Localizing in the global village: Local firms competing in global markets

California Management Review

Volumn , Issue 4, 1999, Pages 64-83

  Ger, Güliz ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0033416773     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/41166010     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Leslie Sklair, "Competing Models of Globalization: Theoretical Frameworks and Research Agendas," working paper, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1993. Related discussions include Marc T. Jones and Alladi Venkatesh, "The Role of the Transnational Corporation in the Global Marketplace: A Critical Perspective," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia, and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 282-310; Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
2. Leslie Sklair, "Competing Models of Globalization: Theoretical Frameworks and Research Agendas," working paper, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1993. Related discussions include Marc T. Jones and Alladi Venkatesh, "The Role of the Transnational Corporation in the Global Marketplace: A Critical Perspective," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia, and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 282-310; Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
3. Leslie Sklair, "Competing Models of Globalization: Theoretical Frameworks and Research Agendas," working paper, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1993. Related discussions include Marc T. Jones and Alladi Venkatesh, "The Role of the Transnational Corporation in the Global Marketplace: A Critical Perspective," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia, and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 282-310; Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
4. See, for example, S. Tamer Cavusgil and John R. Nevin, "State-of-the-Art in International Marketing: An Assessment," in Ben M. Enis and Kenneth J. Roering, eds., Review of Marketing (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1981), pp. 195-216; Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig, "Evolution of Global Marketing Strategy: Scale, Scope, and Synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24/3 (Fall 1989): 47-59; Nigel M. Healey, "The Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe: A Political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/1 (Spring 1994): 62-70; Erdener Kaynak, ed., Sociopolitical Aspects of International Marketing (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1991).
5. See, for example, S. Tamer Cavusgil and John R. Nevin, "State-of-the-Art in International Marketing: An Assessment," in Ben M. Enis and Kenneth J. Roering, eds., Review of Marketing (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1981), pp. 195-216; Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig, "Evolution of Global Marketing Strategy: Scale, Scope, and Synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24/3 (Fall 1989): 47-59; Nigel M. Healey, "The Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe: A Political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/1 (Spring 1994): 62-70; Erdener Kaynak, ed., Sociopolitical Aspects of International Marketing (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1991).
6. See, for example, S. Tamer Cavusgil and John R. Nevin, "State-of-the-Art in International Marketing: An Assessment," in Ben M. Enis and Kenneth J. Roering, eds., Review of Marketing (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1981), pp. 195-216; Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig, "Evolution of Global Marketing Strategy: Scale, Scope, and Synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24/3 (Fall 1989): 47-59; Nigel M. Healey, "The Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe: A Political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/1 (Spring 1994): 62-70; Erdener Kaynak, ed., Sociopolitical Aspects of International Marketing (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1991).
7. See, for example, S. Tamer Cavusgil and John R. Nevin, "State-of-the-Art in International Marketing: An Assessment," in Ben M. Enis and Kenneth J. Roering, eds., Review of Marketing (Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association, 1981), pp. 195-216; Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig, "Evolution of Global Marketing Strategy: Scale, Scope, and Synergy," Columbia Journal of World Business, 24/3 (Fall 1989): 47-59; Nigel M. Healey, "The Transition Economies of Central and Eastern Europe: A Political, Economic, Social and Technological Analysis," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/1 (Spring 1994): 62-70; Erdener Kaynak, ed., Sociopolitical Aspects of International Marketing (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1991).
8. Erdener Kaynak, Marketing in the Third World (New York, NY: Praeger, 1982).
9. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
10. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
11. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
12. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
13. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
14. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
15. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
16. This paragraph draws from Ash Amin, "Placing Globalization," Theory, Culture and Society, 14/2 (1997):123-137; Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," The Atlantic Monthly, 269/3 (1992): 53-63; Mike Featherstone, ed., Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity (London: Sage, 1990); Jonathan Friedman, "Being in the World: Globalization and Localization," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 311-328; Ulf Hannerz, "Notes on the Global Ecumene," Public Culture, 1 (Spring 1989): 66-75; A. King, "Architecture, Capital and the Globalization of Culture," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 397-411; Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993); Richard Wilk, "Learning to be Local in Belize: Global Systems of Common Difference," in Daniel Miller, ed., Worlds Apart: Modernity Through the Prism of the Local (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 110-133
17. Arjun Appadurai, "Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy," Theory, Culture and Society, 7 (1990): 295-310.
18. See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991); Güliz Ger and Russell W. Belk , "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the 'Less Affluent World'," Journal of Consumer Policy, 19/3 (1996): 74-104; Annamma Joy and Melanie Wallendorf, "Development of Consumer Culture in the Third World: Theories of Globalism and Localism," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 104-142; Clifford J. Shultz II, Russell W. Belk and Güliz Ger, eds., Consumption in Marketizing Economies, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994); Alladi Venkatesh, "Ethnoconsumerism: A New Paradigm to Study Cultural and Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior," in Janeen Arnold Costa and Gary Bamossy, eds., Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 26-67
19. See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991); Güliz Ger and Russell W. Belk , "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the 'Less Affluent World'," Journal of Consumer Policy, 19/3 (1996): 74-104; Annamma Joy and Melanie Wallendorf, "Development of Consumer Culture in the Third World: Theories of Globalism and Localism," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 104-142; Clifford J. Shultz II, Russell W. Belk and Güliz Ger, eds., Consumption in Marketizing Economies, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994); Alladi Venkatesh, "Ethnoconsumerism: A New Paradigm to Study Cultural and Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior," in Janeen Arnold Costa and Gary Bamossy, eds., Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 26-67
20. See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991); Güliz Ger and Russell W. Belk , "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the 'Less Affluent World'," Journal of Consumer Policy, 19/3 (1996): 74-104; Annamma Joy and Melanie Wallendorf, "Development of Consumer Culture in the Third World: Theories of Globalism and Localism," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 104-142; Clifford J. Shultz II, Russell W. Belk and Güliz Ger, eds., Consumption in Marketizing Economies, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994); Alladi Venkatesh, "Ethnoconsumerism: A New Paradigm to Study Cultural and Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior," in Janeen Arnold Costa and Gary Bamossy, eds., Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 26-67
21. See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991); Güliz Ger and Russell W. Belk , "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the 'Less Affluent World'," Journal of Consumer Policy, 19/3 (1996): 74-104; Annamma Joy and Melanie Wallendorf, "Development of Consumer Culture in the Third World: Theories of Globalism and Localism," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 104-142; Clifford J. Shultz II, Russell W. Belk and Güliz Ger, eds., Consumption in Marketizing Economies, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994); Alladi Venkatesh, "Ethnoconsumerism: A New Paradigm to Study Cultural and Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior," in Janeen Arnold Costa and Gary Bamossy, eds., Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 26-67
22. See Mike Featherstone, Consumer Culture and Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1991); Güliz Ger and Russell W. Belk , "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke: Consumptionscapes of the 'Less Affluent World'," Journal of Consumer Policy, 19/3 (1996): 74-104; Annamma Joy and Melanie Wallendorf, "Development of Consumer Culture in the Third World: Theories of Globalism and Localism," in Russell W. Belk, Nikhilesh Dholakia and Alladi Venkatesh, eds., Consumption and Marketing: Macro Dimensions (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern, 1996), pp. 104-142; Clifford J. Shultz II, Russell W. Belk and Güliz Ger, eds., Consumption in Marketizing Economies, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1994); Alladi Venkatesh, "Ethnoconsumerism: A New Paradigm to Study Cultural and Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior," in Janeen Arnold Costa and Gary Bamossy, eds., Marketing in a Multicultural World: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Cultural Identity (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), pp. 26-67
23. Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). Mary Douglas and Baron Isherwood, The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1979); Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
24. Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). Mary Douglas and Baron Isherwood, The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1979); Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
25. Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). Mary Douglas and Baron Isherwood, The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (New York, NY: Basic Books, 1979); Grant McCracken, Culture and Consumption: New Approaches to the Symbolic Character of Consumer Goods and Activities (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
26. "Product-country image" refers to the socially constructed symbolic and Stereotypic image or the representations related to products from a country and its competitors in the minds of consumers, importers, investors, retailers, and tourists. See Søren Askegaard and Güliz Ger, "Product-Country Images as Stereotypes: A Comparative Study," Proceedings of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology, 21st Annual Colloquium, Paris, 1996, 13-28; Sri Ram Khanna, "Asian Companies and the Country Stereotype Paradox: An Empirical Study," Columbia Journal of World Business, 21(Summer 1986): 29-38; Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise Heslop, eds., Product-Country-Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing (New York, NY: International Business Press, 1993).
27. "Product-country image" refers to the socially constructed symbolic and Stereotypic image or the representations related to products from a country and its competitors in the minds of consumers, importers, investors, retailers, and tourists. See Søren Askegaard and Güliz Ger, "Product-Country Images as Stereotypes: A Comparative Study," Proceedings of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology, 21st Annual Colloquium, Paris, 1996, 13-28; Sri Ram Khanna, "Asian Companies and the Country Stereotype Paradox: An Empirical Study," Columbia Journal of World Business, 21(Summer 1986): 29-38; Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise Heslop, eds., Product-Country-Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing (New York, NY: International Business Press, 1993).
28. "Product-country image" refers to the socially constructed symbolic and Stereotypic image or the representations related to products from a country and its competitors in the minds of consumers, importers, investors, retailers, and tourists. See Søren Askegaard and Güliz Ger, "Product-Country Images as Stereotypes: A Comparative Study," Proceedings of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology, 21st Annual Colloquium, Paris, 1996, 13-28; Sri Ram Khanna, "Asian Companies and the Country Stereotype Paradox: An Empirical Study," Columbia Journal of World Business, 21(Summer 1986): 29-38; Nicolas Papadopoulos and Louise Heslop, eds., Product-Country-Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing (New York, NY: International Business Press, 1993).
29. Güliz Ger, "The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case," Journal of Consumer Policy, 15/3 (1992): 229-254; Güliz Ger, "Human Development and Humane Consumption: Well-Being Beyond the 'Good Life'," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1997): 110-125; Miller (1997), op. cit.; Clifford J. Shultz II, "Balancing Policy, Consumer Desire and Corporate Interests: Considerations for Market Entry in Vietnam," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/4 (Winter 1994): 42-52; Sklair (1991), op. cit.
30. Güliz Ger, "The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case," Journal of Consumer Policy, 15/3 (1992): 229-254; Güliz Ger, "Human Development and Humane Consumption: Well-Being Beyond the 'Good Life'," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1997): 110-125; Miller (1997), op. cit.; Clifford J. Shultz II, "Balancing Policy, Consumer Desire and Corporate Interests: Considerations for Market Entry in Vietnam," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/4 (Winter 1994): 42-52; Sklair (1991), op. cit.
31. Güliz Ger, "The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case," Journal of Consumer Policy, 15/3 (1992): 229-254; Güliz Ger, "Human Development and Humane Consumption: Well-Being Beyond the 'Good Life'," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1997): 110-125; Miller (1997), op. cit.; Clifford J. Shultz II, "Balancing Policy, Consumer Desire and Corporate Interests: Considerations for Market Entry in Vietnam," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/4 (Winter 1994): 42-52; Sklair (1991), op. cit.
32. Güliz Ger, "The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case," Journal of Consumer Policy, 15/3 (1992): 229-254; Güliz Ger, "Human Development and Humane Consumption: Well-Being Beyond the 'Good Life'," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1997): 110-125; Miller (1997), op. cit.; Clifford J. Shultz II, "Balancing Policy, Consumer Desire and Corporate Interests: Considerations for Market Entry in Vietnam," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/4 (Winter 1994): 42-52; Sklair (1991), op. cit.
33. Güliz Ger, "The Positive and Negative Effects of Marketing on Socioeconomic Development: The Turkish Case," Journal of Consumer Policy, 15/3 (1992): 229-254; Güliz Ger, "Human Development and Humane Consumption: Well-Being Beyond the 'Good Life'," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1997): 110-125; Miller (1997), op. cit.; Clifford J. Shultz II, "Balancing Policy, Consumer Desire and Corporate Interests: Considerations for Market Entry in Vietnam," Columbia Journal of World Business, 29/4 (Winter 1994): 42-52; Sklair (1991), op. cit.
34. Elisabeth Croll, From Heaven to Earth: Images and Experiences of Development in China (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 222.
35. A. Fuat Firat and Alladi Venkatesh, "Liberatory Postmodernism and the Reenchantment of Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research, 22/3 (1995): 239-267; Yiannis Gabriel and Tim Lang, The Unmanageable Consumer: Contemporary Consumption and Its Fragmentation (London: Sage, 1995).
36. A. Fuat Firat and Alladi Venkatesh, "Liberatory Postmodernism and the Reenchantment of Consumption," Journal of Consumer Research, 22/3 (1995): 239-267; Yiannis Gabriel and Tim Lang, The Unmanageable Consumer: Contemporary Consumption and Its Fragmentation (London: Sage, 1995).
37. Jean Baudrillard, "Consumer Society," in Mark Poster, ed., Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1970/1988), pp. 45.
38. For the identity-expressive consumption in less affluent countries, see Ger and Belk (1996), op. cit.
39. For forces of information technology, see Arthur G. Armstrong and John Hagel III, Net Gain: Expanding Markets Through Virtual Communities (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997); Regis McKenna, Real-Time: Preparing for the Eventuality of Everything, (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).
40. For forces of information technology, see Arthur G. Armstrong and John Hagel III, Net Gain: Expanding Markets Through Virtual Communities (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997); Regis McKenna, Real-Time: Preparing for the Eventuality of Everything, (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).
41. See, for example, Michael E. Porter, "What is Strategy?," Harvard Business Review, 74/6 (November/December 1996): 61-78.
42. George S. Day and Robin Wensley, "Assessing Advantage: A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Superiority," Journal of Marketing, 52 (April 1988): 1-20.
43. See Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, "Forms of Capital," in J.G. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 241-258; Paul DiMaggio, "Review Essay: On Pierre Bourdieu," American Journal of Sociology, 84/6 (May 1979): 1460-1474.
44. See Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, "Forms of Capital," in J.G. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 241-258; Paul DiMaggio, "Review Essay: On Pierre Bourdieu," American Journal of Sociology, 84/6 (May 1979): 1460-1474.
45. See Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); Pierre Bourdieu, "Forms of Capital," in J.G. Richardson, ed., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1986), pp. 241-258; Paul DiMaggio, "Review Essay: On Pierre Bourdieu," American Journal of Sociology, 84/6 (May 1979): 1460-1474.
46. R.C. Ulin, "Invention and Representation as Cultural Capital - Southwest French Winegrowing History," American Anthropologist, 97/3 (1995): 519-527.
47. Kenneth Simmonds ["Transition Marketing," Society and Economy, Quarterly Journal of Budapest University of Economic Sciences, 3 (1994): 9-22] also argues for the inappropriateness of direct technology or know-how transfers. See Joy and Ross [(1989), op. cit.] for a theoretical discussion of the futility of direct technology or know-how transfers in places with different development or modernization trajectories since development is not linear and progress not unidirectional. Ger [(1997), op. cit.] provides an elaborate discussion of alternative cultures (love and aesthetics) that enable local agents to avoid a catch-up-and-imitate culture.
48. Kenneth Simmonds ["Transition Marketing," Society and Economy, Quarterly Journal of Budapest University of Economic Sciences, 3 (1994): 9-22] also argues for the inappropriateness of direct technology or know-how transfers. See Joy and Ross [(1989), op. cit.] for a theoretical discussion of the futility of direct technology or know-how transfers in places with different development or modernization trajectories since development is not linear and progress not unidirectional. Ger [(1997), op. cit.] provides an elaborate discussion of alternative cultures (love and aesthetics) that enable local agents to avoid a catch-up-and-imitate culture.
49. Kenneth Simmonds ["Transition Marketing," Society and Economy, Quarterly Journal of Budapest University of Economic Sciences, 3 (1994): 9-22] also argues for the inappropriateness of direct technology or know-how transfers. See Joy and Ross [(1989), op. cit.] for a theoretical discussion of the futility of direct technology or know-how transfers in places with different development or modernization trajectories since development is not linear and progress not unidirectional. Ger [(1997), op. cit.] provides an elaborate discussion of alternative cultures (love and aesthetics) that enable local agents to avoid a catch-up-and-imitate culture.
50. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
51. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
52. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
53. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
54. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
55. See, for example, David A. Aaker, Strategic Market Management (New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995); David A. Aaker, Managing Brand Equity (New York, NY: Free Press, 1991); Armstrong and Hagel III (1997), op. cit.; George S. Day, "Continuous Learning About Markets," California Management Review, 36/4 (Summer 1994): 9-31; Nikhilesh Dholakia and Ruby Roy Dholakia, "The Changing Information Business: Toward Content-Based and Service-Based Competition," Columbia Journal of World Business, 30/2 (Summer 1995): 94-104; Orville C. Walker, Harper W. Boyd, Jr., and Jean-Claude Larréché, Marketing Strategy (Chicago, IL: Irwin, 1996).
56. For the importance of diagnosis, see Simmonds (1994), op. cit.
57. Nikhilesh Dholakia, "Industrial Policy, Competitiveness, and the Restructuring of World Markets," in Paul Bloom, ed., Advances in Marketing and Public Policy, 1 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987): 187-216
58. Ibid., p. 195.
59. For a discussion the political and economic linkages that underlie Southeast Asian success stories, see Clifford J. Shultz II and Anthony Pecotich , "Marketing and Development in the Transition Economies of Southeast Asia: Policy Explication, Assessment and Implications," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 16/1 (Spring 1996): 55-68.
60. Dani Rodrik, "Has Globalization Gone Too Far?" California Management Review, 39/3 (Spring 1997): 29-53, 34. See also John Sherry, "Cultural Propriety in the Global Marketplace," in A. Fuat Firat, Nikhilesh Dholakia, and Richard P. Bagozzi, eds., Philosophical and Radical Thought in Marketing (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987), pp. 179-192.
61. Dani Rodrik, "Has Globalization Gone Too Far?" California Management Review, 39/3 (Spring 1997): 29-53, 34. See also John Sherry, "Cultural Propriety in the Global Marketplace," in A. Fuat Firat, Nikhilesh Dholakia, and Richard P. Bagozzi, eds., Philosophical and Radical Thought in Marketing (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987), pp. 179-192.
62. Rodrik (1997), op. cit., p. 30.
63. Peter H. May, "Savage Capitalism: International Market Alliances to Conserve Neotropical Forests," in Frank J. Dietz, Udo E. Simonis and Jan van der Straaten, eds., Sustainability and Environmental Policy: Restraints and Advances (Berlin: Edition Sigma, 1992), pp. 226-236.
64. Benn R. Konsynski and F. Warren McFarlan, "Information Partnerships - Shared Data, Shared Scale," Harvard Business Review, 68/5 (September/October 1990): 114-120, 115.
65. Policy issues and recommendations are beyond the scope here. For more detailed treatments, see Linda F. Alwitt, "Marketing and the Poor," American Behavioral Scientist, 38/4 (1995): 564-577; Rudolf Buitelaar, "Changing Production Patterns, Poverty, and the Role of Consumer Unions: Some Conceptual Notes With Reference to Latin America," Journal of Consumer Policy, 14 (1991): 195-206; Ger (1997), op. cit.; Gary Gereffi, "Global Production Systems and Third World Development," in Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-142; D. Paul Schafer, "Cultures and Economies: Irresistible Forces Encounter Immovable Objects," Futures, 26/8 (1994): 830-845.
66. Policy issues and recommendations are beyond the scope here. For more detailed treatments, see Linda F. Alwitt, "Marketing and the Poor," American Behavioral Scientist, 38/4 (1995): 564-577; Rudolf Buitelaar, "Changing Production Patterns, Poverty, and the Role of Consumer Unions: Some Conceptual Notes With Reference to Latin America," Journal of Consumer Policy, 14 (1991): 195-206; Ger (1997), op. cit.; Gary Gereffi, "Global Production Systems and Third World Development," in Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-142; D. Paul Schafer, "Cultures and Economies: Irresistible Forces Encounter Immovable Objects," Futures, 26/8 (1994): 830-845.
67. Policy issues and recommendations are beyond the scope here. For more detailed treatments, see Linda F. Alwitt, "Marketing and the Poor," American Behavioral Scientist, 38/4 (1995): 564-577; Rudolf Buitelaar, "Changing Production Patterns, Poverty, and the Role of Consumer Unions: Some Conceptual Notes With Reference to Latin America," Journal of Consumer Policy, 14 (1991): 195-206; Ger (1997), op. cit.; Gary Gereffi, "Global Production Systems and Third World Development," in Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-142; D. Paul Schafer, "Cultures and Economies: Irresistible Forces Encounter Immovable Objects," Futures, 26/8 (1994): 830-845.
68. Policy issues and recommendations are beyond the scope here. For more detailed treatments, see Linda F. Alwitt, "Marketing and the Poor," American Behavioral Scientist, 38/4 (1995): 564-577; Rudolf Buitelaar, "Changing Production Patterns, Poverty, and the Role of Consumer Unions: Some Conceptual Notes With Reference to Latin America," Journal of Consumer Policy, 14 (1991): 195-206; Ger (1997), op. cit.; Gary Gereffi, "Global Production Systems and Third World Development," in Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-142; D. Paul Schafer, "Cultures and Economies: Irresistible Forces Encounter Immovable Objects," Futures, 26/8 (1994): 830-845.
69. Policy issues and recommendations are beyond the scope here. For more detailed treatments, see Linda F. Alwitt, "Marketing and the Poor," American Behavioral Scientist, 38/4 (1995): 564-577; Rudolf Buitelaar, "Changing Production Patterns, Poverty, and the Role of Consumer Unions: Some Conceptual Notes With Reference to Latin America," Journal of Consumer Policy, 14 (1991): 195-206; Ger (1997), op. cit.; Gary Gereffi, "Global Production Systems and Third World Development," in Barbara Stallings, ed., Global Change, Regional Response: The New International Context of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 100-142; D. Paul Schafer, "Cultures and Economies: Irresistible Forces Encounter Immovable Objects," Futures, 26/8 (1994): 830-845.
70. Tage Koed Madsen and Per Servais, "The Internationalization of Born Globals: An Evolutionary Process?" International Business Review, 6/6 (1997): 561-583.
71. For the successful silk business in Thailand, see Jeffrey A. Fadiman, "Tapping Third World Peasant Markets," in Hendrick Serrie and S. Brian Burkhalter, eds., What Can Multinationals Do for Peasants? Studies in Third World Societies, Publication No. 49 (Williamsburg, VA: William and Mary College, 1994): 53-84.
72. Reported in Business Week, June 30, 1997, pp. 20-27.
73. See Alice M. Tybout, Bobby J. Calder, and Brian Sternthal, "Using Information Processing Theory to Design Effective Marketing Strategies," Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1981): 73-79.
74. Françoise Codron-Anty, "The Concept of 'Cultural Property' Applied to Health," Proceedings of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology, 21st Annual Colloquium, Paris, 1996, pp. 847-859.
75. Douglas and Isherwood (1979), op. cit.
76. Ibid., p. 183.
77. Ibid., p. 197.
78. Business Week (June 30, 1997), op. cit., p. 25.
79. The notion of "user-centered" design has been discussed by Donald A. Norman, The Design of Everyday Things (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1988); Victor Papanek, Design for the Real World (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1973); Nigel Whiteley, Design for Society (London: Reaktion Books, 1993).
80. The notion of "user-centered" design has been discussed by Donald A. Norman, The Design of Everyday Things (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1988); Victor Papanek, Design for the Real World (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1973); Nigel Whiteley, Design for Society (London: Reaktion Books, 1993).
81. The notion of "user-centered" design has been discussed by Donald A. Norman, The Design of Everyday Things (New York, NY: Doubleday, 1988); Victor Papanek, Design for the Real World (Toronto: Bantam Books, 1973); Nigel Whiteley, Design for Society (London: Reaktion Books, 1993).
82. For an excellent discussion of peasant markets, see Hendrick Serrie and S. Brian Burkhalter, eds., What Can Multinationals do for Peasants? Studies in Third World Societies, Publication No. 49, (Williamsburg, VA: William and Mary College, 1994). What Serrie and Burkhalter discuss for peasants applies, to a great extent, to the urban slum consumers in the developing world. Simmonds [(1994), op. cit.] and Fadiman [(1994), op. cit.] provide discussions of the urban middle-class mindsets and blindness of managers.
83. For an excellent discussion of peasant markets, see Hendrick Serrie and S. Brian Burkhalter, eds., What Can Multinationals do for Peasants? Studies in Third World Societies, Publication No. 49, (Williamsburg, VA: William and Mary College, 1994). What Serrie and Burkhalter discuss for peasants applies, to a great extent, to the urban slum consumers in the developing world. Simmonds [(1994), op. cit.] and Fadiman [(1994), op. cit.] provide discussions of the urban middle-class mindsets and blindness of managers.
84. For an excellent discussion of peasant markets, see Hendrick Serrie and S. Brian Burkhalter, eds., What Can Multinationals do for Peasants? Studies in Third World Societies, Publication No. 49, (Williamsburg, VA: William and Mary College, 1994). What Serrie and Burkhalter discuss for peasants applies, to a great extent, to the urban slum consumers in the developing world. Simmonds [(1994), op. cit.] and Fadiman [(1994), op. cit.] provide discussions of the urban middle-class mindsets and blindness of managers.