메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 693-715

Towards a Theory of When and How Problem Solving Followed by Instruction Supports Learning

Author keywords

Compare and contrast; Contrasting cases; Invention; Learning mechanisms; Problem solving; Productive Failure; Student solutions

Indexed keywords


EID: 84978539269     PISSN: 1040726X     EISSN: 1573336X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10648-016-9379-x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (183)

References (72)
  • 1
    • 84857064318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fostering active processing of instructional explanations of learners with high and low prior knowledge
    • Acuña, S. R., García-Rodicio, H., & Sánchez, E. (2010). Fostering active processing of instructional explanations of learners with high and low prior knowledge. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 26(4), 435–452.
    • (2010) European Journal of Psychology of Education , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 435-452
    • Acuña, S.R.1    García-Rodicio, H.2    Sánchez, E.3
  • 3
    • 84864553848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivation and transfer: the role of mastery-approach goals in preparation for future learning
    • Belenky, D. M. Nokes-Malach, T. J
    • *Belenky, D. M., & Nokes-Malach, T. J. (2012). Motivation and transfer: the role of mastery-approach goals in preparation for future learning. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 21(3), 399-432.
    • (2012) Journal of the Learning Sciences , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 399-432
  • 4
    • 85047672328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer
    • Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 612–637.
    • (2002) Psychological Bulletin , vol.128 , Issue.4 , pp. 612-637
    • Barnett, S.M.1    Ceci, S.J.2
  • 5
    • 84872442697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using example problems to improve student learning in algebra: differentiating between correct and incorrect examples
    • Booth, J. L., Lange, K. E., Koedinger, K. R., & Newton, K. J. (2013). Using example problems to improve student learning in algebra: differentiating between correct and incorrect examples. Learning and Instruction, 25, 24–34.
    • (2013) Learning and Instruction , vol.25 , pp. 24-34
    • Booth, J.L.1    Lange, K.E.2    Koedinger, K.R.3    Newton, K.J.4
  • 6
    • 0002929633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-explaining expository texts: the dual processes of generating inferences and repairing mental models
    • Glaser R, (ed), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale
    • Chi, M. T. H. (2000). Self-explaining expository texts: the dual processes of generating inferences and repairing mental models. In R. Glaser (Ed.), Advances in instructional psychology (pp. 161–238). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2000) Advances in instructional psychology , pp. 161-238
    • Chi, M.T.H.1
  • 7
    • 58149410841 scopus 로고
    • Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices
    • Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1981). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5(2), 121–152.
    • (1981) Cognitive Science , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-152
    • Chi, M.T.H.1    Feltovich, P.J.2    Glaser, R.3
  • 8
    • 0003150291 scopus 로고
    • From things to processes: a theory of conceptual change for learning science concepts
    • Chi, M. T. H., Slotta, J. D., & de Leeuw, N. (1994). From things to processes: a theory of conceptual change for learning science concepts. Learning and Instruction, 4, 27–43.
    • (1994) Learning and Instruction , vol.4 , pp. 27-43
    • Chi, M.T.H.1    Slotta, J.D.2    de Leeuw, N.3
  • 10
    • 84867710496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring mathematics problems prepares children to learn from instruction
    • DeCaro, M. S. Rittle-Johnson, B
    • *DeCaro, M. S., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2012). Exploring mathematics problems prepares children to learn from instruction. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, 552-568
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.113 , pp. 552-568
  • 13
    • 84856573546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of using incorrect examples to support learning about decimal magnitude
    • Durkin, K., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2012). The effectiveness of using incorrect examples to support learning about decimal magnitude. Learning and Instruction, 22(3), 206–214.
    • (2012) Learning and Instruction , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 206-214
    • Durkin, K.1    Rittle-Johnson, B.2
  • 14
    • 79960459379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the divergence between self-assessment and self-monitoring
    • Eva, K. W., & Regehr, G. (2011). Exploring the divergence between self-assessment and self-monitoring. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 16(3), 311–329.
    • (2011) Advances in Health Sciences Education , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 311-329
    • Eva, K.W.1    Regehr, G.2
  • 15
    • 84906302701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An alternative time for telling: when conceptual instruction prior to problem solving improves mathematical knowledge
    • Fyfe, E. R., DeCaro, M. S. Rittle-Johnson, B
    • *Fyfe, E. R., DeCaro, M. S. & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2014). An alternative time for telling: when conceptual instruction prior to problem solving improves mathematical knowledge. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 502-519.
    • (2014) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , Issue.3 , pp. 502-519
  • 16
    • 84930947589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inventing a solution and studying a worked solution prepare differently for learning from direct instruction
    • Glogger-Frey, I., Fleischer, C., Grüny, L., Kappich, J. Renkl, A
    • *Glogger-Frey, I., Fleischer, C., Grüny, L., Kappich, J., & Renkl, A. (2015). Inventing a solution and studying a worked solution prepare differently for learning from direct instruction. Learning and Instruction, 39, 72-87.
    • (2015) Learning and Instruction , vol.39 , pp. 72-87
  • 17
    • 79961015276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning associations that run counter to biases in learning: overcoming overshadowing and learned inattention
    • In, B. C., Love, K., McRae, V. M., Sloutsky, (Eds. Austin, TX, Cognitive Science Society
    • Heckler, A. F., Kaminski, J. A., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2008). Learning associations that run counter to biases in learning: overcoming overshadowing and learned inattention. In B. C. Love, K. McRae, & V. M. Sloutsky (Eds.), Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 511-516). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society
    • (2008) Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 511-516
    • Heckler, A.F.1    Kaminski, J.A.2    Sloutsky, V.M.3
  • 18
    • 84942040117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making the failure more productive: scaffolding the invention process to improve inquiry behaviours and outcomes in productive failure activities
    • Holmes, N. G., Day, J., Park, A. H., Bonn, D. A., & Roll, I. (2014). Making the failure more productive: scaffolding the invention process to improve inquiry behaviours and outcomes in productive failure activities. Instructional Science, 42(4), 523–538.
    • (2014) Instructional Science , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 523-538
    • Holmes, N.G.1    Day, J.2    Park, A.H.3    Bonn, D.A.4    Roll, I.5
  • 19
    • 84995728366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When should guidance be presented in physics instruction?
    • Hsu, C.-Y., Kalyuga, S. Sweller, J
    • *Hsu, C.-Y., Kalyuga, S. & Sweller, J. (2015). When should guidance be presented in physics instruction? Archives of Scientific Psychology, 3(1), 37-53.
    • (2015) Archives of Scientific Psychology , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-53
  • 21
    • 77958476079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productive failure in mathematical problem solving
    • Kapur, M
    • *Kapur, M. (2010). Productive failure in mathematical problem solving. Instructional Science, 38(6), 523-550.
    • (2010) Instructional Science , vol.38 , Issue.6 , pp. 523-550
  • 22
    • 79958253115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A further study of productive failure in mathematical problem solving: unpacking the design components
    • Kapur, M
    • *Kapur, M. (2011). A further study of productive failure in mathematical problem solving: unpacking the design components. Instructional Science, 39(4), 561-579.
    • (2011) Instructional Science , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 561-579
  • 23
    • 84862148440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productive failure in learning the concept of variance
    • Kapur, M
    • *Kapur, M. (2012). Productive failure in learning the concept of variance. Instructional Science, 40(4), 651-672.
    • (2012) Instructional Science , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 651-672
  • 24
    • 84920097565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing learning from productive failure and vicarious failure
    • Kapur, M. (2014). Comparing learning from productive failure and vicarious failure. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 23(4), 651–677.
    • (2014) Journal of the Learning Sciences , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 651-677
    • Kapur, M.1
  • 25
    • 84903816364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productive failure in learning math
    • Kapur, M, b
    • *Kapur, M. (2014b). Productive failure in learning math. Cognitive Science, 38(5), 1008-1022.
    • (2014) Cognitive Science , vol.38 , Issue.5 , pp. 1008-1022
  • 26
    • 84964061245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success in learning
    • Kapur, M. (2016). Examining productive failure, productive success, unproductive failure, and unproductive success in learning. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 289–299.
    • (2016) Educational Psychologist , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 289-299
    • Kapur, M.1
  • 27
    • 84969183300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classroom-based experiments in productive failure
    • Kapur, M. Bielaczyc, K, In, L., Carlson, C., Hoelscher, T. F., Shipley, (Eds. Austin, TX, Cognitive Science Society
    • *Kapur, M., & Bielaczyc, K. (2011). Classroom-based experiments in productive failure. In L. Carlson, C. Hoelscher, & T. F. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2812–2817). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
    • (2011) Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 2812-2817
  • 29
    • 84863442345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The knowledge-learning-instruction (KLI) framework: bridging the science-practice chasm to enhance robust student learning
    • Koedinger, K. R., Corbett, A. T., & Perfetti, C. (2012). The knowledge-learning-instruction (KLI) framework: bridging the science-practice chasm to enhance robust student learning. Cognitive Science, 36, 757–798.
    • (2012) Cognitive Science , vol.36 , pp. 757-798
    • Koedinger, K.R.1    Corbett, A.T.2    Perfetti, C.3
  • 30
    • 84890854646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pairs of problems and examples on task performance and different types of cognitive load
    • Leppink, J., Paas, F., Van Gog, T., Van der Vleuten, C., & Van Merrienboer, J. (2014). Effects of pairs of problems and examples on task performance and different types of cognitive load. Learning and Instruction, 30, 32–42.
    • (2014) Learning and Instruction , vol.30 , pp. 32-42
    • Leppink, J.1    Paas, F.2    Van Gog, T.3    Van der Vleuten, C.4    Van Merrienboer, J.5
  • 31
    • 0347115461 scopus 로고
    • Designing computer learning environments for engineering and computer science: the scaffolded knowledge integration framework
    • Linn, M. C. (1995). Designing computer learning environments for engineering and computer science: the scaffolded knowledge integration framework. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 4, 103–126.
    • (1995) Journal of Science Education and Technology , vol.4 , pp. 103-126
    • Linn, M.C.1
  • 32
    • 84908617704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wait for it … delaying instruction improves mathematics problem solving: a classroom study
    • *Loehr, A. M., Fyfe, E. R., & Rittle-Johnson, B. (2014). Wait for it … delaying instruction improves mathematics problem solving: a classroom study. Journal of Problem Solving, 7(1), 36-49.
    • (2014) Journal of Problem Solving , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-49
    • Loehr, A.M.1    Fyfe, E.R.2    Rittle-Johnson, B.3
  • 33
    • 84907176073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowing what you don’t know makes failure productive
    • Loibl, K. Rummel, N. a
    • *Loibl, K. & Rummel, N. (2014a). Knowing what you don’t know makes failure productive. Learning and Instruction, 34, 74-85.
    • (2014) Learning and Instruction , vol.34 , pp. 74-85
  • 34
    • 84897028132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of guidance during problem-solving prior to instruction on students’ inventions and learning outcomes
    • Loibl, K. Rummel, N. b
    • *Loibl, K., & Rummel, N. (2014b). The impact of guidance during problem-solving prior to instruction on students’ inventions and learning outcomes. Instructional Science, 42(3), 305-326.
    • (2014) Instructional Science , vol.42 , Issue.3 , pp. 305-326
  • 35
    • 84874958873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential effects of high and low instructional guidance on children’s acquisition of experimentation skills: is it all in the timing?
    • Matlen, B. J. Klahr, D
    • *Matlen, B. J., & Klahr, D. (2013). Sequential effects of high and low instructional guidance on children’s acquisition of experimentation skills: is it all in the timing? Instructional Science, 41(3), 621-634.
    • (2013) Instructional Science , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 621-634
  • 36
    • 85033436280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. Polman, E. A. Kyza, D. K. O’Neill, I. Tabak, W. R. Penuel, A. S. Ju-row, K. O’Connor, T. Lee, T. L. D’Amico, Proceedings of the 11th international conference of the learning sciences (ICLS 2014) 3 (1184-1185) Does collaboration affect learning in a productive failure setting? In: J. International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc
    • Mazziotti, C., Loibl, K., & Rummel, N. (2014). Does collaboration affect learning in a productive failure setting? In: J. L. Polman, E. A. Kyza, D. K. O’Neill, I. Tabak, W. R. Penuel, A. S. Ju-row, K. O’Connor, T. Lee, T., & L. D’Amico, Proceedings of the 11th international conference of the learning sciences (ICLS 2014), Vol. 3 (pp. 1184-1185). International Society of the Learning Sciences, Inc.
    • (2014)
    • Mazziotti, C.1    Loibl, K.2    Rummel, N.3
  • 37
    • 84988035417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative or individual learning within productive failure. Does the social form of learning make a difference?
    • Lindwall O, Häkkinen P, Koschman T, Tchounikine P, Ludvigsen S, (eds), 2, ISLS, Gothenburg
    • Mazziotti, C., Loibl, K., & Rummel, N. (2015). Collaborative or individual learning within productive failure. Does the social form of learning make a difference? In O. Lindwall, P. Häkkinen, T. Koschman, P. Tchounikine, & S. Ludvigsen (Eds.), Exploring the material conditions of learning: the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) Conference 2015 (Vol. 2, pp. 570–575). Gothenburg: ISLS.
    • (2015) Exploring the material conditions of learning: the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) Conference 2015 , pp. 570-575
    • Mazziotti, C.1    Loibl, K.2    Rummel, N.3
  • 38
    • 0346798314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge and situational feedback in a learning environment for algebra story problem solving
    • Nathan, M. J. (1998). Knowledge and situational feedback in a learning environment for algebra story problem solving. Interactive Learning Environments, 5(1), 135–159.
    • (1998) Interactive Learning Environments , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-159
    • Nathan, M.J.1
  • 39
    • 84948147696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing middle school students’ representational fluency: a classroom-based study
    • Retrieved June 28, 2013, from, Wisconsin Center for Educational Research, Madison, WI
    • Nathan, M. J., Alibali, M. W., Masarik, D. K., Stephens, A. C., & Koedinger, K. R. (2010). Enhancing middle school students’ representational fluency: a classroom-based study. WCER Working Paper Series no, 2010-9. Wisconsin Center for Educational Research: Madison, WI. Retrieved June 28, 2013, from http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/Publications/workingPapers/Working_Paper_No_2010_09.pdf.
    • (2010) WCER Working Paper Series no, 2010-9
    • Nathan, M.J.1    Alibali, M.W.2    Masarik, D.K.3    Stephens, A.C.4    Koedinger, K.R.5
  • 40
    • 0025951343 scopus 로고
    • Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: memory-oriented training promotes memory for training
    • Needham, D. R., & Begg, I. M. (1991). Problem-oriented training promotes spontaneous analogical transfer: memory-oriented training promotes memory for training. Memory & Cognition, 19(6), 543–57.
    • (1991) Memory & Cognition , vol.19 , Issue.6 , pp. 543-557
    • Needham, D.R.1    Begg, I.M.2
  • 41
    • 84893151490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why floundering is good
    • Retrieved June 28, 2013, from
    • Paul, A. M. (2012) Why floundering is good. Time Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2013, from http://ideas.time.com/2012/04/25/why-floundering-is-good/.
    • (2012) Time Magazine
    • Paul, A.M.1
  • 42
    • 39749163438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relevance of didactic categories for analysing obstacles in conceptual change: revisiting the case of multiplication of fractions
    • Prediger, S. (2008). The relevance of didactic categories for analysing obstacles in conceptual change: revisiting the case of multiplication of fractions. Learning and Instruction, 18(1), 3–17.
    • (2008) Learning and Instruction , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-17
    • Prediger, S.1
  • 43
    • 0030550769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of examples in how students learn to categorize statistics word problems
    • Quilici, J. L., & Mayer, R. E. (1996). Role of examples in how students learn to categorize statistics word problems. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(1), 144–161.
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 144-161
    • Quilici, J.L.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 44
    • 1042263295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching students to recognize structural similarities between statistics word problems
    • Quilici, J. L., & Mayer, R. E. (2002). Teaching students to recognize structural similarities between statistics word problems. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(3), 325–342.
    • (2002) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 325-342
    • Quilici, J.L.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 45
    • 33646039781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encountering the expertise reversal effect with a computer-based environment on electrical circuit analysis
    • Reisslein, J., Atkinson, R., Seeling, P., & Reisslein, M. (2006). Encountering the expertise reversal effect with a computer-based environment on electrical circuit analysis. Learning and Instruction, 16, 92–103.
    • (2006) Learning and Instruction , vol.16 , pp. 92-103
    • Reisslein, J.1    Atkinson, R.2    Seeling, P.3    Reisslein, M.4
  • 46
    • 33646016859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The worked-out-example principle in multimedia learning
    • Mayer R, (ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
    • Renkl, A. (2005). The worked-out-example principle in multimedia learning. In R. Mayer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 229–246). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2005) Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning , pp. 229-246
    • Renkl, A.1
  • 47
    • 84892980888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards an instructionally-oriented theory of example-based learning
    • Renkl, A. (2014). Towards an instructionally-oriented theory of example-based learning. Cognitive Science, 38, 1–37.
    • (2014) Cognitive Science , vol.38 , pp. 1-37
    • Renkl, A.1
  • 48
    • 84948570638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing conceptual and procedural knowledge of mathematics
    • Cohen Kadosh R, Dowker A, (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Rittle-Johnson, B., & Schneider, M. (2014). Developing conceptual and procedural knowledge of mathematics. In R. Cohen Kadosh & A. Dowker (Eds.), Oxford handbook of numerical cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (2014) Oxford handbook of numerical cognition
    • Rittle-Johnson, B.1    Schneider, M.2
  • 49
    • 67949124849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compared with what? The effects of different comparisons on conceptual knowledge and procedural flexibility for equation solving
    • Rittle-Johnson, B., & Star, J. R. (2009). Compared with what? The effects of different comparisons on conceptual knowledge and procedural flexibility for equation solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 529–544.
    • (2009) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.101 , Issue.3 , pp. 529-544
    • Rittle-Johnson, B.1    Star, J.R.2
  • 50
    • 78650687630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helping students know ‘further’—increasing the flexibility of students’ knowledge using symbolic invention tasks
    • Roll, I., Aleven, V. Koedinger, K. R, In, N.A., Taatgen, H., van Rijn, (Eds. Austin, Cognitive Science Society
    • *Roll, I., Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2009). Helping students know ‘further’—increasing the flexibility of students’ knowledge using symbolic invention tasks. In N.A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1169-1174). Austin: Cognitive Science Society.
    • (2009) Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 1169-1174
  • 51
    • 84862122190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes and mechanisms of transfer
    • Roll, I., Aleven, V. Koedinger, K. R, In, L., Carlson, C., Hölscher, T., Shipley, (Eds. Austin, Cognitive Science Society
    • *Roll, I., Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2011). Outcomes and mechanisms of transfer. In L. Carlson, C. Hölscher, & T. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2824–2829). Austin: Cognitive Science Society.
    • (2011) Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 2824-2829
  • 52
    • 84862116245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating metacognitive scaffolding in guided invention activities
    • Roll, I., Holmes, N. G., Day, J., & Bonn, D. (2012). Evaluating metacognitive scaffolding in guided invention activities. Instructional Science, 40(4), 691–710.
    • (2012) Instructional Science , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 691-710
    • Roll, I.1    Holmes, N.G.2    Day, J.3    Bonn, D.4
  • 53
    • 85009965267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tutoring self- and co-regulation with intelligent tutoring systems to help students acquire better learning skills
    • Sottilare R, Graesser A, Hu X, Goldberg B, (eds), U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Orlando
    • Roll, I., Wiese, E., Long, Y., Aleven, V., & Koedinger, K. R. (2014). Tutoring self- and co-regulation with intelligent tutoring systems to help students acquire better learning skills. In R. Sottilare, A. Graesser, X. Hu, & B. Goldberg (Eds.), Design recommendations for adaptive intelligent tutoring systems: volume 2—adaptive instructional strategies (pp. 169–182). Orlando: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
    • (2014) Design recommendations for adaptive intelligent tutoring systems: volume 2—adaptive instructional strategies , pp. 169-182
    • Roll, I.1    Wiese, E.2    Long, Y.3    Aleven, V.4    Koedinger, K.R.5
  • 54
    • 77949542223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are instructional explanations more effective in the context of an impasse?
    • Sánchez, E., García Rodicio, H., & Acuña, S. R. (2009). Are instructional explanations more effective in the context of an impasse? Instructional Science, 37(6), 537–563.
    • (2009) Instructional Science , vol.37 , Issue.6 , pp. 537-563
    • Sánchez, E.1    García Rodicio, H.2    Acuña, S.R.3
  • 55
    • 0000155551 scopus 로고
    • Exploratory models in the processing of science texts: the role of prior knowledge activation through small-group discussion
    • Schmidt, H. G., De Volder, M. L., De Grave, W. S., Moust, J. H. C., & Patel, V. L. (1989). Exploratory models in the processing of science texts: the role of prior knowledge activation through small-group discussion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(4), 610–619.
    • (1989) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.81 , Issue.4 , pp. 610-619
    • Schmidt, H.G.1    De Volder, M.L.2    De Grave, W.S.3    Moust, J.H.C.4    Patel, V.L.5
  • 56
    • 0000130954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A time for telling
    • Schwartz, D. L. Bransford, J. D
    • *Schwartz, D. L., & Bransford, J. D. (1998). A time for telling. Cognition and Instruction, 16(4), 475–522.
    • (1998) Cognition and Instruction , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 475-522
  • 57
    • 82155170667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practicing versus inventing with contrasting cases: the effects of telling first on learning and transfer
    • Schwartz, D. L., Chase, C. C., Oppezzo, M. A. Chin, D. B
    • *Schwartz, D. L., Chase, C. C., Oppezzo, M. A., & Chin, D. B. (2011). Practicing versus inventing with contrasting cases: the effects of telling first on learning and transfer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 103(4), 759–775.
    • (2011) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 759-775
  • 58
    • 3042583333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inventing to prepare for future learning: the hidden efficiency of encouraging original student production in statistics instruction
    • Schwartz, D. L. Martin, T
    • *Schwartz, D. L., & Martin, T. (2004). Inventing to prepare for future learning: the hidden efficiency of encouraging original student production in statistics instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 22(2), 129–184.
    • (2004) Cognition and Instruction , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 129-184
  • 59
    • 84920443695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering prior knowledge
    • Lovett MC, Shah P, (eds), Routledge, New York
    • Schwartz, D. L., Sears, D., & Chang, J. (2007). Reconsidering prior knowledge. In M. C. Lovett & P. Shah (Eds.), Thinking with data (pp. 319–344). New York: Routledge.
    • (2007) Thinking with data , pp. 319-344
    • Schwartz, D.L.1    Sears, D.2    Chang, J.3
  • 60
    • 84861391020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved November 07, 2012, from, Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, California
    • Sears, D. A. (2006). Effects of innovation versus efficiency tasks on collaboration and learning. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, California. Retrieved November 07, 2012, from http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~iase/publications/dissertations/06.Sears.Dissertation.pdf.
    • (2006) Effects of innovation versus efficiency tasks on collaboration and learning
    • Sears, D.A.1
  • 61
    • 0007154670 scopus 로고
    • How knowledge influences learning
    • Siegler, R. S. (1983). How knowledge influences learning. American Scientist, 71, 631–638.
    • (1983) American Scientist , vol.71 , pp. 631-638
    • Siegler, R.S.1
  • 62
    • 0000819688 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning
    • Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285.
    • (1988) Cognitive Science , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 257-285
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 64
    • 0038478029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging research and practice: a cognitively-based classroom intervention for teaching experimentation skills to elementary school children
    • Toth, E. E., Klahr, D., & Chen, Z. (2000). Bridging research and practice: a cognitively-based classroom intervention for teaching experimentation skills to elementary school children. Cognition and Instruction, 18(4), 423–459.
    • (2000) Cognition and Instruction , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 423-459
    • Toth, E.E.1    Klahr, D.2    Chen, Z.3
  • 65
    • 79957744659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of worked examples, example-problem, and problem example pairs on novices’ learning
    • Van Gog, T., Kester, L., & Paas, F. (2011). Effects of worked examples, example-problem, and problem example pairs on novices’ learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 212–218.
    • (2011) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 212-218
    • Van Gog, T.1    Kester, L.2    Paas, F.3
  • 66
    • 77952516370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Example-based learning: integrating cognitive and social-cognitive research perspectives
    • Van Gog, T., & Rummel, N. (2010). Example-based learning: integrating cognitive and social-cognitive research perspectives. Educational Psychology Review, 22(2), 155–174.
    • (2010) Educational Psychology Review , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-174
    • Van Gog, T.1    Rummel, N.2
  • 67
    • 0041381613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rule learning events in the acquisition of a complex skill: an evaluation of cascade
    • VanLehn, K. (1999). Rule learning events in the acquisition of a complex skill: an evaluation of cascade. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 8(1), 71–125.
    • (1999) The Journal of the Learning Sciences , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-125
    • VanLehn, K.1
  • 69
    • 13844265835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending the conceptual change approach to mathematics learning and teaching
    • Vosniadou, S., & Verschaffel, L. (2004). Extending the conceptual change approach to mathematics learning and teaching. Learning and Instruction, 14(5), 445–451.
    • (2004) Learning and Instruction , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 445-451
    • Vosniadou, S.1    Verschaffel, L.2
  • 71
    • 84862137389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delaying instruction: evidence from a study in a university relearning setting
    • Westermann, K., & Rummel, N. (2012). Delaying instruction: evidence from a study in a university relearning setting. Instructional Science, 40(4), 673–689.
    • (2012) Instructional Science , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 673-689
    • Westermann, K.1    Rummel, N.2
  • 72
    • 84862122869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does group composition affect learning by invention?
    • Wiedmann, M., Leach, R. C., Rummel, N., & Wiley, J. (2012). Does group composition affect learning by invention? Instructional Science, 40(4), 711–730.
    • (2012) Instructional Science , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 711-730
    • Wiedmann, M.1    Leach, R.C.2    Rummel, N.3    Wiley, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.