Brand breakout: How emerging market brands will go global

Brand Breakout: How Emerging Market Brands Will Go Global

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-256

  Kumar, Nirmalya ^a   Steenkamp, Jan Benedict E M ^b  

^a Tata Sons ^*  (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85014198124     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781137276629     Document Type: Book

References (268)

1. The Economist, August 4, 2011: http://www. economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/08/emerging-vs-developedeconomies (accessed January 21, 2013).
2. Sara Bongiorni (2005), "A Year Without Made in China," Christian Science Monitor, December 20.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_the_People's_ Republic_of_China (accessed January 21, 2013).
4. Brand China, "Show People What You're Really Made Of," Calling Brands report, November 2011.
5. http://plasticsnews.com/china/english/design/headlines2. html?id=1309204644 (accessed January 21, 2013).
6. http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx (accessed January 21, 2013).
7. Ying Fan (2006), "The Globalisation of Chinese Brands," Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24 (4), 365-79.
8. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/china-won-t-losecompetitiveness-for-3-5-years-welch-says.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
9. Bloomberg News (2011), "China Must Create '10,000 Apples,' Welch Says," September 7.
10. Enid Tsui (2011), "Made in China Does Not Always Translate Well," Financial Times, December 29.
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain (accessed January 21, 2013).
12. Maggie Chao, Elaine Chow, Gil Kerbs, and Kate Long (2012), "Thanks, But No Thanks to Made in China," Knowledge@Wharton, January 3.
13. Wang Jian (2007), "Brand Perception the Key for Chinese Companies," China Daily, March 15, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200703/15/ eng20070315_357795.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
14. Barry Naughton (2007), The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Martin Lindstrom (2011), "How the Chinese Became Global Branding Geniuses," Fast Company.com, 20 April, http://www.fastcompany. com/1748843/how-the-chinese-once-tone-deaf-to-brands-becameglobal-branding-geniuses (accessed January 21, 2013).
16. http://plasticsnews.com/china/english/design/headlines2. html?id=1309204644 (accessed January 21, 2013).
17. Gordon Orr and Erik Roth (2012), "A CEO's Guide to Innovation in China," McKinsey Quarterly, (February), 1-10.
18. Ying Fan (2006), "The Globalisation of Chinese Brands," Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 24 (4), 365-79.
19. Benjamin A. Shobert (2011), "China's Brands in the Shadows," www. atimes.com, December 2.
20. Steve Toloken (2012), "China Injection Moulder Fu Hong Finding Success with Own Brand," Plastic News.com, January 27.
21. http://www.chinaipmagazine.com/en/news-show.asp?id=3825 (accessed January 21, 2013).
22. Kathrin Hille (2011), "Chinese Brands Star in Hollywood Movie," Financial Times, July 20, p. 17.
23. Michael Kan (2012), "Lenovo Looks to Build Brand as it Reaches for the Top PC Vendor Spot," PC World, February 27, http://www. pcworld.idg.com.au/article/416619/lenovo_looks_build_brand_it_ reaches_top_pc_vendor_spot (accessed January 21, 2013)
24. http://www.digitaltrends.com/ces/gauging-the-rise-of-the-chinese-techbrands (accessed January 23, 2013).
25. Fortune (2012), "Those Logos Look Awfully Familiar," October 29, p. 14.
26. Patti Waldmeir (2011), "Silver Lining Sought Overseas as Domestic Demand Declines," Financial Times, October 31, p. 25.
27. http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=524&catid=16&subcatid =110 (accessed January 21, 2013).
28. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7176.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
29. http://www.fairimage.org/tradewithjapan.htm (accessed January 21, 2013).
30. http://www.anythingaboutcars.com/1960s-foreign-cars.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
31. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7176.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
32. http://factsanddetails.com/japan.php?itemid=524&catid=16&subcatid =110 (accessed January 21, 2013).
33. Richard S. Chang (2012), "Revenge of the Econobox: Early Japanese Imports Find Admirers," New York Times, February 3.
34. http://www.anythingaboutcars.com/1960s-foreign-cars.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
35. Geert Hofstede (2001), Culture's Consequences (2nd edn), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Piano_Group (accessed January 21, 2013).
37. Bo Li (2006), "Pearl River Piano Group: the Unique International Way," Global Entrepreneur, (6).
38. Xuhui Yu (2006), "Pearl River Piano: The Evolution to a Global Challenger," 21st Century Business Review, (9), 70-3.
39. http://www.plumb-acoustic-digital-pianos.com/Pearl-River-Piano.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
40. Valarie A. Zeithaml (1988), "Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence," Journal of Marketing, 52 (July), 2-22.
41. Ron Gluckman (2012), "Every Customer Is Always Right," Forbes, May 21, pp. 38-40.
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier (accessed May 20, 2012).
43. Lynn Sharp Paine (2001), "The Haier Group," Harvard Business School Case No. 398-101.
44. Jin Zhanming (2009), "Corporate Strategies of Chinese Multinationals," in Jean-Paul Larcon (ed.), Chinese Multinationals, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, p. 13.
45. Jin Zhanming (2009), "Corporate Strategies of Chinese Multinationals," in Jean-Paul Larcon (ed.), Chinese Multinationals, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, pp. 25-7.
46. Hu Zuohao and Wang Gao (2009), "International Marketing Strategies of Chinese multinationals," in Jean-Paul Larcon (ed.), Chinese Multinationals, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, p. 107.
47. Pete Engardio and Michael Arndt (2006), "Haier: Taking a Brand Name Higher," Business Week, July 31, http://www.businessweek.com/ magazine/content/06_31/b3995009.htm
48. Hu Zuohao and Wang Gao (2009), "International Marketing Strategies of Chinese Multinationals," in Jean-Paul Larcon (ed.), Chinese Multinationals, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, p. 116-17.
49. Business Weekly (2011) "Haier Refrigerator: Brand Potential in the Foreign Market," (11), pp. 58-60.
50. Yibing Wu (2003), "China's Refrigerator Magnate," McKinsey Quarterly, https://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Chinas_refrigerator_ magnate_1323 (accessed January 21, 2013).
51. Guang Chen (2009), "Haier Refrigerator Becoming World No.1," Consumption Daily, December 15.
52. Chuanxiu Jiang (2011), "Haier's Global Strategy: Competing in the European Market," Household Appliance, (3), 57.
53. Patti Waldmeir (2012), "Chinese Wares Face Struggle for Acceptance," Financial Times, May 22, p. 4.
54. The Economist (2012), "Chinese Carmakers: Still in Second Gear," http://www.economist.com/node/21554192 accessed 23/01/13 (accessed January 21, 2013).
55. http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2011/12/chinese-cars-improvingsays-latest-jd-power-survey.html (accessed January 21, 2013).
56. Keith Bradsher (2012), "Chinese Cars Make Valuable Gains in Emerging Markets," New York Times, July 5.
57. Nirmalya Kumar and Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp (2007), Private Label Strategy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press
58. Nirmalya Kumar (2004), Marketing as Strategy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
59. James Rupert (2010), "Soccer Ball Makers in Poverty," The Sydney Morning Herald, June 11, http://www.smh.com.au (accessed January 23, 2013).
60. Chris Nuttall, Kathrin Hille and Robin Kwong (2012), "Apple Moves to Share the Burden in China," Financial Times, March 31, p. 15.
61. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-06/01/content_12622858. htm (accessed January 23, 2013).
62. Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanz (accessed January 23, 2013).
63. Don Sull (2005), "Dynamic Partners," Business Strategy Review, (Summer), 5-10.
64. http://www.galanz.com/ProductShow.aspx?ColId=141&SecId=143&Se cIds=49&id=353 (accessed January 21, 2013).
65. http://www.galanz.com/About.aspx?ColId=94&SecId=99 (accessed January 21, 2013).
66. http://www.htc.com/us/press/htc-launches-3-new-4g-smartphones/23 (accessed January 21, 2013).
67. Lowell D'Souza (2011), "Why B2B Firms Should Target B2C Markets," Marketing Bones, October 6.
68. The Economist (2012), "The Company that Spooked the World," August 4.
69. Zhengfei Ren's talk: Make Ourselves Wolf-like, August 10, 2011, http://www.iceo.com.cn/renwu/35/2011/1008/231520.shtml (accessed January 21, 2013).
70. http://www.huaweidevice.com/worldwide/newsIndex.do?method=view &newsId=158&directoryId=5024 (accessed January 23, 2013).
71. Lee Chyen Yee (2012), "Huawei Sees Smartphones Leading Growth in Consumer Devices," Reuters, September 24.
72. Peter Burrows, "The New Smartphone Powerhouse: Huawei," Bloomberg Businessweek, July 19, 2012.
73. http://www.economist.com/node/21559922 (accessed January 23, 2013).
74. Mike Bastin (2011), "Companies Still Struggle to Build Brands," China Daily, August 25, p. C3.
75. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/diaspora (accessed September 25, 2012).
76. Tarun Khanna and Paula Campbell (2008), "Diasporas: Causes and Effects," Harvard Business School Note.
77. Judit V. Arends-Tóth (2003), Psychological Acculturation of Turkish Migrants in the Netherlands: Issues in Theory and Assessment, Amsterdam: Dutch University Press
78. Peter Flannery, Steven P. Reise, and Jiajuan Yu (2001), "An Empirical Comparison of Acculturation Models," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(August), 1035-45
79. Teresa LaFromboise, Hardin L.K. Coleman, and Jennifer Gerton (1993), "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism: Evidence and Theory," Psychological Bulletin, 114 (3), 395-412
80. Andrew Ryder, Lynn E. Alden, and Delroy L. Paulhus (2000), "Is Acculturation Unidimensional or Bidimensional? A Head-to-Head Comparison in the Prediction of Personality, Self-Identity, and Adjustment," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (1), 4-65
81. Jeanne L. Tsai, Yu-Wen Ying and Peter A. Lee (2000), "The Meaning of 'Being Chinese' and 'Being American'," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31 (3), 302-32.
82. Dana L. Alden, Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp, and Rajeev Batra (2006), "Consumer Attitudes toward Marketplace Globalization: Structure, Antecedents, and Consequences," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23 (September), 227-39
83. Güliz Ger (1999), "Localizing in the Global Village: Local Firms Competing in Global Markets," California Management Review, 41 (Summer), 64-83
84. Robert Holton (2000), "Globalization's Cultural Consequences," AAPS, 570 (July), 140-52.
85. Titus Munson Coan (1875), "A New Country," The Galaxy, 19 (April), 463.
86. John W. Berry (1990), "Psychology of Acculturation," in John J. Berman (ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Proceedings of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 201-34
87. J.W. Berry, U. Kim, S. Power, M. Young, and M. Bujaki (1989), "Acculturation Attitudes in Plural Societies," Applied Psychology, 38 (2), 185-206
88. John W. Berry and D.L. Sam (1997), "Acculturation and Adaptation," in John W. Berry, Marshall H. Segall, and Cigdem Kagitcibasi (eds), Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Volume 3: Social Behavior and Applications (2nd edn), Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 291-326.
89. Arjun Appadurai (1990), "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy," Theory, Culture & Society, 7 (2/3), 295-31.
90. Hubert J.M. Hermans and Harry J.G. Kempen (1998), "Moving Cultures," American Psychologist, 53 (10), 1111-20.
91. Dana L. Alden, Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp, and Rajeev Batra (2006), "Consumer Attitudes toward Marketplace Globalization: Structure, Antecedents, and Consequences," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23 (September), 227-39.
92. James W. Gentry, Sunkyu Jun, and Patriya Tansuhaj (1995), "Consumer Acculturation Processes and Cultural Conflict: How Generalizable Is a North American Model for Marketing Globally?" Journal of Business Research, 32, 129-39.
93. Robin Wigglesworth (2011), "Niche Market Defies its Critics, Gaining in Depth and Sophistication," Financial Times, September 22, p. 3.
94. Teresa LaFromboise, Hardin L.K. Coleman, and Jennifer Gerton (1993), "Psychological Impact of Biculturalism: Evidence and Theory," Psychological Bulletin, 114 (3), 395-412.
95. Tarun Khanna (2008), Billions of Entrepreneurs: How China and India Are Reshaping their Futures -and Yours, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
96. Financial data were obtained from ICICI's 18th Annual Report and Accounts 2011-2012, http://www.icicibank.com/aboutus/investor.html (accessed October 27, 2012).
97. http://www.millwardbrown.com/BrandZ/Top_100_Global_Brands. aspx (accessed October 27, 2012).
98. Wingspan (2012), "Spanning the World," October, p. 51.
99. Adam Thomson, "North of the Border," Financial Times, August 22, 2012, p. 5.
100. Rohit Deshpande (2001), "Corona Beer," Harvard Business School, Case 9-502-023.
101. Devin Leonard (2112), "The Plot to Destroy America's Beer," Bloomberg Businessweek, October 29, pp. 64-71.
102. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood (accessed September 26, 2012).
103. Chee Wan Ng (2011), "Weaving the World Together," The Economist, November 19, pp. 68-70.
104. Luke McLeod-Roberts (2012), "Brazilian Guarana Drink Sales Take Off in Japan," Financial Times Special Report on Latin American Brands, June 21, p. 3.
105. Manish Khandelwal and John H. Roberts (2011), "Dabur India," Stanford Graduate School of Business, Case IB-9, p. 5.
106. http://www.dabur.com/About%20Dabur-Dabur%20At-a-Glance (accessed April 18, 2012).
107. J.R. McNeill and William H. McNeill (2003), The Human Web: A Bird's Eye View of World History, New York: Norton.
108. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/jaguar/ (accessed January 26, 2013).
109. http://www.atkearney.com/paper/-/asset_publisher/dVxv4Hz2h8bS/ content/emerging-and-established-markets-converge/10192 (accessed January 26, 2013).
110. The Economist (2011), "Role Reversal: Emerging-Market Firms Are Increasingly Buying Up Rich-World Ones," September 24.
111. Winter Nie (2012), "Expect China's Private Sector Entrepreneurs to Take the Lead," IMD paper, June.
112. Simon Rabinovitch and Patrick Jenkins (2012), "Chinese Banker Eyes Bargain Abroad," Financial Times, September 17, p. 16.
113. Rebecca McReynolds (2012), "China, the Game Changer," Chazen Global Insight, Columbia Business School, http://www4.gsb.columbia. edu/chazen/globalinsights/article/7325438/China,+the+Game-Changer (accessed October 3, 2012).
114. Anousha Sakoui (2012), "Reaching Out in the Search for Growth, Deal & Dealmakers," Financial Times, September 19, p. 3 (special insert).
115. http://www.economist.com/node/21528982 (accessed January 26, 2013).
116. The next three paragraphs borrow heavily from Nirmalya Kumar (2009), "How Emerging Giants Are Rewriting the Rules of M&A," Harvard Business Review, May, 115-21.
117. Patti Waldmeir and Shirley Chen (2012), "Bright Future for Breakfast," Financial Times, June 26, p. 23.
118. Nirmalya Kumar (2003), "Kill a Brand, Keep a Customer," Harvard Business Review, (December), 86-95.
119. http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4395447/Lenovo-to-acquire-Brazil-s-biggest-PC-maker (accessed October 1, 2012).
120. John Ackerly and Måns Larsson (2005), The Emergence of a Chinese Global PC Giant: Lenovo's Acquisition of IBM's PC Division, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2005.
121. Norihiko Shirouza (2012), "Geely, Volvo Near Pact on Technology Sharing," Wall Street Journal Europe, March 9-11, p. 22.
122. Li Fangfang (2011), "Auto Firms Set New Course Abroad," China Daily, August 25, p. C4.
123. Norihiko Shirouza (2012), "Geely, Volvo Near Pact on Technology Sharing," Wall Street Journal Europe, March 9-11, p. 22.
124. Mike Rutherford ponders Tata's takeover of Land Rover and Jaguar, 28 March 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/columnists/ mike-rutherford/2751431/Car-finance-with-Mr-Money.html (accessed January 26, 2013).
125. Vikas Bajaj (2012), "Jaguar Turns the Corner with Tata," The Hindu, September 3.
126. John Reed (2012), "The Car that Saved JLR," Financial Times/FT.com magazine, September 29/30, pp. 28-33.
127. M. Anand (2008), "The Price of Owning the Cat," Outlook Business, April 19, pp. 38-46.
128. The Economist (2010), "Being Eaten by the Dragon," November 11.
129. "From Guard Shack to Global Giant," The Economist, January 12, 2013.
130. Lei Bi (2008), "Interview Record: Li Dongsheng Suggests Supportive Government Policy in the Flat Screen TV Industry", http://www.tcl.com/index.php/ news/463.html, March 8 (accessed January 26, 2013).
131. Qingchun Chen (2010), "TCL Tackling Globalization," CEO/CIO, (21), p. 168.
132. John Reed (2012), "The Car that Saved JLR," Financial Times/FT.com magazine, September 29/30, p. 32.
133. Peeter W.J. Verlegh and Jan-Benedict E. M. Steenkamp (1999), "A Review and Meta-Analysis of Country-of-Origin Research," Journal of Economic Psychology, 20 (5), 521-46.
134. Julie M. Pharr (2005), "Synthesizing Country-of-Origin Research from the Last Decade: Is the Concept Still Salient in an Era of Global Brands?" Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 13 (Fall), 34-45.
135. Hakuhodo (2008), Hakuhodo Global HABIT 2007. http://www. hakuhodo.jp/pdf/2008/20080318.pdf (accessed May 26, 2012).
136. Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp (1989), Product Quality, Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
137. Martin S. Roth and Jean B. Romeo (1992), "Matching Product Category and Country Image Perceptions: A Framework for Managing Country-of-Origin Effects," Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (3), 477-97.
138. Larry L. Carter (2009), "Consumer Receptivity of Foreign Products: The Roles of Country-of-Origin Image, Consumer Ethnocentrism, and Animosity," Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
139. Calling Brands (2011), "Brand China, Show People What You Are Made Of," November, p. 10.
140. Marc Fetscherin (2010), "The Determinants and Measurement of a Country Brand: The Country Brand Strength Index," International Marketing Review, 27 (4), 466-79.
141. FutureBrand (2012), 2011-2012 Country Brand Index, p. 29.
142. Patti Waldmeir (2012), "China Outcry at New Tainted Milk Scandal," Financial Times, June 16/17, p. 9.
143. FutureBrand (2012), 2011-2012 Country Brand Index, p. 67.
144. Patti Waldmeir (2012), "Chinese Wares Face Struggle for Acceptance," Financial Times, May 22, p. 3.
145. Susan T. Fiske (1998), "Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination," in Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey (eds), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2 (4th edn), Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, pp. 357-411.
146. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor (1991), Social Cognition (2nd edn), New York: McGraw-Hill.
147. Durairaj Maheswaran (1994), "Country of Origin as Stereotype: Effects of Consumer Expertise and Attribute Strength on Product Evaluations," Journal of Consumer Research, 21 (September), 354-65
148. Sung-Tai Hong and Robert S. Wyer (1989), "Effects of Country-of-Origin and Product-Attribute Information on Product Evaluation: An Information Processing Perspective," Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (September), 175-87.
149. Peeter W.J. Verlegh, Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp, and Matthew T.G. Meulenberg (2005), "Country of Origin Effects in Consumer Processing of Advertising Claims," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22 (June), 127-39.
150. Alexander Josiassen, Bryan Lukas, and Gregory Whitwell (2008), "Country-of-Origin Contingencies: Competing Perspectives on Product Familiarity and Product Involvement," International Marketing Review, 25 (4), 423-40.
151. Jill G. Klein (2002), "Us Versus Them, Or Us Versus Everyone? Delineating Consumer Aversion to Foreign Goods," Journal of International Business Studies, 33 (2), 345-63.
152. Jill G. Klein, Richard Ettenson, and Marlene D. Morris (1998), "The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People's Republic of China," Journal of Marketing, 62 (January), 89-100.
153. Wall Street Journal (2012) "Japanese Auto Sales Plunge Amid China Rage," September 10, pp. B1-B2.
154. Wall Street Journal (2012) "Dispute Tests Japanese Brands," September 27, p. A11.
155. Junhong Chu (2013), "Quantifying Nation Equity with Sales Data: A Structural Approach," International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30 (1), 19-35.
156. Tommaso Ebhart and Craig Trudell (2012), "Fiat in America: If at First You Don't Succeed," Bloomberg Businessweek, March 18, pp. 23-4.
157. Wall Street Journal (2012) "Car Quality Slips at Ford, Chrysler," June 21, p. B3.
158. Martin S. Roth and Jean B. Romeo (1992), "Matching Product Category and Country Image Perceptions: A Framework for Managing Country-of-Origin Effects," Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (3), 477-97.
159. http://www.shiseido.com/Future-Solution-LX/ futuresolutionlx,en_US,sc.html (accessed November 14, 2012)
160. Christopher A. Bartlett (2004), "P&G Japan: The SK-II Globalization Project," Harvard Business School Case 9-303-003.
161. Victor V. Cordell (1992), "Effects of Consumer Preferences for Foreign Sourced Products," Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (2), 251-69.
162. http://going-global.economist.com/blog/2011/08/04/the-country-oforigin-effect (accessed September 26, 2012).
163. France Leclerc, Bernd H. Schmitt, and Laurette Dube (1994), "Foreign Branding and its Effects on Product Perceptions and Attitudes," Journal of Marketing Research, 31 (May), 263-70.
164. Calling Brands (2011), Brand China, Show People What You Are Made Of, November, p. 15.
165. http://hyundaiusa.com/assurance/america-best-warranty.aspx (accessed June 5, 2012).
166. http://www.euroncap.com/Content-Web-Article/91fea4d4-30b5-484d-9dc5-140e0181278c/chinese-manufacturers-investing-in-safety.aspx (accessed January 23, 2013).
167. John Reed (2012), "Hyundai Reaps the Rewards of Drive for Quality Design and Technology," Financial Times, May 8, p. 18.
168. Bloomberg Businessweek (2012), "China's Plans for its Own Car Brands Stall," September 9, pp. 21-22.
169. Andrew Roberts and Stephanie Wong (2012), "From Mao Jackets to Silk Suits," Bloomberg Businessweek, February 19, 26-7.
170. Rachel Sanderson, Kathrin Hille, and Vanessa Friedman (2012), "Style Rises in the East," Financial Times, April 9, p. 7.
171. http://business.asiaone.com/Business/News/Story/A1Story20101128-249636.html (accessed November 17, 2012).
172. http://businessreportthailand.com/barcelona-and-real-madrid-sealchang-beer-sponsorship-deal-122342 (accessed November 17, 2012).
173. Thailand Beverage Annual Report 2011; http://thaibev.listedcompany. com/misc/AR/20120413-THAIBEV-AR2011-EN.pdf (accessed January 23, 2013)
174. AdAge (2012), "Eastern Influence," September 15, p. 13 (accessed January 23, 2013).
175. AdAge (2012), "Eastern Influence," September 15, p. 11 (accessed January 23, 2013).
176. Keith Dinnie et al. (2010), Nation Branding and Integrated Marketing Communications: An ASEAN Perspective," International Marketing Review, 27 (4), 388-403.
177. http:/nation-branding.info/2009/05/ 06branding-bangladesh/ (accessed December 6, 2011).
178. http://nation-branding.info/2011/07/13/south-korea-entering-thetop-ten-most-valuable-country-brands (accessed September 27, 2012).
179. Sarah Mishkin (2012), "The Quest to Craft a Brand Image," Financial Times, September 13, p. 12.
180. http://www.icimarcom.com/MIT.html (accessed January 23, 2013).
181. http://www.brandingtaiwan.org/AboutUsEN (accessed October 2, 2012).
182. J. Paul Peter and Jerry C. Olson (1993), Consumer Behavior (3rd edn), Boston, MA: Irwin, p. 413.
183. Chris T. Allen, Susan Fournier, and Felicia Miller (2008), "Brands and their Meaning Makers," in Curtis P. Haugtvedt et al. (eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology, New York: Erlbaum, pp. 781-822.
184. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group (accessed June 11, 2012).
185. Douglas B. Holt (2004), How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, p. 35.
186. David A. Ricks (2006), Blunders in International Business, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing
187. http://history1900s.about.com/cs/swastika/a/swastikahistory.htm (accessed September 27, 2012).
188. The basic structure of this process was developed by Grant McCracken (1986), "Culture and Consumption: A Theoretical Account of the Structure and Movement of the Cultural Meaning of Consumer Goods," Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (June), 71-84
189. Wayne D. Hoyer, and Deborah J. MacInnis (2001), Consumer Behavior (2nd edn), Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
190. Chris T. Allen, Susan Fournier, and Felicia Miller (2008), "Brands and Their Meaning Makers," in Curtis P. Haugtvedt et al. (eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology, New York: Erlbaum, pp. 781-822
191. Douglas B. Holt (2004), How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
192. http://www.shanghaitang.com/world-of-shanghai-tang/mandarincollar-society1/mcs-mission/untitled-object7.html (accessed October 4, 2012).
193. Douglas B. Holt (2004), How Brands Become Icons: The Principles of Cultural Branding, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, p. 36.
194. Inga Katharina Radziejewski (2011), "The Luxury Brand Formula for China," ESB Business School, p. 96.
195. Zhao Xu (2012), "Tough on the Outside," China Daily, November 4, p. 4.
196. Zuczug story based on Laurie Burkitt (2012), "What China's Trendsetters Are Wearing," Wall Street Journal, November 15, pp. D1, D4.
197. Niraj Khalpada, Rajesh Lakhanpal, Luiz Moreira, Jitendra Singh, and Yogesh Sontakke (2012), "Havaianas -International Expansion," London Business School.
198. http://adage.com/article/global-news/watch-world-cup-havaianas-flipflops/ 143741 (accessed June 19, 2012).
199. Lees is "the sediment from fermentation of an alcoholic beverage," http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lees (accessed October 28, 2012).
200. http://www.mysupermarket.co.uk/#/shelves/champagne_and_ sparkling_wines_in_tesco.html (accessed July 18, 2012).
201. Global Sparkling Wine Production, http://www.wine-businessinternational. com/.../mwbi_408_s44-50_ra_spar (accessed July 19, 2012).
202. http://www.evian.com/files/Evian%20AWQR%202012%20ENG%20 California.pdf (accessed November 14, 2012).
203. http://www.perrier.com/en (accessed November 14, 2012)
204. http://www.cleopatraschoice.com/dead-sea-products.html, http://www. premier-deadsea.co.il (both accessed July 19, 2012).
205. http://www.beautypremier.co.uk/?page=deadsea (accessed September 24, 2012).
206. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/8.1/ttw_fin.pdf (accessed September 24, 2012).
207. Syl Tang (2012), "Even the Wealthy Buy Gems That Are Not the Real Thing," Financial Times, September 8, p. 14.
208. Syl Tang (2012), "Even the Wealthy Buy Gems That Are Not the Real Thing," Financial Times, September 8, p. 14.
209. http://www.forevermark.com/en/A-Forevermark-Diamond/ Responsible-Sourcing-/Mining-Sources (accessed September 24, 2012).
210. http://www.debeersgroup.com/Operations/Diamond-Brands/ Forevermark (accessed July 20, 2012).
211. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_tea (accessed October 3, 2012).
212. http://www.cheese-france.com/cheese/roquefort.htm (accessed September 24, 2012).
213. http://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/about.html, http://www.wipo. int/treaties/en/general (both accessed November 5, 2012).
214. http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/summary_paris.html (accessed November 5, 2012).
215. Elizabeth Barham (2003), "Translating Terroir: The Global Challenge of French AOC labeling," Journal of Rural Studies, 19, 127-38.
216. http://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/about.html, http://www.wipo. int/treaties/en/general (both accessed November 5, 2012).
217. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'origine_ contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e (accessed July 20, 2012).
218. http://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2012/09/south-african-winemakerscall-for-regional-shake-up (accessed October 4, 2012).
219. http://www.habanos.com/article.aspx?aid=13&lang=en (accessed January 24, 2013).
220. Nadja El Benni and Sophie Reviron (2009), "Geographical Indications: Review of Seven Case Studies Worldwide," NCCR Trade working paper. The description of the production process is taken from this fascinating paper.
221. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication (accessed July 27, 2012).
222. http://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en (accessed October 4, 2012).
223. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon (accessed September 24, 2012).
224. http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=articledetails& code_title=57279 (accessed July 24, 2012).
225. http://pureceyloncinnamon.com/ (accessed July 24, 2012).
226. http://www.fronterawines.com/en/ (accessed July 31, 2012).
227. Johan Bruwer and Ray Johnson (2010), "Place-based Marketing and the Regional Branding Perspective in the California Wine Industry," Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27 (1), 5-16.
228. http://www.conchaytoro.com/web/wine-ratings (accessed September 25, 2012).
229. Larry Lockshin et al. (2006), "Using Simulations From Discrete Choice Experiments To Measure Consumer Sensitivity to Brand, Region, Price, and Awards in Wine Choice," Food Quality and Preference, 17 (2-3), 166-78.
230. http://www.wine.com/V6/Almaviva-2008/wine/111183/detail.aspx (accessed November 14, 2012).
231. http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx (accessed January 24, 2013).
232. Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp (1997), "Dynamics in Consumer Behavior With Respect to Agricultural and Food Products," in Berend Wierenga, Aad van Tilburg, Klaus Grunert, Jan-Benedict E.M. Steenkamp and Michel Wedel (eds.), Agricultural Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in a Changing World, Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 143-88.
233. Daniele Giovannucci (2002), "Colombia Coffee Sector Study," World Bank Report.
234. http://www.chinamobileltd.com/ir.php?menu=11&year=2012& month=09 (accessed January 21, 2013)
235. The Economist (2012), "Special Report: State Capitalism," January 21, p. 4.
236. Andrew Shonfield (1965) Modern Capitalism: The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power, New York: Oxford University Press
237. Stephen S. Cohen (1969) Modern Capitalist Planning: The French Model, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
238. John Zysman (1977) Political Strategies for Industrial Order: State, Market, and Industry in France, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
239. Michel Crozier (1964), The Bureaucratic Phenomenon, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
240. Li-Wen Lin and Curtis J. Milhaupt (2011), "We Are the (National) Champions: Understanding the Mechanisms of State Capitalism in China," Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 409, pp. 46-7
241. Paul A. Geroski (2005), "Competition Policy and National Champions," speech to WIFO (Austrian Institute of Economic Research) in Vienna, March 8. Text available at http://www. competition-commission.org.uk/assets/competitioncommission/docs/ pdf/non-inquiry/our_peop/members/chair_speeches/pdf/geroski_wifo_ vienna_080305 (accessed June 25, 2012).
242. Theodore H. Moran (2008), "What Policies Should Developing Country Governments Adopt Toward Outward FDI: Lessons from the Experience of Developed Countries," in Karl P. Sauvant (ed.), The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Threat or Opportunity?, Northampton, MA: Elgar, pp. 272-98.
243. Li-Wen Lin and Curtis J. Milhaupt (2011), "We Are the (National) Champions: Understanding the Mechanisms of State Capitalism in China," Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 409.
244. Josh Lerner (2012), Boulevard of Broken Dreams, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
245. Michael J. Boskin (2012), "Washington's Knack for Picking Losers," Wall Street Journal, February 15, p. A13
246. Deborah P. Majoras (2007), "National Champions: I Don't Even Think it Sounds Good," speech at the ICC/EU Competition Day, March 26.
247. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lufthansa (both accessed March 18, 2012).
248. Embraer press release, January 11, 2012, http://www.embraer.com/ pt-BR/ImprensaEventos/Press-releases/noticias/Documents/001-Embraer%20Deliveries%204Q11-Ins-VPF-I-12.pdf (accessed January 28, 2013).
249. USA Today (2012), Brazil's Embraer Jets are Sized Just Right," July 6, p. 1B.
250. Joanna Chiu (2012), "Initial Jet Made in China Lures More Orders," Wall Street Journal, November 14, p. B6.
251. Clyde Prestowitz (2012), "The World Can't Referee Two Different Trade Games," Financial Times March 21, p. 9.
252. Andrew Parker (2012), "A Dogfight for the Duopoly," Financial Times August 7, p. 7.
253. Theodore H. Moran (2008), "What Policies Should Developing Country Governments Adopt Toward Outward FDI: Lessons from the Experience of Developed Countries," in Karl P. Sauvant (ed.), The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Threat or Opportunity?, Northampton, MA: Elgar, pp. 272-98.
254. Paul Betts (2011), "France Loses Out with its National Champions," Financial Times, December 23, p. 14.
255. Theodore H. Moran (2008), "What Policies Should Developing Country Governments Adopt Toward Outward FDI: Lessons from the Experience of Developed Countries," in Karl P. Sauvant (ed.), The Rise of Transnational Corporations from Emerging Markets: Threat or Opportunity?, Northampton, MA: Elgar, pp. 272-98.
256. Telegraph (2011), "UK Car Manufacturing and Exports Head for Records," December 28, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/ newsbysector/industry/engineering/8976103/UK-car-manufacturingand-exports-head-for-records.html (accessed April 7, 2012).
257. Shujie Yao (2011), "Going Global -and the Future -Depend on Innovation," China Daily, distributed in Daily Telegraph, September 7.
258. Unirule Institute of Economics (2011), "The Nature, Performance, and Reform of the State-owned Enterprises," Beijing, p. 5. Report available at http://www.unirule.org.cn/xiazai/2011/20110617.pdf (accessed August 24, 2012).
259. The Economist (2012), "Special Report: State Capitalism," January 21.
260. Financial Times (2012), "TCI's Coal India Revolt Rattles Cosy State-Run Boards," March 16, p. 17.
261. Alberto Aldes and Rafael Di Tella (1997), "National Champions and Corruption: Some Unpleasant Interventionist Arithmetic," Economic Journal, 107 (443), 1023-42.
262. Richard Beason and David E. Weinstein (1996), "Growth, Economies of Scale, and Targeting in Japan (1955-1990)," Review of Economics and Statistics, 78 (2), 286-95.
263. Michael J. Boskin (2012), "Washington's Knack for Picking Losers," Wall Street Journal, February 15, p. A13.
264. Bruce Einhorn (2012), "China Mobile Pays A Price for Being First," Bloomberg Businessweek, January 9, pp. 40-1.
265. The Economist (2012), "Special Report: State Capitalism," January 21, p. 12.
266. Li-Wen Lin and Curtis J. Milhaupt (2011), "We Are the (National) Champions: Understanding the Mechanisms of State Capitalism in China," Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 409.
267. http://www.consumeraffairs.com/travel/emirates.html; http://emiratesairlines. pissedconsumer.com/emirates-disgusting-service-poor-securitydelays-20120208295554.html (accessed September 28, 2012).
268. http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-worlds-leading-airline-2012 (accessed January 28, 2013).