cognitive functioning. Physiol. Behav. 54 (1993), 503–508.
128. Merry, B.J., Molecular mechanisms linking calorie restriction and longevity. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 34 (2002), 1340–1354.
129. Merry, B.J., Dietary restriction in rodents–delayed or retarded ageing?. Mech. Ageing Dev. 126 (2005), 951–959.
130. Miller, R.A., Buehner, G., Chang, Y., Harper, J.M., Sigler, R., Smith-Wheelock, M., Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell 4 (2005), 119–125.
131. Mitchell, J.R., Verweij, M., Brand, K., vande Ven, M., Goemaere, N., van den Engel, S., Chu, T., Forrer, F., Muller, C., de Jong, M., van, I.W., IJzermans, J.N., Hoeijmakers, J.H., de Bruin, R.W., Short-term dietary restriction and fasting precondition against ischemia reperfusion injury in mice. Aging Cell 9 (2010), 40–53.
132. Mitchell, S.E., Delville, C., Konstantopedos, P., Derous, D., Green, C.L., Chen, L., Han, J.D., Wang, Y., Promislow, D.E., Douglas, A., Lusseau, D., Speakman, J.R., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: III. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on mean daily body temperature and torpor use in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 6 (2015), 18314–18337.
133. Mitchell, S.E., Delville, C., Konstantopedos, P., Derous, D., Green, C.L., Wang, Y., Han, J.D., Promislow, D.E., Douglas, A., Chen, L., Lusseau, D., Speakman, J.R., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: V. Impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on physical activity in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 7 (2016), 19147–19170.
134. Mitchell, S.E., Delville, C., Konstantopedos, P., Hurst, J., Derous, D., Green, C., Chen, L., Han, J.J., Wang, Y., Promislow, D.E., Lusseau, D., Douglas, A., Speakman, J.R., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: iIImpact of short term calorie and protein restriction on circulating hormone levels, glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress in male C57BL/6 mice. Oncotarget 6 (2015), 23213–23237.
135. Mitchell, S.E., Tang, Z., Kerbois, C., Delville, C., Konstantopedos, P., Bruel, A., Derous, D., Green, C., Aspden, R.M., Goodyear, S.R., Chen, L., Han, J.J., Wang, Y., Promislow, D.E., Lusseau, D., Douglas, A., Speakman, J.R., The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: I. impact of short term calorie and protein restriction on body composition in the C57BL/6 mouse. Oncotarget 6 (2015), 15902–15930.
136. Mitchell, S.J., Madrigal-Matute, J., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Fang, E., Aon, M., Gonzalez-Reyes, J.A., Cortassa, S., Kaushik, S., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Patel, B., Wahl, D., Ali, A., Calvo-Rubio, M., Buron, M.I., Guiterrez, V., Ward, T.M., Palacios, H.H., Cai, H., Frederick, D.W., Hine, C., Broeskamp, F., Habering, L., Dawson, J., Beasley, T.M., Wan, J., Ikeno, Y., Hubbard, G., Becker, K.G., Zhang, Y., Bohr, V.A., Longo, D.L., Navas, P., Ferrucci, L., Sinclair, D.A., Cohen, P., Egan, J.M., Mitchell, J.R., Baur, J.A., Allison, D.B., Anson, R.M., Villalba, J.M., Madeo, F., Cuervo, A.M., Pearson, K.J., Ingram, D.K., Bernier, M., de Cabo, R., Effects of sex, strain, and energy intake on hallmarks of aging in mice. Cell Metab. 23 (2016), 1093–1112.
137. Nelson, W., Halberg, F., Meal-timing, circadian rhythms and life span of mice. J. Nutr. 116 (1986), 2244–2253.
138. Ning, Y.C., Cai, G.Y., Zhuo, L., Gao, J.J., Dong, D., Cui, S., Feng, Z., Shi, S.Z., Bai, X.Y., Sun, X.F., Chen, X.M., Short-term calorie restriction protects against renal senescence of aged rats by increasing autophagic activity and reducing oxidative damage. Mech. Ageing Dev. 134 (2013), 570–579.
139. Nnakwe, N.E., The effect of age and dietary restriction on bone strength, calcium and phosphorus contents of male F344 rats. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2 (1998), 149–152.
140. Ooka, H., Segall, P.E., Timiras, P.S., Histology and survival in age-delayed low-tryptophan-fed rats. Mech. Ageing Dev. 43 (1988), 79–98.
141. Orentreich, N., Matias, J.R., DeFelice, A., Zimmerman, J.A., Low methionine ingestion by rats extends life span. J. Nutr. 123 (1993), 269–274.
142. Otranto, M., Souza-Netto, I., Aguila, M.B., Monte-Alto-Costa, A., Male and female rats with severe protein restriction present delayed wound healing. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 34 (2009), 1023–1031.
143. Pamplona, R., Barja, G., Mitochondrial oxidative stress, aging and caloric restriction: the protein and methionine connection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1757 (2006), 496–508.
144. Park, S., Komatsu, T., Hayashi, H., Yamaza, H., Chiba, T., Higami, Y., Kuramoto, K., Shimokawa, I., Calorie restriction initiated at middle age improved glucose tolerance without affecting age-related impairments of insulin signaling in rat skeletal muscle. Exp. Gerontol. 41 (2006), 837–845.
145. Peck, M.D., Babcock, G.F., Alexander, J.W., The role of protein and calorie restriction in outcome from Salmonella infection in mice. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 16 (1992), 561–565.
146. Piper, M.D., Partridge, L., Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., Dietary restriction and aging: a unifying perspective. Cell Metab. 14 (2011), 154–160.
147. Pires, R.C., Souza, E.E., Vanzela, E.C., Ribeiro, R.A., Silva-Santos, J.C., Carneiro, E.M., Boschero, A.C., Amaral, M.E., Short-term calorie restriction improves glucose homeostasis in old rats: involvement of AMPK. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39 (2014), 895–901.
148. Pitsikas, N., Carli, M., Fidecka, S., Algeri, S., Effect of life-long hypocaloric diet on age-related changes in motor and cognitive behavior in a rat population. Neurobiol. Aging 11 (1990), 417–423.
149. Porter Starr, K.N., McDonald, S.R., Bales, C.W., Obesity and physical frailty in older adults: a scoping review of lifestyle intervention trials. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 15 (2014), 240–250.
150. Pugh, T.D., Klopp, R.G., Weindruch, R., Controlling caloric consumption: protocols for rodents and rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol. Aging 20 (1999), 157–165.
151. Pugh, T.D., Oberley, T.D., Weindruch, R., Dietary intervention at middle age. caloric restriction but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate increases lifespan and lifetime cancer incidence in mice. Cancer Res. 59 (1999), 1642–1648.
152. Quintas, A., de Solis, A.J., Diez-Guerra, F.J., Carrascosa, J.M., Bogonez, E., Age-associated decrease of SIRT1 expression in rat hippocampus: prevention by late onset caloric restriction. Exp. Gerontol. 47 (2012), 198–201.
153. Raffaghello, L., Lee, C., Safdie, F.M., Wei, M., Madia, F., Bianchi, G., Longo, V.D., Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (2008), 8215–8220.
154. Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., Integrative models of nutrient balancing: application to insects and vertebrates. Nutr. Res. Rev. 10 (1997), 151–179.
155. Raubenheimer, D., Simpson, S.J., Tait, A.H., Match and mismatch: conservation physiology, nutritional ecology and the timescales of biological adaptation. Philos. Trans. R Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 367 (2012), 1628–1646.
156. Reed, M.J., Penn, P.E., Li, Y., Birnbaum, R., Vernon, R.B., Johnson, T.S., Pendergrass, W.R., Sage, E.H., Abrass, I.B., Wolf, N.S., Enhanced cell proliferation and biosynthesis mediate improved wound repair in refed, caloric-restricted mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 89 (1996), 21–43.
157. Reiser, K., McGee, C., Rucker, R., McDonald, R., Effects of aging and caloric restriction on extracellular matrix biosynthesis in a model of injury repair in rats. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50a (1995), B40–B47.
158. Richie, J.P. Jr., Leutzinger, Y., Parthasarathy, S., Malloy, V., Orentreich, N., Zimmerman, J.A., Methionine restriction increases blood glutathione and longevity in F344 rats. FASEB J. 8 (1994), 1302–1307.
159. Rikke, B.A., Liao, C.Y., McQueen, M.B., Nelson, J.F., Johnson, T.E., Genetic dissection of dietary restriction in mice supports the metabolic efficiency model of life extension. Exp. Gerontol. 45 (2010), 691–701.
160. Ritz, B.W., Aktan, I., Nogusa, S., Gardner, E.M., Energy restriction impairs natural killer cell function and increases the severity of influenza infection in young adult male C57BL/6 mice. J. Nutr. 138 (2008), 2269–2275.
161. Robertson, L.T., Mitchell, J.R., Benefits of short-term dietary restriction in mammals. Exp. Gerontol. 48 (2013), 1043–1048.
162. Ross, M.H., Dietary behavior and longevity. Nutr. Rev. 35 (1977), 257–265.
163. Roth, G.S., Kowatch, M.A., Hengemihle, J., Ingram, D.K., Spangler, E.L., Johnson, L.K., Lane, M.A., Effect of age and caloric restriction on cutaneous wound closure in rats and monkeys. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 52 (1997), B98–102.
164. Roth, L.W., Polotsky, A.J., Can we live longer by eating less:A review of caloric restriction and longevity. Maturitas 71 (2012), 315–319.
165. Safdie, F., Brandhorst, S., Wei, M., Wang, W., Lee, C., Hwang, S., Conti, P.S., Chen, T.C., Longo, V.D., Fasting enhances the response of glioma to chemo- and radiotherapy. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e44603.
166. Salvatore, M.F., Terrebonne, J., Fields, V., Nodurft, D., Runfalo, C., Latimer, B., Ingram, D.K., Initiation of calorie restriction in middle-aged male rats attenuates aging-related motoric decline and bradykinesia without increased striatal dopamine. Neurobiol. Aging 37 (2016), 192–207.
167. Sanz, A., Caro, P., Ayala, V., Portero-Otin, M., Pamplona, R., Barja, G., Methionine restriction decreases mitochondrial oxygen radical generation and leak as well as oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins. FASEB J. 20 (2006), 1064–1073.
168. Sanz, A., Caro, P., Barja, G., Protein restriction without strong caloric restriction decreases mitochondrial oxygen radical production and oxidative DNA damage in rat liver. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 36 (2004), 545–552.
169. Sanz, A., Caro, P., Sanchez, J.G., Barja, G., Effect of lipid restriction on mitochondrial free radical production and oxidative DNA damage. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1067 (2006), 200–209.
170. Sanz, A., Gomez, J., Caro, P., Barja, G., Carbohydrate restriction does not change mitochondrial free radical generation and oxidative DNA damage. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 38 (2006), 327–333.
171. Sarker, M.R., Franks, S., Sumien, N., Thangthaeng, N., Filipetto, F., Forster, M., Curcumin mimics the neurocognitive and anti-inflammatory effects of caloric restriction in a mouse model of midlife obesity. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0140431.
172. Segall, P.E., Timiras, P.S., Age-related changes in the thermoregulatory capacity of tryptophan-deficient rats. Fed. Proc. 34 (1975), 83–85.
173. Segall, P.E., Timiras, P.S., Patho-physiologic findings after chronic tryptophan deficiency in rats: a model for delayed growth and aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 5 (1976), 109–124.
174. Segall, P.E., Timiras, P.S., Walton, J.R., Low tryptophan diets delay reproductive aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 23 (1983), 245–252.
175. Sharma, S., Kaur, G., Intermittent dietary restriction as a practical intervention in aging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1114 (2007), 419–427.
176. Sharma, S., Singh, R., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., Late-onset dietary restriction compensates for age-related increase in oxidative stress and alterations of HSP 70 and synapsin 1 protein levels in male Wistar rats. Biogerontology 11 (2010), 197–209.
177. Shen, C.L., Zhu, W., Gao, W., Wang, S., Chen, L., Chyu, M.C., Energy-restricted diet benefits body composition but degrades bone integrity in middle-aged obese female rats. Nutr. Res. 33 (2013), 668–676.
178. Shi, H.N., Scott, M.E., Stevenson, M.M., Koski, K.G., Energy restriction and zinc deficiency impair the functions of murine T cells and antigen-presenting cells during gastrointestinal nematode infection. J. Nutr. 128 (1998), 20–27.
179. Simpson, S.J., Le Couteur, D.G., Raubenheimer, D., Putting the balance back in diet. Cell 161 (2015), 18–23.
180. Simpson, S.J., Raubenheimer, D., Caloric restriction and aging revisited: the need for a geometric analysis of the nutritional bases of aging. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 62 (2007), 707–713.
181. Singh, R., Lakhanpal, D., Kumar, S., Sharma, S., Kataria, H., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., Late-onset intermittent fasting dietary restriction as a potential intervention to retard age-associated brain function impairments in male rats. Age (Dordr.) 34 (2012), 917–933.
182. Singh, R., Manchanda, S., Kaur, T., Kumar, S., Lakhanpal, D., Lakhman, S.S., Kaur, G., Middle age onset short-term intermittent fasting dietary restriction prevents brain function impairments in male Wistar rats. Biogerontology 16 (2015), 775–788.
183. Sohal, R.S., Forster, M.J., Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 73 (2014), 366–382.
184. Sohal, R.S., Forster, M.J., Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 73 (2014), 366–382.
185. Solon-Biet, S.M., McMahon, A.C., Ballard, J.W., Ruohonen, K., Wu, L.E., Cogger, V.C., Warren, A., Huang, X., Pichaud, N., Melvin, R.G., Gokarn, R., Khalil, M., Turner, N., Cooney, G.J., Sinclair, D.A., Raubenheimer, D., Le Couteur, D.G., Simpson, S.J., The ratio of macronutrients, not caloric intake, dictates cardiometabolic health, aging, and longevity in ad libitum-fed mice. Cell Metab. 19 (2014), 418–430.
186. Solon-Biet, S.M., Mitchell, S.J., de Cabo, R., Raubenheimer, D., Le Couteur, D.G., Simpson, S.J., Macronutrients and caloric intake in health and longevity. J. Endocrinol. 226 (2015), R17–28.
187. Spanheimer, R., Zlatev, T., Umpierrez, G., DiGirolamo, M., Collagen production in fasted and food-restricted rats: response to duration and severity of food deprivation. J. Nutr. 121 (1991), 518–524.
188. Speakman, J.R., Hambly, C., Starving for life: what animal studies can and cannot tell us about the use of caloric restriction to prolong human lifespan. J. Nutr. 137 (2007), 1078–1086.
189. Speakman, J.R., Mitchell, S.E., Caloric restriction. Mol. Aspects Med. 32 (2011), 159–221.
190. Speakman, J.R., Mitchell, S.E., Mazidi, M., Calories or protein? The effect of dietary restriction on lifespan in rodents is explained by calories alone. Exp. Gerontol. 86 (2016), 28–38.
191. Spindler, S.R., Mote, P.L., Flegal, J.M., Dietary supplementation with Lovaza and krill oil shortens the life span of long-lived F1 mice. Age (Dordr), 36, 2014, 9659.
192. Stewart, J., Mitchell, J., Kalant, N., The effects of life-long food restriction on spatial memory in young and aged Fischer 344 rats measured in the eight-arm radial and the Morris water mazes. Neurobiol. Aging 10 (1989), 669–675.
193. Sun, D., Muthukumar, A.R., Lawrence, R.A., Fernandes, G., Effects of calorie restriction on polymicrobial peritonitis induced by cecum ligation and puncture in young C57BL/6 mice. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8 (2001), 1003–1011.
194. Sun, L., Sadighi Akha, A.A., Miller, R.A., Harper, J.M., Life-span extension in mice by preweaning food restriction and by methionine restriction in middle age. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 64 (2009), 711–722.
195. Sundaram, S., Yan, L., Time-restricted feeding reduces adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr. Res. 36 (2016), 603–611.
196. Swindell, W.R., Dietary restriction in rats and mice: a meta-analysis and review of the evidence for genotype-dependent effects on lifespan. Ageing Res. Rev. 11 (2012), 254–270.
197. Tajes, M., Gutierrez-Cuesta, J., Folch, J., Ortuno-Sahagun, D., Verdaguer, E., Jimenez, A., Junyent, F., Lau, A., Camins, A., Pallas, M., Neuroprotective role of intermittent fasting in senescence-accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8). Exp. Gerontol. 45 (2010), 702–710.
198. Talbott, S.M., Rothkopf, M.M., Shapses, S.A., Dietary restriction of energy and calcium alters bone turnover and density in younger and older female rats. J. Nutr. 128 (1998), 640–645.
199. Talbott, S.M., Shapses, S.A., Fasting and energy intake influence bone turnover in lightweight male rowers. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 8 (1998), 377–387.
200. Tikoo, K., Tripathi, D.N., Kabra, D.G., Sharma, V., Gaikwad, A.B., Intermittent fasting prevents the progression of type I diabetic nephropathy in rats and changes the expression of Sir2 and p53. FEBS Lett. 581 (2007), 1071–1078.
201. Tsuduki, T., Honma, T., Nakagawa, K., Ikeda, I., Miyazawa, T., Long-term intake of fish oil increases oxidative stress and decreases lifespan in senescence-accelerated mice. Nutrition (Burbank Los Angeles County, Calif.) 27 (2011), 334–337.
202. Turturro, A., Witt, W.W., Lewis, S., Hass, B.S., Lipman, R.D., Hart, R.W., Growth curves and survival characteristics of the animals used in the Biomarkers of Aging Program. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 54 (1999), B492–501.
203. Wan, R., Ahmet, I., Brown, M., Cheng, A., Kamimura, N., Talan, M., Mattson, M.P., Cardioprotective effect of intermittent fasting is associated with an elevation of adiponectin levels in rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 21 (2010), 413–417.
204. Wan, R., Camandola, S., Mattson, M.P., Intermittent fasting and dietary supplementation with 2-deoxy-D-glucose improve functional and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in rats. FASEB J. 17 (2003), 1133–1134.
205. Waters, D.L., Ward, A.L., Villareal, D.T., Weight loss in obese adults 65years and older: a review of the controversy. Exp. Gerontol. 48 (2013), 1054–1061.
206. Weindruch, R., The retardation of aging by caloric restriction: studies in rodents and primates. Toxicol. Pathol. 24 (1996), 742–745.
207. Weindruch, R., Walford, R., Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1year of age: effect on life-span and spontaneous cancer incidence. Science 215 (1982), 1415–1418.
208. Westbrook, R., Bonkowski, M.S., Arum, O., Strader, A.D., Bartke, A., Metabolic alterations due to caloric restriction and every other day feeding in normal and growth hormone receptor knockout mice. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 69 (2014), 25–33.
209. Westerbeek, Z.W., Hepple, R.T., Zernicke, R.F., Effects of aging and caloric restriction on bone structure and mechanical properties. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 63 (2008), 1131–1136.
210. Wolf, N.S., Pendergrass, W.R., The relationships of animal age and caloric intake to cellular replication in vivo and in vitro: a review. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 54 (1999), B502–517.
211. Yan, L., Gao, S., Ho, D., Park, M., Ge, H., Wang, C., Tian, Y., Lai, L., De Lorenzo, M.S., Vatner, D.E., Vatner, S.F., Calorie restriction can reverse, as well as prevent, aging cardiomyopathy. Age 35 (2013), 2177–2182.
212. Yanai, S., Okaichi, Y., Okaichi, H., Long-term dietary restriction causes negative effects on cognitive functions in rats. Neurobiol. Aging 25 (2004), 325–332.
213. Yu, B.P., Masoro, E.J., McMahan, C.A., Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer 344 rats: I. Physical, metabolic, and longevity characteristics. J. Gerontol. 40 (1985), 657–670.
214. Yu, B.P., Masoro, E.J., Murata, I., Bertrand, H.A., Lynd, F.T., Life span study of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: longevity, growth, lean body mass and disease. J. Gerontol. 37 (1982), 130–141.
215. Yu, Z.F., Mattson, M.P., Dietary restriction and 2-deoxyglucose administration reduce focal ischemic brain damage and improve behavioral outcome: evidence for a preconditioning mechanism. J. Neurosci. Res. 57 (1999), 830–839.