Modeling kidney disease with iPS cells

Biomarker Insights

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages 153-169

  Freedman, Benjamin S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ADPKD; Alport syn drome; ARPKD; Cell therapy; Cilia; CRISPR; Diabetes insipidus; Diabetes mellitus; ESC; Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; Genome editing; In vitro clinical trials; KIM 1; Lupus nephritis; Macular degeneration; Organ replacement; Podocalyxin; Podocyte; Proximal tubule; Regeneration; Transcriptome; Wolfram syndrome

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FATE; CELL LINEAGE; CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEAT; DISEASE MODEL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; FOCAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RNA EDITING; STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL;

EID: 84981722718     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11772719     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4137/BMI.S20054     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. Nov 6 1998;282(5391):1145-7.
2. Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. Nov 30 2007;131(5):861-72.
3. Bock C, Kiskinis E, Verstappen G, et al. Reference Maps of human ES and iPS cell variation enable high-throughput characterization of pluripotent cell lines. Cell. Feb 4 2011;144(3):439-52.
4. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. Aug 25 2006;126(4):663-76.
5. Park IH, Zhao R, West JA, et al. Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors. Nature. Jan 10 2008;451(7175):141-6.
6. Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. Dec 21 2007;318(5858):1917-20.
7. Hanna J, Saha K, Pando B, et al. Direct cell reprogramming is a stochastic process amenable to acceleration. Nature. Dec 3 2009;462(7273):595-601.
8. Guha P, Morgan JW, Mostoslavsky G, Rodrigues NP, Boyd AS. Lack of immune response to differentiated cells derived from syngeneic induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. Apr 4 2013;12(4):407-12.
9. Araki R, Uda M, Hoki Y, et al. Negligible immunogenicity of terminally differentiated cells derived from induced pluripotent or embryonic stem cells. Nature. Feb 7 2013;494(7435):100-4.
10. Chong JJ, Yang X, Don CW, et al. Human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts. Nature. Jun 12 2014;510(7504):273-7.
11. Takebe T, Sekine K, Enomura M, et al. Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature. Jul 25 2013;499(7459):481-4.
12. Kroon E, Martinson LA, Kadoya K, et al. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Nature biotechnology. Apr 2008;26(4):443-52.
13. Rao M. iPSC crowdsourcing: a model for obtaining large panels of stem cell lines for screening. Cell Stem Cell. Oct 3 2013;13(4):389-91.
14. Grskovic M, Javaherian A, Strulovici B, Daley GQ. Induced pluripotent stem cells-opportunities for disease modelling and drug discovery. Nature reviews. Drug discovery. Dec 2011;10(12):915-29.
15. Park IH, Arora N, Huo H, et al. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. Sep 5 2008;134(5):877-86.
16. Boland MJ, Hazen JL, Nazor KL, et al. Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. Sep 3 2009;461(7260):91-4.
17. Zhao XY, Li W, Lv Z, et al. iPS cells produce viable mice through tetraploid complementation. Nature. Sep 3 2009;461(7260):86-90.
18. Taguchi A, Kaku Y, Ohmori T, et al. Redefining the in vivo origin of metanephric nephron progenitors enables generation of complex kidney structures from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. Jan 2 2014;14(1):53-67.
19. Takasato M, Er PX, Chiu HS, et al. Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis. Nature. Oct 22 2015;526(7574):564-8.
20. Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, et al. Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids. Nature communications. Oct 23 2015;6:8715:1-13, doi: 10.1038/ncomms9715.
21. Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV. Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury. Nature biotechnology. Nov 2015;33(11):1193-200.
22. Faa G, Gerosa C, Fanni D, et al. Marked interindividual variability in renal maturation of preterm infants: lessons from autopsy. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine: the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet. Oct 2010;23 Suppl 3:129-33.
23. Hartman HA, Lai HL, Patterson LT. Cessation of renal morphogenesis in mice. Dev Biol. Oct 15 2007;310(2):379-87.
24. Humphreys BD, Valerius MT, Kobayashi A, et al. Intrinsic epithelial cells repair the kidney after injury. Cell Stem Cell. Mar 6 2008;2(3):284-91.
25. Rinkevich Y, Montoro DT, Contreras-Trujillo H, et al. In vivo clonal analysis reveals lineage-restricted progenitor characteristics in mammalian kidney development, maintenance, and regeneration. Cell reports. May 22 2014;7(4):1270-83.
26. Barak H, Huh SH, Chen S, et al. FGF9 and FGF20 maintain the stemness of nephron progenitors in mice and man. Dev Cell. Jun 12 2012;22(6):1191-207.
27. Harari-Steinberg O, Metsuyanim S, Omer D, et al. Identification of human nephron progenitors capable of generation of kidney structures and functional repair of chronic renal disease. EMBO molecular medicine. Oct 2013;5(10):1556-8.
28. Saha K, Jaenisch R. Technical challenges in using human induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease. Cell Stem Cell. Dec 4 2009;5(6):584-95.
29. The polycystic kidney disease 1 gene encodes a 14 kb transcript and lies within a duplicated region on chromosome 16. The European Polycystic Kidney Disease Consortium. Cell. Aug 26 1994;78(4):725.
30. Mochizuki T, Wu G, Hayashi T, et al. PKD2, a gene for polycystic kidney disease that encodes an integral membrane protein. Science. May 31 1996;272(5266):1339-42.
31. Lu W, Fan X, Basora N, et al. Late onset of renal and hepatic cysts in Pkd1-targeted heterozygotes. Nat Genet. Feb 1999;21(2):160-1.
32. Wu G, Tian X, Nishimura S, et al. Trans-heterozygous Pkd1 and Pkd2 mutations modify expression of polycystic kidney disease. Hum Mol Genet. Aug 1 2002;11(16):1845-54.
33. Yang YM, Gupta SK, Kim KJ, et al. A small molecule screen in stem-cell-derived motor neurons identifies a kinase inhibitor as a candidate therapeutic for ALS. Cell Stem Cell. Jun 6 2013;12(6):713-26.
34. McClellan J, King MC. Genetic heterogeneity in human disease. Cell. Apr 16 2010;141(2):210-217.
35. Freedman BS, Lam AQ, Sundsbak JL, et al. Reduced ciliary polycystin-2 in induced pluripotent stem cells from polycystic kidney disease patients with PKD1 mutations. J Am Soc Nephrol. Oct 2013;24(10):1571-86.
36. Thatava T, Armstrong AS, De Lamo JG, et al. Successful disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell generation from patients with kidney transplantation. Stem cell research & therapy. 2011;2(6):48.
37. Xia Y, Nivet E, Sancho-Martinez I, et al. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells to ureteric bud kidney progenitor-like cells. Nat Cell Biol. Dec 2013;15(12):1507-15.
38. Chen Y, Luo R, Xu Y, et al. Generation of systemic lupus erythematosus-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from urine. Rheumatology international. Aug 2013;33(8):2127-34.
39. Tropel P, Tournois J, Come J, et al. High-efficiency derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines following pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. Apr 2010;46(3-4):376-85.
40. Teo AK, Windmueller R, Johansson BB, et al. Derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young. J Biol Chem. Feb 22 2013;288(8):5353-6.
41. Shang L, Hua H, Foo K, et al. beta-cell dysfunction due to increased ER stress in a stem cell model of Wolfram syndrome. Diabetes. Mar 2014;63(3):923-33.
42. Lu S, Kanekura K, Hara T, et al. A calcium-dependent protease as a potential therapeutic target for Wolfram syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec 9 2014;111(49):E5292-5301.
43. Chen WB, Huang JR, Yu XQ, Lin XC, Dai Y. Identification of microRNAs and their target genes in Alport syndrome using deep sequencing of iPSCs samples. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B. Mar 2015;16(3):235-50.
44. Nauli SM, Rossetti S, Kolb RJ, et al. Loss of polycystin-1 in human cyst-lining epithelia leads to ciliary dysfunction. J Am Soc Nephrol. Apr 2006;17(4):1015-1025.
45. Xu C, Rossetti S, Jiang L, et al. Human ADPKD primary cyst epithelial cells with a novel, single codon deletion in the PKD1 gene exhibit defective ciliary polycystin localization and loss of flow-induced Ca2+ signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. Mar 2007;292(3):F930-945.
46. Kiprilov EN, Awan A, Desprat R, et al. Human embryonic stem cells in culture possess primary cilia with hedgehog signaling machinery. J Cell Biol. Mar 10 2008;180(5):897-904.
47. Kim H, Xu H, Yao Q, et al. Ciliary membrane proteins traffic through the Golgi via a Rabep1/GGA1/Arl3-dependent mechanism. Nature communications. 2014;5:5482.
48. Gainullin VG, Hopp K, Ward CJ, Hommerding CJ, Harris PC. Polycystin-1 maturation requires polycystin-2 in a dose-dependent manner. J Clin Invest. Jan 9 2015.
49. Geng L, Okuhara D, Yu Z, et al. Polycystin-2 traffics to cilia independently of polycystin-1 by using an N-terminal RVxP motif. J Cell Sci. Apr 1 2006;119(Pt 7):1383-95.
50. Proulx-Bonneau S, Annabi B. The primary cilium as a biomarker in the hypoxic adaptation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: a role for the secreted frizzled-related proteins. Biomarker insights. 2011;6:107-18.
51. Rossetti S, Consugar MB, Chapman AB, et al. Comprehensive molecular diagnostics in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2007;18(7):2143-60.
52. Maehr R, Chen S, Snitow M, et al. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from patients with type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Sep 15 2009;106(37):15768-73.
53. Ohmine S, Squillace KA, Hartjes KA, et al. Reprogrammed keratinocytes from elderly type 2 diabetes patients suppress senescence genes to acquire induced pluripotency. Aging. Jan 2012;4(1):60-73.
54. Kudva YC, Ohmine S, Greder LV, et al. Transgene-free disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Stem cells translational medicine. Jun 2012;1(6):451-61.
55. Hua H, Shang L, Martinez H, et al. iPSC-derived beta cells model diabetes due to glucokinase deficiency. J Clin Invest. Jul 2013;123(7):3146-53.
56. Thompson CJ, Charlton J, Walford S, et al. Vasopressin secretion in the DIDMOAD (Wolfram) syndrome. The Quarterly journal of medicine. Apr 1989;71(264):333-45.
57. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. Mar 2001;69(3):89-95.
58. Lin Z, Will Y. Evaluation of drugs with specific organ toxicities in organ-specific cell lines. Toxicol Sci. Mar 2012;126(1):114-27.
59. Andersson H, Steel D, Asp J, et al. Assaying cardiac biomarkers for toxicity testing using biosensing and cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Journal of biotechnology. Oct 1 2010;150(1):175-81.
60. Carlson C, Koonce C, Aoyama N, et al. Phenotypic screening with human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes: HTS-compatible assays for interrogating cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of biomolecular screening. Dec 2013;18(10):1203-11.
61. Whitemarsh RC, Strathman MJ, Chase LG, et al. Novel application of human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for highly sensitive botulinum neurotoxin detection. Toxicological sciences: an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. Apr 2012;126(2):426-35.
62. Kondo T, Asai M, Tsukita K, et al. Modeling Alzheimer’s disease with iPSCs reveals stress phenotypes associated with intracellular Abeta and differential drug responsiveness. Cell stem cell. Apr 4 2013;12(4):487-96.
63. Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Bailly V, et al. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury. J Biol Chem. Feb 13 1998;273(7):4135-42.
64. Ichimura T, Asseldonk EJ, Humphreys BD, Gunaratnam L, Duffield JS, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest. May 2008;118(5):1657-68.
65. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet. Apr 2-8 2005;365(9466):1231-8.
66. Paragas N, Nickolas TL, Wyatt C, et al. Urinary NGAL marks cystic disease in HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. Aug 2009;20(8):1687-92.
67. Somers EB, O’Shannessy DJ. Folate receptor alpha, mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor as potential serum markers of chronic kidney disease. Biomarker insights. 2014;9:29-37.
68. Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Morizane R, Lerou PH, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV. Rapid and efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intermediate mesoderm that forms tubules expressing kidney proximal tubular markers. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jun 2014;25(6):1211-25.
69. Takasato M, Er PX, Becroft M, et al. Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards a renal lineage generates a self-organizing kidney. Nat Cell Biol. Jan 2014;16(1):118-26.
70. Mae S, Shono A, Shiota F, et al. Monitoring and robust induction of nephrogenic intermediate mesoderm from human pluripotent stem cells. Nature communications. 2013;4:1367.
71. Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Bonventre JV. Directed Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Kidney Cells. Seminars in nephrology. Jul 2014;34(4):445-61.
72. Shamir ER, Ewald AJ. Three-dimensional organotypic culture: experimental models of mammalian biology and disease. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology. Oct 2014;15(10):647-64.
73. Boletta A, Qian F, Onuchic LF, et al. Polycystin-1, the gene product of PKD1, induces resistance to apoptosis and spontaneous tubulogenesis in MDCK cells. Molecular cell. Nov 2000;6(5):1267-73.
74. Carone FA, Nakamura S, Bacallao R, Nelson WJ, Khokha M, Kanwar YS. Impaired tubulogenesis of cyst-derived cells from autosomal dominant polycystic kidneys. Kidney international. Mar 1995;47(3):861-68.
75. Wilson PD, Schrier RW, Breckon RD, Gabow PA. A new method for studying human polycystic kidney disease epithelia in culture. Kidney international. Sep 1986;30(3):371-8.
76. Saleem MA, O’Hare MJ, Reiser J, et al. A conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line demonstrating nephrin and podocin expression. J Am Soc Nephrol. Mar 2002;13(3):630-8.
77. Barua M, Shieh E, Schlondorff J, Genovese G, Kaplan BS, Pollak MR. Exome sequencing and in vitro studies identified podocalyxin as a candidate gene for focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney international. Jan 2014;85(1):124-33.
78. Kavoura E, Gakiopoulou H, Paraskevakou H, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of podocalyxin expression in glomerulopathies associated with nephrotic syndrome. Human pathology. Feb 2011;42(2):227-35.
79. Doyonnas R, Kershaw DB, Duhme C, et al. Anuria, omphalocele, and perinatal lethality in mice lacking the CD34-related protein podocalyxin. The Journal of experimental medicine. Jul 2 2001;194(1):13-27.
80. Self M, Lagutin OV, Bowling B, et al. Six2 is required for suppression of nephrogenesis and progenitor renewal in the developing kidney. EMBO J. Nov 1 2006;25(21):5214-28.
81. Kobayashi A, Valerius MT, Mugford JW, et al. Six2 defines and regulates a multipotent self-renewing nephron progenitor population throughout mammalian kidney development. Cell Stem Cell. Aug 7 2008;3(2):169-81.
82. Oliver G, Wehr R, Jenkins NA, et al. Homeobox genes and connective tissue patterning. Development. Mar 1995;121(3):693-705.
83. Osafune K, Caron L, Borowiak M, et al. Marked differences in differentiation propensity among human embryonic stem cell lines. Nat Biotechnol. Mar 2008;26(3):313-15.
84. Boulting GL, Kiskinis E, Croft GF, et al. A functionally characterized test set of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. Mar 2011;29(3):279-86.
85. Yu J, Hu K, Smuga-Otto K, et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells free of vector and transgene sequences. Science. May 8 2009;324(5928):797-801.
86. Okita K, Matsumura Y, Sato Y, et al. A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells. Nature methods. May 2011;8(5):409-12.
87. Fusaki N, Ban H, Nishiyama A, Saeki K, Hasegawa M. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences. 2009;85(8):348-62.
88. Zhou T, Benda C, Duzinger S, et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from urine. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2011;22(7):1221-28.
89. Choi SM, Liu H, Chaudhari P, et al. Reprogramming of EBV-immortalized B-lymphocyte cell lines into induced pluripotent stem cells. Blood. Aug 18 2011;118(7):1801-5.
90. Song B, Niclis JC, Alikhan MA, et al. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human kidney mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2011;22(7):1213-20.
91. Aasen T, Raya A, Barrero MJ, et al. Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes. Nat Biotechnol. Nov 2008;26(11):1276-84.
92. Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, et al. Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. Sep 16 2010;467(7313):285-90.
93. Ohi Y, Qin H, Hong C, et al. Incomplete DNA methylation underlies a transcriptional memory of somatic cells in human iPS cells. Nat Cell Biol. May 2011;13(5):541-49.
94. Chan EM, Ratanasirintrawoot S, Park IH, et al. Live cell imaging distinguishes bona fide human iPS cells from partially reprogrammed cells. Nat Biotechnol. Nov 2009;27(11):1033-7.
95. Sridharan R, Tchieu J, Mason MJ, et al. Role of the murine reprogramming factors in the induction of pluripotency. Cell. Jan 23 2009;136(2):364-77.
96. Li M, Suzuki K, Kim NY, Liu GH, Izpisua Belmonte JC. A cut above the rest: targeted genome editing technologies in human pluripotent stem cells. J Biol Chem. Feb 21 2014;289(8):4594-9.
97. Musunuru K. Genome editing of human pluripotent stem cells to generate human cellular disease models. Disease models & mechanisms. Jul-Aug 2013;6(4):896-904.
98. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. Feb 15 2013;339(6121):823-6.
99. Ding Q, Regan SN, Xia Y, Oostrom LA, Cowan CA, Musunuru K. Enhanced efficiency of human pluripotent stem cell genome editing through replacing TALENs with CRISPRs. Cell Stem Cell. Apr 4 2013;12(4):393-4.
100. Bellin M, Casini S, Davis RP, et al. Isogenic human pluripotent stem cell pairs reveal the role of a KCNH2 mutation in long-QT syndrome. EMBO J. Dec 11 2013;32(24):3161-75.
101. Liu GH, Suzuki K, Qu J, et al. Targeted gene correction of laminopathy-associated LMNA mutations in patient-specific iPSCs. Cell Stem Cell. Jun 3 2011;8(6):688-94.
102. Yusa K, Rashid ST, Strick-Marchand H, et al. Targeted gene correction of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature. Oct 20 2011;478(7369):391-4.
103. Li LB, Chang KH, Wang PR, Hirata RK, Papayannopoulou T, Russell DW. Trisomy correction in Down syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. Nov 2 2012;11(5):615-9.
104. Zaehres H, Lensch MW, Daheron L, Stewart SA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Daley GQ. High-efficiency RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. Mar 2005;23(3):299-305.
105. Tokuda S, Higashi T, Furuse M. ZO-1 knockout by TALEN-mediated gene targeting in MDCK cells: involvement of ZO-1 in the regulation of cytoskeleton and cell shape. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104994.
106. Shalem O, Sanjana NE, Hartenian E, et al. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science. Jan 3 2014;343(6166):84-7.
107. Gifford CA, Ziller MJ, Gu H, et al. Transcriptional and epigenetic dynamics during specification of human embryonic stem cells. Cell. May 23 2013;153(5):1149-63.
108. Kamao H, Mandai M, Okamoto S, et al. Characterization of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell sheets aiming for clinical application. Stem cell reports. Feb 11 2014;2(2):205-18.
109. Schwartz SD, Hubschman JP, Heilwell G, et al. Embryonic stem cell trials for macular degeneration: a preliminary report. Lancet. Feb 25 2012;379(9817):713-720.
110. Schwartz SD, Regillo CD, Lam BL, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies. Lancet. Feb 7 2015;385(9967):509-16.
111. Klimanskaya I, Chung Y, Becker S, Lu SJ, Lanza R. Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres. Nature. Nov 23 2006;444(7118):481-5.
112. Turner M, Leslie S, Martin NG, et al. Toward the development of a global induced pluripotent stem cell library. Cell Stem Cell. Oct 3 2013;13(4):382-4.
113. Riolobos L, Hirata RK, Turtle CJ, et al. HLA engineering of human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Ther. Jun 2013;21(6):1232-41.
114. Rong Z, Wang M, Hu Z, et al. An effective approach to prevent immune rejection of human ESC-derived allografts. Cell Stem Cell. Jan 2 2014;14(1):121-30.
115. Rogers SA, Hammerman MR. Prolongation of life in anephric rats following de novo renal organogenesis. Organogenesis. Jul 2004;1(1):22-5.
116. Hanna J, Wernig M, Markoulaki S, et al. Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skin. Science. Dec 21 2007;318(5858):1920-3.