Treating rheumatological diseases and co-morbidities with interleukin-1 blocking therapies

Rheumatology (United Kingdom)

Volumn 54, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 2134-2144

  Cavalli, Giulio ^a,b   Dinarello, Charles A ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Anakinra; Autoinflammatory syndromes; Canakinumab; Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; IL 1 ; IL 1 ; Interleukin 1; Rheumatoid arthritis

Indexed keywords

CANAKINUMAB; INTERLEUKIN 1; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RILONACEPT;

ADULT ONSET STILL DISEASE; AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE; BEHCET DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; DEMYELINATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; DRY EYE; GOUT; HUMAN; HYPERIMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA D AND PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROME; JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; PERICARDITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SCHNITZLER SYNDROME; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED PERIODIC SYNDROME;

EID: 84983132688     PISSN: 14620324     EISSN: 14620332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev269     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Reddy S, Jia S, Geoffrey R et al. An autoinflammatory disease due to homozygous deletion of the IL1RN locus. New Engl J Med 2009;360:2438-44.
2. Aksentijevich I, Masters SL, Ferguson PJ et al. An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1- receptor antagonist. New Engl J Med 2009;360:2426-37.
3. Dinarello CA. Interleukin- 1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood 2011;117:3720-32.
4. Berda-Haddad Y, Robert S, Salers P et al. Sterile inflammation of endothelial cell-derived apoptotic bodies is mediated by interleukin-1a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:20684-9.
5. Rider P, Carmi Y, Guttman O et al. IL-1a and IL-1b recruit different myeloid cells and promote different stages of sterile inflammation. J Immunol 2011;187:4835-43.
6. Cohen I, Rider P, Carmi Y et al. Differential release of chromatin-bound IL-1a discriminates between necrotic and apoptotic cell death by the ability to induce sterile inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:2574-9.
7. Beyer C, Pisetsky DS. The role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;6:21-9.
8. Dinarello CA, Ikejima T, Warner SJ et al. Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. I. Induction of circulating interleukin 1 in rabbits in vivo and in human mononuclear cells in vitro. J Immunol 1987;139:1902-10.
9. Martinon F, Mayor A, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes: guardians of the body. Annu Rev Immunol 2009;27:229-65.
10. Hoffman HM, Wanderer AA. Inflammasome and IL-1betamediated disorders. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2011;10:229-35.
11. Gattorno M, Tassi S, Carta S et al. Pattern of interleukin-1b secretion in response to lipopolysaccharide and ATP before and after interleukin- 1 blockade in patients with CIAS 1 mutations. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3138-48.
12. Goldbach-Mansky R, Dailey NJ, Canna SW et al. Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease responsive to interleukin-1b inhibition. New Engl J Med 2006;355:581-92.
13. Pascual V, Allantaz F, Arce E, Punaro M, Banchereau J. Role of interleukin- 1 (IL-1) in the pathogenesis of systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and clinical response to IL- 1 blockade. J Exp Med 2005;201:1479-86.
14. Dinarello CA. Anti-inflammatory agents: present and future. Cell 2010;140:935-50.
15. Dinarello CA. How interleukin-1b induces gouty arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3140-4.
16. Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:98-107.
17. Lachmann HJ, Lowe P, Felix SD et al. In vivo regulation of interleukin 1b in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. J Exp Med 2009;206:1029-36.
18. Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. J Rheumatol 2009;36:1118-25.
19. Bresnihan B, Newmark R, Robbins S, Genant HK. Effects of anakinra monotherapy on joint damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Extension of a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Rheumatol 2004;31:1103-11.
20. Thaler K, Chandiramani DV, Hansen RA, Gartlehner G. Efficacy and safety of anakinra for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an update of the Oregon Drug Effectiveness Review Project. Biologics 2009;3:485-98.
21. Singh JA, Christensen R, Wells GA et al. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Sao Paulo Med J 2010;128:309-10.
22. Botsios C, Sfriso P, Furlan A et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human IL- 1 receptor antagonist, in clinical practice. Outcome in 60 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 2007;59:32-7.
23. Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I et al. A multicenter, doubleblind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:1001-9.
24. Genant HK, Bresnihan B, Ng E et al. Treatment with anakinra reduces the rate of joint destruction and shows accelerated benefit in the second 6 months of treatment for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheumat Dis 2001; 40 (Suppl 1): 169 (abstract).
25. Miller DM, Ng E, Schiff MH, Cohen SB, Bresnihan B. Durability and rapidity of response for rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving therapy with anakinra. Ann Rheumat Dis 2001;60(Suppl 1): 171 (abstract).
26. Alten R, Gomez-Reino J, Durez P et al. Efficacy and safety of the human anti-IL-1b monoclonal antibody canakinumab in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a 12-week, phase II, dose-finding study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011;12:153.
27. Primdahl J, Clausen J, Horslev-Petersen K. Results from systematic screening for cardiovascular risk in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis in accordance with the EULAR recommendations. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1771-6.
28. Dinarello CA, Simon A, van der Meer JW. Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin- 1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012;11:633-52.
29. Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ et al. NLRP 3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 2010;464:1357-61.
30. Kamari Y, Werman-Venkert R, Shaish A et al. Differential role and tissue specificity of interleukin-1a gene expression in atherogenesis and lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:31-8.
31. Pomerantz BJ, Reznikov LL, Harken AH, Dinarello CA. Inhibition of caspase 1 reduces human myocardial ischemic dysfunction via inhibition of IL- 18 and IL-1b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2871-6.
32. Abbate A, Van Tassell BW, Biondi-Zoccai GG. Blocking interleukin- 1 as a novel therapeutic strategy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. BioDrugs 2012;26:217-33.
33. Abbate A, Van Tassell BW, Biondi-Zoccai G et al. Effects of interleukin- 1 blockade with anakinra on adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure after acute myocardial infarction [from the Virginia Commonwealth University- Anakinra Remodeling Trial (2) (VCU-ART2) pilot study]. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:1394-400.
34. Abbate A, Van Tassell BW, Seropian IM et al. Interleukin- 1b modulation using a genetically engineered antibody prevents adverse cardiac remodelling following acute myocardial infarction in the mouse. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:319-22.
35. Cain BS, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA et al. Tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1b synergistically depress human myocardial function. Crit Care Med 1999;27:1309-18.
36. Van Tassell BW, Arena RA, Toldo S et al. Enhanced interleukin- 1 activity contributes to exercise intolerance in patients with systolic heart failure. PLoS One 2012;7:e33438.
37. Ikonomidis I, Tzortzis S, Lekakis J et al. Lowering interleukin-1 activity with anakinra improves myocardial deformation in rheumatoid arthritis. Heart 2009;95:1502-7.
38. Ikonomidis I, Lekakis JP, Nikolaou M et al. Inhibition of interleukin- 1 by anakinra improves vascular and left ventricular function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation 2008;117:2662-9.
39. Van Tassell BW, Arena R, Biondi-Zoccai G et al. Effects of interleukin- 1 blockade with anakinra on aerobic exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (from the D-HART Pilot Study). Am J Cardiol 2014;113:321-7.
40. Kelly C, Hamilton J. What kills patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology 2007;46:183-4
41. van Asseldonk EJ, Stienstra R, Koenen TB et al. Treatment with anakinra improves disposition index but not insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:2119-26.
42. Maedler K, Sergeev P, Ris F et al. Glucose-induced b cell production of IL-1b contributes to glucotoxicity in human pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 2002;110:851-60.
43. Masters SL, Dunne A, Subramanian SL et al. Activation of the NLRP 3 inflammasome by islet amyloid polypeptide provides a mechanism for enhanced IL-1b in type 2 diabetes. Nat Immunol 2010;11:897-904.
44. Larsen CM, Faulenbach M, Vaag A et al. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 2007;356:1517-26.
45. Larsen CM, Faulenbach M, Vaag A et al. Sustained effects of interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist treatment in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1663-8.
46. Cavelti-Weder C, Babians-Brunner A, Keller C et al. Effects of gevokizumab on glycemia and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1654-62.
47. Rissanen A, Howard CP, Botha J, Thuren T. Effect of anti- IL-1b antibody (canakinumab) on insulin secretion rates in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, pacebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:1088-96.
48. Sloan-Lancaster J, Abu-Raddad E, Polzer J et al. Doubleblind, randomized study evaluating the glycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of subcutaneous LY2189102, a neutralizing IL-1b antibody, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2239-46.
49. Stienstra R, Joosten LA, Koenen T et al. The inflammasome- mediated caspase- 1 activation controls adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 2011;12:593-605.
50. Joosten LA, Netea MG, Mylona E et al. Engagement of fatty acids with Toll-like receptor 2 drives interleukin-1b production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced gouty arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3237-48.
51. Joosten LA, Netea MG, Fantuzzi G et al. Inflammatory arthritis in caspase 1 gene-deficient mice: contribution of proteinase 3 to caspase 1-independent production of bioactive interleukin-1b. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:3651-62.
52. McGonagle D, Tan AL, Shankaranarayana S et al. Management of treatment resistant inflammation of acute on chronic tophaceous gout with anakinra. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1683-4.
53. So A, De Meulemeester M, Pikhlak A et al. Canakinumab for the treatment of acute flares in difficult-to-treat gouty arthritis: results of a multicenter, phase II, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:3064-76.
54. Terkeltaub R, Sundy JS, Schumacher HR et al. The interleukin 1 inhibitor rilonacept in treatment of chronic gouty arthritis: results of a placebo-controlled, monosequence crossover, non-randomised, single-blind pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1613-7.
55. Schlesinger N, De Meulemeester M, Pikhlak A et al. Canakinumab relieves symptoms of acute flares and improves health-related quality of life in patients with difficult- to-treat Gouty Arthritis by suppressing inflammation: results of a randomized, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;13:R53.
56. Schlesinger N, Mysler E, Lin HY et al. Canakinumab reduces the risk of acute gouty arthritis flares during initiation of allopurinol treatment: results of a double-blind, randomised study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1264-71.
57. Schumacher HR Jr, Evans RR, Saag KG et al. Rilonacept (interleukin- 1 trap) for prevention of gout flares during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: results from a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, confirmatory efficacy study. Arthritis Care Res 2012;64:1462-70.
58. Terkeltaub RA, Schumacher HR, Carter JD et al. Rilonacept in the treatment of acute gouty arthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial using indomethacin as the active comparator. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R25.
59. Announ N, Palmer G, Guerne PA, Gabay C. Anakinra is a possible alternative in the treatment and prevention of acute attacks of pseudogout in end-stage renal failure. Joint Bone Spine 2009;76:424-6.
60. McGonagle D, Tan AL, Madden J, Emery P, McDermott MF. Successful treatment of resistant pseudogout with anakinra. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:631-3.
61. Zufferey P, So A. A pilot study of IL- 1 inhibition in acute calcific periarthritis of the shoulder. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:465-7.
62. Chevalier X, Giraudeau B, Conrozier T et al. Safety study of intraarticular injection of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis: a multicenter study. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1317-23.
63. Chevalier X, Goupille P, Beaulieu AD et al. Intraarticular injection of anakinra in osteoarthritis of the knee: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61: 344-52.
64. Bacconnier L, Jorgensen C, Fabre S. Erosive osteoarthritis of the hand: clinical experience with anakinra. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1078-9.
65. Cohen SB, Proudman S, Kivitz AJ et al. A randomized, double-blind study of AMG 108 (a fully human monoclonal antibody to IL 1R1) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:R125.
66. Chae JJ, Wood G, Masters SL et al. The B30. 2 domain of pyrin, the familial Mediterranean fever protein, interacts directly with caspase- 1 to modulate IL-1b production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:9982-7.
67. Stankovic Stojanovic K, Delmas Y, Torres PU et al. Dramatic beneficial effect of interleukin- 1 inhibitor treatment in patients with familial Mediterranean fever complicated with amyloidosis and renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:1898-901.
68. Ozen S, Bilginer Y, Ayaz NA, Calguneri M. Anti-interleukin 1 treatment for patients with familial Mediterranean fever resistant to colchicine. J Rheumatol 2011;38:516-8.
69. Moser C, Pohl G, Haslinger I et al. Successful treatment of familial Mediterranean fever with anakinra and outcome after renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:676-8.
70. Meinzer U, Quartier P, Alexandra JF et al. Interleukin-1 targeting drugs in familial Mediterranean fever: a case series and a review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011;41:265-71.
71. Ait-Abdesselam T, Lequerre T, Legallicier B et al. Anakinra efficacy in a Caucasian patient with renal AA amyloidosis secondary to cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2011;77:616-7.
72. Bilginer Y, Ayaz NA, Ozen S. Anti-IL- 1 treatment for secondary amyloidosis in an adolescent with FMF and Behcet's disease. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29:209-10.
73. Thornton BD, Hoffman HM, Bhat A, Don BR. Successful treatment of renal amyloidosis due to familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome using an interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:477-81.
74. Tan ZS, Beiser AS, Vasan RS et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Study. Neurology 2007;68:1902-8.
75. Stoffels M, Simon A. Hyper-IgD syndrome or mevalonate kinase deficiency. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011;23:419-23.
76. Bodar EJ, Kuijk LM, Drenth JP et al. On-demand anakinra treatment is effective in mevalonate kinase deficiency. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:2155-8.
77. Rosengren S, Mueller JL, Anderson JP et al. Monocytes from familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome patients are activated by mild hypothermia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:991-6.
78. Agostini L, Martinon F, Burns K et al. NALP 3 forms an IL- 1b-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells auto-inflammatory disorder. Immunity 2004;20:319-25.
79. Hoffman HM, Throne ML, Amar NJ et al. Efficacy and safety of rilonacept (interleukin- 1 trap) in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: results from two sequential placebo-controlled studies. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:2443-52.
80. Lachmann HJ, Kone-Paut I, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB et al. Use of canakinumab in the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. New Engl J Med 2009;360:2416-25.
81. Kone-Paut I, Lachmann HJ, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB et al. Sustained remission of symptoms and improved health-related quality of life in patients with cryopyrinassociated periodic syndrome treated with canakinumab: results of a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized withdrawal study. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:R202.
82. Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Hachulla E, Cartwright R et al. Two-year results from an open-label, multicentre, phase III study evaluating the safety and efficacy of canakinumab in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome across different severity phenotypes. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:2095-102.
83. Kitley JL, Lachmann HJ, Pinto A, Ginsberg L. Neurologic manifestations of the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. Neurology 2010;74:1267-70.
84. Goldbach-Mansky R. Current status of understanding the pathogenesis and management of patients with NOMID/ CINCA. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011;13:123-31.
85. Lepore L, Paloni G, Caorsi R et al. Follow-up and quality of life of patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes treated with Anakinra. J Pediatr 2011;157:310-5.e1.
86. Neven B, Marvillet I, Terrada C et al. Long-term efficacy of the interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist anakinra in ten patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease/chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2011;62:258-67.
87. Pathak S, Goldofsky E, Vivas EX, Bonagura VR, Vambutas A. IL-1b is overexpressed and aberrantly regulated in corticosteroid nonresponders with autoimmune inner ear disease. J Immunol 2011;186:1870-9.
88. Vambutas A, Lesser M, Mullooly V et al. Early efficacy trial of anakinra in corticosteroid-resistant autoimmune inner ear disease. J Clin Invest 2014;124:4115-22.
89. McDermott MF, Aksentijevich I, Galon J et al. Germline mutations in the extracellular domains of the 55 kDa TNF receptor, TNFR1, define a family of dominantly inherited autoinflammatory syndromes. Cell 1999;97:133-44.
90. Galon J, Aksentijevich I, McDermott MF, O'Shea JJ, Kastner DL. TNFRSF1A mutations and autoinflammatory syndromes. Curr Opin Immunol 2000;12:479-86.
91. Hull KM, Drewe E, Aksentijevich I et al. The TNF receptorassociated periodic syndrome (TRAPS): emerging concepts of an autoinflammatory disorder. Medicine 2002;81:349-68.
92. Bulua AC, Mogul DB, Aksentijevich I et al. Efficacy of etanercept in the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome: a prospective, open-label, dose-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:908-13.
93. Gattorno M, Pelagatti MA, Meini A et al. Persistent efficacy of anakinra in patients with tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated periodic syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1516-20.
94. Simon A, Bodar EJ, van der Hilst JCH et al. Beneficial response to interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist in TRAPS. Am J Med 2004;117:208-10.
95. Sacre K, Brihaye B, Lidove O et al. Dramatic improvement following interleukin 1b blockade in tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-associated syndrome (TRAPS) resistant to anti-TNF-a therapy. J Rheumatol 2008;35:357-8.
96. Franchini S, Dagna L, Salvo F et al. Efficacy of traditional and biologic agents in different clinical phenotypes of adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:2530-5.
97. Naumann L, Feist E, Natusch A et al. IL1-receptor antagonist anakinra provides long-lasting efficacy in the treatment of refractory adult-onset Still's disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:466-7.
98. Fitzgerald AA, Leclercq SA, Yan A, Homik JE, Dinarello CA. Rapid responses to anakinra in patients with refractory adult-onset Still's disease. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1794-803.
99. Cavalli G, Franchini S, Aiello P et al. Efficacy and safety of biological agents in adult-onset Still's disease. Scand J Rheumatol 2015 Feb 6 [Epub ahead of print].
100. Quartier P, Allantaz F, Cimaz R et al. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with the interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist anakinra in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ANAJIS trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:747-54.
101. Gattorno M, Piccini A, Lasiglie D et al. The pattern of response to anti-interleukin- 1 treatment distinguishes two subsets of patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:1505-15.
102. Ruperto N, Quartier P, Wulffraat N et al. Evaluation of safety and preliminary efficacy of canakinumab in children with systemic onset juvenile idiopathic artritis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(Suppl 10):2055.
103. Ruperto N, Quartier P, Wulffraat N et al. A phase II, multicenter, open-label study evaluating dosing and preliminary safety and efficacy of canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis with active systemic features. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:557-67.
104. Vastert SJ, de Jager W, Noordman BJ et al. Effectiveness of first-line treatment with recombinant interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist in steroid-naive patients with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:1034-43.
105. Ryan JG, de Koning HD, Beck LA et al. IL- 1 blockade in Schnitzler syndrome: ex vivo findings correlate with clinical remission. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121:260-2.
106. Neel A, Henry B, Barbarot S et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) in Schnitzler's syndrome: a French multicenter study. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:1035-41.
107. de Koning HD, Schalkwijk J, van der Ven-Jongekrijg J et al. Sustained efficacy of the monoclonal antiinterleukin- 1b antibody canakinumab in a 9-month trial in Schnitzler's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1634-8.
108. Cantarini L, Vitale A, Scalini P et al. Anakinra treatment in drug-resistant Behcet's disease: a case series. Clin Rheumatol 2015;34:1293-301.
109. Cantarini L, Lopalco G, Caso F et al. Effectiveness and tuberculosis-related safety profile of interleukin-1 blocking agents in the management of Behçet's disease. Autoimmun Rev 2015;14:1-9.
110. Gül A, Tugal-Tutkun I, Dinarello CA et al. Interleukin-1bregulating antibody XOMA 052 (gevokizumab) in the treatment of acute exacerbations of resistant uveitis of Behcet's disease: an open-label pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:563-6.
111. Amparo F, Dastjerdi MH, Okanobo A et al. Topical interleukin 1 receptor antagonist for treatment of dry eye disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013;131:715-23.
112. Hernández-Rodríguez J, Segarra M, Vilardell C et al. Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, TNFa and IL-6) correlates with the intensity of the systemic inflammatory response and with corticosteroid requirements in giant-cell arteritis. Rheumatology 2004;43:294-301.
113. Ly KH, Stirnemann J, Liozon E, Michel M, Fain O, Fauchais AL. Interleukin- 1 blockade in refractory giant cell arteritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:76-8.
114. Botsios C, Sfriso P, Punzi L, Todesco S. Non-complementaemic urticarial vasculitis: successful treatment with the IL- 1 receptor antagonist, anakinra. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:236-7.
115. Krause K, Mahamed A, Weller K et al. Efficacy and safety of canakinumab in urticarial vasculitis: an open-label study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:751-4.e5.
116. Lee Y, Schulte DJ, Shimada K et al. Interleukin-1b is crucial for the induction of coronary artery inflammation in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease. Circulation 2012;125:1542-50.
117. Cohen S, Tacke CE, Straver B et al. A child with severe relapsing Kawasaki disease rescued by IL- 1 receptor blockade and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:2059-61.
118. Aukrust P, Frøland SS, Liabakk NB et al. Release of cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist after intravenous immunoglobulin administration in vivo. Blood 1994;84:2136-43.
119. Rajasekaran S, Kruse K, Kovey K et al. Therapeutic role of anakinra, an interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist, in the management of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/ sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction/macrophage activating syndrome in critically ill children*. Pediatric Crit Care Med 2014;15:401-8.
120. Kelly A, Ramanan AV. A case of macrophage activation syndrome successfully treated with anakinra. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4:615-20.
121. Miettunen PM, Narendran A, Jayanthan A, Behrens EM, Cron RQ. Successful treatment of severe paediatric rheumatic disease-associated macrophage activation syndrome with interleukin- 1 inhibition following conventional immunosuppressive therapy: case series with 12 patients. Rheumatology 2012;50:417-9.
122. Verbsky JW, White AJ. Effective use of the recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist anakinra in therapy resistant systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:2071-5.
123. Canna SW, de Jesus AA, Gouni S et al. An activating NLRC 4 inflammasome mutation causes autoinflammation with recurrent macrophage activation syndrome. Nat Genet 2014;46:1140-6.
124. Cantarini L, Lucherini OM, Cimaz R, Galeazzi M. Recurrent pericarditis caused by a rare mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene and with excellent response to anakinra treatment. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2010;28:802.
125. Picco P, Brisca G, Traverso F et al. Successful treatment of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children with interleukin- 1b receptor antagonist (anakinra): an unrecognized autoinflammatory disease? Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:264-8
126. Scott IC, Vijay Hajela V, Hawkins PN, Lachmann HJ. A case series and systematic literature review of anakinra and immunosuppression in idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. J Cardiol Cases 2011;4:e93-7.
127. Diamond EL, Dagna L, Hyman DM et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management of Erdheim-Chester disease. Blood 2014;124:483-92.
128. Cangi MG, Biavasco R, Cavalli G et al. BRAFV600E-mutation is invariably present and associated to oncogeneinduced senescence in Erdheim-Chester disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:1596-602.
129. Cavalli G, Guglielmi B, Berti A et al. The multifaceted clinical presentations and manifestations of Erdheim- Chester disease: comprehensive review of the literature and of 10 new cases. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1691-5.
130. Killu AM, Liang JJ, Jaffe AS. Erdheim-Chester disease with cardiac involvement successfully treated with anakinra. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:e115-7.
131. Courcoul A, Vignot E, Chapurlat R. Successful treatment of Erdheim-Chester disease by interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist protein. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:175-7.
132. Tran TA, Pariente D, Lecron JC et al. Treatment of pediatric Erdheim-Chester disease with interleukin-1- targeting drugs. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:4031-2.
133. Aouba A, Georgin-Lavialle S, Pagnoux C et al. Rationale and efficacy of interleukin- 1 targeting in Erdheim- Chester disease. Blood 2010;116:4070-6.
134. Tilg H, Mier JW, Vogel W et al. Induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist by IFN treatment. J Immunol 1993;150:4687-92.
135. Guarda G, Braun M, Staehli F et al. Type I interferon inhibits interleukin- 1 production and inflammasome activation. Immunity 2011;34:213-23.
136. Cavalli G, Biavasco R, Borgiani B, Dagna L. Oncogeneinduced senescence as a new mechanism of disease: the paradigm of Erdheim-Chester disease. Front Immunol 2014;5:281.
137. Chung HY, Cesari M, Anton S et al. Molecular inflammation: underpinnings of aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2009;8:18-30.
138. Mohan VP, Scanga CA, Yu K et al. Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha on host immune response in chronic persistent tuberculosis: possible role for limiting pathology. Infect Immun 2001;69:1847-55.
139. Bernatsky S, Renoux C, Suissa S. Demyelinating events in rheumatoid arthritis after drug exposures. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1691-3.
140. Burger D, Molnarfi N, Weber MS et al. Glatiramer acetate increases IL- 1 receptor antagonist but decreases T cellinduced IL-1b in human monocytes and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:4355-9.
141. Solovic I, Sester M, Gomez-Reino JJ et al. The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: a TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J 2011;36:1185-206.
142. Fleischmann RM, Tesser J, Schiff MH et al. Safety of extended treatment with anakinra in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1006-12.
143. Fleischmann RM, Schechtman J, Bennett R et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a large, international, multicenter, placebocontrolled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:927-34.
144. Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:2196-204.
145. Settas LD, Tsimirikas G, Vosvotekas G, Triantafyllidou E, Nicolaides P. Reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment with IL-1 receptor antagonists (anakinra). J Clin Rheumatol 2007;13:219-20.
146. Opal SM, Fisher CJJ, Dhainaut JF et al. Confirmatory interleukin- 1 receptor antagonist trial in severe sepsis: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 1997;25:1115-24.
147. Hennig S, Bayegan K, Uffmann M, Thalhammer F, Winkler S. Pneumonia in a patient with familial Mediterranean fever successfully treated with anakinra- case report and review. Rheumatol Int 2012;32:1801-4.
148. van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, Dinarello CA, van der Meer JW. Anakinra for the inflammatory complications of chronic granulomatous disease. Neth J Med 2011;69:95.
149. Dinarello CA. Biological basis for interleukin- 1 in disease. Blood 1996;87:2095-147.
150. Ogilvie AC, Hack CE, Wagstaff J et al. IL- 1 beta does not cause neutrophil degranulation but does lead to IL-6, IL-8, and nitrite/nitrate release when used in patients with cancer. J Immunol 1996;156:389-94.