Epigenetic Modulation as a Therapeutic Prospect for Treatment of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2016, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Ciechomska, Marzena ^a   O'reilly, Steven ^b  

^a National Institute of Geriatrics   (Poland)

^b NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; UNTRANSLATED RNA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT;

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DNA METHYLATION; DRUG EFFICACY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPIGENETICS; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HISTONE MODIFICATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SJOEGREN SYNDROME; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ANIMAL; GENETIC EPIGENESIS; GENETICS; INFLAMMATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RHEUMATIC DISEASES;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; AUTOIMMUNITY; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; RHEUMATIC DISEASES;

EID: 84983752677     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9607946     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. G. S. Alarcon, G. V. Williams, J. Z. Singer et al., "Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease. I. Early clinical manifestation in a large cohort of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases compared with cohorts of well established connective tissue disease," The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1332-1339, 1991.
2. G. Arango Duque and A. Descoteaux, "Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 5, article 491, 2014.
3. Y. Lu and L. M. Wahl, "Oxidative stress augments the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and prostaglandin E2 through enhancement of NF-κB activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated human primary monocytes," Journal of Immunology, vol. 175, no. 8, pp. 5423-5429, 2005.
4. A. Aggarwal, "Role of autoantibody testing," Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 907-920, 2014.
5. N. Qu, M. Xu, I. Mizoguchi et al., "Pivotal roles of T-helper 17-related cytokines, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23, in inflammatory diseases," Clinical and Developmental Immunology, vol. 2013, Article ID 968549, 13 pages, 2013.
6. A. P. Feinberg, "Phenotypic plasticity and the epigenetics of human disease," Nature, vol. 447, no. 7143, pp. 433-440, 2007.
7. M. Wahren-Herlenius and T. Dörner, "Immunopathogenic mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease," The Lancet, vol. 382, no. 9894, pp. 819-831, 2013.
8. K. Gervin, M. D. Vigeland, M. Mattingsdal et al., "DNA methylation and gene expression changes in monozygotic twins discordant for psoriasis: identification of epigenetically dysregulated genes," PLoS Genetics, vol. 8, no. 1, Article ID e1002454, 2012.
9. B. D. Adams, C. Parsons, andF. J. Slack, "The tumor-suppressive and potential therapeutic functions of miR-34a in epithelial carcinomas," Expert Opinion onTherapeutic Targets, 2015.
10. J. Lu and A. G. Clark, "Impact of microRNA regulation on variation in human gene expression," Genome Research, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1243-1254, 2012.
11. X.-M. Hua, J. Wang, D.-M. Qian et al., "DNA methylation level of promoter region of activating transcription factor 5 in glioma," Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 757-762, 2015.
12. M. Weber, I. Hellmann, M. B. Stadler et al., "Distribution, silencing potential and evolutionary impact of promoter DNA methylation in thehuman genome," Nature Genetics, vol. 39,no. 4, pp. 457-466, 2007.
13. H. L. A. Janssen, H. W. Reesink, E. J. Lawitz et al., "Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 368, no. 18, pp. 1685-1694, 2013.
14. D. C. Dolinoy, "The agouti mouse model: an epigenetic biosensor for nutritional and environmental alterations on the fetal epigenome," Nutrition Reviews, vol. 66, supplement 1, pp. S7-S11, 2008.
15. K. Raj and G. J. Mufti, "Azacytidine (Vidaza5) in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes," Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 377-388, 2006.
16. D. Wu, X. Du, J. Jin et al., "Decitabine for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes in Chinese patients: an open-label, phase-3b study," Advances in Therapy, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1140-1159, 2015.
17. M. Lübbert, S. Suciu, A. Hagemeijer et al., "Decitabine improves progression-free survival in older high-risk MDS patients with multiple autosomal monosomies: results of a subgroup analysis of the randomized phase III study 06011 of the EORTC Leukemia Cooperative Group and GermanMDS Study Group," Annals of Hematology, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 191-199, 2016.
18. H. Zhang, X. Zhang, E. Clark, M. Mulcahey, S. Huang, and Y. G. Shi, "TET1 is a DNA-binding protein that modulates DNA methylation and gene transcription via hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine," Cell Research, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1390-1393, 2010.
19. M. C. de Andres, E. Perez-Pampin, M. Calaza et al., "Assessment of global DNA methylation in peripheral blood cell subpopulations of early rheumatoid arthritis before and after methotrexate," Arthritis Research and Therapy, vol. 17, no. 1, article 233, 2015.
20. D. Rohle, J. Popovici-Muller, N. Palaskas et al., "An inhibitor of mutant IDH1 delays growth and promotes differentiation of glioma cells," Science, vol. 340, no. 6132, pp. 626-630, 2013.
21. A. Chaturvedi, M. M. Araujo Cruz, N. Jyotsana et al., "Mutant IDH1 promotes leukemogenesis in vivo and can be specifically targeted in human AML," Blood, vol. 122, no. 16, pp. 2877-2887, 2013.
22. E. L. Mersfelder and M. R. Parthun, "The tale beyond the tail: histone core domain modifications and the regulation of chromatin structure,"Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 34,no. 9, pp. 2653-2662, 2006.
23. A. J. Bannister and T. Kouzarides, "Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications," Cell Research, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 381-395, 2011.
24. M. B. Wozniak, R. Villuendas, J. R. Bischoff et al., "Vorinostat interferes with the signaling transduction pathway of Tcell receptor and synergizes with phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitors in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma," Haematologica, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 613-621, 2010.
25. "Horizon 2020 Framework Programme EULAR's position and recommendations," http://www. eular. org/myUploadData/files/ EU Horizon 2020 EULAR position paper. pdf.
26. F. Humby, M. Bombardieri, A. Manzo et al., "Ectopic lymphoid structures support ongoing production of class-switched autoantibodies in rheumatoid synovium," PLoSMedicine, vol. 6, article e1, 2009.
27. T. Niimoto, T. Nakasa, M. Ishikawa et al., "MicroRNA-146a expresses in interleukin-17 producing T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients,"BMCMusculoskeletal Disorders, vol. 11, article 209, 2010.
28. N. Müller, F. Döring, M. Klapper et al., "Interleukin-6 and TumourNecrosis Factor- differentially regulate lincRNA transcripts in cells of the innate immune system in vivo in human subjects with rheumatoid arthritis," Cytokine, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 65-68, 2014.
29. J. Song, D. Kim, J. Han, Y. Kim, M. Lee, and E.-J. Jin, "PBMC and exosome-derived Hotair is a critical regulator and potent marker for rheumatoid arthritis," Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 121-126, 2014.
30. C.-C. Liu, T.-J. Fang, T.-T. Ou et al., "Global DNA methylation, DNMT1, and MBD2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis," Immunology Letters, vol. 135, no. 1-2, pp. 96-99, 2011.
31. E. Karouzakis, Y. Rengel, A. Jüngel et al., "DNA methylation regulates the expression of CXCL12 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts," Genes and Immunity, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 643-652, 2011.
32. K. Ishida, T. Kobayashi, S. Ito et al., "Interleukin-6 gene promoter methylation in rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis," Journal of Periodontology, vol. 83, no. 7, pp. 917-925, 2012.
33. J. R. Glossop, R. D. Emes, N. B. Nixon et al., "Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in rheumatoid arthritis identifies disease-associated methylation changes that are distinct to individual T-and B-lymphocyte populations," Epigenetics, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1228-1237, 2014.
34. N. Altorok, P. Coit, T. Hughes et al., "Genome-wideDNAmethylation patterns in naive CD4+ t cells from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome," Arthritis and Rheumatology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 731-739, 2014.
35. S. O'Reilly, R. Cant, M. Ciechomska, and J. M. van Laar, "Interleukin-6: a new therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis" Clinical & Translational Immunology, vol. 2, no. 4, p. e4, 2013.
36. L.-H. Fu, C.-L. Ma, B. Cong, S.-J. Li, H.-Y. Chen, and J.-G. Zhang, "Hypomethylation of proximal CpG motif of interleukin-10 promoter regulates its expression in human rheumatoid arthritis," Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1373-1380, 2011.
37. L. C. Huber, M. Brock, H. Hemmatazad et al., "Histone deacetylase/acetylase activity in total synovial tissue derived from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1087-1093, 2007.
38. T. T. Wada, Y. Araki, K. Sato et al., "Aberrant histone acetylation contributes to elevated interleukin-6 production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts," Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 444, no. 4, pp. 682-686, 2014.
39. M. R. York, T. Nagai, A. J. Mangini, R. Lemaire, J. M. Van Seventer, and R. Lafyatis, "A macrophage marker, siglec-1, is increased on circulating monocytes in patients with systemic sclerosis and induced by type I interferons and toll-like receptor agonists," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1010-1020, 2007.
40. G. Alsaleh, A. François, L. Philippe et al., "MiR-30a-3p negatively regulates BAFF synthesis in systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis fibroblasts," PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 10, Article ID e111266, 2014.
41. Y. Wang, Y. Shu, Y. Xiao et al., "Hypomethylation and overexpression of ITGAL (CD11a) in CD4+ T cells in systemic sclerosis," Clinical Epigenetics, vol. 6, no. 1, article 25, 2014.
42. M. Ciechomska, C. A. Huigens, T. Hügle et al., "Toll-like receptor-mediated, enhanced production of profibrotic TIMP-1 in monocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis: role of serum factors," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 1382-1389, 2013.
43. S. O'Reilly, R. Cant, M. Ciechomska et al., "Serum amyloid A induces interleukin-6 in dermal fibroblasts viaToll-like receptor 2, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 and nuclear factor-κB," Immunology, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 331-340, 2014.
44. M. Ciechomska, S. O'Reilly, S. Przyborski, F. Oakley, K. Bogunia-Kubik, and J. M. van Laar, "Histone demethylation and toll-like receptor 8-dependent cross-talk in monocytes promotes transdifferentiation of fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis via fra-2," Arthritis & Rheumatology, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1493-1504, 2016.
45. Y. Wang, Y. Yang, Y. Luo et al., "Aberrant histonemodification in peripheral blood B cells from patients with systemic sclerosis," Clinical Immunology, vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 46-54, 2013.
46. M. N. Primo, R. O. Bak, B. Schibler, and J. G. Mikkelsen, "Regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL24 by microRNA-203 in primary keratinocytes," Cytokine, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 741-748, 2012.
47. P. Xia, X. Fang, Z.-H. Zhang et al., "Dysregulation of miRNA146a versus IRAK1 induces IL-17 persistence in the psoriatic skin lesions," Immunology Letters, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 151-162, 2012.
48. X. Gu, E. Nylander, P. J. Coates, R. Fahraeus, and K. Nylander, "Correlation between reversal of DNA methylation and clinical symptoms in psoriatic epidermis following narrow-band UVB phototherapy," Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 135, no. 8, pp. 2077-2083, 2015.
49. M. Chen, Z.-Q. Chen, P.-G. Cui et al., "Themethylation pattern of p16INK4a gene promoter in psoriatic epidermis and its clinical significance," British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 158, no. 5, pp. 987-993, 2008.
50. L. E. Tovar-Castillo, J. C. Cancino-Dáz, F. Garcá-Vázquez et al., "Under-expression of VHL and over-expression of HDAC-1, HIF-1, LL-37, and IAP-2 in affected skin biopsies of patients with psoriasis," International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 46,no. 3, pp. 239-246, 2007.
51. P. Zhang, Y. Su, M. Zhao, W. Huang, and Q. Lu, "Abnormal histone modifications in PBMCs from patients with psoriasis vulgaris," European Journal of Dermatology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 552-557, 2011.
52. J. Quddus, K. J. Johnson, J. Gavalchin et al., "Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinctDNAmethyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice," Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 38-53, 1993.
53. C. Deng, M. J. Kaplan, J. Yang et al., "Decreased ras-mitogenactivated protein kinase signaling may cause DNA hypomethylation in T lymphocytes from lupus patients," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 397-407, 2001.
54. Y. Li, M. Zhao, H. Yin et al., "Overexpression of the growth arrest and DNA damage-induced 45 gene contributes to autoimmunity by promoting DNA demethylation in lupus T cells," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1438-1447, 2010.
55. Y. Li, G. Gorelik, F. M. Strickland, and B. C. Richardson, "Oxidative stress, T cell dna methylation, and lupus," Arthritis and Rheumatology, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1574-1582, 2014.
56. F. M. Strickland, Y. Li,K. Johnson,Z. Sun, andB. C. Richardson, "CD4+ T cells epigenetically modified by oxidative stress cause lupus-like autoimmunity in mice," Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 62, pp. 75-80, 2015.
57. Q. Lu, M. Kaplan, D. Ray et al., "Demethylation of ITGAL (CD11a) regulatory sequences in systemic lupus erythematosus," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 1282-1291, 2002.
58. Q. Lu, A. Wu, L. Tesmer, D. Ray, N. Yousif, and B. Richardson, "Demethylation of CD40LG on the inactive X in T cells from women with lupus," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 179, no. 9, pp. 6352-6358, 2007.
59. P. Coit, M. Jeffries, N. Altorok et al., "Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility andtranscriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in näve CD4+ T cellsfromlupus patients," Journal ofAutoimmunity, vol. 43,pp. 78-84, 2013.
60. D. M. Absher, X. Li, L. L. Waite et al., "Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of systemic lupus erythematosus reveals persistent hypomethylation of interferon genes and compositional changes to CD4+ T-cell populations," PLoS Genetics, vol. 9, no. 8, article e1003678, 2013.
61. S. A. Chung, J. Nititham, E. Elboudwarej et al., "Genome-wide assessment of differential DNA methylation associated with autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus," PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 7, Article IDe0129813, 2015.
62. T. Fali, C. Le Dantec, Y. Thabet et al., "DNA methylation modulates HRES1/p28 expression in B cells from patients with lupus," Autoimmunity, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 265-271, 2014.
63. H. Qin, X. Zhu, J. Liang et al., "MicroRNA-29b contributes to DNA hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus by indirectly targeting DNA methyltransferase 1," Journal of Dermatological Science, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 61-67, 2013.
64. Y. Tang, X. Luo, H. Cui et al., "MicroRNA-146a contributes to abnormal activation of the type I interferon pathway in human lupus by targeting the key signaling proteins," Arthritis and Rheumatism, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1065-1075, 2009.
65. Y. Hong, J. Wu, J. Zhao et al., "miR-29b and miR-29c are involved in toll-like receptor control of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, article e69926, 2013.
66. W. Pan, S. Zhu, M. Yuan et al., "MicroRNA-21 and microRNA-148a contribute toDNA hypomethylation in lupus CD4+ T cells by directly and indirectly targeting DNA methyltransferase 1," The Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 12, pp. 6773-6781, 2010.
67. Y. Deng, J. Zhao,D. Sakurai et al., "MicroRNA-3148 modulates allelic expression of toll-like receptor 7 variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus," PLoS Genetics, vol. 9, no. 2, Article ID e1003336, 2013.
68. W. Fan, D. Liang, Y. Tang et al., "Identification of microRNA-31 as a novel regulator contributing to impaired interleukin-2 production in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus," Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 3715-3725, 2012.
69. G. Wang, L.-S. Tam, B. C.-H. Kwan et al., "Expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in the urinary sediment of systemic lupus erythematosus," Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 435-440, 2012.
70. N. Hu, X. Qiu, Y. Luo et al., "Abnormal histone modification patterns in lupus CD4+ T cells,"The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 804-810, 2008.
71. M. Mandal, S. E. Powers, M. Maienschein-Cline et al., "Epigenetic repression of the Igk locus by STAT5-mediated recruitment of the histone methyltransferase Ezh2," Nature Immunology, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 1212-1220, 2011.
72. H. Long, W. Huang, H. Yin, S. Zhao, M. Zhao, and Q. Lu, "Abnormal expression pattern of histone demethylases in CD4 + T cells of MRL/lpr lupus-like mice," Lupus, vol. 18, no. 14, pp. 1327-1328, 2009.
73. Q. Zhang, H. long, J. Liao et al., "Inhibited expression of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 associated with loss of jumonji domain containing 3 promoter binding contributes to autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus," Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 180-189, 2011.
74. N. Mishra, C. M. Reilly,D. R. Brown,P. Ruiz, andG. S. Gilkeson, "Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate renal disease in the MRL-lpr/lpr mouse," Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 539-552, 2003.
75. Y. Zhou, X. Qiu, Y. Luo et al., "Histone modifications and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein levels at the TNFSF7 (CD70) promoter in SLE CD4+ T cells," Lupus, vol. 20, no. 13, pp. 1365-1371, 2011.
76. K. M. Pauley, C. M. Stewart, A. E. Gauna et al., "Altered miR-146a expression in Sjögren's syndrome and its functional role in innate immunity," European Journal of Immunology, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 2029-2039, 2011.
77. H. Shi, L.-Y. Zheng, P. Zhang, and C.-Q. Yu, "miR-146a and miR-155 expression in PBMCs from patients with Sjögren's syndrome," Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 792-797, 2014.
78. E. Zilahi, T. Tarr, G. Papp, Z. Griger, S. Sipka, and M. Zeher, "Increased microRNA-146a/b, TRAF6 gene and decreased IRAK1 gene expressions in the peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with Sjögren's syndrome," Immunology Letters, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 165-168, 2012.
79. M. Tandon, A. Gallo, S.-I. Jang, G. G. Illei, and I. Alevizos, "Deep sequencing of short RNAs reveals novel microRNAs in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome," Oral Diseases, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 127-131, 2012.
80. C. Liang, K. Xiong, K. E. Szulwach et al., "Sjögren syndrome antigen B (SSB)/La promotes global microRNA expression by bindingmicroRNAprecursors through stem-loop recognition," Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 288,no. 1, pp. 723-736, 2013.
81. Y. Thabet, C. Le Dantec, I. Ghedira et al., "Epigenetic dysregulation in salivary glands from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome may be ascribed to infiltrating B cells," Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 41, pp. 175-181, 2013.
82. X. Yu, G. Liang, H. Yin et al., "DNA hypermethylation leads to lower FOXP3 expression in CD4+ T cells of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome," Clinical Immunology, vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 254-257, 2013.
83. N. Altorok, P. Coit, T. Hughes et al., "Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in naive cd4+ t cells from patients with primary sjögren's syndrome," Arthritis and Rheumatology, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 731-739, 2014.
84. N.-S. Lai, H.-C. Yu, H.-C. Chen, C.-L. Yu, H.-B. Huang, and M.-C. Lu, "Aberrant expression of microRNAs in T cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis contributes to the immunopathogenesis," Clinical & Experimental Immunology, vol. 173, no. 1, pp. 47-57, 2013.
85. J. Qi, S. Hou, Q. Zhang et al., "A functional variant of premiRNA-196a2 confers risk for Behcet's disease but not for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome orAAUin ankylosing spondylitis," Human Genetics, vol. 132, no. 12, pp. 1395-1404, 2013.
86. Y. Xia, K. Chen, M.-H. Zhang et al., "MicroRNA-124 involves in ankylosing spondylitis by targeting ANTXR2," Modern Rheumatology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 784-789, 2015.
87. Z. Niu, J. Wang, H. Zou, C. Yang, W. Huang, and L. Jin, "Common MIR146A polymorphisms in Chinese ankylosing spondylitis subjects and controls," PLoS ONE, vol. 10, no. 9, Article ID e0137770, 2015.
88. H. Appel, P. Wu, R. Scheer et al., "Synovial and peripheral blood CD4+FoxP3+ T cells in spondyloarthritis," The Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2445-2451, 2011.
89. N.-S. Lai, J.-L. Chou, G. C. W. Chen, S.-Q. Liu, M.-C. Lu, and M. W. Y. Chan, "Association between cytokines and methylation of SOCS-1 in serum of patients with ankylosing spondylitis," Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 3773-3780, 2014.
90. E. Toussirot, W. Abbas, K. A. Khan et al., "Imbalance between HAT and HDAC activities in the PBMCs of patients with ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis and influence of HDAC inhibitors on TNF alpha production," PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, Article ID e70939, 2013.
91. E. Toussirot, D. Wendling, and G. Herbein, "Biological treatments given in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis modify HAT/HDAC (histone acetyltransferase/ histone deacetylase) balance," Joint Bone Spine, vol. 81, no. 6, pp. 544-545, 2014.
92. A. R. Roberts, M. Vecellio, L. Chen et al., "An ankylosing spondylitis-associated genetic variant in the IL23R-IL12RB2 intergenic region modulates enhancer activity and is associated with increasedTh1-cell differentiation," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2016.
93. P. Coit, L. B. De Lott, B. Nan, V. M. Elner, and A. H. Sawalha, "DNA methylation analysis of the temporal artery microenvironment in giant cell arteritis," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 75, no. 6, pp. 1196-1202, 2016.
94. S. Croci, A. Zerbini, L. Boiardi et al., "MicroRNA markers of inflammation and remodelling in temporal arteries from patients with giant cell arteritis," Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1527-1533, 2016.