Histamine and astrocyte function

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 111, Issue , 2016, Pages 774-783

  Jurič, Damijana M ^a   Kržan, Mojca ^a   Lipnik Stangelj, Metoda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Astrocyte function; Histamine; Histamine receptors

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE CYCLASE; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H4 RECEPTOR; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; SODIUM CALCIUM EXCHANGE PROTEIN; TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; HISTAMINE RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CELL FUNCTION; CELL SURFACE; DECARBOXYLATION; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EXOCYTOSIS; GLYCOGENOLYSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MORPHOLOGY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPSE; SYNAPTOGENESIS; ANIMAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ASTROCYTES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HISTAMINE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, HISTAMINE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84979955493     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.035     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. [1] Verkhratsky, A., Physiology of neuronal-glial networking. Neurochem. Int. 57 (2010), 332–343.
2. [2] Sofroniew, M.V., Vinters, H.V., Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 119 (2010), 7–35.
3. [3] Powell, E.M., Geller, H.M., Dissection of astrocyte-mediated cues in neuronal guidance and process extensio. Glia 26 (1999), 73–83.
4. [4] Christopherson, K.S., Ullian, E., Stokes, C.C., Mullowney, C.E., Hell, J.W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D.F., Bornstein, P., Barres, B.A., Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis. Cell 120 (2005), 421–433.
5. [5] Barres, B.A., The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 60 (2008), 430–440.
6. [6] Leybaert, L., Cabooter, L., Braet, K., Calcium signal communication between glial and vascular brain cells. Acta Neurol. Belg. 104 (2004), 51–56.
7. [7] Gabryel, B., Chalimoniuk, M., Stolecka, A., Langfort, J., Activation of cPLA2 and sPLA2 in astrocytes exposed to simulated ischemia in vitro. Cell Biol. Int. 31 (2007), 958–965.
8. [8] Proia, P., Schiera, G., Mineo, M., Ingrassia, A.M., Santoro, G., Savettieri, G., Di Liegro, I., Astrocytes shed extracellular vesicles that contain fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Int. J. Mol. Med. 21 (2008), 63–67.
9. [9] Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R.P., Haydon, P.G., Tripartite synapses: glia the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci. 22 (1999), 208–215.
10. [10] Halassa, M.M., Fellin, T., Takano, H., Dong, J.H., Haydon, P.G., Synaptic islands defined by the territory of a single astrocyte. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007), 6473–6477.
11. [11] Perea, G., Navarrete, M., Araque, A., Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 32 (2009), t421–t431.
12. [12] Perdan, K., Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Kržan, M., The impact of astrocytes in the clearance of neurotransmitters by uptake and inactivation. Ottova-Leitmannova, A., Tien, H.T., (eds.) Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes, 9, 2009, Elsevier: Academic Press, Amsterdam, 211–235, 10.1016/S1554-4516(09)09008-5.
13. [13] Porter, J.T., McCarthy, K.D., Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo. Prog. Neurobiol. 51 (1997), 439–455.
14. [14] González, A., Salido, G.M., Ethanol alters the physiology of neuron-glia communication. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 88 (2009), 168–199.
15. [15] Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P.G., Dynamic signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63 (2001), 795–813.
16. [16] Parpura, V., Scemes, E., Spary, D.C., Mechanisms of glutamate release from astrocytes: gap junction »hemichanneles«, purinergic receptors and exocytotic release. Neurochem. Int. 45 (2004), 259–264.
17. [17] Haydon, P.G., Carmignoto, G., Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. Physiol. Rev. 86 (2006), 1009–1031.
18. [18] Montana, V., Malarkey, E.B., Verderio, C., Matteoli, M., Parpua, V., Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes. Glia 54 (2006), 700–715.
19. [19] Wang, D.D., Bordey, A., The astrocyte odyssey. Prog. Neurobiol. 86 (2008), 342–367.
20. [20] Nakahata, N., Martin, M.W., Hughes, A.R., Hepler, J.R., Harden, T.K., H1-histamine receptors on human astrocytoma cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 29 (1986), 188–195.
21. [21] Arbonés, L., Picatoste, F., García, A., Histamine H1-receptors mediate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in astrocyte-enriched primary cultures. Brain Res. 450 (1988), 144–152.
22. [22] Inagaki, N., Fukui, H., Taguchi, Y., Wang, N.P., Yamatodani, A., Wada, H., Characterization of histamine H1-receptors on astrocytes in primary culture: [3H]mepyramine binding studies. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 173 (1989), 43–51.
23. [23] Fukui, H., Inagaki, N., Ito, S., Kubo, A., Kondoh, H., Yamatodani, A., Wada, H., Histamine H1-receptors on astrocytes in primary cultures: a possible target for histaminergic neurons. Agents Actions Suppl. 33 (1991), 161–180.
24. [24] Čarman-Kržan, M., Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Molecular properties of central and peripheral histamine H1 and H2 receptors. Pflugers Arch. 439:Suppl. 3 (2000), R131–132.
25. [25] Hernández-Angeles, A., Soria-Jasso, L.E., Ortega, A., Arias-Montaño, J.A., Histamine H1 receptor activation stimulates mitogenesis in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells. J. Neurooncol. 55 (2001), 81–89.
26. [26] Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Čarman-Kržan, M., Activation of histamine H1-receptor enhances neurotrophic factor secretion from cultured astrocytes. Inflamm. Res. 53 (2004), 245–252.
27. [27] Jurič, D.M., Mele, T., Čarman-Kržan, M., Involvement of histaminergic receptor mechanisms in the stimulation of NT-3 synthesis in astrocytes. Neuropharmacology 60 (2011), 1309–1317.
28. [28] Mele, T., Jurič, D.M., Identification and pharmacological characterization of the histamine H3 receptor in cultured rat astrocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 720 (2013), 198–204.
29. [29] Kržan, M., Vianello, R., Maršavelski, A., Repič, M., Zakšek, M., Kotnik, K., Fijan, E., Mavri, J., The quantum nature of drug-receptor interactions: deuteration changes binding affinities for histamine receptor ligands. PLoS One, 11, 2016, e0154002.
30. [30] Watanabe, T., Taguchi, Y., Shiosaka, S., Tanaka, J., Kubota, H., Terano, Y., et al. Distribution of the histaminergic neuron system in the central nervous system of rats; a fluorescent immunohistochemical analysis with histidine decarboxylase as a marker. Brain Res. 12 (1984), 13–25.
31. [31] Komori, H., Nitta, Y., Ueno, H., Higuchi, Y., Structural study reveals that Ser-354 determines substrate specificity on human histidine decarboxylase. J. Biol. Chem. 34 (2012), 29175–29183.
32. [32] Martres, M.P., Baudry, M., Schwartz, J.C., Histamine synthesis in the developing rat brain: evidence for a multiple compartmentation. Brain Res. 83 (1975), 261–275.
33. [33] Katoh, Y., Niimi, M., Yamamoto, Y., Kawamura, T., Morimoto-Ishizuka, T., Sawada, M., Takemori, H., Yamatodani, A., Histamine production by cultured microglial cells of the mouse. Neurosci. Lett. 15 (2001), 181–184.
34. [34] Iida, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Matsuzawa, T., Naganuma, F., Nakamura, T., Miura, Y., Mohsen, A.S., Harada, R., Iwata, R., Yanai, K., Histamine H3 receptor in primary mouse microglia inhibits chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cytokine secretion. Glia 63 (2015), 1213–1225.
35. [35] Panula, P., Yang, H.Y., Costa, E., Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 81 (1984), 2572–2576.
36. [36] Panula, P., Karlstedt, K., Sallmen, T., Peitsaro, N., Kaslin, J., Michelsen, K.A., Anichtchik, O., Kukko-Lukjanov, T., Lintunen, M., The histaminergic system in the brain: structural characteristics and changes in hibernation. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 1–2 (2000), 65–74.
37. [37] Prell, G.D., Green, J.P., Measurement of histamine metabolites in brain and cerebrospinal fluid provides insights into histaminergic activity. Agents Actions 41 (1994), C5–C8.
38. [38] White, T., Formation and catabolism of histamine in brain tissue in vitro. J. Physiol. 149 (1959), 34–42.
39. [39] Barnes, W.G., Hough, L.B., Membrane-bound histamine N-methyltransferase in mouse brain: possible role in the synaptic inactivation of neuronal histamine. J. Neurochem. 82 (2002), 262–1271.
40. [40] Rafalowska, U., Waskiewicz, J., Albrecht, J., Is neurotransmitter histamine predominantly inactivated in astrocytes?. Neurosci. Lett. 80 (1987), 106–110.
41. [41] Huszti, Z., Magyar, K., Kalman, M., Contribution of glial cells to histamine inactivation. Agents Actions 30 (1990), 237–239.
42. [42] Huszti, Z., Imrik, P., Madarász, E., [3H]histamine uptake and release by astrocytes from rat brain: effects of sodium deprivation, high potassium, and potassium channel blockers. Neurochem. Res. 19 (1994), 1249–1256.
43. [43] Stuart, A.E., Morgan, J.R., Mekeel, H.E., Kempter, E., Callaway, J.C., Selective, activity-dependent uptake of histamine into an arthropod photoreceptor. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996), 3178–3188.
44. [44] Yoshikawa, T., Naganuma, F., Iida, T., Nakamura, T., Harada, R., Mohsen, A.S., Kasajima, A., Sasano, H., Yanai, K., Molecular mechanism of histamine clearance by primary human astrocytes. Glia 6 (2013), 905–916.
45. [45] Sakurai, E., Oreland, L., Nishiyama, S., Kato, M., Watanabe, T., Yanai, K., Evidence for the presence of histamine uptake into the synaptosomes of rat brain. Pharmacology 78 (2006), 72–80.
46. [46] Huszti, Y., Prast, H., Tran, M.H., Fischer, H., Philippu, A., Glial cells participate in histamine inactivation in vivo. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 357 (1998), 49–53.
47. [47] Osredkar, D., Burnik-Papler, T., Pečavar, B., Kralj-Iglič, V., Kržan, M., Kinetic and pharmacological properties of [3H]-histamine transport into cultured type 1 astrocytes from neonatal rats. Inflamm. Res. 58 (2009), 94–102.
48. [48] Kržan, M., Schwartz, J.P., Histamine transport in neonatal and adult astrocytes. Inflamm. Res. 55 (2006), S36–37.
49. [49] Naganuma, F., Yoshikawa, T., Nakamura, T., Iida, T., Harada, R., Mohsen, A.S., Miura, Y., Yanai, K., Predominant role of plasma membrane monoamine transporters in monoamine transport in 1321N1, a human astrocytoma-derived cell line. J. Neurochem. 4 (2014), 591–601.
50. [50] Perdan-Pirkmajer, K., Pirkmajer, S., Černe, K., Kržan, M., Molecular and kinetic characterization of histamine transport into adult rat cultured astrocytes. Neurochem. Int. 61 (2012), 415–422.
51. [51] Perdan-Pirkmajer, K., Pirkmajer, S., Raztresen, A., Kržan, M., Regional characteristics of histamine uptake into neonatal rat astrocytes. Neurochem. Res. 7 (2013), 1348–1359.
52. [52] Haas, H.L., Sergeeva, O.A., Selbach, O., Histamine in the nervous system. Physiol. Rev. 88 (2008), 1183–1241.
53. [53] Panula, P., Chazot, P.L., Cowart, M., Gutzmer, R., Leurs, R., Liu, W.L., Stark, H., Thurmond, R.L., Haas, H.L., International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. XCVIII. Histamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 67 (2015), 601–655.
54. [54] Gutowski, S., Smrcka, A., Nowak, L., Wu, D.G., Simon, M., Sternweis, P.C., Antibodies to the alpha q subfamily of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein alpha subunits attenuate activation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis by hormones. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991), 20519–20524.
55. [55] Hill, S.J., Distribution properties, and functional characteristics of three classes of histamine receptor. Pharmacol. Rev. 42 (1990), 45–83.
56. [56] Hill, S.J., Ganellin, C.R., Timmerman, H., Schwartz, J.C., Shankley, N.P., Young, J.M., Schunack, W., Levi, R., Haas, H.L., International union of pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 49 (1997), 253–278.
57. [57] Leurs, R., Traiffort, E., Arrang, J.M., Tardivel-Lacombe, J., Ruat, M., Schwartz, J.C., Guinea pig histamine H1 receptor. II. Stable expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells reveals the interaction with three major signal transduction pathways. J. Neurochem. 62 (1994), 519–527.
58. [58] Bakker, R.A., Timmerman, H., Leurs, R., Histamine receptors: specific ligands, receptor biochemistry, and signal transduction. Clin. Allergy Immunol. 17 (2002), 27–64.
59. [59] Bongers, G., Bakker, R.A., Leurs, R., Molecular aspects of the histamine H3 receptor. Biochem. Pharmacol. 73 (2007), 1195–1204.
60. [60] Mariottini, C., Scartabelli, T., Bongers, G., Arrigucci, S., Nosi, D., Leurs, R., Chiarugi, A., Blandina, P., Pellegrini-Giampietro, D.E., Passani, M.B., Activation of the histaminergic H3 receptor induces phosphorylation of the Akt/GSK-3 beta pathway in cultured cortical neurons and protects against neurotoxic insults. J. Neurochem. 110 (2009), 1469–1478.
61. [61] Leurs, R., Bakker, R.A., Timmerman, H., de Esch, I.J., The histamine H3 receptor: from gene cloning to H3 receptor drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4:2005 (2005), 107–120.
62. [62] Connelly, W.M., Shenton, F.C., Lethbridge, N., Leurs, R., Waldvogel, H.J., Faull, R.L., Lees, G., Chazot, P.L., The histamine H4 receptor is functionally expressed on neurons in the mammalian CNS. Br. J. Pharmacol. 157 (2009), 55–63.
63. [63] Strakhova, M.I., Nikkel, A.L., Manelli, A.M., Hsieh, G.C., Esbenshade, T.A., Brioni, J.D., Bitner, R.S., Localization of histamine H4 receptors in the central nervous system of human and rat. Brain Res. 1250 (2009), 41–48.
64. [64] Schneider, E.H., Seifert, R., The histamine H4-receptor and the central and peripheral nervous system: a critical analysis of the literature. Neuropharmacology, 2015, 00185–00189, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.004 pii: S0028-3908(15).
65. [65] Hösli, E., Hösli, L., Autoradiographic localization of binding sites for [3H]histamine and H1- and H2-antagonists on cultured neurones and glial cells. Neuroscience 13 (1984), 863–870.
66. [66] Hösli, L., Hösli, E., Schneider, U., Wiget, W., Evidence for the existence of histamine H1- and H2-receptors on astrocytes of cultured rat central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 48 (1984), 287–289.
67. [67] Shelton, M.K., McCarthy, K.D., Hippocampal astrocytes exhibit Ca2+-elevating muscarinic cholinergic and histaminergic receptors in situ. J. Neurochem. 74 (2000), 555–563.
68. [68] Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Multiple role of histamine H1-receptor-PKC-MAPK signalling pathway in histamine stimullated nerve growth factor synthesis and secretion. Biochem. Pharmacol. 72:11 (2006), 1375–1381.
69. [69] Agulló, L., Picatoste, F., García, A., Histamine stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation in astrocyte-enriched and neuronal primary cultures from rat brain. J. Neurochem. 55 (1990), 1592–1598.
70. [70] Lin, J.J., Zhao, T.Z., Cai, W.K., Yang, Y.X., Sun, C., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y.Q., Chang, T., Li, Z.Y., Inhibition of histamine receptor 3 suppresses glioblastoma tumor growth, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 6 (2015), 17107–17120.
71. [71] West, R.E. Jr., Zweig, A., Shih, N.Y., Siegel, M.I., Egan, R.W., Clark, M.A., Identification of two H3-histamine receptor subtypes. Mol. Pharmacol. 38 (1990), 610–613.
72. [72] Kathmann, M., Schlicker, E., Detzner, M., Timmerman, H., Nordimaprit, homodimaprit, clobenpropit and imetit: affinities for H3 binding sites and potencies in a functional H3 receptor model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 348 (1993), 498–503.
73. [73] Clark, E.A., Hill, S.J., Differential effect of sodium ions and guanine nucleotides on the binding of thioperamide and clobenpropit to histamine H3-receptors in rat cerebral cortical membranes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114 (1995), 357–362.
74. [74] Witte, D.G., Yao, B.B., Miller, T.R., Carr, T.L., Cassar, S., Sharma, R., Faghih, R., Surber, B.V., Esbenshade, T.A., Hancock, A.A., Krueger, K.M., Detection of multiple H3 receptor affinity states utilizing [3H]A-349821 a novel, selective, non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist radioligand. Br. J. Pharmacol. 148 (2006), 657–670.
75. [75] Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P.G., Oliet, S.H., Robitaille, R., Volterra, A., Gliotransmitters travel in time and space. Neuron 81 (2014), 728–739.
76. [76] Inagaki, N., Fukui, H., Ito, S., Yamatodani, A., Wada, H., Single type-2 astrocytes show multiple independent sites of Ca2+ signaling in response to histamine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991), 4215–4219.
77. [77] Lucherini, M.J., Gruenstein, E., Histamine H1 receptors in UC-11MG astrocytes and their regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Brain Res. 592 (1992), 193–201.
78. [78] Jou, M.J., Peng, T.I., Sheu, S.S., Histamine induces oscillations of mitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration in single cultured rat brain astrocytes. J. Physiol. 497 (1996), 299–308.
79. [79] Weiger, T., Stevens, D.R., Wunder, L., Haas, H.L., Histamine H1 receptors in C6 glial cells are coupled to calcium-dependent potassium channels via release of calcium from internal stores. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 355 (1997), 559–565.
80. + entry in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells: evidence for involvement of store-operated channels. J. Neurosci. Res. 86 (2008), 3456–3468.
81. [81] James, L.R., Andrews, S., Walker, S., de Sousa, P.R., Ray, A., Russell, N.A., Bellamy, T.C., High-throughput analysis of calcium signalling kinetics in astrocytes stimulated with different neurotransmitters. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e26889.
82. [82] Arbonés, L., Picatoste, F., García, A., Histamine stimulates glycogen breakdown and increases 45Ca2+ permeability in rat astrocytes in primary culture. Mol. Pharmacol. 37 (1990), 921–927.
83. [83] Medrano, S., Gruenstein, E., Dimlich, R.V., Histamine stimulates glycogenolysis in human astrocytoma cells by increasing intracellular free calcium. Brain Res. 592 (1992), 202–207.
84. [84] Sakata, T., Yoshimatsu, H., Kurokawa, M., Hypothalamic neuronal histamine: implications of its homeostatic control of energy metabolism. Nutrition 13 (1997), 403–411.
85. [85] Wang, K.Y., Tanimoto, A., Yamada, S., Guo, X., Ding, Y., Watanabe, T., Watanabe, T., Kohno, K., Hirano, K., Tsukada, H., Sasaguri, Y., Histamine regulation in glucose and lipid metabolism via histamine receptors: model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Am. J. Pathol. 177 (2010), 713–723.
86. [86] Wang, X.F., Hu, W.W., Yan, H.J., Tan, L., Gao, J.Q., Tian, Y.Y., Shi, X.J., Hou, W.W., Li, J., Shen, Y., Chen, Z., Modulation of astrocytic glutamine synthetase expression and cell viability by histamine in cultured cortical astrocytes exposed to OGD insults. Neurosci. Lett. 549 (2013), 69–73.
87. [87] Fang, Q., Hu, W.W., Wang, X.F., Yang, Y., Lou, G.D., Jin, M.M., Yan, H.J., Zeng, W.Z., Shen, Y., Zhang, S.H., Xu, T.L., Chen, Z., Histamine up-regulates astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 and protects neurons against ischemic injury. Neuropharmacology 77 (2014), 156–166.
88. [88] Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Jurič, D.M., Čarman-Kržan, M., Histamine-induced synthesis and secretion of nerve growth factor from astrocytes. Inflamm. Res. 47:Suppl.1 (1998), S34–S35.
89. [89] Miklič, Š., Jurič, D.M., Čarman-Kržan, M., Differences in the regulation of BDNF and NGF synthesis in cultured neonatal rat astrocytes. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 22 (2004), 119–130.
90. [90] Molina-Hernández, A., Rodríguez-Martínez, G., Escobedo-Ávila, I., Velasc, I., Histamine up-regulates fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and increases FOXP2 neurons in cultured neural precursors by histamine type 1 receptor activation: conceivable role of histamine in neurogenesis during cortical development in vivo. Neural. Dev., 8(March 7), 2013, 10.1186/1749-8104-8-4 (Published online).
91. [91] Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Čarman-Kržan, M., Histamine and IL-6 interaction in the stimulation of nerve growth factor secretion from cultured astrocytes. Inflamm. Res. 54:Suppl. 1 (2005), S36–S37.
92. [92] Lipnik-Štangelj, M., Čarman-Kržan, M., Effects of histamine and IL-1ß on PKC-stimulated nerve growth factor secretion from glial cells. Inflamm. Res. 55:Suppl. 1 (2006), S34–S35.
93. [93] Rajapakse, K., Wraber-Herzog, B., Lipnik-Štangelj, M., The synergistic effect of histamine and IL-6 on NGF secretion from cultured astrocytes is evoked by histamine stimulation of IL-6 secretion via H(1)-receptor-PKC-MAPK signalling pathway. Inflamm. Res. 57:Suppl. 1 (2008), S33–S34.
94. [94] Molina-Hernández, A., Velasco, I., Histamine induces neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation by activation of distinct histamine receptors. J. Neurochem. 106:July 2 (2008), 706–717, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05424.x.
95. [95] Khakh, B.S., Sofroniew, M.V., Diversity of astrocyte functions and phenotypes in neural circuits. Nat. Neurosci. 18 (2015), 942–952.
96. [96] Thomas, A.P., Bird, G.S., Hajnóczky, G., Robb-Gaspers, L.D., Putney, J.W. Jr., Spatial and temporal aspects of cellular calcium signaling. FASEB J. 10 (1996), 1505–1517.
97. + signalling: an unexpected complexity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (2014), 327–335.
98. [98] Aguado, F., Espinosa-Parrilla, J.F., Carmona, M.A., Soriano, E., Neuronal activity regulates correlated network properties of spontaneous calcium transients in astrocytes in situ. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002), 9430–9444.
99. [99] Nett, W.J., Oloff, S.H., McCarthy, K.D., Hippocampal astrocytes in situ exhibit calcium oscillations that occur independent of neuronal activity. J. Neurophysiol. 87 (2002), 528–537.
100. [100] Fu, W., Ruangkittisakul, A., MacTavish, D., Baker, G.B., Ballanyi, K., Jhamandas, J.H., Activity and metabolism-related Ca2+ and mitochondrial dynamics in co-cultured human fetal cortical neurons and astrocytes. Neuroscience 250 (2013), 520–535.
101. [101] Volterra, A., Meldolesi, J., Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 (2005), 626–640.
102. [102] Nedergaard, M., Direct signaling from astrocytes to neurons in cultures of mammalian brain cells. Science 263 (1994), 1768–1771.
103. [103] Parpura, V., Basarsky, T.A., Liu, F., Jeftinija, K., Jeftinija, S., Haydon, P.G., Glutamate mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling. Nature 369 (1994), 744–747.
104. [104] Bezzi, P., Volterra, A., A neuron-glia signalling network in the active brain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11 (2001), 387–394.
105. [105] Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R.P., Haydon, P.G., Glutamate-dependent astrocyte modulation of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10 (1998), 2129–2142.
106. [106] Allaman, I., Bélanger, M., Magistretti, P.J., Astrocyte-neuron metabolic relationships: for better and for worse. Trends Neurosci. 34 (2011), 76–87.
107. [107] Filosa, J.A., Bonev, A.D., Straub, S.V., Meredith, A.L., Wilkerson, M.K., Aldrich, R.W., Nelson, M.T., Local potassium signaling couples neuronal activity to vasodilation in the brain. Nat. Neurosci. 9 (2006), 1397–1403.
108. [108] Maragakis, N.J., Rothstein, J.D., Glutamate transporters: animal models to neurologic disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 15 (2004), 461–473.
109. [109] Shigeri, Y., Seal, R.P., Shimamoto, K., Molecular pharmacology of glutamate transporters, EAATs and VGLUTs. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 45 (2004), 250–265.
110. [110] Tzingounis, A.V., Wadiche, J.I., Glutamate transporters: confining runaway excitation by shaping synaptic transmission. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8 (2007), 935–947.
111. [111] Ding, F., O'Donnell, J., Thrane, A.S., Zeppenfeld, D., Kang, H., Xie, L., Wang, F., Nedergaard, M., α1-Adrenergic receptors mediate coordinated Ca2+ signaling of cortical astrocytes in awake, behaving mice. Cell Calcium 54 (2013), 387–394.
112. [112] Paukert, M., Agarwal, A., Cha, J., Doze, V.A., Kang, J.U., Bergles, D.E., Norepinephrine controls astroglial responsiveness to local circuit activity. Neuron 82 (2014), 1263–1270.
113. [113] Sasaki, T., Matsuki, N., Ikegaya, Y., Action-potential modulation during axonal conduction. Science 331 (2011), 599–601.
114. [114] Bernardinelli, Y., Muller, D., Nikonenko, I., Astrocyte-synapse structural plasticity. Neural Plast., 2014(232105), 2014, 13 (2014, Article ID 232105).
115. [115] Perez-Alvarez, A., Navarrete, M., Covelo, A., Martin, E.D., Araque, A., Structural and functional plasticity of astrocyte processes and dendritic spine interactions. J. Neurosci. 34 (2014), 12738–12744.
116. [116] Sasaki, T., Ishikawa, T., Abe, R., Nakayama, R., Asada, A., Matsuki, N., Ikegaya, Y., Astrocyte calcium signalling orchestrates neuronal synchronization in organotypic hippocampal slices. J. Physiol. 592 (2014), 2771–2783.
117. [117] Attwell, D., Buchan, A.M., Charpak, S., Lauritzen, M., Macvicar, B.A., Newman, E.A., Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature 468 (2010), 232–243.
118. [118] Bernstein, M., Lyons, S.A., Möller, T., Kettenmann, H., Receptor-mediated calcium signalling in glial cells from mouse corpus callosum slices. J. Neurosci. Res. 46 (1996), 152–163.
119. [119] Kirischuk, S., Tuschick, S., Verkhratsky, A., Kettenmann, H., Calcium signalling in mouse Bergmann glial cells mediated by alpha1-adrenoreceptors and H1 histamine receptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8 (1996), 1198–1208.
120. [120] Shelton, M.K., McCarthy, K.D., Hippocampal astrocytes exhibit Ca2+-elevating muscarinic cholinergic and histaminergic receptors in situ. J. Neurochem. 74 (2000), 555–563.
121. [121] Tamamushi, S., Nakamura, T., Inoue, T., Ebisui, E., Sugiura, K., Bannai, H., Mikoshiba, K., Type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is predominantly involved in agonist-induced Ca(2+) signaling in Bergmann glia. Neurosci. Res. 74 (2012), 32–41.
122. [122] Jung, S., Pfeiffer, F., Deitmer, J.W., Histamine-induced calcium entry in rat cerebellar astrocytes: evidence for capacitative and non-capacitative mechanisms. J. Physiol. 527 (2000), 549–561.
123. [123] Zorec, R., Araque, A., Carmignoto, G., Haydon, P.G., Verkhratsky, A., Parpura, V., Astroglial excitability and gliotransmission: an appraisal of Ca2+ as a signalling route. ASN Neuro, 4, 2012, e00080, 10.1042/AN20110061.
124. [124] Simpson, I.A., Carruthers, A., Vannucci, S.J., Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: the role of nutrient transporters. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27 (2007), 1766–1791.
125. [125] DiNuzzo, M., Giove, F., Maraviglia, B., Mangia, S., Glucose metabolism down-regulates the uptake of 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG) mediated by glucose transporter 1 isoform (GLUT1): theory and simulations using the symmetric four-state carrier model. J. Neurochem. 125 (2013), 236–246.
126. [126] Lomako, J., Lomako, W.M., Whelan, W.J., Dombro, R.S., Neary, J.T., Norenberg, M.D., Glycogen synthesis in the astrocyte: from glycogenin to proglycogen to glycogen. FASEB J. 7 (1993), 1386–1393.
127. [127] Hertz, L., Peng, L., Dienel, G.A., Energy metabolism in astrocytes: high rate of oxidative metabolism and spatiotemporal dependence on glycolysis/glycogenolysis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27 (2007), 219–249.
128. [128] Schurr, A., Payne, R.S., Lactate, not pyruvate, is neuronal aerobic glycolysis end product: an in vitro electrophysiological study. Neuroscience 147 (2007), 613–619.
129. [129] Magistretti, P.J., Neuron-glia metabolic coupling and plasticity. J. Exp. Biol. 209 (2006), 2304–2311.
130. [130] Bélanger, M., Magistretti, P.J., The role of astroglia in neuroprotection. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 11 (2009), 281–295.
131. [131] Bélanger, M., Allaman, I., Magistretti, P.J., Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation. Cell Metab. 14 (2011), 724–738.
132. [132] Swanson, R.A., Morton, M.M., Sagar, S.M., Sharp, F.R., Sensory stimulation induces local cerebral glycogenolysis: demonstration by autoradiography. Neuroscience 51 (1992), 451–461.
133. [133] Shulman, R.G., Hyder, F., Rothman, D.L., Cerebral energetics and the glycogen shunt: neurochemical basis of functional imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001), 6417–6422.
134. [134] Dienel, G.A., Cruz, N.F., Contributions of glycogen to astrocytic energetics during brain activation. Metab. Brain Dis. 30 (2015), 281–298.
135. [135] Magistretti, P.J., Sorg, O., Yu, N., Martin, J.L., Pellerin, L., Neurotransmitters regulate energy metabolism in astrocytes: implications for the metabolic trafficking between neural cells. Dev. Neurosci. 15 (1993), 306–312.
136. [136] Brown, A.M., Brain glycogen re-awakened. J. Neurochem. 89 (2004), 537–552.
137. [137] DiNuzzo, M., Astrocyte-neuron interactions during learning may occur by lactate signaling rather than metabolism. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 10(2), 2016, 10.3389/fnint.2016.00002.
138. [138] Allaman, I., Gavillet, M., Bélanger, M., Laroche, T., Viertl, D., Lashuel, H.A., Magistretti, P.J., Amyloid-beta aggregates cause alterations of astrocytic metabolic phenotype: impact on neuronal viability. J. Neurosci. 30 (2010), 3326–3338.
139. [139] DiNuzzo, M., Giove, F., Maraviglia, B., Mangia, S., Monoaminergic control of cellular glucose utilization by glycogenolysis in neocortex and hippocampus. Neurochem. Res. 40 (2015), 2493–2504.
140. [140] Lin, J.S., Anaclet, C., Sergeeva, O.A., Haas, H.L., The waking brain: an update. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (2011), 2499–2512.
141. [141] Petit, J.M., Magistretti, P.J., Regulation of neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling across the sleep-wake cycle. Neuroscience 323 (2016), 135–156.
142. [142] Perea, G., Sur, M., Araque, A., Neuron-glia networks: integral gear of brain function. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8(378), 2014, 10.3389/fncel.2014.00378.
143. [143] Schipke, C.D., Kettenmann, H., Astrocyte responses to neuronal activity. Glia 47 (2004), 226–232.
144. [144] Hertz, L., Zielke, H.R., Astrocytic control of glutamatergic activity: astrocytes as stars of the show. Trends Neurosci. 27 (2004), 735–743.
145. [145] Robinson, M.B., Jackson, J.G., Astroglial glutamate transporters coordinate excitatory signaling and brain energetics. Neurochem. Int., 2016, 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.014 pii: S0197-0186(16)30040-7.
146. [146] Storck, T., Schulte, S., Hofmann, K., Stoffel, W., Structure expression, and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992), 10955–10959.
147. [147] Pines, G., Danbolt, N.C., Bjørås, M., Zhang, Y., Bendahan, A., Eide, L., Koepsell, H., Storm-Mathisen, J., Seeberg, E., Kanner, B.I., Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter. Nature 360 (1992), 464–467.
148. [148] Arriza, J.L., Fairman, W.A., Wadiche, J.I., Murdoch, G.H., Kavanaugh, M.P., Amara, S.G., Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994), 5559–5569.
149. [149] Danbolt, N.C., Glutamate uptake. Prog. Neurobiol. 65 (2001), 1–105.
150. [150] Gadea, A., López-Colomé, A.M., Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine and GABA I. Glutamate transporters. J. Neurosci. Res. 15 (2001), 453–460.
151. [151] Regan, M.R., Huang, Y.H., Kim, Y.S., Dykes-Hoberg, M.I., Jin, L., Watkins, A.M., Bergles, D.E., Rothstein, D.J., Variations in promoter activity reveal a differential expression and physiology of glutamate transporters by glia in the developing and mature CNS. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007), 6607–6619.
152. [152] Rothstein, J.D., Dykes-Hoberg, M., Pardo, C.A., Bristol, L.A., Jin, L., Kuncl, R.W., Kanai, Y., Hediger, M.A., Wang, Y., Schielke, J.P., Welty, D.F., Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 16 (1996), 675–686.
153. [153] Tanaka, K., Watase, K., Manabe, T., Yamada, K., Watanabe, M., Takahashi, K., Iwama, H., Nishikawa, T., Ichihara, N., Kikuchi, T., Okuyama, S., Kawashima, N., Hori, S., Takimoto, M., Wada, K., Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 276 (1997), 1699–1702.
154. [154] Takamori, S., VGLUTs: ‘exciting' times for glutamatergic research?. Neurosci. Res. 55 (2006), 343–351.
155. [155] Guček, A., Vardjan, N., Zorec, R., Exocytosis in astrocytes: transmitter release and membrane signal regulation. Neurochem. Res. 37 (2012), 2351–2363.
156. [156] Araque, A., Li, N., Doyle, R.T., Haydon, P.G., SNARE protein-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000), 666–673.
157. [157] Harada, K., Kamiya, T., Tsuboi, T., Gliotransmitter release from astrocytes: functional, developmental, and pathological implications in the brain. Front. Neurosci., 9(499), 2016, 10.3389/fnins.2015.00499.
158. [158] Zhang, Q., Pangršič, T., Kreft, M., Kržan, M., Li, N., Sul, J.Y., Halassa, M., Van Bockstaele, E., Zorec, R., Haydon, P.G., Fusion-related release of glutamate from astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004), 12724–12733.
159. [159] Kreft, M., Stenovec, M., Rupnik, M., Grilc, S., Kržan, M., Potokar, M., Pangršič, T., Haydon, P.G., Zorec, R., Properties of Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis in cultured astrocytes. Glia 46 (2004), 437–445.
160. [160] Kimelberg, H.K., Goderie, S.K., Higman, S., Pang, S., Waniewski, R.A., Swelling-induced release of glutamate aspartate, and taurine from astrocyte cultures. J. Neurosci. 10 (1990), 1583–1591.
161. [161] Warr, O., Takahashi, M., Attwell, D., Modulation of extracellular glutamate concentration in rat brain slices by cystine-glutamate exchange. J. Physiol. 514 (1999), 783–793.
162. [162] Duan, S., Anderson, C.M., Keung, E.C., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Swanson, R.A., P2 × 7 receptor-mediated release of excitatory amino acids from astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003), 1320–1328.
163. [163] Ye, Z.C., Wyeth, M.S., Baltan-Tekkok, S., Ransom, B.R., Functional hemichannels in astrocytes: a novel mechanism of glutamate release. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003), 3588–3596.
164. [164] Szatkowski, M., Barbour, B., Attwell, D., Non-vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake. Nature 348 (1990), 443–446.
165. [165] Hertz, L., Hertz, E., Cataplerotic TCA cycle flux determined as glutamate-sustained oxygen consumption in primary cultures of astrocytes. Neurochem. Int. 43 (2003), 355–361.
166. [166] Chaudhry, F.A., Schmitz, D., Reimer, R.J., Larsson, P., Gray, A.T., Nicoll, R., Kavanaugh, M., Edwards, R.H., Glutamine uptake by neurons: interaction of protons with system a transporters. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002), 62–72.
167. [167] Solbu, T.T., Bjørkmo, M., Berghuis, P., Harkany, T., Chaudhry, F.A., SAT1, a glutamine transporter, is preferentially expressed in GABAergic neurons. Front. Neuroanat., 4(1), 2010, 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2010.
168. [168] Jenstad, M., Quazi, A.Z., Zilberter, M., Haglerød, C., Berghuis, P., Saddique, N., Goiny, M., Buntup, D., Davanger, S., Haug, F.M.S., Barnes, C.A., McNaughton, B.L., Ottersen, O.P., Storm-Mathisen, J., Harkany, T., Chaudhry, F.A., System A transporter SAT2 mediates replenishment of dendritic glutamate pools controlling retrograde signaling by glutamate. Cereb. Cortex 19 (2009), 1092–1106.
169. [169] Svenneby, G., Pig brain glutaminase: purification and identification of different enzyme forms. J. Neurochem. 17 (1970), 1591–1599.
170. [170] Kvamme, E., Torgner, I.A., Roberg, B., Kinetics and localization of brain phosphate activated glutaminase. J. Neurosci. Res. 66 (2001), 951–958.
171. [171] Coulter, D.A., Eid, T., Astrocytic regulation of glutamate homeostasis in epilepsy. Glia 60 (2012), 1215–1226.
172. [172] Hu, W.W., Chen, Z., Role of histamine and its receptors in cerebral ischemia. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 3 (2012), 238–247.
173. [173] Rodriguez, J., Moran, J., Blanco, I., Patel, A.J., Effect of histamine on the development of astroglial cells in culture. Neurochem. Res. 14 (1989), 693–700.
174. [174] Eddelston, M., Mucke, L., Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes-implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 54 (1993), 15–36.
175. [175] Moretto, G., Walker, D.G., Lanteri, P., Taioli, F., Zaffagnini, S., Xu, R.Y., Rizzuto, N., Expression and regulation of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA in human astrocytes in vitro. Cell. Tissue Res. 286 (1996), 257–262.
176. [176] Appel, E., Kolman, O., Kazimirsky, G., Blumberg, P.M., Brodie, C., Regulation of GDNF expression in cultured astrocytes by inflammatory stimuli. Neuroreport 8 (1997), 3309–3312.
177. [177] Rudge, J.S., Alderson, R.F., Pasnikowski, E., McClain, J., Ip, N.Y., Lindsay, R.M., Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor and the neurotrophins-nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3-in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4 (1992), 459–471.
178. [178] Vaca, K., Wendt, E., Divergent effects of astroglial and microglial secretions on neuron growth and survival. Exp. Neurol. 118 (1992), 62–72.
179. [179] Albrecht, P.J., Murtie, J.C., Ness, J.K., Redwine, J.M., Enterline, J.R., Armstrong, R.C., Levison, S.W., Astrocytes produce CNTF during the remyelination phase of viral-induced spinal cord demyelination to stimulate FGF-2 production. Neurobiol. Dis. 13 (2003), 89–101.
180. [180] Zaheer, A., Zaheer, S., Sahu, S.K., Knight, S., Khosravi, H., Mathur, S.N., Lim, R., A novel role of glia maturation factor: induction of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines. J. Neurochem. 101 (2007), 364–376.
181. [181] Van der Ven, L.T., Van Buul-Offers, S.C., Gloudemans, T., Roholl, P.J., Sussenbach, J.S., Otter, Den W., Histamine-stimulated expression of insulin-like growth factors in human glioma cells. Br. J. Cancer 75 (1997), 1091–1097.
182. [182] Liu, C.X., Xu, X., Chen, X.L., Yang, P.B., Zhang, J.S., Liu, Y., Glutamate promotes neural stem cell proliferation by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor of astrocytes in vitro. Cell. Mol. Biol. 61 (2015), 75–84.
183. [183] Jehan, F., Neveu, I., Naveilhan, P., Wion, D., Brachet, P., Interactions between second messenger pathways influence NGF synthesis in mouse primary astrocytes. Brain Res. 672 (1995), 128–136.
184. [184] Marinissen, M.J., Gutkind, J.S., G-protein-coupled receptors and signalling networks: emerging paradigms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (2001), 368–376.
185. [185] Belcheva, M.M., Coscia, C.J., Diversity of G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways to ERK/MAP kinase. Neurosignals 11 (2002), 34–44.
186. [186] Panula, P., Sundvik, M., Karlstedt, K., Developmental roles of brain histamine. Trends Neurosci. 37 (2014), 159–168.
187. [187] Eiriz, M.F., Valero, J., Malva, J.O., Bernardino, L., New insights into the role of histamine in subventricular zone-olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Front. Neurosci., 8(June 16), 2014, 142, 10.3389/fnins.2014.00142.
188. [188] Escobedo-Avila, I., Vargas-Romero, F., Molina-Hernández, A., López-González, R., Cortés, D., De Carlos, J.A., Velasco, I., Histamine impairs midbrain dopaminergic development in vivo by activating histamine type 1 receptors. Mol. Brain, 7(August 12), 2014, 58, 10.1186/s13041-014-0058-x.
189. [189] Molina-Hernandez, A., Velasco, I., Histamine induces neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation by activation of distinct histamine receptors. J. Neurochem. 106 (2008), 706–717.
190. [190] Irmady, K., Zechel, S., Unsicker, K., Fibroblast growth factor 2 regulates astrocyte differentiation in a region-specific manner in the hindbrain. Glia 59 (2011), 708–719, 10.1002/glia.21141.
191. [191] Garwood, C.J., Ratcliffe, L.E., Morgan, S.V., Simpson, J.E., Owens, H., Vazquez-Villaseñor, I., Heath, P.R., Romero, I.A., Ince, P.G., Wharton, S.B., Insulin and IGF1 signalling pathways in human astrocytes in vitro and in vivo; characterisation, subcellular localisation and modulation of the receptors. Mol. Brain., 8, 2015, 10.1186/s13041-015-0138-6.
192. [192] Galea, I., Bechmann, I., Perry, V.H., What is immune privilege (not)?. Trends Immunol. 28 (2007), 12–18.
193. [193] Prat, A., Biernacki, K., Wosik, K., Antel, J.P., Glial cell influence on the human blood-brain barrier. Glia 36 (2001), 145–155.
194. [194] Abbott, N.J., Astrocyte-endothelial interactions and blood-brain barrier permeability. J. Anat. 200 (2002), 629–638.
195. [195] Rubio-Perez, J.M., Morillas-Ruiz, J.M., A review: inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines. Sci. World J., 2012, 756357, 10.1100/2012/756357.
196. [196] Vincent, V.A., Tilders, F.J., van Dam, A.M., Inhibition of endotoxin-induced nitric oxide synthase production in microglial cells by the presence of astroglial cells: a role for transforming growth factor beta. Glia 19 (1997), 190–198.
197. [197] Font-Nieves, M., Sans-Fons, M.G., Gorina, R., Bonfill-Teixidor, E., Salas-Pérdomo, A., Márquez-Kisinousky, L., Santalucia, T., Planas, A.M., Induction of COX-2 enzyme and down-regulation of COX-1 expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) control prostaglandin E2 production in astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012), 6454–6468.
198. [198] Gimsa, U., Mitchison, N.A., Brunner-Weinzierl, M.C., Immune privilege as an intrinsic CNS property: astrocytes protect the CNS against T-Cell-Mediated neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm., 2013, 2013, 10.1155/2013/320519.
199. [199] Igaz, P., Falus, A., Cytokines, chemokines, and histamine. Falus, A., Grosman, N., Darvas, Z., (eds.) Histamine: Biology and Medical Aspects, 2004, Karger & Budapest: SpringMed Publishing, Basel, 112–118.