Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1087-1101

  Duckworth, Angela L ^a   Peterson, Christopher ^b   Matthews, Michael D ^c   Kelly, Dennis R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY   (United States)

Author keywords

achievement; performance; persistence; personality; success

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PERSONALITY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GOALS; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTIVATION; PERSONALITY; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 34547477145     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ackerman P.L., and Heggestad E.D. Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997) 219-245
2. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 191-215
3. Barrick M.R., and Mount M.K. The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 44 (1991) 1-26
4. Baum J.R., and Locke E.A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (2004) 587-598
5. Bloom B. Developing talent in young people (1985), Ballantine Books, New York
6. Bridgeman B., McCamley-Jenkins L., and Ervin N. Predictions of freshman grade-point average from the revised and recentered SAT I: Reasoning Test (College Board Report 2000-2001) (2000), College Entrance Examination Board, New York
7. Cassidy T., and Lynn R. A multifactorial approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology 62 (1989) 301-312
8. Cattell J.M. A statistical study of eminent men. Popular Science Monthly (1903) 359-377
9. Cattell R.B., and Butcher H.J. The prediction of achievement and creativity (1968), Bobbs-Merrill, Oxford, England
10. Chamorro-Premuzic T., and Furnham A. Personality and intellectual competence (2005), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
11. Chown S.M. Personality factors in the formation of occupational choice. British Journal of Educational Psychology 29 (1959) 23-33
12. Costa P.T., and McCrae R.R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual (1992), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL
13. Cox C.M. Genetic studies of genius: Vol. 2. The early mental traits of three hundred geniuses (1926), Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
14. Desrochers S., and Dahir V. Ambition as a motivational basis of organizational and professional commitment: Preliminary analysis of a proposed career advancement ambition scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills 91 2 (2000) 563-570
15. Ericsson K.A., and Charness N. Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist 49 (1994) 725-747
16. Fergusson D.M., Horwood L.J., and Ridder E.M. Show me the child at seven II: Childhood intelligence and later outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 46 8 (2005) 850-858
17. Frey M.C., and Detterman D.K. Scholastic assessment or g? The relationship between the scholastic assessment test and general cognitive ability. Psychological Science 15 6 (2004) 373-378
18. Galton F. Hereditary Genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences (1892), Macmillan, London
19. Gartner W.B., Gatewood E., and Shaver K.G. Reasons for starting a business: Not-so-simple answers to simple questions. In: Hills G.E., and LaForge R.W. (Eds). Research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface (1991), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 90-101
20. Goldberg L.R. An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology 59 (1990) 1216-1229
21. Goldberg L.R. The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment 4 (1992) 26-42
22. Gottfredson L.S. Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence 24 (1997) 79-132
23. Hartigan J., and Wigdor A. Fairness in employment testing: Validity generalization, minority issues, and the general aptitude test battery (1989), National Academy Press, Washington, DC
24. Hollenbeck J.R., Williams C.L., and Klein H.J. An empirical examination of the antecedents of commitment to difficult goals. Journal of Applied Psychology 74 (1989) 18-23
25. Hough L.M. The "Big Five" personality variables-construct confusion: Description versus prediction. Human Performance 5 1-2 (1992) 139-155
26. Howe M.J.A. Genius explained (1999), Cambridge University Press, New York
27. Hoyt D.P. College grades & adult accomplishment: A review of research. Educational Record 47 (1966) 70-75
28. James W. The energies of men. Science 25 (1907, March 1) 321-332
29. John O., and Srivastava S. The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In: Pervin L.A., and John O.P. (Eds). Handbook of personality: Theory and research (1999), Guilford Press, New York 102-138
30. Kuncel N.R., Hezlett S.A., and Ones D.S. A comprehensive meta-analysis of the predictive validity of the graduate record examinations: Implications for graduate student selection and performance. Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001) 162-181
31. Kuncel N.R., Hezlett S.A., and Ones D.S. Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 (2004) 148-161
32. Langlie T.A. Intelligence-test scores and scholarship. Journal of Higher Education 9 (1938) 449-450
33. Latham G.P., and Pinder C.C. Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Psychology 56 (2005) 485-516
34. Lucas R.E., and Baird B.M. Global self-assessment. In: Eid M., and Diener E. (Eds). Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology (2006), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 29-42
35. Lufi D., and Cohen A. A scale for measuring persistence in children. Journal of Personality Assessment 51 2 (1987) 178-185
36. McClelland D.C. The achieving society (1961), Van Nostrand, Oxford, England
37. McClelland D.C., Koestner R., and Weinberger J. How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? (1992), Cambridge University Press, New York
38. McCrae R.R., and Costa Jr. P.T. Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 81-90
39. McCrae R.R., Costa Jr. P.T., de Lima M.P., Simões A., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., et al. Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology 35 (1999) 466-477
40. Mischel W. Personality and assessment (1968), Wiley, New York
41. Moutafi J., Furnham A., and Paltiel L. Can personality factors predict intelligence?. Personality and Individual Differences 38 5 (2005) 1021-1033
42. Neisser U., Boodoo G., Bouchard T.J.J., Boykin A.W., Brody N., Ceci S.J., et al. Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. American Psychologist 51 (1996) 77-101
43. Paulhus D.L. Measurement and control of response bias. In: Robinson J.P., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes 1 (1991), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 17-59
44. Paunonen S.V., and Ashton M.C. Big five predictors of academic achievement. Journal of Research in Personality 35 1 (2001) 78-90
45. Paunonen S.V., and Jackson D.N. What is beyond the big five?. Plenty! Journal of Personality 68 5 (2000) 821-835
46. Rotter J.B. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General & Applied 80 1 (1966) 1-28
47. Scott S.C., Goldberg M.S., and Mayo N.E. Statistical assessment of ordinal outcomes in comparative studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 50 (1997) 45-55
48. Seligman M.E., and Schulman P. Explanatory style as a predictor of productivity and quitting among life insurance sales agents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 832-838
49. Simonton D.K. Greatness: Who makes history and why (1994), Guilford Press, New York
50. Srivastava S., John O.P., Gosling S.D., and Potter J. Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003) 1041-1053
51. Swanson J.L. Vocational interests. In: Savickas M.L., and Spokane A.R. (Eds). Stability and change in vocational interests (1999), Davies-Black Publishing, Palo Alto, CA 135-158
52. Tangney J.P., Baumeister R.F., and Boone A.L. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality 72 2 (2004) 271-322
53. Terman L.M., and Oden M.H. The gifted child grows up: Twenty-five years' follow-up of a superior group (1947), Stanford University Press, Oxford, England
54. Tett R.P., Jackson D.N., and Rothstein M. Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology 44 4 (1991) 703-742
55. Tupes E.C., and Christal R.E. Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality 60 2 (1992) 225-251
56. Twenge J.M., Zhang L., and Im C. It's beyond my control: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of increasing externality in locus of control, 1960-2002. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 3 (2004) 308-319
57. Vallerand R.J., Blanchard C., Mageau G.A., Koestner R., Ratelle C., Léonard M., et al. Les passions de l'Âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 756-767
58. Webb E. Character and intelligence. British Journal of Psychology 1 3 (1915) 99
59. Wechsler D. Nonintellective factors in general intelligence. Psychological Bulletin 37 (1940) 444-445
60. Wechsler D. The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 4th ed. (1958), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
61. Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (1991), The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX
62. Willingham W.W. Success in college: The role of personal qualities and academic ability (1985), College Entrance Examination Board, New York
63. Winner E. Gifted children: Myths and realities (1996), Basic Books, New York