메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 146-170

Teacher and Teaching Effects on Students’ Attitudes and Behaviors

Author keywords

behavior; happiness; instruction; noncognitive outcomes; self efficacy; teacher effectiveness

Indexed keywords


EID: 85011589870     PISSN: 01623737     EISSN: 19351062     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0162373716670260     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (274)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 0023300346 scopus 로고
    • Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity
    • Achenbach T. M., McConaughy S. H., Howell C. T., (1987). Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: Implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 213–232.
    • (1987) Psychological Bulletin , vol.101 , pp. 213-232
    • Achenbach, T.M.1    McConaughy, S.H.2    Howell, C.T.3
  • 2
    • 85011551920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • October, Washington, DC, National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal in Education Research, (Working Paper 146).,. Retrieved fro
    • Backes B., Hansen M., (2015, October). Teach for America impact estimates on nontested student outcomes (Working Paper 146). Washington, DC: National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal in Education Research. Retrieved from http://www.caldercenter.org/sites/default/files/WP%20146.pdf
    • (2015) Teach for America impact estimates on nontested student outcomes
    • Backes, B.1    Hansen, M.2
  • 3
    • 0030167329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning
    • Bandura A., Barbaranelli C., Caprara G. V., Pastorelli C., (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67, 1206–1222.
    • (1996) Child Development , vol.67 , pp. 1206-1222
    • Bandura, A.1    Barbaranelli, C.2    Caprara, G.V.3    Pastorelli, C.4
  • 4
    • 0010932178 scopus 로고
    • Personality and intelligence
    • Sternberg, (ed), New York, NY, Cambridge University Press,. In, (Ed
    • Baron J., (1982). Personality and intelligence. In Sternberg R. J., (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 308–351). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1982) Handbook of human intelligence , pp. 308-351
    • Baron, J.1
  • 5
    • 84936764600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective teaching in elementary mathematics: Identifying classroom practices that support student achievement
    • Blazar D., (2015). Effective teaching in elementary mathematics: Identifying classroom practices that support student achievement. Economics of Education Review, 48, 16–29.
    • (2015) Economics of Education Review , vol.48 , pp. 16-29
    • Blazar, D.1
  • 8
    • 51249083483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting child outcomes at the end of kindergarten from the quality of pre-kindergarten teacher-child interactions and instruction
    • Burchinal M., Howes C., Pianta R., Bryant D., Early D., Clifford R., Barbarin O., (2008). Predicting child outcomes at the end of kindergarten from the quality of pre-kindergarten teacher-child interactions and instruction. Applied Developmental Science, 12, 140–153.
    • (2008) Applied Developmental Science , vol.12 , pp. 140-153
    • Burchinal, M.1    Howes, C.2    Pianta, R.3    Bryant, D.4    Early, D.5    Clifford, R.6    Barbarin, O.7
  • 10
    • 77956806236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Departmentalize elementary schools
    • Chan T. C., Jarman D., (2004). Departmentalize elementary schools. Principal, 84(1), 70–72.
    • (2004) Principal , vol.84 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-72
    • Chan, T.C.1    Jarman, D.2
  • 12
    • 84906968648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring the impacts of teachers I: Evaluating bias in teacher value-added estimates
    • Chetty R., Friedman J. N., Rockoff J. E., (2014). Measuring the impacts of teachers I: Evaluating bias in teacher value-added estimates. American Economic Review, 104, 2593–2632.
    • (2014) American Economic Review , vol.104 , pp. 2593-2632
    • Chetty, R.1    Friedman, J.N.2    Rockoff, J.E.3
  • 18
    • 84975894843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
    • Diener E., (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34–43.
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , pp. 34-43
    • Diener, E.1
  • 19
    • 35248878781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do classroom conditions and children’s risk for school problems contribute to children’s behavioral engagement in learning?
    • Downer J. T., Rimm-Kaufman S., Pianta R. C., (2007). How do classroom conditions and children’s risk for school problems contribute to children’s behavioral engagement in learning? School Psychology Review, 36, 413–432.
    • (2007) School Psychology Review , vol.36 , pp. 413-432
    • Downer, J.T.1    Rimm-Kaufman, S.2    Pianta, R.C.3
  • 20
    • 85011569117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Don’t grade schools on grit
    • March, 26,. Retrieved fro
    • Duckworth A., (2016, March 26). Don’t grade schools on grit. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/opinion/sunday/dont-grade-schools-on-grit.html
    • (2016) The New York Times
    • Duckworth, A.1
  • 22
    • 84869454544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What no child left behind leaves behind: The roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades
    • Duckworth A. L., Quinn P. D., Tsukayama E., (2012). What no child left behind leaves behind: The roles of IQ and self-control in predicting standardized achievement test scores and report card grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 439–451.
    • (2012) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 439-451
    • Duckworth, A.L.1    Quinn, P.D.2    Tsukayama, E.3
  • 23
    • 84930399585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities other than cognitive ability for educational purposes
    • Duckworth A. L., Yeager D. S., (2015). Measurement matters: Assessing personal qualities other than cognitive ability for educational purposes. Educational Researcher, 44, 237–251.
    • (2015) Educational Researcher , vol.44 , pp. 237-251
    • Duckworth, A.L.1    Yeager, D.S.2
  • 26
    • 85011547664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December, 10, Public Law 114-95, 114th Cong., 1st sess. Retrieved fro
    • The Every Student Succeeds Act, Public Law 114-95, 114th Cong., 1st sess. (2015, December 10). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1177/text
    • (2015)
  • 29
    • 84964016567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking teacher quality, student attendance, and student achievement
    • Gershenson S., (2016). Linking teacher quality, student attendance, and student achievement. Education Finance and Policy, 11, 125–149.
    • (2016) Education Finance and Policy , vol.11 , pp. 125-149
    • Gershenson, S.1
  • 31
    • 43449099459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Back to the future: Directions for research in teaching and teacher education
    • Grossman P., McDonald M., (2008). Back to the future: Directions for research in teaching and teacher education. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 184–205.
    • (2008) American Educational Research Journal , vol.45 , pp. 184-205
    • Grossman, P.1    McDonald, M.2
  • 33
    • 84937203486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching through interactions in secondary school classrooms: Revisiting the factor structure and practical application of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Secondary
    • Hafen C. A., Hamre B. K., Allen J. P., Bell C. A., Gitomer D. H., Pianta R. C., (2015). Teaching through interactions in secondary school classrooms: Revisiting the factor structure and practical application of the Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Secondary. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 35, 651–680.
    • (2015) The Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.35 , pp. 651-680
    • Hafen, C.A.1    Hamre, B.K.2    Allen, J.P.3    Bell, C.A.4    Gitomer, D.H.5    Pianta, R.C.6
  • 34
    • 84899983842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for general and domain-specific elements of teacher–child interactions: Associations with preschool children’s development
    • Hamre B., Hatfield B., Pianta R., Jamil F., (2014). Evidence for general and domain-specific elements of teacher–child interactions: Associations with preschool children’s development. Child Development, 85, 1257–1274.
    • (2014) Child Development , vol.85 , pp. 1257-1274
    • Hamre, B.1    Hatfield, B.2    Pianta, R.3    Jamil, F.4
  • 35
    • 0035287677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early teacher–child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade
    • Hamre B. K., Pianta R. C., (2001). Early teacher–child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638.
    • (2001) Child Development , vol.72 , pp. 625-638
    • Hamre, B.K.1    Pianta, R.C.2
  • 37
    • 77955639919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalizations about using value-added measures of teacher quality
    • Hanushek E. A., Rivkin S. G., (2010). Generalizations about using value-added measures of teacher quality. American Economic Review, 100, 267–271.
    • (2010) American Economic Review , vol.100 , pp. 267-271
    • Hanushek, E.A.1    Rivkin, S.G.2
  • 39
    • 84962065255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resources for teaching: Examining personal and institutional predictors of high-quality instruction
    • Hill H. C., Blazar D., Lynch K., (2015). Resources for teaching: Examining personal and institutional predictors of high-quality instruction. AERA Open, 1(4), 1–23.
    • (2015) AERA Open , vol.1 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-23
    • Hill, H.C.1    Blazar, D.2    Lynch, K.3
  • 41
    • 84857808878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When rater reliability is not enough teacher observation systems and a case for the generalizability study
    • Hill H. C., Charalambous C. Y., Kraft M. A., (2012). When rater reliability is not enough teacher observation systems and a case for the generalizability study. Educational Researcher, 41, 56–64.
    • (2012) Educational Researcher , vol.41 , pp. 56-64
    • Hill, H.C.1    Charalambous, C.Y.2    Kraft, M.A.3
  • 42
    • 84881191282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from teacher observations: Challenges and opportunities posed by new teacher evaluation systems
    • Hill H. C., Grossman P., (2013). Learning from teacher observations: Challenges and opportunities posed by new teacher evaluation systems. Harvard Educational Review, 83, 371–384.
    • (2013) Harvard Educational Review , vol.83 , pp. 371-384
    • Hill, H.C.1    Grossman, P.2
  • 43
    • 7044286358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing measures of teachers’ mathematics knowledge for teaching
    • Hill H. C., Schilling S. G., Ball D. L., (2004). Developing measures of teachers’ mathematics knowledge for teaching. Elementary School Journal, 105, 11–30.
    • (2004) Elementary School Journal , vol.105 , pp. 11-30
    • Hill, H.C.1    Schilling, S.G.2    Ball, D.L.3
  • 44
    • 84959440126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When you say nothing at all: The predictive power of student effort on surveys
    • Hitt C., Trivitt J., Cheng A., (2016). When you say nothing at all: The predictive power of student effort on surveys. Economics of Education Review, 52, 105–119.
    • (2016) Economics of Education Review , vol.52 , pp. 105-119
    • Hitt, C.1    Trivitt, J.2    Cheng, A.3
  • 48
    • 38949210616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can principals identify effective teachers? Evidence on subjective performance evaluation in education
    • Jacob B. A., Lefgren L., (2008). Can principals identify effective teachers? Evidence on subjective performance evaluation in education. Journal of Labor Economics, 20, 101–136.
    • (2008) Journal of Labor Economics , vol.20 , pp. 101-136
    • Jacob, B.A.1    Lefgren, L.2
  • 49
    • 77953782563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teacher effects on social and behavioral skills in early elementary school
    • Jennings J. L., DiPrete T. A., (2010). Teacher effects on social and behavioral skills in early elementary school. Sociology of Education, 83, 135–159.
    • (2010) Sociology of Education , vol.83 , pp. 135-159
    • Jennings, J.L.1    DiPrete, T.A.2
  • 50
    • 0003162764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives
    • Pervin, John, (eds), 2nd ed., New York, NY, Guilford Press,. In, (Eds.)
    • John O. P., Srivastava S., (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In Pervin L., John O. P., (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (1999) Handbook of personality: Theory and research , pp. 102-138
    • John, O.P.1    Srivastava, S.2
  • 52
    • 84866716872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seattle, WA, Measures of Effective Teaching Project, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundatio
    • Kane T. J., Staiger D. O., (2012). Gathering feedback for teaching. Seattle, WA: Measures of Effective Teaching Project, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
    • (2012) Gathering feedback for teaching
    • Kane, T.J.1    Staiger, D.O.2
  • 53
    • 84961292187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive affect catalyzes academic engagement: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental evidence
    • King R. B., McInerney D. M., Ganotice F. A., Villarosa J. B., (2015). Positive affect catalyzes academic engagement: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental evidence. Learning and Individual Differences, 39, 64–72.
    • (2015) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.39 , pp. 64-72
    • King, R.B.1    McInerney, D.M.2    Ganotice, F.A.3    Villarosa, J.B.4
  • 55
    • 53349164691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teacher quality and dropout outcomes in a large, urban school district
    • Koedel C., (2008). Teacher quality and dropout outcomes in a large, urban school district. Journal of Urban Economics, 64, 560–572.
    • (2008) Journal of Urban Economics , vol.64 , pp. 560-572
    • Koedel, C.1
  • 57
    • 84924797197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December, Washington, DC, National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal in Education Research, (Working Paper No. 112).,. Retrieved fro
    • Ladd H. F., Sorensen L. C., (2015, December). Returns to teacher experience: Student achievement and motivation in middle school (Working Paper No. 112). Washington, DC: National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal in Education Research. Retrieved from http://www.caldercenter.org/sites/default/files/WP%20112%20Update_0.pdf
    • (2015) Returns to teacher experience: Student achievement and motivation in middle school
    • Ladd, H.F.1    Sorensen, L.C.2
  • 60
    • 80052412298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teacher–student interactions in fifth grade classrooms: Relations with children’s peer behavior
    • Luckner A. E., Pianta R. C., (2011). Teacher–student interactions in fifth grade classrooms: Relations with children’s peer behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 32, 257–266.
    • (2011) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 257-266
    • Luckner, A.E.1    Pianta, R.C.2
  • 62
    • 29644438373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
    • Lyubomirsky S., King L., Diener E., (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
    • (2005) Psychological Bulletin , vol.131 , pp. 803-855
    • Lyubomirsky, S.1    King, L.2    Diener, E.3
  • 63
    • 43749085526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measures of classroom quality in prekindergarten and children’s development of academic, language, and social skills
    • Mashburn A. J., Pianta R. C., Hamre B. K., Downer J. T., Barbarin O. A., Bryant D... Howes C., (2008). Measures of classroom quality in prekindergarten and children’s development of academic, language, and social skills. Child Development, 79, 732–749.
    • (2008) Child Development , vol.79 , pp. 732-749
    • Mashburn, A.J.1    Pianta, R.C.2    Hamre, B.K.3    Downer, J.T.4    Barbarin, O.A.5    Bryant, D.6    Howes, C.7
  • 65
    • 33644961801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporaneous and longitudinal associations between social behavior and literacy achievement in a sample of low-income elementary school children
    • Miles S. B., Stipek D., (2006). Contemporaneous and longitudinal associations between social behavior and literacy achievement in a sample of low-income elementary school children. Child Development, 77, 103–117.
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , pp. 103-117
    • Miles, S.B.1    Stipek, D.2
  • 66
    • 85011580352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why what you learned in preschool is crucial at work
    • October, 16,. Retrieved fro
    • Miller C. C., (2015, October 16). Why what you learned in preschool is crucial at work. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/18/upshot/how-the-modern-workplace-has-become-more-like-preschool.html?_r=0
    • (2015) The New York Times
    • Miller, C.C.1
  • 70
    • 79955700973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC, Autho
    • National Governors Association Center for Best Practices. (2010). Common core state standards for mathematics. Washington, DC: Author.
    • (2010) Common core state standards for mathematics
  • 71
    • 78651387729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different tests, different answers: The stability of teacher value-added estimates across outcome measures
    • Papay J. P., (2011). Different tests, different answers: The stability of teacher value-added estimates across outcome measures. American Educational Research Journal, 48, 163–193.
    • (2011) American Educational Research Journal , vol.48 , pp. 163-193
    • Papay, J.P.1
  • 72
    • 84866919165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refocusing the debate: Assessing the purposes and tools of teacher evaluation
    • Papay J. P., (2012). Refocusing the debate: Assessing the purposes and tools of teacher evaluation. Harvard Educational Review, 82, 123–141.
    • (2012) Harvard Educational Review , vol.82 , pp. 123-141
    • Papay, J.P.1
  • 73
    • 68249119206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptualization, measurement, and improvement of classroom processes: Standardized observation can leverage capacity
    • Pianta R. C., Hamre B. K., (2009). Conceptualization, measurement, and improvement of classroom processes: Standardized observation can leverage capacity. Educational Researcher, 38, 109–119.
    • (2009) Educational Researcher , vol.38 , pp. 109-119
    • Pianta, R.C.1    Hamre, B.K.2
  • 74
    • 0000515371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation of kindergarten classroom environment to teacher, family, and school characteristics and child outcomes
    • Pianta R. C., La Paro K., Payne C., Cox M., Bradley R., (2002). The relation of kindergarten classroom environment to teacher, family, and school characteristics and child outcomes. Elementary School Journal, 102, 225–238.
    • (2002) Elementary School Journal , vol.102 , pp. 225-238
    • Pianta, R.C.1    La Paro, K.2    Payne, C.3    Cox, M.4    Bradley, R.5
  • 76
    • 77955643391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective and objective evaluations of teacher effectiveness
    • Rockoff J. E., Speroni C., (2010). Subjective and objective evaluations of teacher effectiveness. American Economic Review, 100, 261–266.
    • (2010) American Economic Review , vol.100 , pp. 261-266
    • Rockoff, J.E.1    Speroni, C.2
  • 77
    • 84873321093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information and employee evaluation: Evidence from a randomized intervention in public schools
    • Rockoff J. E., Staiger D. O., Kane T. J., Taylor E. S., (2012). Information and employee evaluation: Evidence from a randomized intervention in public schools. American Economic Review, 102, 3184–3213.
    • (2012) American Economic Review , vol.102 , pp. 3184-3213
    • Rockoff, J.E.1    Staiger, D.O.2    Kane, T.J.3    Taylor, E.S.4
  • 79
    • 84880745944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Misbehavior, education, and labor market outcomes
    • Segal C., (2013). Misbehavior, education, and labor market outcomes. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11, 743–779.
    • (2013) Journal of the European Economic Association , vol.11 , pp. 743-779
    • Segal, C.1
  • 80
    • 84947402121 scopus 로고
    • Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions
    • Šidák Z., (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62, 626–633.
    • (1967) Journal of the American Statistical Association , vol.62 , pp. 626-633
    • Šidák, Z.1
  • 81
    • 0000600340 scopus 로고
    • General Intelligence,” objectively determined and measured
    • Spearman C., (1904). “General Intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201–292.
    • (1904) The American Journal of Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 201-292
    • Spearman, C.1
  • 82
    • 84967139398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classroom composition and measured teacher performance: What do teacher observation scores really measure?
    • Steinberg M. P., Garrett R., (2016). Classroom composition and measured teacher performance: What do teacher observation scores really measure? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 38, 293–317.
    • (2016) Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , vol.38 , pp. 293-317
    • Steinberg, M.P.1    Garrett, R.2
  • 84
    • 0037293936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the specification and estimation of the production function for cognitive achievement
    • Todd P. E., Wolpin K. I., (2003). On the specification and estimation of the production function for cognitive achievement. The Economic Journal, 113, F3–F33.
    • (2003) The Economic Journal , vol.113 , pp. F3-F33
    • Todd, P.E.1    Wolpin, K.I.2
  • 86
    • 84885469078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain-specific impulsivity in school-age children
    • Tsukayama E., Duckworth A. L., Kim B., (2013). Domain-specific impulsivity in school-age children. Developmental Science, 16, 879–893.
    • (2013) Developmental Science , vol.16 , pp. 879-893
    • Tsukayama, E.1    Duckworth, A.L.2    Kim, B.3
  • 87
    • 63849205314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions
    • Usher E. L., Pajares F., (2008). Sources of self-efficacy in school: Critical review of the literature and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 78, 751–796.
    • (2008) Review of Educational Research , vol.78 , pp. 751-796
    • Usher, E.L.1    Pajares, F.2
  • 89
    • 85020018495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC, Brookings Institute,. Retrieved fro
    • Whitehurst G. J., (2016). Hard thinking on soft skills. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2016/03/24-hard-thinking-soft-skills-whitehurst
    • (2016) Hard thinking on soft skills
    • Whitehurst, G.J.1
  • 91
    • 0001429069 scopus 로고
    • Math anxiety in elementary and secondary school students
    • Wigfield A., Meece J. L., (1988). Math anxiety in elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 210–216.
    • (1988) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.80 , pp. 210-216
    • Wigfield, A.1    Meece, J.L.2
  • 92
    • 85011598850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for joy and grit? Schools nationwide push to measure students’ emotional skills
    • February, 29,. Retrieved fro
    • Zernike K., (2016, February 29). Testing for joy and grit? Schools nationwide push to measure students’ emotional skills. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/testing-for-joy-and-grit-schools-nationwide-push-to-measure-students-emotional-skills.html?_r=0
    • (2016) The New York Times
    • Zernike, K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.